Related Manuals for EUTECH INSTRUMENTS CADMIUM EPOXY
Summary of Contents for EUTECH INSTRUMENTS CADMIUM EPOXY
- Page 1 Instruction Manual Cadmium Electrode EUTECH INSTRUMENTS PTE LTD. INSTRUCTION MANUAL CADMIUM ION ELECTRODE...
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Page 2: Table Of Contents
Cadmium Electrode Instruction Manual TABLE OF CONTENTS GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS ......................3 Introduction..............................3 Required Equipment ...........................3 Required Solutions............................3 GENERAL PREPARATION......................4 Electrode Preparation..........................4 Electrode Slope Check (with a pH/mV meter) ...................4 Electrode Slope Check (with ion meter).....................4 MEASUREMENT..........................5 Measuring Hints............................5 Sample Requirements ..........................5 Units of Measurement..........................6 MEASUREMENT PROCEDURE .................... -
Page 3: General Instructions
CADMIUM ION ELECTRODE INSTRUCTION MANUAL GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS Introduction Eutech Instruments Cadmium Ion Electrode is used to measure cadmium ions in aqueous solutions quickly, simply, accurately, and economically. Required Equipment A pH/mV meter or an ion meter, either line operated or portable. -
Page 4: General Preparation
Cadmium Electrode Instruction Manual dissolve the solid. Fill to the mark with distilled water, cap, and upend several times to mix the solution. GENERAL PREPARATION Electrode Preparation Remove the rubber caps covering the electrode tips and the rubber insert covering the filling hole of the cadmium combination electrode or the reference electrode. -
Page 5: Measurement
Infrequent measurements in solutions containing methanol, benzene, or acetonitrile are permitted. Highly polar solvents slowly attack the electrode. Please check with Eutech Instruments Pte Ltd. before using these electrodes in other organic solvents. -
Page 6: Units Of Measurement
Cadmium Electrode Instruction Manual Units of Measurement Cadmium ion concentrations are measured in units of parts per million, moles per liter, equivalents per liter, or any other convenient concentration unit. Table 1 indicates some of these concentration units. TABLE 1: Concentration Unit Conversion Factors ppm Cd moles/liter 1124.0... -
Page 7: Direct Measurement Of Cadmium (Using An Ion Meter)
Instruction Manual Cadmium Electrode A calibration curve is constructed on semi-logarithmic paper when using a pH/mV meter in the millivolt mode. The measured electrode potential in mV (linear axis) is plotted against the standard concentration (log axis). In the linear region of the curve, only three standards are necessary to determine a calibration curve. -
Page 8: Low Level Cadmium Determination (Using A Ph/Mv Meter)
Cadmium Electrode Instruction Manual Adjust the meter to the concentration of the cadmium standard and fix the value in the memory according to the meter manufacturer's instructions after stabilization of the reading. Rinse the electrodes with distilled water and blot dry. Place the more concentrated solution on the magnetic stirrer and begin stirring at a constant rate. -
Page 9: Low Level Cadmium Determination (Using An Ion Meter)
Instruction Manual Cadmium Electrode Added Concentration Step Pipet Volume (ml) 0.01 1.0X10 0.02 2.0X10 0.04 4.0X10 0.06 6.0X10 0.10 9.9X10 0.29 2.9X10 0.48 4.8X10 Pipet A = 1 ml graduated pipet Pipet B = 2 ml pipet Solutions: additions of 10 ppm or 1.0X10 M standard to 100 ml of solution prepared in Step 3 above. -
Page 10: Titration Of Cadmium
Cadmium Electrode Instruction Manual Titration of Cadmium The method outlined in this section makes use of the cadmium ion electrode as a highly sensitive endpoint detector for cadmium-containing samples. The titrant used is EDTA. EDTA complexes cadmium as well as other cations. The sample pH can be adjusted to pH 10 by adding ammonia to eliminate unwanted ion complexes. -
Page 11: Electrode Characteristics
Instruction Manual Cadmium Electrode M Cd = ———— V Cd where: M Cd = concentration of cadmium ion in the sample (moles/liter) V t = volume of EDTA added at endpoint M t = EDTA concentration (moles/liter) = volume of unknown sample (100 ml) ELECTRODE CHARACTERISTICS Reproducibility Electrode measurements reproducible to ±2% can be obtained if the electrode is calibrated every... -
Page 12: Temperature Influences
Cadmium Electrode Instruction Manual Temperature Influences Samples and standards should be at the same temperature, since the electrode potentials are influenced by changes in temperature. A 1 C difference in temperature results in a 4% error at the 1.0X10 M cadmium concentration. Because of the solubility equilibrium on which the electrode depends, the absolute potential of the reference electrode changes slowly with temperature. -
Page 13: Limits Of Detection
Instruction Manual Cadmium Electrode A drifting potential reading or a decrease in electrode slope may mean that the electrode membrane needs polishing. To polish the membrane: If using polishing paper, cut off a 1-2" piece and place it face up on the lab bench. Put a few drops of distilled or deionized water in the center of the paper. -
Page 14: Electrode Life
Cadmium Electrode Instruction Manual interference from hydroxide is given by a dashed line to the left of the dotted area on Figure 4. Within this dotted area, cadmium combines with hydroxide to form Cd(OH) . Since only free cadmium concentration can be measured with the cadmium ion electrodes, a false reading results. Electrode Life A cadmium electrode will last six months in normal laboratory use. - Page 15 Instruction Manual Cadmium Electrode where: C x = concentration of ion X Z x = charge of ion X Σ = sum of all the types of ions in the solution In the case of high and constant ionic strength relative to the sensed ion concentration, the activity coefficient, γ, is constant and the activity, X, is directly proportional to the concentration.
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Page 16: Troubleshooting Guide
Cadmium Electrode Instruction Manual TROUBLESHOOTING GUIDE The goal of troubleshooting is the isolation of a problem through checking each of the system components in turn: the meter, the glassware, the electrodes, the standards and reagents, the sample, and the technique. Meter The meter may be checked by following the check-out procedure in instrument instruction manual. -
Page 17: Sample
GENERAL PREPARATION ELECTRODE Refer to the instruction manual again. Reread sections CHARACTERISTICS. If trouble still persists, call Eutech Instruments Pte Ltd. at (65) 6778-6876 and ask for the Customer Services Department. -
Page 18: Troubleshooting Hints
Cadmium Electrode Instruction Manual TROUBLESHOOTING HINTS Symptom Possible Causes Next Step Out of Range defective meter check meter with Reading shorting strap (see meter instruction manual) defective electrode check electrode operation electrodes not unplug electrodes plugged in properly and reset reference electrode be sure reference not filled... - Page 19 Instruction Manual Cadmium Electrode incorrect reference use recommended filling solution filling solution Low Slope or standards contaminated prepare fresh No Slope or incorrectly made standards ISA not used use recommended ISA standard used as ISA use ISA electrode exposed check section Precipitation to complexing agents entitled...
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Page 20: Specifications
Cadmium Electrode Instruction Manual SPECIFICATIONS Concentration Range: 1.0X10 M to 1.0X10 M (11,200 to 0.01 ppm) pH Range: 2 to 12 Temperature Range: Resistance: <1 Mohm Reproducibility: +/- 2% Samples: Aqueous solutions only; no organic solvents Size: 110 mm length; 12 mm diameter; 1 m cable length Storage: Store in cadmium solution ORDERING INFORMATION...
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