Products which are not manufactured by FLIR Systems but included in systems deliv- ered by FLIR Systems to the original purchaser, carry the warranty, if any, of the particu- lar supplier only. FLIR Systems has no responsibility whatsoever for such products.
1.8 EULA Terms • You have acquired a device (“INFRARED CAMERA”) that includes software licensed by FLIR Systems AB from Microsoft Licensing, GP or its affiliates (“MS”). Those in- stalled software products of MS origin, as well as associated media, printed materials, and “online”...
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Legal disclaimer • NO WARRANTIES FOR THE SOFTWARE. THE SOFTWARE is provided “AS IS” and with all faults. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO SATISFACTORY QUALITY, PER- FORMANCE, ACCURACY, AND EFFORT (INCLUDING LACK OF NEGLIGENCE) IS WITH YOU. ALSO, THERE IS NO WARRANTY AGAINST INTERFERENCE WITH YOUR ENJOYMENT OF THE SOFTWARE OR AGAINST INFRINGEMENT.
The liquids can be dangerous. Injury to persons can occur. WARNING Applicability: FLIR Ax5. Do not use screws that are too long. If you use screws that are too long, damage to the camera will oc- cur.
3.2 Calibration FLIR Systems recommends that you verify your calibration yearly. You can verify the cali- bration yourself or with the help of a FLIR Systems Partner. If preferred, FLIR Systems of- fers a calibration, adjustment, and general maintenance service.
Customer help 4.1 General For customer help, visit: http://support.flir.com 4.2 Submitting a question To submit a question to the customer help team, you must be a registered user. It only takes a few minutes to register online. If you only want to search the knowledgebase for existing questions and answers, you do not need to be a registered user.
• The communication protocol, or method, between the camera and your device (for ex- ample, HDMI, Ethernet, USB, or FireWire) • Device type (PC/Mac/iPhone/iPad/Android device, etc.) • Version of any programs from FLIR Systems • Full name, publication number, and revision number of the manual 4.3 Downloads On the customer help site you can also download the following: •...
Introduction The FLIR Ax5 cameras have features and functions that make them the natural choice for anyone who uses PC software to solve problems. Available resolutions include 80 × 64, 160 × 128, and 320 × 256 pixels. Among their main features are GigE Vision and GenICam compliance, which makes them plug-and-play when used with software packages such as IMAQ Vision and Halcon.
Cable kit Mains (UK,EU,US) T127605ACC Cable M12 Pigtail T127606ACC Cable M12 Sync T951004ACC Ethernet cable CAT-6, 2m/6.6 ft. DSW-10000 FLIR IR Camera Player T198584 FLIR Tools T198583 FLIR Tools+ (license only) T198342ACC Focus adjustment tool T911183 Gigabit PoE injector 16 W, with multi-plugs...
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GUS, Middle East, North Africa) ITC-TOL-1004 Travel and lodging expenses instructor (various) NOTE FLIR Systems reserves the right to discontinue models, parts or accessories, and other items, or to change specifications at any time without prior notice. #T559770; r.18834/22369; en-US...
Focusing the camera 8.1 Focusing cameras with 5, 9, 13, and 19 mm lenses 8.1.1 Necessary tools Focus adjustment tool (included in the package for cameras with 5, 9, 13, and 19 mm lenses). 8.1.2 Procedure Follow this procedure: 1. Note the four pegs on the inside of the focus adjustment tool. 2.
Focusing the camera 8.2 Focusing cameras with 25 mm lenses CAUTION Do not use the focus adjustment tool when focusing cameras with a 25 mm lens. 8.2.1 Necessary tools Allen wrench, 1.5 mm. 8.2.2 Procedure Follow this procedure: 1. Unlock the clamp by loosening the Allen screw. 2.
Downloads The principal software used to configure and control the camera is FLIR GEV Demo 1.3.0. This software is based on the PleoraeBus SDK and the runtime Pleora GEVPlayer that comes with the SDK. Downloads: • http://support.flir.com/Ax5-software • Link to download PureGEV SDK Sample (source code): http://support.flir.com/ SwDownload/app/RssSWDownload.aspx?ID=133...
About I/O, synchronization, and measurement 10.1 FLIR Ax5 General Purpose I/O The FLIR Ax5 camera has one general-purpose input line and one output line that can be used in control applications. Typical usage: • The output line is asserted when an alarm condition is met.
SYNC_OUT port if set to ExtSyncMaster. 10.3 FLIR Ax5 measurement The FLIR Ax5 camera has an option to output 14-bit digital video that is temperature linear. Each count in the temperature-linear video corresponds to either 0.04 K or 0.4 K in 14-bit video, depending on the selected resolution.
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OInt register. The FLIR GEV Demo sample illustrates how to perform this kind of calibration. Please note that you will need to save the current settings if you want the new offset value to be persistent.
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About I/O, synchronization, and measurement Figure 10.2 1: Scene, T ; 2: Reflected background temperature; 3: Atmosphere, T ; 4: External win- scene dow, T ; 5: Infrared camera. NOTE The default values for the object parameters are set to values that will have no impact on the conversion between detector signal values and corrected signal values.
FLIR Ax5 camera for field-of-view tables for all lens–camera combinations in this camera series. 11.2 Note about technical data FLIR Systems reserves the right to change specifications at any time without prior notice. Please check http://support.flir.com for latest changes.
Rev.: 22369 General description The FLIR A15 has features and functions that make it the natural choice for anyone who uses PC soft- ware to solve problems and for whom 160 × 128 pixel resolution is sufficient. Among its main features are GigE Vision and GenICam compliance, which makes it plug-and-play when used with software packages such as IMAQ Vision and Halcon.
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Technical data Ethernet Ethernet, communication GigE Vision ver. 1.2 Client API GenICam compliant Ethernet, image streaming 8-bit monochrome @ 60 Hz • Signal linear/ DDE • Automatic/ Manual • Flip H&V 14-bit 160 × 128 pixels @ 60 Hz • Signal linear/ DDE •...
Rev.: 22369 General description The FLIR A15 has features and functions that make it the natural choice for anyone who uses PC soft- ware to solve problems and for whom 160 × 128 pixel resolution is sufficient. Among its main features are GigE Vision and GenICam compliance, which makes it plug-and-play when used with software packages such as IMAQ Vision and Halcon.
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Technical data Ethernet Ethernet, image streaming 8-bit monochrome @ 7.5 Hz • Signal linear/ DDE • Automatic/ Manual • Flip H&V 14-bit 160 × 128 pixels @ 7.5 Hz • Signal linear/ DDE • Temperature linear GigE Vision and GenICam compatible Ethernet, power Power over Ethernet, PoE IEEE 802.3af class 0 Power...
Rev.: 22369 General description The FLIR A15 has features and functions that make it the natural choice for anyone who uses PC soft- ware to solve problems and for whom 160 × 128 pixel resolution is sufficient. Among its main features are GigE Vision and GenICam compliance, which makes it plug-and-play when used with software packages such as IMAQ Vision and Halcon.
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Technical data Ethernet Ethernet, communication GigE Vision ver. 1.2 Client API GenICam compliant Ethernet, image streaming 8-bit monochrome @ 60 Hz • Signal linear/ DDE • Automatic/ Manual • Flip H&V 14-bit 160 × 128 pixels @ 60 Hz • Signal linear/ DDE •...
Rev.: 22369 General description The FLIR A15 has features and functions that make it the natural choice for anyone who uses PC soft- ware to solve problems and for whom 160 × 128 pixel resolution is sufficient. Among its main features are GigE Vision and GenICam compliance, which makes it plug-and-play when used with software packages such as IMAQ Vision and Halcon.
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Technical data Ethernet Ethernet, image streaming 8-bit monochrome @ 7.5 Hz • Signal linear/ DDE • Automatic/ Manual • Flip H&V 14-bit 160 × 128 pixels @ 7.5 Hz • Signal linear/ DDE • Temperature linear GigE Vision and GenICam compatible Ethernet, power Power over Ethernet, PoE IEEE 802.3af class 0 Power...
Rev.: 22369 General description The FLIR A15 has features and functions that make it the natural choice for anyone who uses PC soft- ware to solve problems and for whom 160 × 128 pixel resolution is sufficient. Among its main features are GigE Vision and GenICam compliance, which makes it plug-and-play when used with software packages such as IMAQ Vision and Halcon.
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Technical data Ethernet Ethernet, communication GigE Vision ver. 1.2 Client API GenICam compliant Ethernet, image streaming 8-bit monochrome @ 60 Hz • Signal linear/ DDE • Automatic/ Manual • Flip H&V 14-bit 160 × 128 pixels @ 60 Hz • Signal linear/ DDE •...
Rev.: 22369 General description The FLIR A15 has features and functions that make it the natural choice for anyone who uses PC soft- ware to solve problems and for whom 160 × 128 pixel resolution is sufficient. Among its main features are GigE Vision and GenICam compliance, which makes it plug-and-play when used with software packages such as IMAQ Vision and Halcon.
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Technical data Ethernet Ethernet, image streaming 8-bit monochrome @ 7.5 Hz • Signal linear/ DDE • Automatic/ Manual • Flip H&V 14-bit 160 × 128 pixels @ 7.5 Hz • Signal linear/ DDE • Temperature linear GigE Vision and GenICam compatible Ethernet, power Power over Ethernet, PoE IEEE 802.3af class 0 Power...
Rev.: 22369 General description The FLIR A35 has features and functions that make it the natural choice for anyone who uses PC soft- ware to solve problems and for whom 320 × 256 pixel resolution is sufficient. Among its main features are GigE Vision and GenICam compliance, which makes it plug-and-play when used with software packages such as IMAQ Vision and Halcon.
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Technical data Ethernet Ethernet, communication GigE Vision ver. 1.2 Client API GenICam compliant Ethernet, image streaming 8-bit monochrome @ 60 Hz • Signal linear/ DDE • Automatic/ Manual • Flip H&V 14-bit 320 × 256 pixels @ 60 Hz • Signal linear/ DDE •...
Rev.: 22369 General description The FLIR A35 has features and functions that make it the natural choice for anyone who uses PC soft- ware to solve problems and for whom 320 × 256 pixel resolution is sufficient. Among its main features are GigE Vision and GenICam compliance, which makes it plug-and-play when used with software packages such as IMAQ Vision and Halcon.
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Technical data Ethernet Ethernet, communication GigE Vision ver. 1.2 Client API GenICam compliant Ethernet, image streaming 8-bit monochrome @ 60 Hz • Signal linear/ DDE • Automatic/ Manual • Flip H&V 14-bit 320 × 256 pixels @ 60 Hz • Signal linear/ DDE •...
Rev.: 22369 General description The FLIR A35 has features and functions that make it the natural choice for anyone who uses PC soft- ware to solve problems and for whom 320 × 256 pixel resolution is sufficient. Among its main features are GigE Vision and GenICam compliance, which makes it plug-and-play when used with software packages such as IMAQ Vision and Halcon.
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Technical data Ethernet Ethernet, communication GigE Vision ver. 1.2 Client API GenICam compliant Ethernet, image streaming 8-bit monochrome @ 60 Hz • Signal linear/ DDE • Automatic/ Manual • Flip H&V 14-bit 320 × 256 pixels @ 60 Hz • Signal linear/ DDE •...
Rev.: 22369 General description The FLIR A5 has features and functions that make it the natural choice for anyone who uses PC soft- ware to solve problems and for whom 80 × 64 pixel resolution is sufficient. Among its main features are GigE Vision and GenICam compliance, which makes it plug-and-play when used with software packages such as IMAQ Vision and Halcon.
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Technical data Ethernet Ethernet, communication GigE Vision ver. 1.2 Client API GenICam compliant Ethernet, image streaming 8-bit monochrome @ 60 Hz • Signal linear/ DDE • Automatic/ Manual • Flip H&V 14-bit 80 × 64 pixels @ 60 Hz • Signal linear/ DDE •...
Rev.: 22369 General description The FLIR A5 has features and functions that make it the natural choice for anyone who uses PC soft- ware to solve problems and for whom 80 × 64 pixel resolution is sufficient. Among its main features are GigE Vision and GenICam compliance, which makes it plug-and-play when used with software packages such as IMAQ Vision and Halcon.
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Technical data Ethernet Ethernet, image streaming 8-bit monochrome @ 7.5 Hz • Signal linear/ DDE • Automatic/ Manual • Flip H&V 14-bit 80 × 64 pixels @ 7.5 Hz • Signal linear/ DDE • Temperature linear GigE Vision and GenICam compatible Ethernet, power Power over Ethernet, PoE IEEE 802.3af class 0 Power...
Rev.: 22369 General description The FLIR A5 has features and functions that make it the natural choice for anyone who uses PC soft- ware to solve problems and for whom 80 × 64 pixel resolution is sufficient. Among its main features are GigE Vision and GenICam compliance, which makes it plug-and-play when used with software packages such as IMAQ Vision and Halcon.
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Technical data Ethernet Ethernet, communication GigE Vision ver. 1.2 Client API GenICam compliant Ethernet, image streaming 8-bit monochrome @ 60 Hz • Signal linear/ DDE • Automatic/ Manual • Flip H&V 14-bit 80 × 64 pixels @ 60 Hz • Signal linear/ DDE •...
Rev.: 22369 General description The FLIR A5 has features and functions that make it the natural choice for anyone who uses PC soft- ware to solve problems and for whom 80 × 64 pixel resolution is sufficient. Among its main features are GigE Vision and GenICam compliance, which makes it plug-and-play when used with software packages such as IMAQ Vision and Halcon.
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Technical data Ethernet Ethernet, image streaming 8-bit monochrome @ 7.5 Hz • Signal linear/ DDE • Automatic/ Manual • Flip H&V 14-bit 80 × 64 pixels @ 7.5 Hz • Signal linear/ DDE • Temperature linear GigE Vision and GenICam compatible Ethernet, power Power over Ethernet, PoE IEEE 802.3af class 0 Power...
Rev.: 22369 General description The FLIR A5 has features and functions that make it the natural choice for anyone who uses PC soft- ware to solve problems and for whom 80 × 64 pixel resolution is sufficient. Among its main features are GigE Vision and GenICam compliance, which makes it plug-and-play when used with software packages such as IMAQ Vision and Halcon.
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Technical data Ethernet Ethernet, communication GigE Vision ver. 1.2 Client API GenICam compliant Ethernet, image streaming 8-bit monochrome @ 60 Hz • Signal linear/ DDE • Automatic/ Manual • Flip H&V 14-bit 80 × 64 pixels @ 60 Hz • Signal linear/ DDE •...
Rev.: 22369 General description The FLIR A5 has features and functions that make it the natural choice for anyone who uses PC soft- ware to solve problems and for whom 80 × 64 pixel resolution is sufficient. Among its main features are GigE Vision and GenICam compliance, which makes it plug-and-play when used with software packages such as IMAQ Vision and Halcon.
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Technical data Ethernet Ethernet, image streaming 8-bit monochrome @ 7.5 Hz • Signal linear/ DDE • Automatic/ Manual • Flip H&V 14-bit 80 × 64 pixels @ 7.5 Hz • Signal linear/ DDE • Temperature linear GigE Vision and GenICam compatible Ethernet, power Power over Ethernet, PoE IEEE 802.3af class 0 Power...
Rev.: 22369 General description The FLIR A65 has features and functions that make it the natural choice for anyone who uses PC soft- ware to solve problems and for whom 640 × 512 pixel resolution is sufficient. Among its main features are GigE Vision and GenICam compliance, which makes it plug-and-play when used with software packages such as IMAQ Vision and Halcon.
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Technical data Ethernet Ethernet, image streaming 8-bit monochrome @ 30 Hz • Signal linear/ DDE • Automatic/ Manual • Flip H&V 14-bit 640 × 512 pixels @ 30 Hz • Signal linear/ DDE • Temperature linear GigE Vision and GenICam compatible Ethernet, power Power over Ethernet, PoE IEEE 802.3af class 0 Power...
Rev.: 22369 General description The FLIR A65 has features and functions that make it the natural choice for anyone who uses PC soft- ware to solve problems and for whom 640 × 512 pixel resolution is sufficient. Among its main features are GigE Vision and GenICam compliance, which makes it plug-and-play when used with software packages such as IMAQ Vision and Halcon.
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Technical data Ethernet Ethernet, image streaming 8-bit monochrome @ 7.5 Hz • Signal linear/ DDE • Automatic/ Manual • Flip H&V 14-bit 640 × 512 pixels @ 7.5 Hz • Signal linear/ DDE • Temperature linear GigE Vision and GenICam compatible Ethernet, power Power over Ethernet, PoE IEEE 802.3af class 0 Power...
Rev.: 22369 General description The FLIR A65 has features and functions that make it the natural choice for anyone who uses PC soft- ware to solve problems and for whom 640 × 512 pixel resolution is sufficient. Among its main features are GigE Vision and GenICam compliance, which makes it plug-and-play when used with software packages such as IMAQ Vision and Halcon.
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Technical data Ethernet Ethernet, image streaming 8-bit monochrome @ 7.5 Hz • Signal linear/ DDE • Automatic/ Manual • Flip H&V 14-bit 640 × 512 pixels @ 7.5 Hz • Signal linear/ DDE • Temperature linear GigE Vision and GenICam compatible Ethernet, power Power over Ethernet, PoE IEEE 802.3af class 0 Power...
Rev.: 22369 General description The FLIR A65 has features and functions that make it the natural choice for anyone who uses PC soft- ware to solve problems and for whom 640 × 512 pixel resolution is sufficient. Among its main features are GigE Vision and GenICam compliance, which makes it plug-and-play when used with software packages such as IMAQ Vision and Halcon.
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Technical data Ethernet Ethernet, image streaming 8-bit monochrome @ 30 Hz • Signal linear/ DDE • Automatic/ Manual • Flip H&V 14-bit 640 × 512 pixels @ 30 Hz • Signal linear/ DDE • Temperature linear GigE Vision and GenICam compatible Ethernet, power Power over Ethernet, PoE IEEE 802.3af class 0 Power...
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• T198392; Table stand kit • T911183; Gigabit PoE injector 16 W, with multi-plugs • T127605ACC; Cable M12 Pigtail • T127606ACC; Cable M12 Sync • T198584; FLIR Tools • T198583; FLIR Tools+ (license only) • DSW-10000; FLIR IR Camera Player #T559770; r.18834/22369; en-US...
Rev.: 22369 General description The FLIR A65 has features and functions that make it the natural choice for anyone who uses PC soft- ware to solve problems and for whom 640 × 512 pixel resolution is sufficient. Among its main features are GigE Vision and GenICam compliance, which makes it plug-and-play when used with software packages such as IMAQ Vision and Halcon.
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Technical data Ethernet Ethernet, image streaming 8-bit monochrome @ 7.5 Hz • Signal linear/ DDE • Automatic/ Manual • Flip H&V 14-bit 640 × 512 pixels @ 7.5 Hz • Signal linear/ DDE • Temperature linear GigE Vision and GenICam compatible Ethernet, power Power over Ethernet, PoE IEEE 802.3af class 0 Power...
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• T198392; Table stand kit • T911183; Gigabit PoE injector 16 W, with multi-plugs • T127605ACC; Cable M12 Pigtail • T127606ACC; Cable M12 Sync • T198584; FLIR Tools • T198583; FLIR Tools+ (license only) • DSW-10000; FLIR IR Camera Player #T559770; r.18834/22369; en-US...
1 × opto-isolated, “0” < 2, “1” = 2–40 VDC GPI- GP Input return Cables for the M12 connector are available from FLIR Systems. See the part numbers below. • T127605, Cable M12 pigtail. • T127606, Cable M12 sync. 13.2 Pig-tail end of cable Figure 13.2 Mapping table, signal type to cable color.
Pin configurations and schematics 13.3 SYNC input/output schematics Figure 13.3 Schematics of SYNC input and output. 13.4 GP input/output schematics Figure 13.4 Schematics of GP input and output. #T559770; r.18834/22369; en-US...
Cleaning the camera 15.1 Camera housing, cables, and other items 15.1.1 Liquids Use one of these liquids: • Warm water • A weak detergent solution 15.1.2 Equipment A soft cloth 15.1.3 Procedure Follow this procedure: 1. Soak the cloth in the liquid. 2.
R & D, non-destructive testing, process control and au- tomation, and machine vision, among many others. FLIR Systems has three manufacturing plants in the United States (Portland, OR, Bos- ton, MA, Santa Barbara, CA) and one in Sweden (Stockholm). Since 2007 there is also a manufacturing plant in Tallinn, Estonia.
10 L (2.6 US gallon) jar with liquid nitrogen. To the left of the oscilloscope the Polaroid attachment (6 kg/13 lb.) can be seen. RIGHT: FLIR One, which was launched in January 2014, is a slide- on attachment that gives iPhones thermal imaging capabilities.
About FLIR Systems 16.4 A few images from our facilities Figure 16.3 LEFT: Development of system electronics; RIGHT: Testing of an FPA detector Figure 16.4 LEFT: Diamond turning machine; RIGHT: Lens polishing #T559770; r.18834/22369; en-US...
Glossary absorption The amount of radiation absorbed by an object relative to the re- (absorption ceived radiation. A number between 0 and 1. factor) atmosphere The gases between the object being measured and the camera, nor- mally air. autoadjust A function making a camera perform an internal image correction. autopalette The IR image is shown with an uneven spread of colors, displaying cold objects as well as hot ones at the same time.
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Glossary image correc- A way of compensating for sensitivity differences in various parts of tion (internal or live images and also of stabilizing the camera. external) infrared Non-visible radiation, having a wavelength from about 2–13 μm. infrared isotherm A function highlighting those parts of an image that fall above, below or between one or more temperature intervals.
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Glossary span The interval of the temperature scale, usually expressed as a signal value. spectral (radi- Amount of energy emitted from an object per unit of time, area and ant) emittance wavelength (W/m /μm) temperature A value which is the result of a subtraction between two temperature difference, or values.
Thermographic measurement techniques 18.1 Introduction An infrared camera measures and images the emitted infrared radiation from an object. The fact that radiation is a function of object surface temperature makes it possible for the camera to calculate and display this temperature. However, the radiation measured by the camera does not only depend on the tempera- ture of the object but is also a function of the emissivity.
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Thermographic measurement techniques 18.2.1.1.1 Method 1: Direct method Follow this procedure: 1. Look for possible reflection sources, considering that the incident angle = reflection angle (a = b). Figure 18.1 1 = Reflection source 2. If the reflection source is a spot source, modify the source by obstructing it using a piece if cardboard.
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Thermographic measurement techniques 3. Measure the radiation intensity (= apparent temperature) from the reflecting source using the following settings: • Emissivity: 1.0 • D You can measure the radiation intensity using one of the following two methods: Figure 18.3 1 = Reflection source NOTE Using a thermocouple to measure reflected apparent temperature is not recommended for two impor- tant reasons:...
50%. 18.6 Other parameters In addition, some cameras and analysis programs from FLIR Systems allow you to com- pensate for the following parameters: • Atmospheric temperature – i.e. the temperature of the atmosphere between the cam- era and the target •...
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Thermographic measurement techniques • External optics transmittance – i.e. the transmission of any external lenses or windows used in front of the camera #T559770; r.18834/22369; en-US...
History of infrared technology Before the year 1800, the existence of the infrared portion of the electromagnetic spec- trum wasn't even suspected. The original significance of the infrared spectrum, or simply ‘the infrared’ as it is often called, as a form of heat radiation is perhaps less obvious to- day than it was at the time of its discovery by Herschel in 1800.
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History of infrared technology When Herschel revealed his discovery, he referred to this new portion of the electromag- netic spectrum as the ‘thermometrical spectrum’. The radiation itself he sometimes re- ferred to as ‘dark heat’, or simply ‘the invisible rays’. Ironically, and contrary to popular opinion, it wasn't Herschel who originated the term ‘infrared’.
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History of infrared technology Figure 19.4 Samuel P. Langley (1834–1906) The improvement of infrared-detector sensitivity progressed slowly. Another major break- through, made by Langley in 1880, was the invention of the bolometer. This consisted of a thin blackened strip of platinum connected in one arm of a Wheatstone bridge circuit upon which the infrared radiation was focused and to which a sensitive galvanometer re- sponded.
Theory of thermography 20.1 Introduction The subjects of infrared radiation and the related technique of thermography are still new to many who will use an infrared camera. In this section the theory behind thermography will be given. 20.2 The electromagnetic spectrum The electromagnetic spectrum is divided arbitrarily into a number of wavelength regions, called bands, distinguished by the methods used to produce and detect the radiation.
Such cavity radiators are commonly used as sources of radiation in tempera- ture reference standards in the laboratory for calibrating thermographic instruments, such as a FLIR Systems camera for example. If the temperature of blackbody radiation increases to more than 525°C (977°F), the source begins to be visible so that it appears to the eye no longer black.
Theory of thermography Figure 20.5 Wilhelm Wien (1864–1928) The sun (approx. 6 000 K) emits yellow light, peaking at about 0.5 μm in the middle of the visible light spectrum. At room temperature (300 K) the peak of radiant emittance lies at 9.7 μm, in the far infra- red, while at the temperature of liquid nitrogen (77 K) the maximum of the almost insignif- icant amount of radiant emittance occurs at 38 μm, in the extreme infrared wavelengths.
Theory of thermography Figure 20.7 Josef Stefan (1835–1893), and Ludwig Boltzmann (1844–1906) Using the Stefan-Boltzmann formula to calculate the power radiated by the human body, at a temperature of 300 K and an external surface area of approx. 2 m , we obtain 1 kW.
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Theory of thermography • A selective radiator, for which ε varies with wavelength According to Kirchhoff’s law, for any material the spectral emissivity and spectral absorp- tance of a body are equal at any specified temperature and wavelength. That is: From this we obtain, for an opaque material (since α...
Theory of thermography Figure 20.9 Spectral emissivity of three types of radiators. 1: Spectral emissivity; 2: Wavelength; 3: Black- body; 4: Graybody; 5: Selective radiator. 20.4 Infrared semi-transparent materials Consider now a non-metallic, semi-transparent body – let us say, in the form of a thick flat plate of plastic material.
The measurement formula As already mentioned, when viewing an object, the camera receives radiation not only from the object itself. It also collects radiation from the surroundings reflected via the ob- ject surface. Both these radiation contributions become attenuated to some extent by the atmosphere in the measurement path.
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U according to the same equation, and get (Equation 3): Solve Equation 3 for U (Equation 4): This is the general measurement formula used in all the FLIR Systems thermographic equipment. The voltages of the formula are: Table 21.1 Voltages Calculated camera output voltage for a blackbody of temperature i.e.
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5 volts, the resulting curve would have been very much the same as our real curve extrapolated beyond 4.1 volts, provided the calibration algo- rithm is based on radiation physics, like the FLIR Systems algorithm. Of course there must be a limit to such extrapolations.
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The measurement formula Figure 21.3 Relative magnitudes of radiation sources under varying measurement conditions (LW cam- era). 1: Object temperature; 2: Emittance; Obj: Object radiation; Refl: Reflected radiation; Atm: atmos- phere radiation. Fixed parameters: τ = 0.88; T = 20°C (+68°F); T = 20°C (+68°F).
Emissivity tables This section presents a compilation of emissivity data from the infrared literature and measurements made by FLIR Systems. 22.1 References 1. Mikaél A. Bramson: Infrared Radiation, A Handbook for Applications, Plenum press, N.Y. 2. William L. Wolfe, George J. Zissis: The Infrared Handbook, Office of Naval Research, Department of Navy, Washington, D.C.
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Emissivity tables Table 22.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification; 3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued) Water ice, smooth –10 0.96 Water layer >0.1 mm 0–100 0.95–0.98 thick Water snow...
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A note on the technical production of this publication This publication was produced using XML — the eXtensible Markup Language. For more information about XML, please visit http://www.w3.org/XML/ A note on the typeface used in this publication This publication was typeset using Linotype Helvetica™ World. Helvetica™ was designed by Max Miedinger (1910–1980) LOEF (List Of Effective Files) T501003.xml;...
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Disclaimer Specifications subject to change without further notice. Models and accessories subject to regional market considerations. License procedures may apply. Products described herein may be subject to US Export Regulations. Please refer to exportquestions@flir.com with any questions. Publ. No.: T559770...