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AC . Abbreviation for alternating current.
Active crossover . Uses active devices (transistors, ICs,
tubes) and some form of power supply to operate.
Amplitude . The extreme range of a signal. Usually mea-
sured from the average to the extreme.
Arc . The visible sparks generated by an electrical dis-
charge.
ATF . The abbreviation for advanced thin film.
Bass . The lowest frequencies of sound.
Bi-Amplification . Uses an electronic crossover, or line-
level passive crossover, and separate power amplifiers for
the high and low frequency loudspeaker drivers.
Capacitance . That property of a capacitor which determines
how much charge can be stored in it for a given potential
difference between its terminals, measured in farads, by
the ratio of the charge stored to the potential difference.
Capacitor . A device consisting of two or more conducting
plates separated from one another by an insulating mate-
rial and used for storing an electrical charge. Sometimes
called a condenser.
Clipping . Distortion of a signal by its being chopped
off. An overload problem caused by pushing an ampli-
fier beyond its capabilities. The flat-topped signal has
high levels of harmonic distortion which creates heat in a
loudspeaker and is the major cause of loudspeaker com-
ponent failure.
CLS . The abbreviation for curvilinear line source.
Crossover . An electrical circuit that divides a full band-
width signal into the desired frequency bands for the
loudspeaker components.
dB (decibel) . A numerical expression of the relative loud-
ness of a sound. The difference in decibels between two
sounds is ten times the Base 10 logarithm of the ratio of
their power levels.
DC . Abbreviation for direct current.
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Diffraction . The breaking up of a sound wave caused by
some type of mechanical interference such as a cabinet
edge, grill frame or other similar object.
Diaphragm . A thin flexible membrane or cone that vibrates
in response to electrical signals to produce sound waves.
Distortion . Usually referred to in terms of total harmonic
distortion (THD) which is the percentage of unwanted har-
monics of the drive signal present with the wanted signal.
Generally used to mean any unwanted change introduced
by the device under question.
Driver . See transducer.
Dynamic Range . The range between the quietest and the
loudest sounds a device can handle (often quoted in dB).
Efficiency . The acoustic power delivered for a given elec-
trical input. Often expressed as decibels/watt/meter
(dB/w/m).
ESL . The abbreviation for electrostatic loudspeaker.
Headroom . The difference, in decibels, between the peak
and RMS levels in program material.
Hybrid . A product created by the marriage of two different
technologies. Meant here as the combination of a dynam-
ic woofer with an electrostatic or ATF transducer.
Hz (Hertz) . Unit of frequency equivalent to the number of
cycles per second.
Imaging . To make a representation or imitation of the
original sonic event.
Impedance . The total opposition offered by an electric
circuit to the flow of an alternating current of a single fre-
quency. It is a combination of resistance and reactance and
is measured in ohms. Remember that a speaker's imped-
ance changes with frequency, it is not a constant value.
Inductance . The property of an electrical circuit by which
a varying current in it produces a varying magnetic field
that introduces voltages in the same circuit or in a nearby
circuit. It is measured in henrys.
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Glossary of Audio Terms
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