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Compaq 226593-B21 - Smart Array 5i RAID Controller User Manual

Controller and battery backed write cache enabler
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Compaq Smart Array 5i Plus
Controller and Battery Backed Write
Cache Enabler
User Guide
Part Number 266328-001
March 2002 (First Edition)

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Summary of Contents for Compaq 226593-B21 - Smart Array 5i RAID Controller

  • Page 1 Compaq Smart Array 5i Plus Controller and Battery Backed Write Cache Enabler User Guide Part Number 266328-001 March 2002 (First Edition)
  • Page 2 © 2002 Compaq Information Technologies Group, L.P. Compaq, the Compaq logo, Compaq Insight Manager, ProLiant, ROMPaq, SmartStart, and SoftPaq are trademarks of Compaq Information Technologies Group, L.P. in the U.S. and/or other countries. Microsoft, MS-DOS, Windows, and Windows NT are trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the U.S.

  • Page 3: Table Of Contents

    Contents About This Guide Important Safety Information ................... vii Symbols on Equipment..................... vii Symbols in Text.......................viii Text Conventions....................... ix Related Documents......................ix Getting Help........................x Compaq Technical Support..................x Compaq Website ......................x Compaq Authorized Reseller ..................x Reader’s Comments......................xi Chapter 1 Features Overview of Controller Features ..................1-1...
  • Page 4 Contents Chapter 2 Installation Overview Chapter 3 Installing the Smart Array 5i Plus Controller and Battery Backed Write Cache Enabler Chapter 4 Updating the System Firmware Running System ROMPaq from the CD ................. 4-2 Running System ROMPaq from Diskette ............... 4-2 Creating a System ROMPaq Diskette from the CD ..........
  • Page 5 Contents Typical Manual Configuration Procedures in ACU..........7-18 Using CPQONLIN......................7-28 Running CPQONLIN....................7-29 Typical Manual Configuration Procedures in CPQONLIN ........7-32 Chapter 8 Installing the Device Drivers Using the Smart Array Controller Support Software CD ..........8-1 Using the SmartStart and Support Software CD..............8-1 Updating the Compaq Insight Manager Agents ..............8-2 Appendix A Regulatory Compliance Notices...
  • Page 6 Contents Appendix B Electrostatic Discharge Grounding Methods ......................B-2 Appendix C Drive Arrays and Fault Tolerance What Is a Drive Array? ....................C-1 Fault-Tolerance Methods ....................C-5 RAID 0—No Fault Tolerance ..................C-5 RAID 1+0—Drive Mirroring ...................C-6 RAID 5—Distributed Data Guarding...............C-8 Other Fault-Tolerance Options ................C-11 Appendix D Hard Drive Installation and Replacement General Information About Hard Drive Failure..............D-1...

  • Page 7: About This Guide

    About This Guide This guide provides step-by-step instructions for installation, and reference information for operation and troubleshooting for the Compaq Smart Array 5i Plus Controller and Battery Backed Write Cache Enabler. Important Safety Information Before installing this product, read the Important Safety Information document provided.

  • Page 8: Symbols In Text

    About This Guide This symbol indicates the presence of electric shock hazards. The area contains no user or field serviceable parts. Do not open for any reason. WARNING: To reduce the risk of injury from electric shock hazards, do not open this enclosure This symbol on an RJ-45 receptacle indicates a network interface connection.

  • Page 9: Text Conventions

    About This Guide CAUTION: Text set off in this manner indicates that failure to follow directions could result in damage to equipment or loss of information. IMPORTANT: Text set off in this manner presents clarifying information or specific instructions. NOTE: Text set off in this manner presents commentary, sidelights, or interesting points of information.

  • Page 10: Getting Help

    About This Guide Getting Help If you have a problem and have exhausted the information in this guide, you can get further information and other help in the following locations. Compaq Technical Support In North America, call the Compaq Technical Support Phone Center at 1-800-OK-COMPAQ.

  • Page 11: Reader's Comments

    About This Guide • In Canada, call 1-800-263-5868. • Elsewhere, see the Compaq website for locations and telephone numbers. Reader’s Comments Compaq welcomes your comments on this guide. Please send your comments and suggestions by email to ServerDocumentation@compaq.com. Compaq Smart Array 5i Plus Controller and Battery Backed Write Cache Enabler...

  • Page 12: Features

    Features The Smart Array 5i Plus Controller and Battery Backed Write Cache Enabler is a Wide Ultra3 SCSI hard drive array controller with a 64-MB read/write embedded cache and a Battery Backed Write Cache Enabler, which provides transportable data protection and increases overall controller performance. Overview of Controller Features •...

  • Page 13: Battery Backed Write Cache Enabler

    Features • Has a Battery Backed Write Cache Enabler • Supports these additional features: — RAID (0, 1 + 0, 5) — Online RAID migration between any two levels — Online array capacity expansion — Adjustable stripe size — Performance monitoring with Compaq Insight Managerä —...
  • Page 14 Features The NiMH batteries in the battery module are continuously recharged through a trickle charging process whenever the system power is on. Under normal operating conditions, the battery module lasts for three years before replacement is necessary. IMPORTANT: The battery module may have a low charge when it is first installed. In this case, a Power-On Self-Test (POST) message 1794 is displayed when the server is powered up (see Appendix F), indicating that the array accelerator is temporarily disabled.

  • Page 15: Memory

    Features Table 1-1: Battery Module LED Descriptions Server Status LED Color LED Status Battery Module Status Server is on Green Fast charging and has normal run time Green Trickle charging Amber Short in the connection of one or more of the four button cells within the battery module...

  • Page 16: Controller Interface

    Features Controller Interface The Smart Array 5i Plus Controller and Battery Backed Write Cache Enabler interfaces to the server through a high-performance 32- or 64-bit PCI bus that: • Provides a high-speed path (up to 533 MB/s between the system board and the controller) •...

  • Page 17: Fault Management Features

    Features See Appendix C, “Drive Arrays and Fault Tolerance,” for general information about drive arrays. Fault Management Features The array controller and the network operating system support several fault management and data reliability features that minimize the impact of hard drive defects on your system.
  • Page 18 Features • Predictive failure alert is a powerful problem-prevention feature that warns you when a drive failure is imminent. This feature allows you to take corrective action with minimal effect on critical business operations. Your system must use Compaq Insight Manager and a Compaq Smart Array controller to benefit from predictive failure alert.

  • Page 19: Installation Overview

    Installation Overview The details of the steps required to install the controller depend on whether the server has an operating system installed and contains data. The flowcharts in Figure 2-1 and Figure 2-2 summarize the installation procedures for the most common scenarios. Install the controller Update the system hardware (Chapter 3), if...
  • Page 20 Installation Overview Back up data Update the system (required if migrating firmware (Chapter 4)..from a non-array controller). Install the controller hardware (Chapter 3). If using the System Update the controller Configuration Utility, firmware (Chapter 5).
  • Page 21 Installing the Smart Array 5i Plus Controller and Battery Backed Write Cache Enabler WARNING: To reduce the risk of personal injury or damage to the equipment, be aware of the precautions you need to follow when setting up the system or handling parts.
  • Page 22 Installing the Smart Array 5i Plus Controller and Battery Backed Write Cache Enabler 4. Power down any peripheral devices attached to the server. 5. Unplug the AC power cord from the outlet, then from the server. 6. Disconnect any peripheral devices from the server. WARNING: To reduce the risk of personal injury from hot surfaces, allow the internal system components and hot-plug hard drives to cool before touching them.

  • Page 23: Updating The System Firmware

    Updating the System Firmware Before installing an array controller in a Compaq server, update the system firmware by running the System ROMPaq utility. NOTE: This utility is not to be confused with the Options ROMPaq utility (see Chapter 5), which is used to update the firmware on server options and SCSI drives. The System ROMPaq utility has two main sources: •...

  • Page 24: Running System Rompaq From The Cd

    Updating the System Firmware Running System ROMPaq from the CD 1. Boot the server from the SmartStart and Support Software CD. 2. On the Compaq System Utilities screen, select Run ROMPaq. 3. Follow the on-screen prompts and instructions to reprogram your system ROM. Running System ROMPaq from Diskette To run System ROMPaq from diskette, you must first create a System ROMPaq diskette from the CD or from the appropriate SoftPaq file.

  • Page 25: Using The Diskette

    Updating the System Firmware 5. Click Download, and then direct the download to the temporary directory that you created. 6. Click Save. 7. Execute the downloaded SoftPaq file and follow the on-screen instructions to create the System ROMPaq diskette. 8. To update the firmware, follow the procedure given in the section “Using the Diskette.”...

  • Page 26: Updating The Controller Firmware

    Updating the Controller Firmware You can update the firmware on Compaq options by using the Options ROMPaq utility. There are two versions of this utility: Options ROMPaq for Array Controllers and Options ROMPaq for Internal (SCSI Attached) Drives. If you purchased your server with an array controller already installed, you do not need to run this utility during server installation.

  • Page 27: Running Options Rompaq From The Smart Array Controller Support Software Cd

    Updating the Controller Firmware Running Options ROMPaq from the Smart Array Controller Support Software CD 1. Place the Smart Array Controller Support Software CD in the server CD-ROM drive. 2. Restart the server. 3. When the Compaq System Utilities screen is displayed, select Run Options ROMPaq and then press the Enter key.

  • Page 28: Running Options Rompaq From Diskettes

    Updating the Controller Firmware 8. When reprogramming of the controller ROM is finished, you can reprogram more options or exit the utility. — To reprogram another Compaq option, press the Enter key, and then repeat steps 5 through 7. — If you have finished reprogramming Compaq options, press the Esc key to exit the utility.

  • Page 29: Creating Diskettes Using The Softpaq File

    Updating the Controller Firmware 6. Follow the remaining on-screen instructions to create the Options ROMPaq diskettes. 7. To complete the firmware update, follow the procedure given in the section “Using the Diskettes.” Creating Diskettes Using the SoftPaq File 1. Create a temporary directory on your hard drive. 2.

  • Page 30: Updating The System Partition

    Updating the Controller Firmware — If the screen message reads as follows, press the Enter key, and then go to step 8 of these instructions: The ROM image files found for the device selected are not newer than the current ROM image —...
  • Page 31 Updating the Controller Firmware SCU is provided on both the SmartStart and Support Software CD and the Smart Array Controller Support Software CD. Compare the SCU version numbers from these two sources and use the most recent version. NOTE: Before updating NetWare volumes or partitions, remember these tips to optimize system performance: •...

  • Page 32: Configuring The System

    Configuring the System When installing a controller in a new system, perform these tasks after installing the controller and updating the controller firmware: • Configure the system by using either the ROM-Based Setup Utility (RBSU) or the System Configuration Utility (SCU), following the procedure given in the server user guide.
  • Page 33 Configuring the System 2. Press the F9 key when prompted during system startup. The ROM-Based Setup Utility menu screen is displayed. Figure 6-1: RBSU menu screen 3. Configure your system. (For detailed instructions, refer to the Compaq ROM- Based Setup Utility User Guide.) 4.

  • Page 34: Using Orca

    Configuring the System Using ORCA Part of the startup sequence of a server is the Power-On Self-Test (POST). If the array controller in the server supports ORCA, POST temporarily halts and an ORCA prompt message is displayed for about five seconds. (If ORCA is not supported, the prompt message is not displayed and the system continues with the startup sequence.) 1.

  • Page 35: Configuring An Array

    Configuring an Array Compaq provides four utilities for configuring an array: • Option ROM Configuration for Arrays (ORCA)—a simple ROM-based configuration utility that runs on all operating systems • Array Configuration Utility (ACU)—a versatile configuration utility that provides maximum control over configuration parameters •...
  • Page 36 Configuring an Array For more information about ACU-XE, refer to the Compaq Array Configuration Utility XE User Guide. For background information about drive arrays and fault-tolerance (RAID) methods, see Appendix C. Table 7-1: Comparison of Utilities for Configuring an Array ACU-XE CPQONLIN ORCA...

  • Page 37: Using Orca

    Configuring an Array Using ORCA When a computer system is powered up, part of the startup sequence is the Power-On Self-Test (POST). Any array controllers that are in the system are initialized while POST is running. If the array controller supports ORCA, POST temporarily halts and an ORCA prompt message is displayed for about five seconds.

  • Page 38: Using Acu

    Configuring an Array NOTE: ORCA allows only one array to use a given online spare. 3. Press the Enter key to accept the settings. 4. At the next screen, press the F8 key to confirm your settings and save the new configuration.

  • Page 39: Running Acu From Cd

    Configuring an Array See the “About This Guide” section for technical support phone numbers. You can view context-sensitive online help for each screen by pressing the F1 key or clicking Help. The status bar at the bottom of the screen also displays messages describing the current selection.

  • Page 40: Acu Screen Descriptions

    Configuring an Array ACU Screen Descriptions NOTE: The screenshots shown with these descriptions are merely examples. The exact appearance of your screen depends on the controller and hard drives that you use. For example, the number of ports on the controller and the RAID levels available may be different in your case.
  • Page 41 Configuring an Array Menu Bar The menu bar at the top of the ACU Main Configuration screen contains the following drop-down menus: • Controller—Allows you to select a controller, refresh the screen, save or clear a configuration, create an array, or exit the program. Other menu items give access to settings, advanced features, information, and the configuration wizard.
  • Page 42 Configuring an Array Figure 7-4: Physical Configuration View window NOTE: Selecting any item in the Configuration View window will cause the corresponding hard drive tray LEDs to blink. This feature is useful for identifying all physical drives in an array or logical drive, all drives on a controller, or a specific physical drive.
  • Page 43 Configuring an Array Figure 7-6: Controller box Click one of these buttons to display the Controller Settings screen or the Create Drive Array screen. Array Box The buttons in the Array box are activated when you select an array in the Configuration View window.
  • Page 44 Configuring an Array Figure 7-8: Logical Drive box Click one of these buttons to display the Modify Logical Drive screen, the Migrate Logical Drive screen, or the Extend Logical Drive screen. More Information Button Click More Information in the bottom right of the ACU Main Configuration screen to get a detailed description of the item that is selected in the Configuration View window.
  • Page 45 Configuring an Array The settings that you use for Rebuild Priority and Expand Priority will not affect the performance of an idle system. However, they will affect performance on a busy system: • On the High settings, the controller will give preference to the rebuild or expansion process over normal I/O operations.
  • Page 46 Configuring an Array Figure 7-10: Create Drive Array screen The three buttons in the middle of this screen are: • Assign Drive To Array • Remove Drive From Array • Assign Spare To Array Modify Drive Array Screen To display this screen, click Modify in the Array box on the ACU Main Configuration screen.
  • Page 47 Configuring an Array Create Logical Drive Screen To display this screen, click Create Logical Drive in the Array box (Figure 7-7) on the ACU Main Configuration screen. This screen allows you to select the fault-tolerance method, enable the array accelerator (if present), and set the stripe size and logical drive size on a new logical drive.
  • Page 48 Configuring an Array The Stripe Size box has a drop-down menu that lets you select the width of a data stripe. (This width corresponds to the size of a data block on each hard drive in the logical volume, as described in Appendix D). Each RAID level supports several stripe widths (Table 7-2);...
  • Page 49 Configuring an Array Click Advanced to display the Advanced Features screen, where you can enable or disable the maximum boot size for a logical drive. The default boot size is 32 sectors (16 kbytes) per track, and the maximum boot size is 63 sectors per track. Figure 7-12: Advanced Features screen Some operating systems need to use the maximum boot size to be able to create large boot partitions.
  • Page 50 Configuring an Array Figure 7-13: Migrate RAID/Stripe Size screen Extend Logical Drive Screen To display this screen, click Extend in the Logical Drive box (Figure 7-8) on the ACU Main Configuration screen. This screen allows you to increase the capacity of a logical drive while the system is online, without disruption of data.

  • Page 51: Typical Manual Configuration Procedures In Acu

    Configuring an Array Typical Manual Configuration Procedures in ACU When you launch ACU to configure a new array, a configuration wizard opens to allow rapid, automatic array configuration. However, you can bypass the wizard and manually: • Create a new array •...
  • Page 52 Configuring an Array Assigning Physical Drives of the Same Size to an Array 1. Click Create Array in the Controller box. The Create Drive Array screen is displayed (Figure 7-10). 2. Select the drives that you want to build the array with from the drives that are shown in the left panel.
  • Page 53 Configuring an Array Figure 7-15: Example Array A with Spare 5. Click Done to return to the ACU Main Configuration screen. The Logical Configuration View window now looks like Figure 7-16. Figure 7-16: Logical Configuration View of Example Array 6. Select the controller icon, and then click Create Array to create Array B. 7.
  • Page 54 Configuring an Array In this example, each array was created using drives from the same SCSI port. You can get better performance by installing the correct capacity drives in other ports before running the ACU, and then selecting drives from more than one port to build the array.
  • Page 55 Configuring an Array Figure 7-17: Example array – Logical Configuration View window, two arrays NOTE: The capacity shown for each logical drive is the free capacity available for data storage. This value excludes the amount used for fault tolerance. Expanding Array Capacity Array capacity expansion is the addition of storage capacity to a pre-existing array.
  • Page 56 Configuring an Array 1. Back up all data on the array. Although array expansion is unlikely to cause data loss, observing this precaution will provide additional data protection. 2. Install the new physical drives. IMPORTANT: Do not assign a group of physical drives to the same array unless they are of the same capacity.
  • Page 57 Configuring an Array 2. Click Expand in the Array box. 3. In the left-hand panel of the Expand Array A dialog box, select the unassigned 4.3-GB drive. 4. Click Assign Drive to Array in the middle of the screen. Figure 7-19: Assign Drive to Array button 5.
  • Page 58 Configuring an Array NOTE: The second logical drive is not accessible until the capacity expansion process on Logical Drive 1 is complete. Also, Logical Drive 1 is unavailable for any other process while it is undergoing an expansion, and no other logical drive in the system can be expanded, extended, or migrated during this time.
  • Page 59 Configuring an Array 6. To save the logical drive settings, click Controller on the menu bar and select Save Configuration. A progress bar in the lower right-hand corner of the screen shows the status of the extension process. 7. Make the extra capacity of the logical drive available to the operating system by one of the following methods: —...

  • Page 60: Using Cpqonlin

    Configuring an Array 3. If your controller has a battery backed write cache, check the Controller Settings screen to confirm that the write cache is enabled. 4. Select the logical drive in the Logical Configuration View window. 5. Click Migrate in the Logical Drive box. 6.

  • Page 61: Running Cpqonlin

    Configuring an Array Running CPQONLIN 1. Enter at the console prompt. cpqonlin 2. Use the arrow keys to highlight Array Configuration Utility, and then press the Enter key. 3. From the list of controllers that is presented, select the one that you want to configure.
  • Page 62 Configuring an Array 3. Restart the system to apply the changes. NOTE: Raw logical drives are invisible to the operating system. To make the new logical drives available for data storage, format the logical drive using the instructions given in your operating system documentation.
  • Page 63 Configuring an Array Table 7-4: Menu Options in CPQONLIN Controller Options Menu Controller Settings Rebuild Priority Expand Priority Accelerator Ratio Assign Drive Create New Array Create Array Assign Array Remove Drive Accept Changes (Panel shows spare drives and unassigned hard Physical Drives drives attached to the controller) New Array...

  • Page 64: Typical Manual Configuration Procedures In Cpqonlin

    Configuring an Array Typical Manual Configuration Procedures in CPQONLIN This section describes typical manual configuration procedures in more detail. Creating a Custom Configuration for a New Array 1. In the Logical Configuration View panel, highlight the controller that you want to configure and then press the Enter key.
  • Page 65 Configuring an Array Adding a Spare Drive To add a spare drive to an array, the array controller must have an attached drive that is either unassigned or is assigned as a spare to another array. You can assign a spare to as many arrays as you want, or you can assign a separate spare to each array.
  • Page 66 Configuring an Array • With a low priority setting, a rebuild or expansion takes place only when the array controller is not busy handling normal I/O requests. This setting has minimal effect on normal I/O operations. However, there is an increased risk that data will be lost if another physical drive fails while the rebuild is in progress.
  • Page 67 Configuring an Array 3. Alter the settings on this screen to suit your needs. 4. Press the Esc key to save the new configuration. 5. Exit CPQONLIN, and then restart the system to apply the changes. Expanding an Array Performance may be degraded slightly during array expansion, depending on the Expand Priority setting.
  • Page 68 Configuring an Array Migrating RAID Level or Stripe Size Performance may be degraded slightly during migration, depending on the Expand (or Rebuild) Priority setting. To minimize any effect, migrate during periods of low server use. NOTE: The migration process takes about 15 minutes per gigabyte. The controller is not able to expand or migrate any other logical drive during this time.

  • Page 69: Installing The Device Drivers

    Installing the Device Drivers The drivers for the Smart Array 5i Plus Controller are located on the Smart Array Controller Support Software CD and on the SmartStart and Support Software CD. Updates are posted to the Compaq website, www.compaq.com. Using the Smart Array Controller Support Software CD Instructions for installing the drivers from the Smart Array controller Support Software CD are given in the leaflet provided with the CD.

  • Page 70: Updating The Compaq Insight Manager Agents

    Installing the Device Drivers To create CSPs: 1. Insert the SmartStart and Support Software CD into the CD-ROM drive tray of a server with a bootable CD-ROM drive. The server does not need to be the one in which you are going to install the controller. 2.

  • Page 71: Regulatory Compliance Notices

    Regulatory Compliance Notices Regulatory Compliance Identification Numbers For the purpose of regulatory compliance certifications and identification, your product has been assigned a unique Compaq series number. The series number can be found on the product nameplate label, along with all required approval markings and information.

  • Page 72: Class A Equipment

    Regulatory Compliance Notices The rating label on the device shows the classification (A or B) of the equipment. Class B devices have an FCC logo or FCC ID on the label. Class A devices do not have an FCC logo or FCC ID on the label. After the Class of the device is determined, refer to the corresponding statement in the following sections.

  • Page 73: Declaration Of Conformity For Products Marked With The Fcc Logo, United States Only

    Regulatory Compliance Notices Declaration of Conformity for Products Marked with the FCC Logo, United States Only This device complies with Part 15 of the FCC Rules. Operation is subject to the following two conditions: (1) this device may not cause harmful interference, and (2) this device must accept any interference received, including interference that may cause undesired operation.

  • Page 74: Cables

    Regulatory Compliance Notices Cables Connections to this device must be made with shielded cables with metallic RFI/EMI connector hoods in order to maintain compliance with FCC Rules and Regulations. Canadian Notice (Avis Canadien) Class A Equipment This Class A digital apparatus meets all requirements of the Canadian Interference-Causing Equipment Regulations Cet appareil numérique de la classe A respecte toutes les exigences du Règlement sur le matériel brouilleur du Canada.

  • Page 75: European Union Notice

    Regulatory Compliance Notices European Union Notice Products with the CE Marking comply with both the EMC Directive (89/336/EEC) and the Low Voltage Directive (73/23/EEC) issued by the Commission of the European Community. Compliance with these directives implies conformity to the following European Norms (the equivalent international standards are in parenthesis): •...

  • Page 76: Japanese Notice

    Regulatory Compliance Notices Japanese Notice Taiwanese Notice Compaq Smart Array 5i Plus Controller and Battery Backed Write Cache Enabler User Guide...

  • Page 77: Laser Device

    Regulatory Compliance Notices Laser Device All Compaq systems equipped with a laser device comply with safety standards, including International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 825. With specific regard to the laser, the equipment complies with laser product performance standards set by government agencies as a Class 1 laser product. The product does not emit hazardous light;...

  • Page 78: Laser Product Label

    Regulatory Compliance Notices Laser Product Label The following label or equivalent is located on the surface of the Compaq supplied laser device. This label indicates that the product is classified as a CLASS 1 LASER PRODUCT. This label appears on a laser device installed in your product.

  • Page 79: Battery Replacement Notice

    Regulatory Compliance Notices Battery Replacement Notice Your Compaq Smart Array 5i Plus Controller and Battery Backed Write Cache Enabler is equipped with a lithium manganese dioxide, vanadium pentoxide, or alkaline internal battery or battery pack. There is a danger of explosion and risk of personal injury if the battery is incorrectly replaced or mistreated.

  • Page 80: Appendix B Electrostatic Discharge

    Electrostatic Discharge To prevent damaging the system, be aware of the precautions you need to follow when setting up the system or handling parts. A discharge of static electricity from a finger or other conductor may damage system boards or other static-sensitive devices.

  • Page 81: Grounding Methods

    Electrostatic Discharge Grounding Methods There are several methods for grounding. Use one or more of the following methods when handling or installing electrostatic-sensitive parts: • Use a wrist strap connected by a ground cord to a grounded workstation or computer chassis. Wrist straps are flexible straps with a minimum of 1 megohm ±...

  • Page 82: Drive Arrays And Fault Tolerance

    Drive Arrays and Fault Tolerance What Is a Drive Array? The capacity and performance of a single physical (hard) drive is adequate for home users. However, business users demand higher storage capacities, higher data transfer rates, and greater protection against data loss when drives fail. Merely adding extra physical drives to the system increases the total storage capacity (see Figure C-1).
  • Page 83 Drive Arrays and Fault Tolerance With an array controller installed in the system, the capacity of several physical drives can be combined into one or more virtual units called logical drives (also called logical volumes). Then, the read/write heads of all the constituent physical drives are active simultaneously, reducing the total time required for data transfer.
  • Page 84 Drive Arrays and Fault Tolerance Figure C-3: Data striping (S1-S4) of data blocks B1-B12 For data in the logical drive to be readable, the data block sequence must be the same in every stripe. This sequencing process is performed by the array controller, which sends the data blocks to the drive write heads in the correct order.
  • Page 85 Drive Arrays and Fault Tolerance Figure C-4: Two arrays (A1, A2) containing five logical drives spread over five physical drives Each logical drive in an array is distributed over all of the physical drives within the array. A logical drive can also extend over more than one port on the same controller, but it cannot extend over more than one controller.

  • Page 86: Fault-Tolerance Methods

    Drive Arrays and Fault Tolerance For any configuration except RAID 0, further protection against data loss can be achieved by assigning a drive as an online spare (or hot spare). This drive contains no data and is connected to the same controller as the array. When any other physical drive in the array fails, the controller automatically rebuilds information that was originally on the failed drive onto the online spare.

  • Page 87: Raid 1+0-Drive Mirroring

    Drive Arrays and Fault Tolerance • You cannot use an online spare. • You can only preserve data by backing it up to external drives. RAID 1+0—Drive Mirroring In this configuration, data is duplicated onto a second drive. Figure C-5: Drive mirroring of P1 onto P2 When the array has more than two physical drives, drives are mirrored in pairs.
  • Page 88 Drive Arrays and Fault Tolerance Figure C-6: Mirroring with more than two physical drives in the array In each mirrored pair, the physical drive that is not busy answering other requests answers any read request sent to the array. (This behavior is called load balancing.) If a physical drive fails, the remaining drive in the mirrored pair can still provide all the necessary data.

  • Page 89: Raid 5-Distributed Data Guarding

    Drive Arrays and Fault Tolerance Disadvantages The disadvantages of RAID 1+0 are that: • It is expensive (many drives are needed for fault tolerance). • Only 50% of total drive capacity useable for data storage. RAID 5—Distributed Data Guarding By this method, a block of parity data is calculated for each stripe from the data that is in all other blocks within that stripe.
  • Page 90 Drive Arrays and Fault Tolerance Advantages The advantages of RAID 5 are that: • It has a high read performance. • No loss of data occurs if one physical drive fails. • More drive capacity is usable than with RAID 1+0 (parity information requires only the storage space equivalent to one physical drive).
  • Page 91 Drive Arrays and Fault Tolerance Table C-1: Summary of RAID Methods continued RAID 0 RAID 1+0 RAID 5 Tolerates failure of one physical drive? Tolerates Only if no two simultaneous failed drives are failure of >one in a mirrored physical drive? pair Read High...

  • Page 92: Other Fault-Tolerance Options

    Drive Arrays and Fault Tolerance Other Fault-Tolerance Options Your operating system may also support software-based RAID or controller duplexing. • Software-based RAID resembles hardware-based RAID, except that the operating system works with logical drives as if they were physical drives. To protect against data loss caused by physical drive failure, each logical drive must be in a different array from the others.

  • Page 93: Hard Drive Installation And Replacement

    Hard Drive Installation and Replacement Each SCSI channel on a Smart Array controller supports up to 14 drives. Drives can be of the Wide Ultra3 SCSI or Wide Ultra2 SCSI type. Each drive on a SCSI bus must have a unique ID value in the range 0 to 15 (except ID 7, which is reserved for controller use).

  • Page 94: Recognizing Drive Failure

    Hard Drive Installation and Replacement • RAID 1+0 configurations can tolerate multiple drive failures as long as no failed drives are mirrored to one another. • RAID 5 configurations can tolerate one drive failure. • RAID ADG configurations can tolerate simultaneous failure of two drives. If more hard drives fail than the fault-tolerance method allows, fault tolerance is compromised and the logical drive fails.
  • Page 95 Hard Drive Installation and Replacement Table D-1: Interpreting Hard Drive Status from LED Indicator Pattern (1) Activity (2) Online (3) Fault Meaning On, off, or On or off Flashing A predictive failure alert has been received for this flashing drive. Replace the drive as soon as possible. Off, on, or OK to replace the drive online if the array is configured flashing...
  • Page 96 Hard Drive Installation and Replacement Table D-1: Interpreting Hard Drive Status from LED Indicator Pattern continued Flashing Flashing Flashing Do not remove the drive. Removing a drive during this process can cause data loss in non-fault- tolerant configurations. Either (1) the drive is part of an array being selected by the Array Configuration Utility, (2) the Options ROMPaq utility is upgrading the drive firmware, or (3) Drive Identification has been selected in Compaq Insight...

  • Page 97: Compromised Fault Tolerance

    Hard Drive Installation and Replacement Compromised Fault Tolerance Compromised fault tolerance commonly occurs when more physical drives have failed than the fault-tolerance method can endure. In this case, the logical volume is failed and unrecoverable disk error messages are returned to the host. Data loss is likely to occur.

  • Page 98: Automatic Data Recovery

    Hard Drive Installation and Replacement Automatic Data Recovery Automatic Data Recovery is an automatic background process that rebuilds data onto a spare or replacement drive when another drive in the array fails. This process is also called rebuild. If a drive in a fault-tolerant configuration is replaced while the system power is off, a Power-On Self-Test (POST) message is displayed during the next system startup.

  • Page 99: General Aspects Of Drive Replacement

    Hard Drive Installation and Replacement • If the amber failure LED is illuminated or other LEDs go out, the replacement drive has failed and is producing unrecoverable disk errors. Remove and replace the failed replacement drive. • If the Automatic Data Recovery process has abnormally terminated, one possible cause is a non-correctable read error on another physical drive.

  • Page 100: Drive Failure During Rebuild

    Hard Drive Installation and Replacement • When you set the SCSI ID jumpers manually, check the ID value to be sure that the correct physical drive is being replaced. Set the same ID value on the replacement drive to prevent SCSI ID conflicts. CAUTION: In systems using external data storage, take care that the server is the first unit to be powered down and the last to be powered back up.

  • Page 101: Moving Drives And Arrays

    Hard Drive Installation and Replacement To minimize the likelihood of fatal system errors, take these precautions when removing failed drives: • Do not remove a degraded drive if any other member of the array is offline (the Online LED is off). In this condition, no other drive in the array can be removed without data loss.
  • Page 102 Hard Drive Installation and Replacement IMPORTANT: There are some restrictions on moving an array: • A drive array that has been moved from a battery backed array controller to one that is not battery backed is no longer able to undergo RAID/stripe size migration, array capacity expansion, or logical drive capacity extension.

  • Page 103: Upgrading Disk Drive Capacity

    Hard Drive Installation and Replacement You can now check the new drive configuration by running ORCA or the Array Configuration Utility (see Chapter 7 for details). Upgrading Disk Drive Capacity You can increase the storage capacity on a system even if there are no available drive bays, as long as a fault-tolerance method is running.
  • Page 104 Hard Drive Installation and Replacement The expansion process is illustrated in Figure D-2, where the original array (containing data) is shown with a dashed border, and the newly added drives are shown unshaded (containing no data). The array controller adds the new drives to the array and redistributes the original logical drives over the enlarged array, using the same fault-tolerance method.

  • Page 105: Probability Of Logical Drive Failure

    Probability of Logical Drive Failure The probability that a logical drive will fail depends on the RAID level setting. • A RAID 0 logical drive fails if only one physical drive fails. • For a RAID 1+0 logical drive, the failure situation is complex. —...
  • Page 106 Probability of Logical Drive Failure Total number of physical drives in array 0.01 0.001 RAID 0 0.0001 1E-05 RAID 5 1E-06 RAID 1 1E-07 1E-08 RAID ADG 1E-09 1E-10 1E-11 1E-12 1E-13 Figure E-1: Probability of logical drive failure Compaq Smart Array 5i Plus Controller and Battery Backed Writer Cache Enabler User Guide...

  • Page 107: Post Error Messages

    POST Error Messages Smart Array controllers produce diagnostic error messages at reboot. Many of these Power-On-Test (POST) messages are self-explanatory and suggest corrective actions for troubleshooting. Detailed information about these messages is given in Table F-1. Table F-1: POST Error Messages Message Description Meaning and Recommended Action...
  • Page 108 POST Error Messages Table F-1: POST Error Messages continued Message Description Meaning and Recommended Action 1714 Slot x drive array – Backup ROM has been activated automatically. Redundant ROM Check the firmware version. checksum error. 1720 Slot x drive array – The indicated drive has reported a S.M.A.R.T.
  • Page 109 POST Error Messages Table F-1: POST Error Messages continued Message Description Meaning and Recommended Action 1724 Slot x drive array – Logical drive configuration has been updated physical drive position automatically following physical drive position change(s) detected – changes. Press the F1 key to resume. logical drive configuration has automatically been...
  • Page 110 POST Error Messages Table F-1: POST Error Messages continued Message Description Meaning and Recommended Action 1729 Slot 1 drive array – This message is normal following the initial disk performance configuration of RAID 4 or RAID 5 logical drives. optimization scan in This POST message will go away and progress –...
  • Page 111 POST Error Messages Table F-1: POST Error Messages continued Message Description Meaning and Recommended Action 1757 Slot x array The controller does not support the attached array accelerator daughter accelerator. Attach the correct array accelerator. board incompatible. Please replace 4MB array accelerator card with a 16MB or 64MB card.
  • Page 112 POST Error Messages Table F-1: POST Error Messages continued Message Description Meaning and Recommended Action 1764 Slot x drive array – The capacity expansion process has been capacity expansion temporarily disabled for the reason indicated and process is temporarily will automatically resume. If the array accelerator disabled (followed by a has been removed, you must reinstall it for cause).
  • Page 113 POST Error Messages Table F-1: POST Error Messages continued Message Description Meaning and Recommended Action 1768 Slot x drive array – No action required. This message appears resuming logical drive whenever a controller reset or power cycle occurs expansion process. while array expansion is in progress.
  • Page 114 POST Error Messages Table F-1: POST Error Messages continued Message Description Meaning and Recommended Action 1774 Slot x drive array – Data found on the array accelerator is older than obsolete data found in data found on drives due to drives having been array accelerator.
  • Page 115 POST Error Messages Table F-1: POST Error Messages continued Message Description Meaning and Recommended Action 1777 Slot x drive array – Check cooling fan operation by placing hand over ProLiant drive storage the fan. Check the internal plenum cooling fan in enclosure problem tower servers or storage systems.
  • Page 116 POST Error Messages Table F-1: POST Error Messages continued Message Description Meaning and Recommended Action 1779 Slot x drive array – If this message appears and drive x has not been replacement drive(s) replaced, an intermittent drive failure has occurred. This message also appears once immediately detected or previously following drive replacement before data is restored...
  • Page 117 POST Error Messages Table F-1: POST Error Messages continued Message Description Meaning and Recommended Action 1785 Slot 1 Drive Array not Turn off the system and check SCSI cable Configured (may be connections to be sure that drives are followed by one of the attached properly.
  • Page 118 POST Error Messages Table F-1: POST Error Messages continued Message Description Meaning and Recommended Action 1786 Slot x Drive Array The message normally appears when a drive is Recovery Needed. replaced in a fault-tolerant configuration when the The following SCSI system is powered down.
  • Page 119 POST Error Messages Table F-1: POST Error Messages continued Message Description Meaning and Recommended Action 1787 Slot x drive array Following a system restart, this message reminds operating in Interim you that drive x is defective and fault tolerance is Recovery Mode.
  • Page 120 POST Error Messages Table F-1: POST Error Messages continued Message Description Meaning and Recommended Action 1789 Slot x drive array This message indicates that previously operating physical drive(s) not drives are missing or inoperative following a cold responding. Check or warm reset. Turn off system and check cable cables or replace the connections.
  • Page 121 POST Error Messages Table F-1: POST Error Messages continued Message Description Meaning and Recommended Action 1794 Slot x drive array – The battery charge is below 90%. Posted writes array accelerator are disabled. When the batteries are fully battery charge low. recharged, the array accelerator will automatically Array accelerator is be re-enabled and this POST message will go...
  • Page 122 POST Error Messages Table F-1: POST Error Messages continued Message Description Meaning and Recommended Action 1798 Slot x drive array – Replace the array accelerator or the Smart Array array accelerator write controller. Restore data from backup. error occurred. Array accelerator is disabled.

  • Page 123: Questions And Answers

    Questions and Answers This appendix contains several common questions and answers about the Smart Array 5i Plus Controller and Battery Backed Write Cache Enabler. Where indicated, use the Documentation CD, SmartStart CD, and other user documentation provided with your server or option kit as reference sources. Additional information about Compaq hardware and services is available on the Compaq website, www.compaq.com.
  • Page 124 Questions and Answers CAUTION: Do not interchange SCSI IDs after you configure your Smart Array 5i Plus Controller and Battery Backed Write Cache Enabler. Interchanging the SCSI IDs results in loss of data. Q. I ordered my server with a preinstalled Smart Array 5i Plus Controller and Battery Backed Write Cache Enabler.
  • Page 125 Questions and Answers Q. Why do the drive activity lights light up on some drives when my system is idle? A. The Smart Array 5i Plus Controller and Battery Backed Write Cache Enabler performs several different background activities on the drives when the controller is otherwise idle.
  • Page 126 Glossary ACU (Array Configuration Utility) A configuration utility useful for both novices and more experienced RAID users. Obtained either from the SmartStart and Support Software CD or by downloading from the Compaq website (www.compaq.com). ACU-XE (Array Configuration Utility-XE) A browser-based version of ACU that can be used remotely on systems that also run Compaq Insight Manager XE.
  • Page 127 Glossary array capacity expansion See capacity expansion. Automatic Data Recovery (ADR) Also known as rebuild. A process that automatically reconstructs data from a failed drive and writes it onto a replacement drive. Rebuild time depends on several factors, but at least 15 minutes should be allowed per gigabyte.
  • Page 128 Glossary CPQONLIN An array configuration utility for Novell NetWare that can be used while the server is online. data guarding See RAID. data striping Writing data to logical drives in interleaved chunks (by byte or by sector). This technique improves system performance. drive mirroring See RAID.
  • Page 129 Glossary LVDS (low voltage differential signaling) A type of SCSI signaling that allows a maximum transfer rate of either 80 MB/s or 160 MB/s, conforming to either the Wide Ultra2 or Wide Ultra3 SCSI standards respectively. online spare Also known as a hot spare, this is a drive in a fault-tolerant system that normally contains no data.
  • Page 130 Glossary SE (Single-Ended) A type of SCSI signaling that allows a maximum transfer rate of 40 MB/s. Conforms to the Wide-Ultra SCSI standard. Now being phased out in favor of LVD technology. S.M.A.R.T. (Self-Monitoring And Reporting Technology) Hard drive firmware that provides advance warning of mechanical drive failure by monitoring critical drive attributes and providing system alerts when an attribute moves out of tolerance.
  • Page 131 Glossary Wide Ultra; Wide Ultra2; Wide Ultra3 A set of SCSI standards that support maximum signal transfer rates of up to 40 MB/s, 80 MB/s, and 160 MB/s, respectively. Glossary-6Compaq Smart Array 5i Plus Controller and Battery Backed Write Cache Enabler User Guide...
  • Page 132 Index alerts hard drive failure 1-6 predictive failure D-3 accelerator ratio setting amber LED in ACU 7-11 Battery Backed Write Cache in CPQONLIN 7-32 Enabler 1-3 ACU (Array Configuration Utility) hard drives D-2 adding spare drive with 7-18 ARM (Auto Reliability Monitoring) 1-6 array capacity expansion with 7-21 array array creation 7-17...
  • Page 133 Index features 1-1 status lights of 1-3 installation description 3-1 trickle-charging 1-4 installation process 2-1 battery module See Battery Backed Write interface 1-5 Cache Enabler memory 1-4 block of data, defined C-2 movement 1-1 Block Sub-Allocation 5-6 optimizing performance, in boot controller, setting 6-1 boot partition 7-15 NetWare 5-6...
  • Page 134 Index Compaq website xi manual configuration with 7-28 comparison menu options in 7-29 of ACU with ORCA 7-2 RAID level migration with 7-34 of hardware-based RAID and software- Rebuild Priority level 7-32 based RAID C-11 stripe size migration with 7-34 of logical drive failure risk for different wizard in 7-27 RAID levels E-1...
  • Page 135 Index error messages F-1 fast-charging, Battery Backed Write Cache ESD (electrostatic discharge) Enabler 1-4 obtaining additional information B-2 fault management features precautions B-1 automatic data recovery D-6 preventing B-1 hard drive failure alerts 1-6 storing products B-1 fault tolerance See also RAID methods transporting products B-1 alternative methods of C-11 types of damage from B-1...
  • Page 136 Index grounding, suggested equipment for B-2 symbol viii warning viii, 3-2 hot-plug drives replacing D-7 hard drives using D-1 adding, to array 7-21, D-11 capacity of, restrictions on 7-1 different capacity on array 7-1 failure 1-6, C-4, D-4, D-7 Important Safety Information document vii features of, supported D-1 installation process, overview 2-1 hot-pluggable, using D-1...
  • Page 137 Index stripe size 7-14 mouse compliance statement A-4 linear memory 5-6 multiple logical drives, creating 7-14 load balancing, defined C-7 logical drive capacity extension 7-21 NetWare capacity extension, description of D-12 ACU and 7-5 compared to array C-3 array configuration utility for 7-26 creation of, with ACU 7-20 Block Sub-Allocation in 5-6 creation of, with CPQONLIN 7-31...
  • Page 138 Index comparison of, with other configuration utilities 7-2 RAID 0 (no fault tolerance) C-5 configuring array with 7-1 RAID 1+0 (drive mirroring) C-6 limitations of 7-2 RAID 5 (distributed data guarding) C-8 setting boot controller with 6-3 RAID level migration caution for 7-13 in ACU 7-25 in CPQONLIN 7-34...
  • Page 139 Index Taiwanese A-6 SCSI replacing hard drives bus termination D-1 general information D-7 devices, compatibility of 1-5 precautions for D-9 Low Voltage Differential Signaling reprogramming (LVDS) 1-5 options ROM 5-1 signaling methods, compatibility of 1-5 system ROM 4-1 Single Ended (SE) 1-5 resources standards supported 1-5 ACU 7-1...
  • Page 140 Index storage capacity, expanding symbol viii using ACU 7-21 text conventions ix using CPQONLIN 7-33 third-party partitioning tools 7-25 stripe size time needed changing, using ACU 7-25 for data rebuild D-6 changing, using CPQONLIN 7-34 for expansion 7-21 default value of 7-14 for extension 7-24 memory requirement for migration for migration 7-25...
  • Page 141 Index multiple sources of power viii in CPQONLIN 7-27 predictive failure alert D-3 wrist straps RJ-45 receptacle viii specifications B-2 website, Compaq x using B-2 weight write cache See also Battery Backed Write symbol viii Cache Enabler warning viii memory allocation to, in ACU 7-11 Wide Ultra2 SCSI, support for 1-1 memory allocation to, in Wide Ultra3 SCSI, support for 1-1...

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