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Chemical
Common
Gas
Formula
Properties
Carbon
CO
Asphyxiant, Col-
2
Dioxide
orless, odorless.
When breathed
in large quanti-
ties, may cause
acid taste.
Non-flammable.
Not generally
present in dan-
gerous amounts
unless an oxygen
deficiency exists.
Carbon
CO
Chemical
Monox-
asphyxiant. Col-
ide
orless, odorless,
tasteless.
Flammable.
Poisonous.
Carbon
CCl
Heavy, ethereal
4
Tetra-Chl
odor.
oride
Chlorine
Cl
Irritant. Yel-
2
low-green color.
Choking odor
detectable in very
low concentra-
tions. Non-flam-
mable.
Formal-
CH
O
Colorless, pun-
2
dehyde
gent suffocating
odor.
Gasoline
C
H
Volatile solvent.
5
12
to
Colorless. Odor
C
H
noticeable at
9
20
0.03%. Flamma-
ble.
Hydrogen
H
Simple asphyx-
2
iant. Colorless,
odorless, taste-
less. Flammable
Hydrogen
HCN
Faint odor of bit-
Cyanide
ter almonds.
Colorless gas
Table D-1 Hazardous Gases (Continued)
Specific
Max
Gravity
Physiological
Safe 60
or Vapor
Effect
Min. Exposure
Density
ppm
Air =1
1.53
Cannot be
40,000
endured at 10%
more than a
60,000
few minutes,
even if subject
is at rest and
oxygen content
is normal. Acts
on respiratory
nerves.
0.97
Combines with
hemoglobin of
blood. Uncon-
sciousness in
30 min. at 0.2%
to 0.25%. Fatal
in 4 hours at
0.1%. Head-
ache in few
hours at 0.02%.
5.3
Intestinal
1,000
upset, loss of
consciousness,
1,500
possible renal
damage, respi-
ratory failure.
2.49
Irritates respi-
ratory tract.
Kills most ani-
mals in a very
short time at
0.1%.
1.07
Irritating to the
nose.
3.0
Anesthetic
4,000
to
effects when
4.0
inhaled. Rap-
7,000
idly fatal at
2.4%. Danger-
ous for short
exposure at 1.1
to 2.2%.
0.07
Acts mechani-
cally to deprive
tissues of oxy-
gen. Does not
support life.
0.93
Slight symp-
toms appear
upon exposure
to 0.002% to
0.004%. 0.3%
rapidly fatal.
Appendix D General Safety Procedures
Explosive
Max. Safe
Range (% by
8 Hour
vol. in air)
Exposure
Limits
ppm
lower/upper
5,000
—
—
to
400
50
12.5 74.0
100
—
—
to
4
1
—
—
—
10
7.0
73.0
1,000
1.3
6.0
to
—
—
4.0
74.0
—
10
6.0 40.0
4220 Flow Meter
Likely
Simplest and
Location
Most
Cheapest
of
Common
Safe Method
Highest
Sources
of Testing
Concentration
At bottom;
Products
Oxygen
when heated
of com-
deficiency
may stratify
bustion,
indicator
at points
sewer gas,
above bottom.
sludge.
Also issues
from car-
bonaceous
strata.
Near top, espe-
Manufac-
CO ampoules.
cially if present
tured gas,
with illuminat-
flue gas,
ing gas.
products
of com-
bustion,
motor
exhausts.
Fires of
almost any
kind.
At bottom.
Industrial
Detectable
wastes,
odor
solvent,
at low concen-
cleaning
trations.
At bottom.
Chlorine
Detectable
cylinder
odor at low
and feed
concentra-
line leaks.
tions.
Near bottom.
Incom-
Detectable
plete com-
odor.
bustion of
organics.
Common
air pollut-
ant, fungi-
cide.
At bottom.
Service
1. Combusti-
stations,
ble
garages,
cator.
storage
tanks,
2. Oxygen
houses.
deficiency
indicator.**
At top.
Manufac-
Combustible
tured gas,
gas indicator.
sludge
digestion
tank gas,
electroly-
sis of
water.
Rarely
from rock
strata.
Near top.
Insecti-
Detector tube
cide and
rodenti-
cide.
D-7
gas indi-
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