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Training Manual
Principle of LCD Display
1. Construction of LCD Display ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 - 5
1-1 Principle of LCD Display ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2
1-2 Construction of LCD Display --------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 - 3
1-3 Main Component of LCD Display --------------------------------------------------------------- 4 - 5
2. Principle of Liquid Crystal --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6 - 8
2-1 Liquid Crystal --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6
2-2 Rubbing-process------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6 - 7
2-3 Operation of Liquid Crystal ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8
3. Principle of LCD --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9 - 11
3-1 Operation of Polarized Board for LCD Panel (Shutter)----------------------------------------- 9
3-2 Operation of Alignment Film------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10
3-3 Operation of LCD Panel ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 10 - 11
3-4 Transparent Electrode -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11
4. Type of LCD Display Construction ------------------------------------------------------------ 12 - 13
4-1 Twisted Nematic (TN) Type -------------------------------------------------------------------- 12- 13
4-2 Super TN (STN) Type---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 12- 13
4-3 Triple STN (TSTN) Type / Film STN (FSTN) Type --------------------------------------- 12- 13
5. System of LCD Display ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14 - 20
5-1 Dot-Matrix System ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14
5-2 Colorization ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 15
5-3 Drive System -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 16
5-4 Passive Matrix System-------------------------------------------------------------------------- 16 - 17
5-5 Active Matrix System ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 18 - 19
5-6 Drive of Active Matrix System----------------------------------------------------------------- 19 - 20
6. Improvement Technology of LCD Display -------------------------------------------------- 21 - 27
6-1 Subject of LCD Display ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 21
6-1-1 Angle of View ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 21
6-1-2 Response Characteristic--------------------------------------------------------------------------- 21
6-2 Angle of View-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 22
6-3 Multi-Domain System --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 23
6-4 MVA (Multi-domain Vertical Alignment) System ----------------------------------------------- 24
6-5 IPS (In-Plain Switching) System ------------------------------------------------------------------- 25
6-6 Optically Compensated Film ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 26
6-7 OCB (Optically Compensated Birefringence) System ---------------------------------------- 26
6-8 Improvement of Response Speed ----------------------------------------------------------------- 27
6-8-1 Inpulse System--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 27
6-8-2 FFD (Feed Forward Driving) System ----------------------------------------------------------- 27
7. Appendix ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 28 - 31
7-1 Backlight-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 28
7-2 LVDS Circuit--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 29
7-3 Block Diagram Example ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 30 - 31
CONTENTS
FILE NO.
Pages
TI5110LCD
REFERENCE NO.
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Summary of Contents for Sanyo TI5110LCD
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Page 1: Table Of Contents
6-8 Improvement of Response Speed ----------------------------------------------------------------- 27 6-8-1 Inpulse System--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 27 6-8-2 FFD (Feed Forward Driving) System ----------------------------------------------------------- 27 7. Appendix ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 28 - 31 7-1 Backlight-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 28 7-2 LVDS Circuit--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 29 7-3 Block Diagram Example ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 30 - 31 TI5110LCD REFERENCE NO. -
Page 2: Construction Of Lcd Display
Construction of LCD Display Training Manual Principle of LCD 1. Construction of LCD Display 1-1 Principle of LCD Display The LCD (Liquid Crystal Device) Display is used to display the electric signal, converted from picture data similar to a CRT display. The transistor (TFT) switched by the electric signal changes the transmis- sion to light in small picture elements (pixels) of the LCD. -
Page 3: Construction Of Lcd Display
Construction of LCD Display Training Manual Principle of LCD Backlight Polarized Board Pixel (Picture Element) Glass Transparent Plate Electrode (Pixel, TFT) Transparent Electrode (Common) Color Filter Glass Plate Polarized Board Board Module (TFT side) LCD Layer Board Module (Common side) The light of each picture element is transmitted Note: Alignment film is not by switching the drive transistor (TFT) on and off. -
Page 4: Main Component Of Lcd Display
Construction of LCD Display Training Manual Principle of LCD 1-3 Main component of LCD Display LCD Shutter Supplying voltage to the transparent electrodes between the pixel and common sides changes the arrangement of liquid crystal. By assembling two polarized boards, the transfer of light from the backlight can be controlled by the transparent ratio of the LCD Shutter. - Page 5 Construction of LCD Display Training Manual Principle of LCD Backlight Polarized Glass Board Plate Transparent Electrode (Pixel, TFT) Module (Back) Alignment Film Liquid Crystal LCD Layer Shutter Alignment Film Transparent Electrode Module (Common) (Front) Color Filter Glass Plate Polarized Board Fig.
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Page 6: Principle Of Liquid Crystal
Principle of Liquid Crystal Training Manual Principle of LCD 2. Principle of Liquid Crystal 2-1 Liquid Crystal What is Liquid Crystal? Liquid Crystal is a material whose state is between a solid and liquid. It has characteristics of both solids and liquids, and generally is a white turbid liquid. -
Page 7: Rubbing-Process
Principle of Liquid Crystal Training Manual Principle of LCD (a) Smectic (b) Nematic (c) Cholesteric Fig. 4 Liquid Crystal Liquid Crystal Molecule Natural Condition Arranging Rubbing Direction Alignment Film Fig. 5 Rubbing-Process... -
Page 8: Operation Of Liquid Crystal
Principle of Liquid Crystal Training Manual Principle of LCD 2-3 Operation of Liquid Crystal The chemistry substance required for liquid crystal material is one that reacts so that the arrangement direction is changed according to an applied electric field. In the LCD display, a liquid crystal is placed between two electrodes. When the voltage is supplied between them, an electric field is generated in the liquid crystal, and liquid crystal molecules are moved and arranged. -
Page 9: Principle Of Lcd
Principle of LCD Training Manual Principle of LCD 3. Principle of LCD 3-1 Operation of Polarized Board for LCD Panel (Shutter) Light is an electromagnetic wave that is oscillating at right angles to the direction of advance. In fact, the oscillating directions of all light is mixed. -
Page 10: Operation Of Alignment Film
Principle of Liquid Crystal Training Manual Principle of LCD 3-2 Operation of Alignment Film Liquid crystal is inserted into alignment films of an upper and lower plate that have the direction of grooves shifted by 90º on the LCD display. The liquid crystal molecules of upper alignment plate are arranged along with the upper alignment film. -
Page 11: Operation Of Lcd Panel
Principle of Liquid Crystal Training Manual Principle of LCD On the contrary, in the condition (Switch-On) that voltage is supplied, the liquid crystal molecules are arranged in a line at right angles to a glass plate. Since vertical liquid crystal molecules do not affect the oscillating direction of light, the light that passed the upper polarized board passes as it is without chang- ing the oscillating direction. -
Page 12: Type Of Lcd Display Construction
Type of LCD Display Construction Training Manual Principle of LCD 4 Type of LCD Display Construction 4-1 Twisted Nematic (TN) Type A Nematic type of LCD Display where the liquid crystal molecules are twisted 90º between upper and lower boards is called a Twisted Nematic type (TN type) liquid crystal. Most LCD displays are of this type and feature high contrast (ratio) under low voltage and power. - Page 13 Type of LCD Display Construction Training Manual Principle of LCD TN Type Module LCD Layer Module Twist of molecule (90º) STN Type Module LCD Layer Module Twist of molecule (180º - 270º) TSTN Type Optically Compensated Film Module LCD Layer Module Optically Compensated...
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Page 14: System Of Lcd Display
System of LCD Display Training Manual Principle of LCD 5 System of LCD Display 5-1 Dot-Matrix System LCD displays have two drive systems, Segment and Dot-Matrix. The Dot-Matrix system is used for LCD television displays. The picture elements (pixels) of the display unit are arranged horizontally (X line) and vertically (Y row) by this Dot-Matrix system, and various characteristics and figures can be displayed. -
Page 15: Colorization
System of LCD Display Training Manual Principle of LCD 5-2 Colorization Since an LCD shutter only passes or blocks light, in itself it cannot display a color picture. The color pic- ture is made by mixing the three colors of RGB (three primary colors of light) respectively, like the CRT color television. -
Page 16: Drive System
System of LCD Display Training Manual Principle of LCD 5-3 Drive System The drive systems for LCD display are divided into the following classifications: The Static Drive System, which is seldom used; The Passive Matrix System, which is used for still pictures, such as calculators and notebook PCs; The Active Matrix System, which is suitable for high definition and the high-speed response needed for big screen LCD television. -
Page 17: Passive Matrix System
System of LCD Display Training Manual Principle of LCD LCD shutter is turned on or turned off in this address (X2, Y1). Liquid Crystal Fig. 15 Passive Matrix System In the dynamic drive system, since the electric signal (voltage) is supplied to the Y electrode and the X electrode in sequence, the number of pixels which makes all pixels (the total number of pixels are “X x Y”) turn on or off becomes “X+Y”. - Page 18 System of LCD Display Training Manual Principle of LCD 5-5 Active Matrix System In the active matrix system, a switch element is attached for every pixel at the intersection of the X and Y- electrodes of a passive matrix system. Each pixel is now controlled by the switch element (active ele- ment).
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Page 19: Drive Of Active Matrix System
System of LCD Display Training Manual Principle of LCD TFT (Switch) Liquid Crystal COMMON Electrode The LCD shutter is operated by TFT at the address (X1, Y0). Fig. 18 Structure of TFT Matrix The amplification operation of a transistor is used for the TFT switch in the active matrix system. In this system, switching speed is unified over the whole display, increasing drive response speed as compared with the passive matrix system. - Page 20 System of LCD Display Training Manual Principle of LCD In Fig. 20, the voltage of the data line (Y2) is supplied in the positive direction to a common electrode (DC drive). In practice a uniform AC voltage is supplied to the common electrode (AC drive) to prolong the life of the liquid crystal.
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Page 21: Improvement Technology Of Lcd Display
Improvement Technology of LCD Display Training Manual Principle of LCD 6 Improvement Technology of LCD Display 6-1 Subject of LCD Display 6-1-1 Angle of View Angle of view means the normal visible range (angle) of a screen. In an LCD display, the angle of view is narrow compared with a CRT or PDP (Plasma Display Panel). The viewing angle of the typical TN type LCD display is about 100º. -
Page 22: Angle Of View
Improvement Technology of LCD Display Training Manual Principle of LCD 6-2 Angle of View (TN Type) The principle of optical penetration and the interception of the LCD shutter by the arranged direction of cylindrical liquid crystal molecules controls the direction of light. Therefore, brightness, hue, and contrast depend on the direction of view of the LCD display. -
Page 23: Multi-Domain System
Improvement Technology of LCD Display Training Manual Principle of LCD 6-3 Multi-Domain System The arrangement of the TN LCD display is one directional. In this Multi-Domain System, one pixel is divided into two or more different arranged domains. Fig. 23 shows the example of Multi-Domain System with two domains. The quantity of the light per pixel from various angles is equalized by this system. -
Page 24: Mva (Multi-Domain Vertical Alignment) System
Improvement Technology of LCD Display Training Manual Principle of LCD 6-4 MVA (Multi-domain Vertical Alignment) System In the MVA system, the (alignment) film is arranged so that the liquid crystal molecules are stood vertical- ly. The MVA system combines vertical alignment with the Multi-domain system. By vertically aligning the liquid crystal molecules, the influence of optical interception is lost, and the angle of view and contrast are improved. -
Page 25: Ips (In-Plain Switching) System
Improvement Technology of LCD Display Training Manual Principle of LCD 6-5 IPS (In-Plain Switching) System The structure of an IPS system is shown in Fig. 25. The pixel and common electrodes are mounted to the transparent film (drive transistor) side and the electric field is generated horizontally to the glass plate. -
Page 26: Optically Compensated Film
Improvement Technology of LCD Display Training Manual Principle of LCD 6-6 Optically Compensated Film By using the optically compensated film, the phase shift of the STN type of LCD display is corrected, and the angle of view and contrast are improved. (Refer to 4-3 Triple STN Type.) Three methods for attaching the optically compensated film are shown in Fig. -
Page 27: Improvement Of Response Speed
Improvement Technology of LCD Display Training Manual Principle of LCD 6-8 Improvement of Response Speed 6-8-1 Inpulse System In order to reduce afterimage and dim outline, there is the system that has the backlight blinked for every writing of one picture or an all black picture in inserted in the fixed cycle. It is called the “Inpulse System.” For example, with the system called “Super Inpulse System,”... -
Page 28: Appendix
Appendix Training Manual Principle of LCD 7 Appendix 7-1 Backlight An LCD panel does not emit light itself. For the display, a light source is required, and normally fluores- cent lights are used for the backlight of the LCD television. The backlight consists of fluorescent lights, a reflective plate, and a diffusion sheet (or board). -
Page 29: Lvds Circuit
Appendix Training Manual Principle of LCD 7-2 LVDS Circuit (1) LVDS Interface For transmitting the video signal information, an interface circuit with an LVDS (Low Noise Differential Signaling) standard is used, which has the merit of low noise, high speed operation by a small amplitude, and low power consumption. -
Page 30: Block Diagram Example
Appendix Training Manual Principle of LCD 7-3 Block Diagram Example (1) CLT-1583 Speaker (R) Audio AMP +12V Headphone (J26) LA4263 Speaker (L) Tuner Board Audio Processor LCD Panel Sub CPU M37272M6 Main Board NJW1138M U101 +CONTROL TU201 S_CLK / SIN_OUT/ ENABLE_IN / ENABLE_OUT Tuner / IF V33D VCPU 33/18... - Page 31 Appendix Training Manual Principle of LCD (3) CLT1554 / CLT2054 AV1_Y S Video IIC Bus IC1001 IC801 AV1_CV 1 Composite Video Video SW TV_CV 5 Audio 36 37 OSD_HD AV1/TV_Y/CV (For Caption) IC871 AV2_V 1 IC1002 SEL_Y/CV OSD_CC DD Converter AV3_Y 3 Video SW Composite Video...
- Page 32 SEP / 2004 Printed in Japan SANYO Electric Co., Ltd.