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Agilent Technologies 8510C Operating And Programming Manual

Network analyzer system

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Agilent Technologies

8510C Network Analyzer System

Operating and Programming Manual

For use with Firmware Revision C.07.XX with CRT display

For use with Firmware Revision C.08.XX or greater with LCD

Serial Numbers

This manual applies directly to instruments with

this serial preﬁx number or above: 3031A.

Part Number: 08510-90281

Printed in USA

May 2001

Edition 3.0

Supersedes January 31, 1994

© Copyright Agilent Technologies 1989, 1994, 2001

www.valuetronics.com

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Summary of Contents for Agilent Technologies 8510C

Page 1 For use with Firmware Revision C.08.XX or greater with LCD Serial Numbers This manual applies directly to instruments with this serial preﬁx number or above: 3031A. Part Number: 08510-90281 Printed in USA May 2001 Edition 3.0 Supersedes January 31, 1994 © Copyright Agilent Technologies 1989, 1994, 2001 www.valuetronics.com...
Page 2 Certification Agilent Technologies certies that this product met its published specications at the time of shipment from the factory. Agilent further certies that its calibration measurements are traceable to the United States National Institute of Standards and Technology, to the extent allowed by the Institute's calibration facility, and to the calibration facilities of other International Standards Organization members.
Page 3 Safety and Regulatory Information Review this product and related documentation to familiarize yourself with safety markings and instructions before you operate this instrument. This product has been designed and tested in accordance with the standards listed on the Manufacturer's Declaration of Conformity, and has been supplied in a safe condition. The documentation contains information and warnings that must be followed by the user to ensure safe operation and to maintain the product in a safe condition.
Page 4 General Safety Considerations Warning This is a Safety Class 1 Product (provided with a protective earthing ground incorporated in the power cord). The mains plug shall only be inserted in a socket outlet provided with a protective earth contact. Any interruption of the protective conductor inside or outside of the product is likely to make the product dangerous.
Page 5 Acoustic Noise Emissions Declaration This is to declare that this instrument is in conformance with the German Regulation on Noise Declaration for Machines (Laermangabe nach der Maschinenlaermrerordnung 3. GSGV Deutschland). Acoustic Noise Emission/Geraeuschemission < < 70 dB 70 dB Operator position am Arbeitsplatz normal operation normaler Betrieb...
Page 6 Note The original 8510C incorporated a cathode ray tube (CRT) based display. The current design incorporates a liquid crystal display (LCD). In this manual references to either CRT or LCD apply to both display designs unless noted otherwise.
Page 7 www.valuetronics.com...
Page 8 Typeface Conventions The following conventions are used in the 8510C Operating and Programming Manual and the Keyword Dictionary . Italics Italic type is used for emphasis, and for titles of manuals and other publications. It is also used to designate a variable entry value.
Page 9 The product herewith complies with the requirements of the Low Voltage Directive 73/23/EEC and the EMC Directive 89/336/EEC and carries the CE-marking accordingly. Santa Rosa, CA, USA 28 February, 2001 Greg Pfeiffer/Quality Engineering Manager For further information, please contact your local Agilent Technologies sales office, agent or distributor www.valuetronics.com...
Page 10 Contents Introduction to the 8510C Network Analyzer System Introduction ......8510 Network Analyzer System Description .
Page 11 Introductory Measurement Sequence Introduction ......Verifying the System Setup ..... . If some instruments do not respond at power-up .
Page 12 Extension Lines ......3-11 Adapters (To Protect Test Ports from Wear) ... . . 3-13 Proper Connector Care and Use .
Page 13 Format Keys Available on the Front Panel ....4-25 Markers ....... 4-29 Using the Markers .
Page 14 Set Frequency Sweep ......4-56 Set Sweep Using Markers ..... . 4-57 Set Stimulus Power .
Page 15 Selecting the Output Port ..... . Printer and the 8510C Conguration ....
Page 16 My printer has built-in HP-GL. Do I still need the cartridge? ..Ordering the Cartridge ..... . Having Enough Printer Memory .
Page 17 Using HP 7550B and HP 7550 Plus Plotters ... . . 6-23 Plotting Options ......6-23 Selecting Plotter Pen Color .
Page 18 Step 2. Select the Type of Cal You Need ....What a Response Calibration Provides ....What a Response and Isolation Calibration Provides .
Page 19 Modifying a Calibration Kit ..... . 8-31 Modifying a Calibration Set ..... . 8-32 Reducing the Number of Points After Calibration .
Page 20 Introduction to Time Domain Measurements Introduction ......11-1 Using Front Panel Controls in Time Domain Mode ... 11-1 General Theory .
Page 21 Sending Data to the Computer ....13-5 What Types of Data Are Available from the 8510C? ... 13-5 Data Arrays Read by an External Computer .
Page 22 Example 13: List Trace Values ....13-27 Example 14: Print to Printer on 8510C System Bus ... 13-27 General Input/Output .
Page 23 Example 31: Disk Store and Load Using Cal Sets ... . 13-37 General GPIB Programming ..... . 13-38 Interface Functions .
Page 24 1-1. Typical 8510 Network Analyzer System ....1-2. 8510C Network Analyzer Front-Panel Key Blocks ... .
Page 25 5-11. Service Functions Menu ..... . . 5-18 5-12. Simplied Block Diagram of the Agilent 8510C Network Analyzer ..5-21 5-13.
Page 26 6-10. Four-Quadrant Plot Example ..... 6-27 7-1. Disk Menu, Data Type Select Menu, Setup Disk Menu, and Initialize Disk Menu ......8-1.
Page 27 11-14. Typical Gate Shape ......11-20 11-15. Re ection Measurement of 7-mm to 3.5-mm Adapter, Airline, and Load . . 11-20 11-16.
Page 28 2-2. Plot Category Key Choices ..... . 2-12 3-1. Factory Preset Conditions for the 8510C ....3-16 3-2.
Page 29 www.valuetronics.com...
Page 30 DUT to the receiver (IF/detector). Any 851x Series test set may be used. Network An 8510C network analyzer, which includes, the Agilent 85101 Analyzer Display/Processor and the 85102 IF/Detector (Receiver). The receiver, together with the display/processor, processes the signals.
Page 31 The section is organized in left to right-hand order, as listed below: Display Modes and Annotation Areas ENTRY Block ACTIVE CHANNEL Block MENUS Block STIMULUS/PARAMETER/FORMAT/and RESPONSE Blocks INSTRUMENT STATE Keys AUXILIARY MODE Keys MEASUREMENT Key Introduction to the 8510C Network Analyzer System www.valuetronics.com...
Page 32 Figure 1-2. 8510C Network Analyzer Front-Panel Key Blocks Display Modes and Annotation Areas Note The original 85101C (top box) incorporated a cathode ray tube (CRT) based display. The current design incorporates a liquid crystal display (LCD). In this manual, references to either CRT or LCD apply to both display designs unless noted otherwise.
Page 33 Stimulus Values Area The current start/stop, center/span, or single point stimulus settings appear along the bottom of the display, and match the color of the active channel/parameter to emphasize the channel/parameter you are controlling. Introduction to the 8510C Network Analyzer System www.valuetronics.com...
Page 34 The message remains displayed until: It is replaced by another system message. You press a function key such as START USER PRESET ENTRY OFF You manually clear the message by pressing (located above the knob). Introduction to the 8510C Network Analyzer System www.valuetronics.com...
Page 35 \Display" in later chapters. An example of how to change the date/time clock is given in the paragraph titled \Using the Menus, Examples," in this chapter. Introduction to the 8510C Network Analyzer System www.valuetronics.com...
Page 36 4. To enter a specic value, press the numeric keys, through , then one of the units terminator keys to the right of the numbers. 5. The (change sign) can be entered before or after the numeric entry. Introduction to the 8510C Network Analyzer System www.valuetronics.com...
Page 37 Not all active functions can use this feature, only those that are consistent with the marker units. Introduction to the 8510C Network Analyzer System www.valuetronics.com...
Page 38 STIMULUS block keys: 4 MENU 5 , , and Now change the STIMULUS controls. Figure 1-6 shows the alternate frequency sweep possible using this feature. Figure 1-6. Uncoupled Channels Showing Alternate Frequency Sweep Introduction to the 8510C Network Analyzer System www.valuetronics.com...
Page 39 In power domain, the X-axis is in absolute power units. Perform dual channel, four parameter, trace memory, limit line operations, DISPLAY and adjust display attributes. Perform marker and delta marker functions. MARKER 1-10 Introduction to the 8510C Network Analyzer System www.valuetronics.com...
Page 40 Use the FORMAT keys to select the desired grid for display of the measurement. Now use the keys in the RESPONSE block to position the trace on the grid for convenient viewing. Introduction to the 8510C 1-11 Network Analyzer System...
Page 41 Measurement restart is performed automatically whenever a parameter is changed and in most other instances when the machine state is changed in a way that could aect the measured value, such as turning correction on. 1-12 Introduction to the 8510C Network Analyzer System www.valuetronics.com...
Page 42 Notice that the month annotation is automatically 4 x1 5 translated to the three-letter abbreviation of the month. NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN 4. Select . Use the arrow keys to set the date. SET DAY Introduction to the 8510C 1-13 Network Analyzer System www.valuetronics.com...
Page 43 4. The display color setting. Factory Preset always establishes a xed denition for the complete Channel/Domain/Parameter/Format/Response limited instrument state memory. 1-14 Introduction to the 8510C Network Analyzer System www.valuetronics.com...
Page 44 (1 through 8). 3. Press NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNN NNNNN through to recall an instrument state that you saved earlier. RECALL Introduction to the 8510C 1-15 Network Analyzer System www.valuetronics.com...
Page 45 When a Local Lockout command is issued from an external controller, the key is not LOCAL eective. 1-16 Introduction to the 8510C Network Analyzer System www.valuetronics.com...
Page 46 Introductory Measurement Sequence Introduction There is no better way to appreciate the speed and accuracy of an 8510C network analyzer system than by performing an actual measurement on a device. Use a device with known characteristics to use this introductory measurement sequence. The sequence suggests a simple test device, but you may measure any appropriate device.
Page 47 If you need more information about system connections, refer to Chapter 9, \System Installation" in the Agilent 8510C On-Site Service Manual Turning on system power, the sequence Do not use an external controller during this procedure if you have an external computer-controller in the network analyzer system.
Page 48 Chapter 9, \System Installation," in the . Also, refer to Agilent 8510C On-Site Service Manual the section labeled \Operator's Check and Routine Maintenance" at the end of this manual for information about the TEST (recessed front panel button). Use this section to check the system further if you suspect there is a problem.
Page 49 1. Setting Up the Measurement Refer to Figure 2-2 for the instrument setup used in this example. For S-parameter test sets, the calibration and device measurements use a matched set of test port return cables. For re ection and transmission test sets, the calibration and DUT measurements are performed at Port 1, with an attenuator pad and a single test port return cable attached to Port 2.
Page 50 Figure 2-2. Measurement Sequence 1, Test Setup Factory Preset State In order to set the instrument to a known state and begin the procedure, press 4 RECALL NNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN MORE FACTORY PRESET . A partial list of the standard Factory Preset state conditions for the analyzer system is given in Chapter 3, Table 3-1.
Page 51 2. Use the ENTRY block controls to set the new sweep time. Enter the value, then press either the 4 x1 5 key, if the value is in seconds, or the 4 k/m 5 key if the desired value is in milliseconds.
Page 52 2. Performing the Measurement Calibration The dierent types of measurement calibrations oer a dierent degree of accuracy. For comprehensive information about measurement calibration, refer to Chapter 8, \Measurement Calibration." In this example, two types of calibrations are used: Re ection and Transmission Frequency Response Calibrations.
Page 53 The displayed trace represents the current measurement Reading the displayed response. normalized to the modeled response of the shielded open circuit. For the 3.5 mm calibration, this is 0 dB Return Loss with some phase shift due to the electrical delay of the oset and some phase shift due to reactive response. For the 7 mm calibration, this is 0 dB Return Loss with some phase shift due to the reactive response of the shielded open circuit.
Page 54 Figure 2-4. Display with Open Circuit Connected Figure 2-5. Display with S Response Calibration ON Figure 2-6. Figure 2-7. Display with Thru Connected (S Calibration) Display with S Response Calibration ON 3. Making a Measurement In this step, an actual measurement is completed. To measure return loss (S 11 ) in LOG MAG format (frequency domain measurements) In the frequency domain mode, the X-axis of the display represents the frequency span.
Page 55 Figure 2-8. Return Loss: S LOG MAG To measure the insertion loss (S ) in LOG MAG format 1. Read the Insertion Loss of the DUT. 4 CHANNEL 2 5 4 S21 5 4 LOG MAG 5 4 MARKER 5 a.
Page 56 4. Saving Data and Getting an Output of the Results You may save the measurement data to the analyzer's internal memory, or save data to the internal or an external disc drive. To print or plot the results of the measurements, refer to the steps below. For simplicity, this example uses the plotting capability.
Page 57 Table 2-1. To Match Pen Colors to Display Default Colors Color Pen Size Pen Slot Plots Black Grid, Markers, Stimulus values Warnings Orange data and memory Green data and memory Aqua data and memory Red-Violet data and memory Plotting the Current Display NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN To plot all of the elements of the current display: Press PLOT TO PLOTTER...
Page 58 Measurement Sequence Example 2: Time Domain If your 8510 system is equipped with Option 010, Time Domain, you can perform the following additional steps to display measurement in Time Domain. In time domain mode, the X-axis of the graticule represents time or physical distance. Time domain allows you to see the performance characteristics of your DUT, with respect to time or distance.
Page 59 To measure time domain re ection response of an air line and a short, follow the procedure below: The peak response moves away from 0 seconds, out to approximately 1.35 nanoseconds. This indicates that the short circuit is displaced that amount from the point at which the re ection measurement calibration was performed.
Page 60 Figure 2-12. Time Domain Reflection Response of a Thru: S To measure time domain response of an air line, follow the procedure below: 1. Insert an air line to measure. 2. Observe that the peak response moves away from 0 nanoseconds, out to approximately 675 picoseconds.
Page 61 www.valuetronics.com...
Page 62 Principles of Operation Introduction Information in the next 8 chapters of this system manual helps you maximize the capabilities of your 8510 system. The sections describe the network analyzer hardware and explain some of its principles of operation. The contents of Chapter 3, provide an overview of the sections listed below: Basic Principles of Network Measurements Digital Signal Processing Test Signal Sources...
Page 63 Network Analyzer System Description Figure 3-1. Reflection and Transmission Measurements Diagramed Re ection These are made by comparing the re ected signal to the incident signal. measurements Measurement data about re ection characteristics of the test network that can be generated and used to examine the test network include the following: Return Loss, Standing Wave Ratio (SWR), Re ection Coecient, and...
Page 64 Network Analyzer System Description to a reference plane. Similarly, analysis of the transmitted response allows you to examine dierent signal paths. These measurements and accuracy enhancement techniques are further described in this chapter. System Block Diagram Figure 3-2 is a simplied block diagram of the general-purpose 8510 network analyzer system. Figure 3-2.
Page 65 Network Analyzer System Description How the 8510 Makes Measurements In a typical measurement, the signal source is swept from the lower measurement frequency to the higher measurement frequency using a linear ramp controlled by the 8510. The sweep is called a ramp sweep. Ramp sweep oers the fastest update of the measurement display. In step-sweep mode, the source is phase-locked at each discrete measurement frequency controlled by the 8510.
Page 66 Network Analyzer System Description Digital Signal Processing Digital signal processing (DSP), Figure 3-3, proceeds under control of the 8510 rmware operating system executed by the main CPU (central processing unit). CPU and Memory Description The CPU is a 32-bit Motorolla 68000 microprocessor equipped with 1 Mbyte of RAM, and 512 Kbytes of EEPROM.
Page 67 Network Analyzer System Description Button Push Detection When the operating system detects a front panel button push, it responds with one of the following operations: Executes the command immediately (as when a parameter change is made). Makes the function just selected become the active function, then waits until input from the RPG knob, numeric pad, or step keys (as when there is a scale/division change) is entered.
Page 68 Network Analyzer System Description Sources in ramp-sweep mode All of the of sources can operate in ramp sweep mode. In this mode, the network analyzer directs the source to sweep in a linear ramp over the selected frequency range. Synthesized sweepers use the \Lock-and-Roll" tuning technique. With this technique, the rst frequency of the sweep is set with synthesizer accuracy and a linear analog sweep increases to the stop frequency.
Page 69 Network Analyzer System Description Reflection/Transmission Test Sets Several models of the re ection/transmission test set are available. See Figure 3-4 for a signal ow diagram of a typical Re ection/Transmission test set. The test sets provide automatic selection of S or S If parameter S or S is selected, it is assumed that the operator has manually reversed the...
Page 70 Network Analyzer System Description S-Parameter Test Sets S-parameter test sets (shown in Figure 3-5) provide automatic selection of S 11 , S 21 , S 12 , and S 22 . The stimulus is automatically switched for forward and reverse measurements. This capability allows for fully error-corrected measurements on one-port devices and two-port devices without needing to manually reverse the DUT.
Page 71 Network Analyzer System Description Customized Test Sets To congure signal separation of your own design, use the 8511A frequency converter (see Figure 3-6). The converter does not include signal separation devices, thus allowing you to construct a test set and connect the reference and test signals to the frequency converter inputs.
Page 72 Network Analyzer System Description Measurement Accessories Source Output-to-Test-Set Input Signal Cable Use a high quality source-to-test-set cable set to minimize loss and instability. The preferred source-to-test set cable set is part number 08513-60009. This set has has a 3.5-mm male connector on one end and the 3.5-mm female connector on the other.
Page 73 Network Analyzer System Description Figure 3-7. Recommended Typical Test Setups 3-12 Principles of Operation www.valuetronics.com...
Page 74 Network Analyzer System Description For the re ection/transmission test sets, when connecting the DUT directly to port 1, use the short extension lines. On these test sets, the Extension B line is in the test signal path, making it possible to add bias tees, step or xed attenuators, ampliers, isolators, or other signal-conditioning devices.
Page 75 For detailed system performance verication instructions, refer to Chapter 8, \Specications and Performance Verication," in the Agilent 8510C On-Site Service Manual. For information concerning the use and care of the test set, test cables, adapters, calibration kits, and verication kits, refer to their respective manuals. These are supplied with your system.
Page 76 Automatic Recall of Instrument Settings Automatic Recall of Instrument Settings The receiver remembers most measurement settings when you switch back and forth between channels, domains, parameters, or display formats. (This feature remembers all measurement settings stimulus settings.) This feature is automatic, and does not require you to use except the Save or Recall functions.
Page 77 Agilent 8510C Keyword Dictionary Table 3-1. Factory Preset Conditions for the 8510C CORRECTION OFF, = 50 , PORT EXTENSIONS 1 and 2 = 0 seconds, VELOCITY FACTOR = 1.0,...
Page 78 Factory Preset State Hardware State In general, the Hardware State functions are those that are required for proper operation at power up and relate more to the hardware conguration of the analyzer. These functions are not aected by pressing either NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN .
Page 79 Factory Preset State Table 3-2. (continued) Hardware State Setting LCD/CRT Display Colors Background Intensity (0%) Softkeys (Bright White) Warnings (Bright Red) Data (Bright Yellow) Data (Bright Green) Data (Bright Cyan) Data (Bright Salmon) Graticule (Dim Grey) Marker Symbols (White) Memory (Medium Yellow) Memory (Medium Green) Memory (Medium Cyan) Memory (Medium Salmon)
Page 80 Measurement Controls Measurement controls include the following menu blocks and front-panel keys, which are described in this chapter in the following alphabetical order: Display Domain Marker Parameter Response Stimulus Display DISPLAY Press the 4 5 key in the MENUS block to bring the Display menu onto the CRT/LCD. Note The original 85101 (top box) of 8510 systems incorporated a cathode ray tube (CRT) based display.
Page 81 DISPLAY Functions Display Modes The display mode menu is shown in Figure 4-1. Figure 4-1. Display and Display Mode Menus Figure 4-2 shows one possible LCD/CRT display and its annotation areas. Figure 4-3 shows the annotation areas for the four parameter split display mode. Figure 4-2.
Page 82 DISPLAY Functions Figure 4-3. Annotation Areas for Four Parameter Split Display Mode The annotation areas are explained in Chapter 1, \Principles of Operation." Note that the following annotation areas stay in the same location regardless of the display mode. Active Entry System Messages Enhancement Annotation Stimulus Values...
Page 83 DISPLAY Functions Figure 4-4. Dual Channel Overlay and Split Displays Operation in dual channel is the same as for single channel. To change the measurement setup, rst select the channel, press , then make the control settings. 4 CHANNEL 1 5 4 CHANNEL 2 5 The Parameter, Format, and Response functions are selected independently for each channel.
Page 84 DISPLAY Functions Single Channel, Four Parameter Display Modes Four parameter display modes are useful for viewing all four S-parameters or a combination of S-parameters with User parameters at the same time. NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN displays all four parameters full size in the format selected for each FOUR PARAM OVERLAY parameter.
Page 85 DISPLAY Functions The intensity level cannot be saved/recalled. It remains as set or returns to the factory default. Background Intensity (CRT only) Background intensity can be changed to any value from 0 to 100%. The factory set value is zero, to oer the greatest contrast with the intensity level. Background intensity can be saved/recalled.
Page 86 DISPLAY Functions Figure 4-5. Adjust Display Menu The following sequence of steps demonstrates how to change, save, and recall the colors for the displayed elements. NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN DISPLAY ADJUST DISPLAY MODIFY COLORS 1. Press . This keystroke sequence displays page one of the modify colors menu.
Page 87 DISPLAY Functions a. Press NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN . Use the knob to vary the intensity of the color from very dim BRIGHTNESS (cannot be seen at 0%) to very bright (100%). b. Press NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN . Use the knob to vary the color saturation of the the color from white COLOR (0%) to all color (100%).
Page 88 DISPLAY Functions External Video (CRT only) The network analyzer is designed to work with external video monitors. Use the controls in the following menu to congure the system for compatibility with a variety of monitors. To evaluate a display for analyzer compatibility, look for a horizontal scan range that includes 25.5 kHz.
Page 89 DISPLAY Functions Table 4-2. External Display Cable Connections Mode BNC Cable Signal Red Green Blue Sync FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF SYNC ON GREEN R G B on green/white BNC FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF COMPOSITE SYNC R G B on black/white BNC FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF H, V SYNC R G B horizontal (H) on black/white BNC vertical (V) on brown/white BNC External Video (LCD only)
Page 90 These limits allow you to visually compare the trace values with the limits that are dened. In addition to the limits display on the screen, you can select to have the 8510C perform a numeric comparison with the dened limits. The comparison will indicate whether PASS/FAIL the current trace meets the user-dened limits.
Page 91 Each limit table can consist of from 0 to 12 limits, in any combination of limit lines and limit points. An instrument state in the 8510C can contain eight limit tables. There are four tables for each channel, and one table for each of the four \primary" parameters (one each for...
Page 92 DISPLAY Functions 3. Press and enter a frequency span that simplies viewing the passband of the RF SPAN lter. Use a 200 MHz span, as an example. 4. Press NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN then to view the entire measurement trace. AUTOSCALE SCALE To Set the Limit Test Values Limits create boundaries between which an active trace must remain for the measurement to pass.
Page 93 DISPLAY Functions Note Correct a mistake by using the following technique: If your incorrect value is entered and you have not pressed , back space over the error, then enter the correct value. NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN If you have pressed for the incorrect value, press BEGIN STIMULUS and enter the corrected value.
Page 94 DISPLAY Functions To Define Minimum Limit Lines If desired, use the RPG, step keys, or numeric keypad to dene minimum limits. Minimum limits may be at frequencies that are dierent from the maximum limit frequencies. It is acceptable to enter minimum limits before or after entering maximum limits. For this example, the frequencies used for maximum and minimum limit lines are slightly dierent.
Page 95 DISPLAY Functions Figure 4-8. Limit Test Example Using Limit Lines and Limit Points Editing Limits in the Limits Table You may edit any individual frequency, limit, or limit line after you have created it. Become familiar with the information below about modifying a limit value: NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN DISPLAY LIMITS...
Page 96 DISPLAY Functions Trace Memory Operations You can store a response in one of the eight trace memory locations, then compare the data with the current measurement trace, in any format. The Display menu provides softkeys so you can show the data and memory traces individually, or simultaneously. The NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN softkey displays the menu to use.
Page 97 DISPLAY Functions Most other display details, however, can be the ones chosen for the currently displayed trace because of the following methodology: Data is transferred to memory after error correction is performed. Data is transferred to memory after electrical delay is applied. Data is transferred to memory after time domain conversion is completed.
Page 98 DISPLAY Functions Figure 4-9. Display Menu Showing Trace Memory Locations Menu Measurement Controls 4-19 www.valuetronics.com...
Page 99 DISPLAY Functions Refer to the following steps to select a memory location: 1. Select either 4 CHANNEL 1 5 4 CHANNEL 2 5 2. Press , then press NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN DATA AND MEMORIES 4 DISPLAY 5 3. Press NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN . Notice that the currently selected memory register is underlined. SELECT DEFAULTS 4.
Page 100 DISPLAY Functions PRIOR MENU 4. Press to retain the original setting. Figure 4-10. Trace Math Operations Menu Structure Measurement Controls 4-21 www.valuetronics.com...
Page 101 DISPLAY Functions Data from Channel 1 and Data from Channel 2 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN DATA from CHANNEL 1 DATA from CHANNEL 2 keys allow comparison of the current data from one channel with current data from the other channel. An example of this procedure follows: 4 CHANNEL 2 5 4 S11 5...
Page 102 Measurements may be made over a ramp, step, or frequency list range, or as a single point frequency. Time Domain Time Domain is available with an 8510C Option 010 system. Selecting NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN either selects the time domain mode.
Page 103 DOMAIN Functions Automatic Memory of Domain Settings A domain selection is always uncoupled. Using any domain may be selected independently for either channel. The control settings used in the selected domain are a part of the Channel/Domain/Parameter/Format/Response-limited instrument state, explained in Chapter 1, \The Analyzer Remembers Previous Settings (Limited Instrument State)"...
Page 104 FORMAT Functions FORMAT Format block keys and the associated Format menu, shown in Figure 4-12, allow choices of the format used in displaying the measurement. Any format may be chosen for any parameter. Cartesian Formats Seven Cartesian display formats are available: Log Magnitude Phase Delay...
Page 105 FORMAT Functions Figure 4-12. Format Function Block and Format Menu 4-26 Measurement Controls www.valuetronics.com...
Page 106 FORMAT Functions Figure 4-13. Format Selections (1 of 2) Measurement Controls 4-27 www.valuetronics.com...
Page 107 FORMAT Functions Figure 4-14. Format Selections (2 of 2) 4-28 Measurement Controls www.valuetronics.com...
Page 108 MARKER Functions Markers Marker functions are: Simple markers on the display trace 1 marker mode Marker search modes Marker list modes In addition, you can choose whether markers can move only to measured values or continuously along the trace. Using the Markers Markers are most often used to read the trace value at the marker position.
Page 109 MARKER Functions The active marker is indicated by a symbol, and the other markers are indicated by a symbol. Thus in Figure 4-16, marker 1 is active; markers 2, 3, 4, and 5 are not active. To read the value or change the position of a marker, you must make it the active marker. Figure 4-16.
Page 110 MARKER Functions Table 4-3. Marker Units FORMAT MARKER Basic Units LOG MAG PHASE degrees DELAY seconds SMITH CHART (unitless) LINEAR MAGNITUDE (unitless) (re ection) (unitless) (transmission) LIN mkr on POLAR (re ection) (transmission) LOG mkr on POLAR Re/Im mkr on POLAR x (unitless) INVERTED SMITH (Siemens)
Page 111 MARKER Functions 1. Press MARKER 2. Select NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN MARKER 1 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN MARKER 2 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN MARKER 3 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN MARKER 4 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN MARKER 5 NNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNN MORE MORE NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN FOUR PARAM 5 MARKERS NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN MKR LIST ON A marker list similar to the one shown below appears in the marker-display area: MARKER 1 2.02 GHz 26.461 dB...
Page 112 MARKER Functions selection lists the active marker value for each parameter when NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN FOUR PARAM 1 MARKER/ the display mode is four parameter. The list below is an example. MARKER 3 6.015 GHz 22.54 dB 1.49 dB 1.54 dB 24.25 dB Marker 3 is the active marker in this case.
Page 113 MARKER Functions 3. Choose the reference marker by pressing a softkey ( , or ) dierent NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNN NNNNN NNNNN NNNNN 1 REF = 1 from the current active marker. Any marker can be designated as the reference marker, causing the currently selected active marker to read relative to it. The Marker menu reappears on the display with the marker 1 label.
Page 114 MARKER Functions Unsuccessful target searches result in the message TARGET VALUE NOT FOUND Set the target value by pressing NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN , then enter the target value for the current TARGET VALUE Format using the knob, step, or numeric keys. Switch between formats to see that the target value is dierent for each format selection.
Page 115 MARKER Functions Delta Mode Operation When operating in the delta mode, the target searches begin from the current reference marker instead of the lowest stimulus value. For example, a target search for 3 dB moves the active marker to the next point 3 dB relative to the reference marker, to the right or left of the reference marker, if a point exists.
Page 116 MARKER Functions 11. Press NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN . The markers disappear. all OFF 12. Press NNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN . Marker 2 (which was the last active marker) MARKER MORE MARKER to MINIMUM moves to the minimum trace value. NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN 13. Press . Marker 2 moves to the next trace minimum between the present SEARCH LEFT marker position and the beginning of the trace.
Page 117 PARAMETER Functions Parameter PARAMETER block keys are used to select the parameter to be measured and displayed. The Parameter menus make it possible to measure the approximate signal levels in the test set, and allow you to and to change parameter denitions in order to use the network analyzer system in special measurement applications.
Page 118 PARAMETER Functions the measurement as the complex ratio of the energy emerging at port 2 with respect to the energy incident at port 1. Look at the ow diagram in the left-side of Figure 4-22. This is a owgraph representation of a two-port device.
Page 119 PARAMETER Functions Figure 4-23. Parameter Menu User Parameters NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN After Factory Preset, the measurement selections , and USER 1 a USER 2 b USER 3 a NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN , are dened to allow measurement of the unratioed power at the rst frequency USER 4 b converter inputs for each of the reference and test signal paths.
Page 120 PARAMETER Functions Please be aware that this measurement is not displayed with power meter accuracy, and the frequency response and conversion loss of the frequency converter is not included. However, these User parameters, when properly applied, are of great value in setting up the network analyzer to achieve maximum accuracy and dynamic range.
Page 121 PARAMETER Functions Redefine Basic Parameters To redene one of the basic S-parameters (S 1. Press PARAMETER 4 MENU 5 2. Press the front-panel key in the PARAMETER block that corresponds to the parameter to be redened: , or 4 S11 5 4 S21 5 4 S12 5 4 S22 5...
Page 122 PARAMETER Functions Figure 4-25. Redefine Parameter Menu Structure Measurement Controls 4-43 www.valuetronics.com...
Page 123 PARAMETER Functions Redefine User Parameters To dene a User parameter: 1. Press PARAMETER . This displays the Parameter menu. MENU 2. Press the softkey that corresponds to the user parameter you wish to redene: NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN USER 1 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN .
Page 124 PARAMETER Functions Signal ow in the various test sets used with the network analyzer system is shown in Figure 4-4, Figure 4-5, and Figure 4-6. Table 4-5 lists the measurements that are displayed using the standard user parameter denitions given in Table 4-4. Use the following procedure to measure power: 1.
Page 125 PARAMETER Functions Table 4-7. Approximate Insertion Losses in Test Sets (dB) Test Set Source to Source to port Port 1 to b Port 1 to b or a Port 2 to b Port 2 to b or S or S 8514A/B 28 dB 8 dB...
Page 126 PARAMETER Functions Figure 4-26. Dynamic Range Considerations Example 2 shows levels at calibration for an active device with an expected 20 dB of gain. The reference input is set near the top of its range and the test signal is set to produce near 30 dBm with the thru connected.
Page 127 RESPONSE Functions Response RESPONSE block function keys provide various options in positioning the trace and the reference line on the display. The associated Response menu structure oers selections for averaging and smoothing of the trace and to add magnitude and phase compensation. Figure 4-27.
Page 128 RESPONSE Functions Changing the Value of the Reference Line Manually and the knob, step, or numeric and units keys to assign a new value to the REF VALUE Cartesian reference position line or the Smith or polar outer circle. The trace is positioned relative to the reference position so changing the reference value moves the trace, but does not change the marker value.
Page 129 RESPONSE Functions Note that the automatic memory The automatic memory does not include Stimulus settings. (known as the limited instrument state) does not include a memory of stimulus values. The analyzer assumes it is more convenient to retain the same stimulus settings as you change channels and other settings.
Page 130 RESPONSE Functions Averaging Averaging enhances meaningful resolution and increases dynamic range by eectively decreasing the input noise bandwidth. Press NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN then use the knob, step, or numeric keys to select the averaging AVERAGE ON/restart factor applied to the displayed data. Terminate a numeric entry with 4 x1 5 When averaging is turned on, the enhancement annotation appears on the display.
Page 131 RESPONSE Functions Figure 4-29. Results of Averaging Smoothing Smoothing operates on Cartesian data formats in much the same way as a video lter operates, producing a linear moving average of adjacent points. The selected smoothing aperture is displayed in percent of sweep width, as shown in Figure 4-30. When smoothing is applied to the trace the enhancement annotation appears.
Page 132 RESPONSE Functions Figure 4-31. Results of Smoothing Electrical Delay The electrical delay function acts as an electronic line stretcher, providing a calibrated phase compensation versus frequency with femtosecond resolution. In eect, the specied delay is added to the reference signal path in order to make measurements such as deviation from linear phase, described later in \Transmission Measurements."...
Page 133 RESPONSE Functions Factory Preset selects NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN which applies a linear phase COAXIAL DELAY Coaxial Delay. compensation to the trace. That is, the eect is the same as if a corresponding length of perfect vacuum dielectric coaxial transmission line was added to the reference signal path. Selecting NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN applies a non-linear phase shift which follows...
Page 134 RESPONSE Functions Magnitude Slope and Magnitude Offset Magnitude slope and magnitude oset produce an eect on the displayed Frequency Domain and Time Domain traces. Magnitude slope adds a magnitude oset that begins at 0 dB at 0 Hz, increasing by the selected dB/GHz over the frequency sweep. Magnitude oset adds a constant magnitude value to each frequency point.
Page 135 STIMULUS Functions Stimulus STIMULUS block keys and the associated stimulus menus allow complete control of the source in network measurement applications from the network analyzer front panel. The keys are used to set the frequency parameters. The 4 START 5 4 STOP 5 4 CENTER 5 4 SPAN 5...
Page 136 STIMULUS Functions START STOP If you press , the Start/Stop display mode is selected and you can set the CENTER SPAN start or the stop frequency. If you press , the center/span display mode is selected and you can set the center frequency or the span width. Note that as you switch between start/stop or center/span sweeps, the frequency settings of the source are not changed, only the stimulus labels.
Page 137 STIMULUS Functions Figure 4-33. Source Power Menu NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN softkey allows you to set the source SOURCE POWER 1 Set Source RF Output Level. output level at its RF OUTPUT connector. After Factory Preset, the source RF power level is set to an appropriate value, usually +10 dBm. In most applications for measurement of passive devices, this level does not need to be changed.
Page 138 STIMULUS Functions NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN 1. Press STIMULUS . The current value appears as the POWER MENU POWER SOURCE 1 4 MENU 5 active function. 2. Use the ENTRY block controls to set the new source power level. Press the key to set 4 x1 5 the source RF power in dBm.
Page 139 STIMULUS Functions Source Power and Flatness Correction Calibration This function enables the analyzer to set and control the power level at the test port. Flatness correction calibration compensates for path losses at each measurement frequency, as specied by the number of points. This function is only available to systems using an Agilent 8360 series synthesized sweeper.
Page 140 STIMULUS Functions Selecting the Number of Points to Measure After a Factory Preset, the network analyzer selects 201 points per sweep. In Frequency Domain mode, this produces 200 equally spaced intervals. To change the number of frequency points: 1. Press STIMULUS NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN .
Page 141 STIMULUS Functions Figure 4-35. Narrowband Responses Source Sweep Modes Four source sweep mode selections are available on the stimulus menu. The Ramp mode is the fastest data acquisition mode. The source is NNNNNNNNNNNNNN RAMP swept in a continuous analog sweep from the lower to upper frequency and the data is sampled without stopping the sweep.
Page 142 STIMULUS Functions that goes across the entire display. All points of the trace are replicated from the rst, original data point. NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Allows you to enter a list of frequencies for measurement. For sweeper FREQUENCY LIST sources, the source is set to its CW mode and tuned to each frequency point in the list.
Page 143 STIMULUS Functions using the knob, step, or numeric keys. If the frequency list mode is selected and a frequency list has not been created, the message appears and the sweep mode is FREQUENCY LIST EMPTY not changed. Sweep Time NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN softkey in the stimulus menu allows you to change the amount of time it SWEEP TIME takes to complete a frequency sweep.
Page 144 STIMULUS Functions 5. Repeat this process until you reach the fastest possible sweep time with no change in appearance of the trace. This is the optimum sweep time for that device using that frequency span and number of points. Details of storing and comparing traces are given earlier in this chapter in the \Trace Memory Operations"...
Page 145 STIMULUS Functions Three other choices are available on the continuation of the Stimulus menu. Press the STIMULUS key, then NNNNNNNNNNNNNN , to summon these choices: MORE 4 MENU 5 stops updating the trace. Most processing functions can be changed NNNNNNNNNNNNNN HOLD while in this mode unless they require that additional sweeps be taken.
Page 146 STIMULUS Functions To determine if any given function is coupled or How to tell if a function is coupled. uncoupled, make it the active function. Press , change the function value, and 4 CHANNEL 1 5 then press . If the active function value shown for Channel 2 has also changed, 4 CHANNEL 2 5 the two channels are coupled.
Page 147 STIMULUS Functions Trigger Modes Three softkeys control the data acquisition triggering for the analyzer system: NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN TRIGGERING INTERNAL TRIGGERING EXTERNAL TRIGGER DELAY . The internal trigger control sets the acquisition cycle to synchronize with the source frequency ramp output. This is the Factory Preset setting.
Page 148 STIMULUS Functions Creating a Frequency List Frequency list provides the capability to measure only specic frequencies of interest. The frequency list is made up of segments and each segment may consist of a single CW frequency or a frequency span. The span may be specied using start/stop or center/span frequencies and either a frequency step or number of points.
Page 149 STIMULUS Functions NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNN SEGMENT: DONE DONE 6. Press . Now press again to return to the main stimulus menu, then NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN FREQUENCY LIST press . The LCD/CRT frequency annotation is updated to the limits of the frequency list and the sweep of the frequency list begins. Figure 4-41.
Page 150 STIMULUS Functions NNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN SEGMENT: START 4 2 5 4 G/n 5 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN SEGMENT: STOP 4 4 5 4 G/n 5 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN SEGMENT: STEP SIZE 4 100 5 4 M/ NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN SEGMENT: DONE DONE FREQUENCY LIST The frequency list sweep starts. In the frequency list mode, you may edit the segments interactively.
Page 151 STIMULUS Functions Figure 4-42 shows the display when the complete frequency list is swept, then after a single segment is selected. The current listing of frequency list segments is displayed with the arrow pointing to the current segment. If you do not want the frequency list displayed, press MENU STIMULUS .
Page 152 Using System Functions Chapter Contents The topics covered in this chapter are listed below: System Menus Controls That Aect the Network Analyzer Phaselock Controls Warning Beeper IF Calibration and Correction Display Functions (Creating a Title, Adjusting the Date/Time Clock) Security Features Controls that Aect I/0 GPIB Addresses Power Leveling...
Page 153 Controls that Affect the Network Analyzer System Menus Figure 5-1 shows the main System menu. Figure 5-1. Main System Menu and Part of the Display Functions Menu Using System Functions www.valuetronics.com...
Page 154 Controls that Affect the Network Analyzer Controls that Affect the Network Analyzer The following features aect only the network analyzer: Phaselock Controls Press NNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN to access the System Phaselock Menu, shown in MORE SYSTEM PHASELOCK SYSTEM Figure 5-2. The functions of this menu control the timing of data acquisition cycle and the point where the system is phaselocked.
Page 155 Quick Step requires a compatible 836xx source. The provides a list of Agilent 8510C On-Site Service Manual compatible 836xx sources. Note Quick Step mode does not function in a system that uses multiple sources.
Page 156 Controls that Affect the Network Analyzer NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN allows you to increase stepped measurement speed with a tradeo of LOCK SPEED FAST decreased frequency accuracy. Fast Speed increases the speed of Step, Single Point, and Frequency List modes. This feature has no eect in Ramp Sweep mode. Warning Beeper NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN...
Page 157 Controls that Affect the Network Analyzer 2. To enter a character, position the (uparrow) symbol positioned below the character by " turning the knob. 3. Press NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN . The character appears as the last character in the title area. SELECT LETTER Repeat this process to write the rest of the title.
Page 158 Controls that Affect the Network Analyzer Note You can use the RPG knob, numeric entry keys with a terminator, or the arrow key to enter any value. Any association with a particular key is for demonstration purposes only. NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN DISPLAY FUNCTIONS Using Security Features in the System Menu NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN...
Page 159 Controls that Affect I/O Controls that Affect Input/Output The following controls aect how the network analyzer communicates with external instruments: GPIB Addresses The GPIB address menu is identical to the main local menu and address assignments are made the same way. The following is a list of address assignments you can make using either of these menus.
Page 160 Controls that Affect I/O NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN To set the bus address of a device on the system bud, press , then HPIB ADDRESS 4 SYSTEM 5 follow the steps below: 1. Check the hardware switch (usually located on the rear-panel of the instrument). Convert the binary switch setting to decimal format.
Page 161 Controls that Affect I/O Figure 5-4. System Power Leveling Menu Source 2 leveling requires the two following items: The LO source GPIB port must be connected to the network analyzer system bus. An LO source must be specied in the network analyzer's Multiple Source menu before you can change its power leveling type.
Page 162 Controlling Multiple Sources Controlling Multiple Sources Many measurement systems require remote mixers, and therefore require an LO source. Such a system is shown in Figure 5-5. The network analyzer controls all aspects of RF and LO source frequencies. In setups that use multiple sources, the Multiple Source Menu allows the network analyzer to properly manage these frequencies.
Page 163 Controlling Multiple Sources Figure 5-6. Edit Multiple Source Menu SOURCE 1 There are three entries in the multiple source mode, labeled: (the RF source), SOURCE 2 RECEIVER (the LO source), and . Each of these entries contains a blank formula. SOURCE 1 SOURCE 1 formula tells the network analyzer to adjust frequency...
Page 164 Controlling Multiple Sources Figure 5-7. Source 2 Modified for Third Harmonic Mixer System The term represents the original frequency requested by the user. First, the oset FREQ (20 MHz) is added to the original frequency value. Since 1/3 is entered as a multiplier, (FREQ + 20 GHz) is now divided by 3.
Page 165 Controlling Multiple Sources 2. The multiplier requires two values, the numerator, and denominator. For the example above, you would press: NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN MULTIPLIER NUMER. 4 x1 5 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN MULTIPLIER DENOM. 4 x1 5 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN OFFSET FREQUENCY 4 M/ NNNNNNNNNNNNNN (indicates you are nished dening the Source 2 formula) DONE 3.
Page 166 Controlling Multiple Sources Millimeter Wave Mixers The SOURCE 2 setup would only change slightly for millimeter wave systems (that use mixers with large harmonic values). For example, Q band mixers use 10th harmonic mixers. To use these mixer types, you would simply enter a 10 as the multiplier denominator. The numerator and oset remain the same.
Page 167 Controlling Multiple Sources Figure 5-9. Module Testing Example Note that the Module Under Test contains a 10th harmonic mixer. Also, the module only produces a 1 GHz IF signal. In this example you must modify the SOURCE 2 and RECEIVER formulas as follows: SOURCE 2 1/10 * ( FREQ + 1.000000000 GHz )
Page 168 Controlling Multiple Sources These design objectives are met as follows: SOURCE 2 The formula for must be: 1/10 * (RF FREQ + 1.000000000 GHz) This yields: 1/10 * (100 GHz + 1 GHz) = 1/10 * 101 GHz = 10.1 GHz When the mixer picks the 10th harmonic, it is at 101 GHz.
Page 169 The Service Functions menu contains several functions that are useful to you as an operator. Some keys on this menu however, are more appropriate for service personnel and are discussed Agilent 8510C On-Site Service Manual in the Figure 5-11. Service Functions Menu...
Page 170 Service Functions Table 5-1. Test Menu MAIN SERVICE FUNCTIONS MENU LOOPING SELF TESTS SYSTEM COMMANDS 15 RUN MAIN PROGRAM 1 A5 PROCESSOR EPROM 16 MEMORY OPERATIONS 2 A5 PROCESSOR RAM 17 RERUN SELF TEST 3 A7 DATA BUS 18 REPEAT TEST LOOP 4 A4 (A14) DISPLAY PROCESSOR 5 A4 (A14) DISPLAY RAM DISC COMMANDS...
Page 171 The IF Gain menus allow you to select either autoranging or xed IF gain control for the 8510C input signal paths. Remember, the IF section of the network analyzer: Downconverts the 20 MHz input signals to a lower frequency, so the signal is easier to manipulate and sample.
Page 172 Service Functions Figure 5-12. Simplified Block Diagram of the Agilent 8510C Network Analyzer Note the block in Figure 5-12 titled \IF AMPS & INPUT SELECTOR." It is this section that we evaluate more closely in Figure 5-13. Using System Functions 5-21 www.valuetronics.com...
Page 173 Service Functions Figure 5-13. Gain Stages in the IF section Notice that, in Figure 5-12, the 100 kHz mixers are shown as having only a single output each. This is not really true. Figure 5-13 shows a closer representation of the actual circuitry. The dierent signals (a1, a2, b1, and b2) are split o and routed to .
Page 174 Service personnel are aware that valid POKEs change rmware versions from one version to the next. If you have already \poked" some values, you can restore the integrity of the network analyzer by reloading the 8510C operating system. To do this, insert the operating system disc and press: SYSTEM...
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Page 176 Installation Considerations RS-232 Print/Plot Buers Adding Custom Annotations to the Display Using a Printer Printing and the 8510C Conguration Using a Laser Printer Using the Standard Conguration Using the High Speed Conguration Using an HP DeskJet, DeskJet Plus, or DeskJet 500 or 550 Series Printer...
Page 177 Connecting an RS-232 Printer or Plotter The 8510C has two serial interfaces. You can select either of these interfaces for printing or plotting. In addition, you can assign one of the ports to a printer, and the other to a plotter.
Page 178 Service Functions RS-232 Print/Plot Buffers Both RS-232 ports have a built-in print/plot buer. The network analyzer can dump most (or all) of the data into the buer during the print or plot. Once all of the data has made it into the buer, the buer continues to send the data to the printer or plotter, and the network analyzer can make measurements again.
Page 179 Printer Setup Using a Printer This section explains: How to install RS-232 or GPIB printers. How to congure the printer and the 8510C. How to Print Printing Features The printing feature allows you to: Print an exact copy of the display (a \snapshot").
Page 180 The next step is to make appropriate switch settings on the printer, as explained in following pages. Also, the 8510C must be congured so it controls your printer properly. This is done with the Dene Print menus, located under the key.
Page 181 Configuring the Network Analyzer Selecting Printer Resolution The 8510C allows you to select any print resolution from 1 to 1,200 DPI. Laser printers typically use 75, 100, 150, 300, and 600 dots per inch (DPI). To choose a specic resolution: 1.
Page 182 \escape sequence" code. The code turns HP-GL mode ON. Such printers usually do not allow you to turn HP-GL mode ON from the front panel. At this time, the 8510C cannot send this special code, so you must use a special cartridge to use HP-GL mode.
Page 183 . Remember, the laser printer looks just like a plotter to the 8510C. 1. Determine which 8510C RS-232 port has the printer connected to it. (Agilent recommends RS-232 Port #1 because it has a larger printer buer than RS-232 Port #2.) 2.
Page 184 Printer Setup Note You may want to photocopy the following notice and tape it near your 8510C: TO PRINT: 1. Make sure the \Plotter in a Cartridge" is installed. Turn the printer OFF when installing the cartridge! (Remember, it goes in the left cartridge slot.)
Page 185 Configuring the Network Analyzer Selecting Printer Resolution The 8510C allows you to select any print resolution from 1 to 1200 DPI. HP DeskJet printers typically use 75, 100, 150, and 300 dots per inch (DPI). To choose a specic resolution: 1.
Page 186 Using Serial Setup Refer to Chapter 9, \Installation," in the , for Agilent 8510C On-Site Service Manual information about connecting the printer. Setting the Serial DIP Switch Make sure all DIP switches are positioned as shown in Figure 6-2. If necessary, refer to the printer's user's guide for switch location.
Page 187 Connect the printer as explained in the service manual. Setting the GPIB Address DIP Switch Set the printer DIP switches as shown in Figure 6-3. The HP 8510C uses address 01 as the default GPIB address for printers. Figure 6-3 shows proper switch settings (with the GPIB address set to 01).
Page 188 The only resolutions for these printers is 90 or 180 DPI. This resolution is selected automatically when you select color printing (see below). Printing In Color If using the HP PaintJet or PaintJet XL printers, set the 8510C for color printing as follows: Press NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN .
Page 189 4. Turn the printer OFF, then ON to set top of form. Configuring the Network Analyzer Selecting Printer Resolution The 8510C allows you to change printer resolution. The HP ThinkJet printer, however, can be used only with the 96 dots per inch (DPI) setting. To check the current printer resolution setting:...
Page 190 Connect the printer as explained in the service manual. Setting the GPIB Address DIP Switch Refer to the printer's User's guide for instructions. The default address used by the 8510C is Pre-Printing Check-Out Load paper and, if using fan-fold paper, align the paper properly. Turn the printer ON, set top of form.
Page 191 Printing Printing The printing feature allows you to: Print an exact copy of the display Print tabular data Print instrument settings and system conguration Printouts can be make in Portrait or Landscape mode. Printing Orientation: Either Landscape or Portrait NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Next, dene the print orientation.
Page 192 Printing Figure 6-6. Portrait Printer Orientation Printing One Snapshot per Page (Portrait or Landscape) Two printout sizes are available, 1/2 page (use portrait mode) and full page (use landscape mode). 1. Select Portrait or Landscape orientation by pressing: NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN , then press DEFINE PRINT COPY NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN...
Page 193 Printing 3. After PLOT COMPLETE appears on the screen, you can press keys on the 8510C. Before printing the second snapshot, you can change instrument settings, make another measurement, or load data from disc. HP PaintJet XL printers stops printing when the rst snapshot is 3/4 complete. This is normal, it nishes the snapshot when you perform the next step.
Page 194 Printing The list below shows an example of an Frequency Domain list trace value output. FREQUENCY (HZ) 7.5000000000E+09 4.0609370000E+01, 0.0000000000E+00 7.5062500000E+09 4.0003900000E+01, 0.0000000000E+00 7.5132500000E+09 3.9474610000E+01, 0.0000000000E+00 7.5198750000E+09 3.8996090000E+01, 0.0000000000E+00 7.5265000000E+09 3.8386710000E+01, 0.0000000000E+00 The rst column is the always the stimulus value, followed by two columns of trace values in the basic units selected by the current FORMAT selection.
Page 195 AUTO FEED ON/OFF next page load to either on/o. Printing Instrument Settings and System Configuration The Copy menu also makes it possible to document the 8510C system conguration (System Parameters) and instrument settings (Operating Parameters). Refer to Figure 6-8 for the menu.
Page 196 Printing NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN LIST PARAMETERS PLOT PARAMETERS Next, press , depending or whether you have a printer or plotter. Current page position and pen number are used for the plot. To restore the NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN RESTORE DISPLAY measurement display, press the softkey or any front-panel key other than a softkey.
Page 197 Installing a Plotter Installation is described in the Agilent 8510C On-Site Service Manual Selecting the Output Port Select the appropriate output port for your plotter as follows: 1.
Page 198 The RS-232 cables shipped with should use the male RS-232 port (marked \COMPUTER"). the HP 8510C do not work with the HP 7550, you must order an HP 24542H cable. HP 7550B and 7550 Plus plotters must be placed in \7550A Emulation" mode, with TIMEOUT turned O.
Page 199 Plotting Options NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN PLOT TO PLOTTER COPY 2. Press to return to main Copy menu. Select and then the softkey corresponding to the material you wish plotted using the pen numbers just chosen: NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNN PLOT: ALL DATA MEMORY...
Page 200 Plotting Plotting You can plot a single 0 per page, plot only a portion of the display, or plot all four quadrants on a page. Figure 6-9. Define Plot and Plot to Plotter Menu Structure COPY 6-25 Printing and Plotting www.valuetronics.com...
Page 201 Plotting Plotting One Snapshot per Page 1. Press NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN DEFINE PLOT SELECT QUADRANT FULL PAGE COPY 2. Press NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN , and the plotting starts. PLOT TO PLOTTER COPY NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN If the marker list feature is on, it is plotted when is executed.
Page 202 Plotting Figure 6-10. Four-Quadrant Plot Example To plot all or part of the display at approximately quarter-page size: 1. Press NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN . This displays the plot quadrant menu. DEFINE PLOT SELECT QUADRANT COPY 2. Select the quadrant for the rst plot by pressing NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN LEFT UPPER...
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Page 204 Disk Drive Operation Features Features under the DISK key allow you to save measurement, calibration, or instrument state information to disc. This information can be retrieved when desired. You can use the built-in internal disk drive, or compatible external disk drives. External drives must be connected to the system bus.
Page 205 DISK Functions DOS Subdirectories The 8510C can only access les on the \root" directory of a disc. Files cannot be accessed in DOS subdirectories. Disk Menu Figure 7-1. Disk Menu, Data Type Select Menu, Setup Disk Menu, and Initialize Disk Menu...
Page 206 DISK Functions Table 7-2. Information You Can Store to Disc, and How it Is Saved Files Saved in Files Saved in ASCII Format Binary Format Memory data Network Analyzer Calibration Kit RAW measurement data Calibration kit denitions DATA (corrected) measurement data The user portion of the display memory FORMATTED measurement data Hardware state The electrical delay table...
Page 207 DISK Functions Storing Disk Files internal instrument operation Files that are associated with (instrument states, hardware Measurement data states, machine dumps, and so on) are stored in binary format. is always stored in \CITIle" ASCII format. The \CITIle" format has informative headers, and allows data to be exchanged with other programs.
Page 208 DISK Functions NNNNNNNNNNNNNN Press to see the following choices: MORE Press this softkey to store the raw data array for the active NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN DATA: RAW channel. NNNNNNNNNNNNNN Press this softkey to store the calibrated data array for the DATA active channel. NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Press this softkey to store the formatted data array for the FORMATTED...
Page 209 In Frequency Domain, the currently-selected number of points must match the number of points in the data le. For example, if you want to load a Frequency Domain data le with 801 points, make sure you set the 8510C to Frequency Domain mode, and select NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN...
Page 210 Each 8510C data le type has a three-character prex. The prex is convenient for two reasons: It allows the 8510C to show only the les of a specic type. When you are loading a Cal Set le, it is convenient to see a listing that only includes that type of le.
Page 211 DISK Functions Deleting Disk Files NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN eliminates the specied le from the disc. To delete a le: DELETE 1. Press NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN DISK DELETE 2. Now select the type of le you wish to delete. 3. A File Selector box will now appear on the screen, listing all disk les of the selected type. Place the box-shaped cursor over the le you wish to delete (using the knob or keys).
Page 212 Initializing a Hard Disc If using a hard disk for the rst time, you must initialize each volume. You can do this using a computer, or using the 8510C. To initialize the hard disk using the 8510C, follow these steps: 1.
Page 213 DISK Functions Guide to Saving Data This section explains two common applications for saving data. First of all, a more in-depth description of the dierent le types will be helpful in this discussion: Instrument These states contain front panel settings, including: States Instrument settings Frequency list segments...
Page 214 DISK Functions Hardware These are mostly settings found under the keys. SYSTEM LOCAL State These settings control GPIB addresses, multiple source settings, and other hardware-related settings. The hardware state also controls the default RF source power. Machine Stores the following registers: Dump All eight Instrument States The Hardware State...
Page 215 DISK Functions When you load a Machine Dump from disc, the contents of applicable internal registers are replaced with the data from the machine dump le. A Machine Dump le automatically save the current . Before does not measurement settings saving a Machine Dump, always save the current measurement setup to save register 8.
Page 216 Calibrating for System Measurements What Is a Measurement Calibration? Calibration greatly reduces repeatable systematic errors from your measurements. A Measurement Calibration procedure transfers the accuracy of your calibration standards to the measurement of your device. Since the response of the standards is known to a high degree of accuracy, the system can measure one or more standards, then use the results of these measurements to provide data to algorithms which process the measured data for display.
Page 217 Measurement Calibration How the 8510 Corrects Measurement Data In a typical application, the system is set up for a particular measurement. An appropriate measurement calibration is performed at each frequency point for each parameter to be measured. The calibration is saved in any of the eight calibration set memory registers. The device under test is connected, its response is measured, and then the data is corrected and output.
Page 218 Measurement Calibration Correction is If you switch between Ramp, Step, Frequency List, or Single Point mode: automatically turned O, and is displayed. CORRECTION RESET If you change Source Power, Sweep Time, Power Slope, Ramp/Step Sweep values, or Trim The message is displayed.
Page 219 Measurement Calibration Cal Menu The Cal menu, the Cal Type menu, and the Cal Set Select menu are shown in Figure 8-1. Pressing the key brings the Cal menu onto the display. Figure 8-1. Cal and Cal Type Menus Turning On an Existing Cal Set provide selection of calibrated or non-calibrated vector NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN...
Page 220 Measurement Calibration Performing a Measurement Calibration This section contains the following information: A synopsis of the steps required to perform and save a calibration. A complete explanation of each major step. A step-by-step example of each available type of calibration. A procedure for verifying the accuracy of your calibration.
Page 221 Measurement Calibration Time Low Pass Frequencies In Time Domain, Time Low Pass mode, set the STOP frequency and number of points. NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Then press and proceed with measurement calibration. Refer to SET FREQ. (LOW PASS) the chapter titled, \Introduction to Time Domain" for a description of the frequency range requirements.
Page 222 Measurement Calibration What a Response Calibration Provides The Response error model provides signal path frequency response error correction for the selected parameter. This model may be adequate for transmission measurements of well matched, low loss devices and for some re ection measurements where vector normalization of magnitude and phase frequency response errors provides sucient measurement accuracy.
Page 223 Measurement Calibration Figure 8-2. Cal Type Selections Calibrating for System Measurements www.valuetronics.com...
Page 224 Measurement Calibration Step 3. Measure all Required Standards Connecting Standards To measure a calibration standard, select an appropriate standard from the list (such as OPEN or SHORT), connect the standard, and press the key. If there is a single standard assigned to that label, measurement of the standard begins and the message WAIT-MEASURING appears while the standard is being measured.
Page 225 Measurement Calibration The standard is used to determine the frequency response of the current signal path. If more than one standard is measured, the last standard pressed is used to compute the frequency response correction term. Figure 8-3. Response Cal Menu Standards Required for a S 11 1-Port Calibration The S 1-Port calibration sequence requires a minimum of three standards, an OPEN, a...
Page 226 Measurement Calibration Figure 8-4. S 11 1-Port Cal Menu For some calibration kits, the standards on the Loads menu are specied as to the frequency range they cover: A lowband load is specied from the lowest frequency up to 2.001 GHz for NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN LOWBAND 7 mm and 3.001 GHz for 3.5 mm standards.
Page 227 Measurement Calibration Figure 8-5. LOADS Frequency Ranges Standards Required for a Full 2-Port Calibration NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Selecting brings the Full 2-Port measurement calibration menu onto the display. FULL 2-PORT This cal requires you to do the following: 1. If you intend on performing a re ection measurement, select NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN then measure REFLECTION...
Page 228 Measurement Calibration Figure 8-6. Full 2-Port Reflection, Transmission, and Isolation Cal Menus Calibrating for System Measurements 8-13 www.valuetronics.com...
Page 229 Measurement Calibration Standards Required for a TRL 2-Port Calibration NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Selecting brings the TRL 2-Port Cal menu onto the display. This menu, for the TRL 2-PORT 7 mm precision calibration kit, is shown in Figure 8-7. This calibration technique uses the thru connection, a short circuit at Port 1 and Port 2, loads for isolation, and a certain length of precision transmission line.
Page 230 Measurement Calibration What to do if all registers are full If internal storage is already full, a calibration set must be deleted using NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN DELETE CAL SET before calibration can proceed. Selecting a calibration set to receive error coecient data automatically replaces the old data with the new data.
Page 231 Measurement Calibration Frequency Response Calibrations This calibration error model provides vector error correction for the selected parameter signal path frequency response using a single standard (usually a thru for transmission; a short or an open for re ection). Figure 8-8. S-Parameter Test Set Frequency Response Calibrations One-Port Device: S Frequency Response Calibration 1.
Page 232 Measurement Calibration Two-Port Device: S Frequency Response Calibration 1. Press NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN CAL 1 CALIBRATE: RESPONSE 4 S11 5 4 CAL 5 2. At Port 1, connect either a short circuit or a shielded open circuit. 3. When the trace is correct, press .
Page 233 Measurement Calibration Two-Port Device: S Frequency Response Calibration 1. Press NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN CAL 1, CALIBRATE: RESPONSE 4 S22 5 2. At Port 2, connect either a short circuit or a shielded open circuit. 3. When the trace is correct, press NNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN .
Page 234 Measurement Calibration 1-Port Calibration This calibration error model provides the best accuracy for measurement of a one-port device, providing full vector error correction for directivity, source match, and re ection signal path frequency response. The procedure uses three standards, usually a shielded open circuit, a short circuit, and a load.
Page 235 Measurement Calibration 7. At Port 1, connect a xed load. 8. When the trace is correct, press NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN . Load data is measured. LOWBAND 9. At Port 1, connect a sliding load. 10. Move sliding element to the rst index mark; then, when the trace is correct, press NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN .
Page 236 Measurement Calibration NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN SAVE 1-PORT CAL CAL SET 1 3. Press then select 4. Corrected S data is displayed. 5. Connect Port 1 to Port 2 Thru. NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN CAL 1 CALIBRATE: RESPONSE 4 S21 5 6. Press NNNNNNNNNNNNNN THRU 7.
Page 237 Measurement Calibration Full 2-Port Calibration The Full 2-Port measurement calibration procedure can be used only with the S-parameter test sets. This calibration error model provides the best accuracy when measuring two-port devices. Four standards are used, usually a shielded open circuit, a short circuit, a load or loads, and a thru.
Page 238 Measurement Calibration 6. Connect Port 1 to Port 2 Thru. NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN 7. When the trace is correct, press frequency response is measured. FWD. TRANS. THRU 8. Press NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN load match is measured. FWD. MATCH THRU 9. Press NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN frequency response is measured. REV.
Page 239 Measurement Calibration TRL 2-Port Calibration Not all calibration kits contain the precision transmission line required to accomplish the LINE part of the TRL 2-Port calibration. Two-Port Device: TRL 2-Port Calibration Sequence 1. Press NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN CAL 1, CALIBRATE: TRL 2-PORT 4 CAL 5 2.
Page 240 Measurement Calibration R/T Test Set (One-Path) Calibration Error Models You may choose S Response, S Response, S 1-Port, or One-Path 2-Port calibration error models. Reverse calibration may also be performed (S and S response and S 1-Port), but in this case, the standards (open, short, and load) are still connected to port 1. During measurement, you must use care to physically reverse the test device and select the appropriate parameter (S or S...
Page 241 Measurement Calibration Figure 8-11. Reflection/Transmission Test Set One-Path 2-Port Calibration After you complete the calibration procedure: 1. Connect test device. 4 S11 5 4 S21 5 4 S12 5 4 S22 5 2. Select parameter for display by pressing , or 3.
Page 242 Measurement Calibration 7. To measure the next test device, connect the test device, then NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN PRESS TO CONTINUE MEASUREMENT RESTART Storing Calibration Data to Disc Cal data can be stored on disc, recalled, checked for validity, then used if acceptable results are obtained.
Page 243 Measurement Calibration to how well the models predict the response of the standard. The model for each standard is specied in a data le on the disc supplied with the calibration kits. Examples of \perfect" standards are shown in the assumptions made for the xed and sliding loads used in re ection calibration.
Page 244 Measurement Calibration Using cal standards whose response does not match the constants used in the 8510 internal calibration kit denitions. Refer to the calibration kit manuals for electrical and mechanical specications. Verifying Calibration Data Immediately following calibration, and at intervals during the measurement process, it is recommended that you measure a standard device with known responses.
Page 245 Measurement Calibration Using Agilent 834x Series Sources If you are using the ramp sweep mode, set trim sweep to provide minimum frequency dierence between the step and ramp modes as follows: 1. Press NNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN . Select for display. MORE FACTORY 4 RECALL 5 4 S21 5...
Page 246 Measurement Calibration 8. Press NNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN . Then use the knob to adjust for at phase trace MORE TRIM SWEEP 4 CAL 5 (endpoints). Record this value as TRIM SWEEP 9. Read the delay value at the center frequency = DELAY 10.
Page 247 Measurement Calibration and the Specify Oset menus. Label the standard using LABEL STD key and the Title menu. This label will appear on the cal Standard Selection menu during the calibration procedure. Repeat this sequence for each new or modied standard in the calibration kit. Standard denitions not changed during this process are included in the modied calibration kit with their pre-existing values.
Page 248 Measurement Calibration Effects in Step Sweep Mode This feature is designed for use in step sweep applications where it is necessary or desirable to calibrate using the maximum number of points, but portions of the test can be performed using less frequency resolution. In these instances, test time can be reduced by selecting a fewer number of points, resulting in a shorter time for the frequency sweep.
Page 249 Measurement Calibration Defining a Frequency Subset After calibration in either ramp, step, or frequency list sweep mode, a subset of the current frequency range can be selected by choosing new Start/Stop or Center/Span frequencies and a new calibration set. This provides a very useful \frequency zoom" function by allowing the user to arbitrarily select a subset of the current frequency sweep.
Page 250 Measurement Calibration Figure 8-14. Defining a Frequency Subset Note that the frequencies in the subset may be examined by selecting STIMULUS MENU NNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN . If this list is edited, correction is turned O. To return to the original MORE EDIT LIST frequency sweep, recall the original calibration set.
Page 251 Measurement Calibration Changing the Calibration Type There are applications when it is not possible to use a 2-port calibration for measurement because automatic switching of the test set cannot be tolerated when the device is connected. For these applications, it is typical to perform a 1-port calibration for the re ection parameters and response or response and isolation calibrations for the transmission parameters.
Page 252 Measurement Calibration Calibration Kit" procedure on the previous pages. Note that the denitions in the default Cal Kits are additions to the Standard Class ADAPTER, and are Standards of type \OPEN." Figure 8-15. Connector Compensation Menu Keys Calibrating for System Measurements 8-37 www.valuetronics.com...
Page 253 Measurement Calibration Using Connector Compensation 1. Press , then press NNNNNNNNNNNNNN MORE 2. Press NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN , then press NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN MODIFY CAL SET CONNECTOR COMPENSATE Note Connector compensation requires that the active Cal Set be a 1-Port or 2-Port calibration. If a Cal Set of any other type is selected, the message ACTIVE appears.
Page 254 Transmission Measurements Introduction This part of the Agilent 8510 network analyzer system manual explains how to make the following transmission measurements on a typical two-port device: Insertion loss and gain Insertion phase S-parameters Group delay Electrical delay Deviation from ideal phase Also included is the description of the procedure used to measure noninsertable devices.
Page 255 Note The main problem when attempting fully calibrated measurements on a noninsertable device is that the test set Port 1 and Port 2 connectors cannot be mated in order to make the thru connection. Conventional calibration strategies for measurement of noninsertables include either switching the sex of one port of the test set to make the thru, or inserting an appropriate adapter of the same connector types as the test device during the thru calibration, then ignoring the errors caused by changing the test set...
Page 256 Figure 9-2. Transmission Test Setups Setting Up for Transmission Tests Figure 9-2 shows typical transmission test setups for S-parameter and re ection/transmission test sets. Transmission Measurement Calibration Choices There are four dierent calibration types available for transmission measurements: Response calibration Response and Isolation calibration One-Path 2-port calibration 2-Port calibration Transmission Measurements...
Page 257 These types dier in accuracy or in the type of errors they remove. Setting up for Response Calibration The RESPONSE calibration model uses a thru (connect Port 1 and Port 2 together at the point at which the test device will be connected) as the standard device. The RESPONSE model can be used for S forward transmission calibration and for S reverse transmission...
Page 258 Making an Adapter Removal Measurement 1. Press NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN and the Adapter Removal menu appears. MODIFY CAL SET ADAPTER REMOVAL 2. Press NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN and designate the calibration set for the rst calibration (A3 CAL SET for PORT 1 connected to Port 2). 3.
Page 259 Insertion Loss/Gain Measurement This sequence lists the steps for a typical insertion loss or gain measurement. 1. Select start and stop frequency and display scale settings as desired. 2. Perform an appropriate measurement calibration. 3. Connect the DUT. 4. Select 4 LOG MAG 5 5.
Page 260 Markers 1 and 2 are now set to the 3 dB points of the lter. To read the entire 3 dB bandwidth frequency span: NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN MARKER MARKER 2 The frequency span between the 3 dB points will be shown in the Active Entry area. Figure 9-5.
Page 261 Figure 9-6. Measuring Minimum and Maximum Insertion Loss Making Insertion Phase Measurement This sequence lists the steps for a typical insertion phase measurement. 1. Perform appropriate S or S measurement calibration. 2. Connect the DUT. 3. Select PHASE 4. Press and read insertion phase (degrees).
Page 262 Figure 9-7. Typical Insertion Phase Display Measuring S-Parameters The procedure for measurement of transmission S-parameters is identical to measurement of insertion loss and insertion phase described earlier except that the response is viewed using NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN LIN mkr on POLAR FORMAT display on the under the 4 5 key.
Page 263 Making Group Delay Measurements Reduced phase measurement uncertainty due to error correction provides very meaningful and exible group delay measurements. This implementation makes it quite simple to make accurate, very high resolution group delay measurements at microwave frequencies. Group delay is the measurement of signal transit time through a test device. It is dened as the derivative of the phase slope with respect to frequency.
Page 264 Figure 9-11. Typical Group Delay Display Discontinuities in the group delay trace may appear if there are more than 180 degrees of phase shift that occur from one frequency point to the next. Measuring Group Delay Aperture When comparing group delay measurements, it is very important to know the measurement aperture.
Page 265 Note that the slope (group delay) varies as the Comparing aperture, resolution, and noise. aperture is increased. A wider aperture results in loss of the ne grain variations in group delay. This loss of detail is the reason that in any comparison of group delay data you must know the aperture used to make the measurement.
Page 266 Measuring deviation from ideal phase is an alternative to measuring group delay. This is made possible by the range of the Electrical Delay function and the 8510's ability to provide both linear and dispersive electrical delay compensation. By compensating the insertion phase due to the electrical length of the device using the Electrical Delay controls, the deviation from ideal phase over the frequency sweep can be measured directly and viewed at high resolution.
Page 267 Figure 9-14. Typical Group Delay and Deviation from Ideal Phase Displays 9-14 Transmission Measurements www.valuetronics.com...
Page 268 Reflection Measurements Introduction This part of the Agilent 8510 network analyzer system manual explains how to measure: Re ection return loss S-parameter Impedance Admittance These example measurements are applicable to typical one-port or two-port devices. To make re ection measurements on multiport devices, all ports except the test port are assumed to be terminated with Z Reflection Test Setups One-Port Devices...
Page 269 One-Path 2-Port Calibration This model provides fully corrected transmission and re ection measurements (although not in real time) for a re ection/transmission test set. It uses a Thru, a Shielded Open Circuit, a Short Circuit, and Loads to calibrate at port 1. Follow instructions displayed on the LCD/CRT to manually reverse the test device for measurement of the reverse parameters.
Page 270 Return Loss Measurement This sequence lists the steps for a typical Return Loss measurement. 1. Perform an appropriate S or S measurement calibration. 2. Connect the DUT. 3. Select LOG MAG 4. Press , read Return Loss (dB). MARKER Measurement calibration sets the magnitude and phase ratio between the reference and test signal paths to zero dB at 180 degrees with a short circuit at the reference plane.
Page 271 Figure 10-3. Typical SWR Display S-Parameter Measurement The procedure for measurement of re ection S-parameters is identical to measurement of Return Loss and re ection phase discussed earlier except that the response is viewed using the NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN display in the Format menu. LIN mkr on POLAR The magnitude is given in linear terms ( ) and an angle...
Page 272 Impedance Measurement Pressing the softkey labeled on the Format Menu presents the re ection NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN SMITH CHART measurement using the Smith Chart, providing readout in units of real and imaginary ohms (R jx ). The measurement calibration and measurement procedure are the same as for Return Loss described above.
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Page 274 It is therefore possible to measure the response of a device under test (DUT) in the Frequency Domain and then mathematically calculate the inverse Fourier Transform of the data to give the Time Domain response. The 8510C internal computer calculates the time domain response value using Chirp-Z Fast Fourier Transform computation techniques. The resulting measurement is the fully error-corrected Time Domain re ection or transmission response of the device, displayed as a real-time value.
Page 275 Figure 11-1. Frequency Domain and Time Domain Measurements A Frequency Domain re ection measurement is a composite response of all impedance discontinuities found in the device under test. A Time Domain measurement provides the eects of all individual discontinuities, as a function of time (or distance).
Page 276 Time Domain Modes The 8510 network analyzer system is equipped with two dierent time domain modes of operation. These are listed below: Band Pass The Time Band Pass mode is the most general-purpose mode of operation. Mode It gives the impulse response of the device, works on any device over any frequency range, and is relatively simple to use.
Page 277 Time Domain Band Pass Reflection Measurements Using Time Band Pass As an example of a 0 using Time Band Pass, consider the re ection of a short or a load at the end of a cable or air transmission line. The sliding load is shown here. Before making Time Domain re ection measurements, it is necessary to perform the appropriate measurement calibration.
Page 278 Time Domain Band Pass Interpreting the Time Band Pass Reflection Response Horizontal Axis In Time Band Pass re ection measurements, the horizontal axis represents the amount of time that it takes for an impulse, launched at the test port, to reach the discontinuity and return. Thus, this is the two-way travel time to the discontinuity, which in Figure 11-2 is the load element of the sliding load.
Page 279 Time Domain Band Pass Figure 11-3. Cable Fault Location Measurement Using Time Band Pass Also, because the Time Band Pass mode will work over any frequency range, it can be used to do fault location in band-limited transmission media, such as waveguide. Using Velocity Factor along with Waveguide Electrical Delay can produce accurate distance measurements in dispersive media.
Page 280 Time Domain Band Pass Figure 11-4. Transmission Measurement in Time Band Pass Interpreting the Time Band Pass Transmission Response Horizontal Axis In Time Domain transmission measurements, the horizontal axis is displayed in units of time. The response of the thru connection used in the calibration is an impulse at t = 0 seconds and with unit height, indicating that the impulse made it through in zero time and with no loss.
Page 281 Time Domain Low Pass Time Domain Low Pass The Time Low Pass mode is used to simulate a traditional TDR measurement. This mode gives the user information to determine the type of discontinuity (R, L, or C) that is present. Time Low Pass provides the best resolution (fastest rise time), and it may be used to give either the Step or Impulse response of a device.
Page 282 Time Domain Low Pass In order to accommodate applications where this method would result in a Stop frequency that is too high, the 8510 also incorporates \2-Point" Extrapolation. If the Stop frequency is between the minimum for 2-Point Extrapolation and the value for DC Extrapolation, then an additional data point between DC and the Start frequency is extrapolated.
Page 283 Time Domain Low Pass Interpreting the Time Low Pass Reflection Response Horizontal Axis The horizontal axis for the Low Pass measurement is the 2-way travel time to the discontinuity, the same as for the Time Band Pass mode. Also, the Marker function displays both the time (x2) and electrical length (x2), obtained by multiplying the time by the velocity of light in a vacuum (2.997925E8 m/sec).
Page 284 Time Domain Low Pass Figure 11-5. Time Low Pass Step and Impulse Responses These Time Domain responses were generated using the Circuit Modeling Program (CMP) which is supplied with the Time Domain option. Introduction to Time Domain Measurements 11-11 www.valuetronics.com...
Page 285 Time Domain Low Pass Figure 11-6. Time Low Pass Step Response of a 25 Airline and Fixed Load Table 11-3. Useful Time Low Pass Formats Format Trace Value LINEAR MAG Re ection Coecient Units LOG MAG Return Loss (dB) SWR Units Trace Bounce Depending on the magnitude of the response and on the test set used, the TIME Low Pass Step response of the device may exhibit a phenomenon called display trace bounce.
Page 286 Time Domain Low Pass Figure 11-7. Step Response of a 30 cm Airline and Fixed Load Introduction to Time Domain Measurements 11-13 www.valuetronics.com...
Page 287 Time Domain Concepts Time Domain Concepts This section discusses in-depth time domain concepts, including: Masking Windowing Range Resolution Gating Measurement recommendations Masking Masking occurs when an Impulse or Step response of one discontinuity aects (or hides) the response of subsequent discontinuities in the circuit. This occurs because the energy re ected from (or absorbed in) the rst discontinuity never reaches the second.
Page 288 Time Domain Concepts Windowing The 8510 has a feature called Windowing that is designed to enhance Time Domain measurements. The need for Windowing is due to the abrupt transitions in the Frequency Domain measurement at the Start and Stop frequencies. This band limiting of the Frequency Domain response causes overshoot and ringing in the Time Domain response.
Page 289 Time Domain Concepts Figure 11-9. Time Domain Window Characteristics The sidelobe reduction due to Windowing is achieved at a tradeo with an increase in the Step (10% 90%) Rise Time and the Impulse (50%) width. These parameters also depend upon the frequency span of the measurement, and they can be calculated using the approximate formulas given in gure below.
Page 290 Time Domain Concepts Figure 11-11. Effect of Windowing on Time Domain Responses of a Short Circuit Range In the Time Domain, the RANGE is dened as the length in time that a measurement can be made without encountering a repetition of the response (see Figure 11-12). The repetition of the Time Domain response occurs at regular intervals of time and is a consequence of the Frequency Domain data being taken at discrete frequency points rather than being continuous.
Page 291 Time Domain Concepts Figure 11-12. Time Domain Measurement Showing Response Repetitions To increase the Time Domain measurement Range, it is usually better to rst increase the number of points, because decreasing the frequency span will reduce the Time Domain resolution. Resolution There are two dierent terms involving resolution in Time Domain: Response-Resolution and Range-Resolution, shown in Figure 11-13.
Page 292 Time Domain Concepts Figure 11-13. Resolution in Time Domain Range Resolution Range Resolution is dened as the ability to locate a single response in time. In other words, if only one response is there, this is how closely you can pinpoint the peak of that response. The Range Resolution is equal to the digital resolution of the LCD/CRT (which is the time span displayed divided by the number of points).
Page 293 Time Domain Concepts Setting the Gate A Gate is a time band pass lter used to lter out unwanted Time Domain responses. Responses outside the selected gate are not included in the trace. There are three Gate indicators: START and STOP The Gate START and STOP indicate the 6 dB cuto times.
Page 294 Time Domain Concepts 1. Press NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN . The three Gate indicators will now TIME BAND PASS SPECIFY GATE DOMAIN appear on the screen. 2. Press NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN , and use the knob or keypad to move the center indicator to t = 0. GATE CENTER In Figure 11-16, the time domain display shows the gate center, 86 ps, as the Active Function.
Page 295 Time Domain Concepts Figure 11-17. Gate Characteristics The Passband Ripple and Sidelobe Levels are descriptive of the gate (lter) shape. The Cuto Time, T (see Figure 11-17), indicates how fast the gate lter rolls o. For each gate shape, there is also a Minimum Gate Span (T = 2 x T ) which gives a lter passband of 1min...
Page 296 Time Domain Concepts However, since the Time Domain Response-Resolution is inversely proportional to the frequency span, it may at times be desirable (with these limitations in mind) to use a frequency span that is slightly wider than the device bandwidth to give better response-resolution.
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Page 298 Power Domain Measurements Introduction This chapter explains the function and use of power domain in the Agilent 8510C network analyzer, with rmware revision 7.0 or higher. The following sections explain the concept of power domain, how to set up the 8510C to use power domain, the calibration implications, and limitations, as well as detailed measurement examples.
Page 299 Power Domain Measurements What Is Receiver Cal? NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN The 8510C network analyzer receiver calibration ( ) feature provides a display RECEIVER CAL of unratioed receiver inputs, calibrated in absolute power (usually dBm). The feature is normally used in association with power domain since the power levels displayed are otherwise those determined by the source and do not account for losses in the path between the source and the test ports.
Page 300 Power Domain Measurements Making a Power Domain Measurement The 8510C must already be calibrated in the frequency range of choice, or the user should perform the calibration at the beginning of this power domain procedure. It is recommended that you choose a frequency range that gives frequency steps of a convenient size.
Page 301 rst be selected. UNCOUPLED CHANNELS Performing a Receiver Calibration 1. Set the 8510C system to Frequency Domain and set the frequency range of interest. 2. Select the desired number of points to measure. If you plan to use power domain, NNNNNNNNNNNNNN STEP sweep mode must be selected.
Page 302 Power Domain Measurements 6. Connect a thru between Port 1 and Port 2 of the 8510C. It is not necessary for the thru to be zero length or lossless, but should be appropriately dened in the selected Cal Kit. NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN 7.
Page 303 1. Set the 8510C to the frequency range of interest. 2. Set the power to a value low enough to avoid driving the device under test (DUT) into compression.
Page 304 Making a swept-power gain compression measurement requires using the power domain and receiver calibration features. 1. Set up the 8510C for this measurement as for the \Swept-Frequency Gain Compression Measurement Exercise" above. 2. Ensure that a receiver calibration has been completed, and an appropriate calibration for is done (a response cal is usually adequate for well-matched ampliers).
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Page 306 Bus (GPIB). Programming information in this section is not comprehensive. Refer to the for details of each function. The Agilent 8510C Network Analyzer System Keyword Dictionary instructions assume you are familiar with manual operation of the network analyzer system, and that you have read the \Basic Network Measurements" section in this manual. Details of each function are given only if these are unique to programmed operation or are dierent for manual and programmed operation.
Page 307 START mnemonics for all network analyzer front panel controls and menu softkeys are given in the 8510C Network Analyzer System Keyword Dictionary Strings of commands are written in logical sequences separated by a semicolon. For example: OUTPUT 716;"FACTPRES;STAR 2E9;STOP 18E9;S11;LINP;MARK1 9E9;"...
Page 308 GPIB Programming Basics Using Numeric Entries and Units Numeric entries without a units terminator are equivalent to pressing the key in the 4 x1 5 entry area. Rather than using the \E" exponent system, you can enter the actual units for frequency, time, or voltage.
Page 309 GPIB Programming Basics length of time. Execution of is not delayed until the conversion is nished. Thus, OUTPDATA; the data that is output probably is not the actual converted data (depending upon the speed of the computer), but the data that existed before the domain conversion. If you don't want or need to take new data, and you change the channel or domain immediately before requesting data output, use the instruction.
Page 310 Which network analyzer data arrays you can transfer Which instrument features aect each data array Which of the ve data transfer protocols (formats) you should use What Types of Data Are Available from the 8510C? After making a measurement, you can send , or...
Page 311 To transfer the data from this array to the computer, use the GPIB command OUTPRAW n where is the desired S-parameter (S11, S21, S12, S22). Refer to the 8510C Network for syntax and other information about Analyzer System Keyword Dictionary OUTPRAW n other commands.
Page 312 OUTPCALC INPUCALC in the 8510C Network Analyzer System Keyword Dictionary Delay Table Each parameter has its own special array called a \delay table." The table must be created using an external computer, then be sent to the network analyzer. The network analyzer uses the table to modify measurement data.
Page 313 Specic information about byte sizes and structure of these formats is provided in \Preparing the Computer to Transmit or Receive Data", later in this chapter; and also in 8510C Network Analyzer System Keyword Dictionary (GPIB Command: ) FORM1 is signicantly dierent from the other four...
Page 314 This is a 32-bit DOS-compatible oating point format. describes each form in detail. It 8510C Network Analyzer System Keyword Dictionary also describes the component pieces of information that accompanies the data. The following example shows the data transfer to the computer when FORM3 is selected: ASSIGN @Nwa to 716;...
Page 315 GPIB Programming Basics One data block for each point in the measurement. Each block contains one data pair. FORM4 contains only data blocks. Size of the Preamble, Size Block, and Data Blocks In FORM1 each block is 16 bits long (2 bytes per data point). In FORM2, each block is 32 bits long (8 bytes per data point).
Page 316 GPIB Programming Basics Performing the Actual Transfer Now that you know which data array and transfer format to use, and have dimensioned appropriate computer variables and an array, you are ready to perform the actual data transfer. Refer also to programming examples 6 and 7 later in this chapter. An Example of a Data Transfer The following BASIC example performs a data transfer, and demonstrates many commonly-needed tasks:...
Page 317 GPIB Programming Basics Phase(N)=-180 ELSE IF Imag=0 AND Real=0 THEN Phase (N)=0 ELSE Phase(N)=2*ATN(Imag/(Real+Mag(N))) END IF END IF !Mag(N) and Phase(N) are 1-dimensional arrays that will hold the new !magnitude and phase data. !The following two lines simply print the real, imaginary, magnitude and !phase values for the first point and every 20th point.
Page 318 GPIB Programming Basics Using the Data The 8510C outputs data in two basic formats: FORM1 format Real/imaginary format Use the following information to process the data into usable formats. Preprocessing FORM1 Data Example 7 converts FORM1 data into to real/imaginary pairs, which are then converted into linear magnitude, log magnitude, and phase data.
Page 319 GPIB Programming Basics Transferring Data into the Network Analyzer Raw, Corrected, Formatted Arrays Load trace data into network analyzer memory using hold mode. Hold mode avoids overwriting the loaded data with newly acquired data. When hold mode is selected, completion of a data input operation initiates a data processing cycle in which the displayed trace is updated to re ect the new data.
Page 320 GPIB Programming Basics Trace Memories First, use one the following commands to select the trace memory to be loaded: select Memory 1 DEFM1; select Memory 2 DEFM2; select Memory 3 DEFM3; select Memory 4 DEFM4; select Memory 5 DEFM5; select Memory 6 DEFM6;...
Page 321 GPIB Programming Basics Commonly-Used Queries Marker Value The marker value is output as two ASCII numbers in the basic units for the selected display format. Use two real variables. For example: Mag,Phase If the marker value consists of a single value, as when LOG MAG ( ;) or PHASE ( LOGM PHAS;...
Page 322 Where to Find Other Query Commands Refer to the chapter on programming codes in the 8510C Network Analyzer System Keyword . You'll nd useful information in the \8510C Query Commands" table near the Dictionary end of that chapter. Local Operation...
Page 323 8510C Network Analyzer System Keyword to see the syntax requirements for each programmable function. Dictionary Enter a sequence of 8510C instructions by separating each instruction with a semicolon (;), as follows: "STAR 2 GHz; STOP 10 GHz; CHAN2; LINP" The network analyzer instruction...
Page 324 Functions or settings that do not have an active function may be read using query commands. (Refer to the for a list 8510C Network Analyzer System Keyword Dictionary query commands.) The value of the current active function is output as a single ASCII value in the basic units of the function.
Page 325 Programming Examples Example 3: Marker Output This example prints the x- and y-axis values of a marker in any selected domain or format. A single sweep with averaging (factor of 4) is taken before reading the marker. Then, the display format is queried and appropriate units are printed for the y axis value.
Page 326 Programming Examples Example 4: Marker Operations Use of the =Marker (\EQUA;") function is demonstrated for reference value, stimulus settings, and oset values. This may be very useful when combined with marker searches. Use of the =MARKER ) function to position the trace on the display is shown in the EQUA;...
Page 327 Then the S11 1-port cal coecients for directivity, source match, and re ection tracking are read and displayed on the 8510C display. Example 8b creates several frequency subset calibrations of the S11 1-port cal and saves them in other cal set registers.
Page 328 Programming Examples Mnemonic Cal Type CALIRESP; Response CALIRAI; Response and isolation CALIS111; S11 1-port CALIS221; S22 2-port CALIFUL2; Full 2-port CALIONE2; One-path 2-port CALITRL2; TRL 2-port CALRCVR; Receiver Except for the TRL 2-port calibration, these are dened so there is one standard class for each error coecient of the error model.
Page 329 Programming Examples If the single standard is assigned to the class, then any of these will cause a measurement restart and the measurement of the standard. The message WAIT - MEASURING CAL STANDARD appears while the measurement is being made. The speed of the measurement depends on the mode (ramp or step) selected and on the number of averages.
Page 330 Example 10: Simulated Standard Measurement The 8510C can input raw calibration standard data from a controller and perform a calibration using this data rather than actual measured data. This example performs an S11 1-port cal using this technique. First data is collected for the standards that will be input in the actual SIMS calibration portion of the example.
Page 331 Programming Examples Note that in order to use , or , the channel to which the data DATAFORM DATARAW DATADATA applies must be selected. When loaded, the trace is automatically updated. stores DATARAW information from the raw data array for the active parameter on the Active channel. However, there is an exception to this rule: If four parameter display is turned on, stores DATARAW...
Page 332 The \8510 Address" (specied under ) is the ADDRESS of 8510 LOCAL address of the 8510C network analyzer itself. Any commands sent to this address will cause the 8510C to perform the function. NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN System Bus The \system bus" address (specied under...
Page 333 \bus select code" is not needed because the network analyzer is designed with only one system bus. When you enter the addresses of system bus devices (in the 8510C address menu), only two digits are required. Assume for now that the system bus address (under LOCAL How pass-through works.
Page 334 This example begins with the network analyzer instruction ADDRPASS 01 that sets the state in which data addressed to 717 (the 8510C system bus address) is passed through to the device at address 01 on the 8510C system bus. Next, a computer-specic command, HP 9000 Series 200/300 in this example, species the hardcopy device as the printer at address 717.
Page 335 OUTPUT @Nwa_systbus;"PA 128,384; PD; PA 3328,384, 3328,3584, 128,3584, 128,384" ADDRPASS 31 sets up the pass-through mode in which data sent to the 8510C system bus address, 717, is routed to the user display area of the network analyzer display memory. The instruction clears the screen.
Page 336 Programming Examples Figure 13-3. Text Character Cell Select Pen Colors The color selected for the current operation is specied using the n ; command, where n = 1 to 16. The color is assigned to the pen in the same order as the colors appear in the set pen numbers menu under the dene plot menu of the hardkey.
Page 337 Programming Examples Pen up. When followed by a instruction, this instruction will cause a blank vector to be drawn to the new location. ASCII character label text. The ASCII characters following the LB command are drawn on the display beginning in the character cell at the current vector position. The string must be terminated with the end-of-text character, CNTRL C.
Page 338 Programming Examples Prepare the network analyzer to output the status word as two ASCII OUTPSTAT; numbers, 0 to 255. Completion clears the status word to 0,0. Clear status bytes to 0,0; clear SRQ. CLES; Send two integer ASCII values, 0 to 255 to set the service request mask. SRQM a,b;...
Page 339 SRQ when a key press occurs. Example 21: Triggered Data Acquisition External GPIB triggers are used to measure points in step sweep in this example. The 8510C is set to issue a service request when it is ready for a trigger.
Page 340 Programming Examples Example 25: Output/Learn String This example program performs a user preset, then prompts the user to change the current instrument state as desired. The learn string is then read out which includes the changes made by the user. Another user preset is done, then the learn string is loaded into the network analyzer.
Page 341 If your system uses an 8350 or 8340 Series source, you must skip this example. A properly addressed power meter must also be connected to the 8510C network analyzer system bus. After zeroing the power sensor, the user is prompted to connect it to port 1 on the test set.
Page 342 Example 31: Disk Store and Load Using Cal Sets This example performs storage and loading of data sets using the internal disk drive in the 8510C. Calibration set are used in this example, but other data types can be used by changing STOR;...
Page 343 Programming Examples General GPIB Programming After the GPIB command is issued, addressing the network analyzer using an REMOTE appropriate statement causes the network analyzer to enter the remote mode in which OUTPUT the front panel hardkeys and softkeys are locked out. The only key that is not locked out is key.
Page 344 Programming Examples Response to GPIB Universal Commands The network analyzer GPIB responds to the following universal commands from an external computer at any time, regardless of whether or not it is addressed. Refer to the language reference manual of the computer being used to nd the corresponding commands allowed by the computer.
Page 345 10. Simulated standard measurement 11. Using disk and tape 12. Making Plots using COPY 13. List trace values 14. Print to printer on 8510C system bus 15. Plot user graphics 16. Plot using BASIC HP-GL 17. Redene parameter 18. Read and output caution/tell message 19.
Page 346 HP 8510C PROGRAMMING EXAMPLES *" PRINT TAB(20);"*";TAB(56);"*" PRINT TAB(20);RPT$("*",37) PRINT PRINT "Note: Refer to the HPIB Programming section of the 8510C Operating" PRINT " and Programming Manual for complete documentation." PRINT GOSUB Run_mode ! run All or a Single example LINPUT "Example 1, Input Syntax Familiarization: Press Return",Input$...
Page 347 Programming Examples LINPUT "Example 3, Marker Output: Press Return",Input$ GOSUB Example3 LINPUT "Example 4, Marker Operations: Press Return",Input$ GOSUB Example4 LINPUT "Example 5, Single and Dual Channel Displays: Press Return",Input$ GOSUB Example5 LINPUT "Example 6, Trace Data Output / Input: Press Return",Input$ GOSUB Example6 LINPUT "Example 7, FORM1 Data Conversion: Press Return",Input$ GOSUB Example7...
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Page 349 Programming Examples 176 Query: LOCAL @Nwa LINPUT "TYPE 8510 QUERY OR OUTPUT INSTRUCTION,THEN RETURN; ENTER 0 TO EXIT ",Input$ IF Input$[1,1]="0" THEN OUTPUT @Nwa;"OUTPERRO;" ENTER @Nwa_data1;Error_number ! Clear Message RETURN END IF PRINT Input$, OUTPUT @Nwa;Input$;";" IF BIT(SPOLL(@Nwa),5) THEN ! Check for syntax error GOSUB Syntax_error ! Clear error PRINT...
Page 350 IF Input$[2;4]="RAMP" THEN OUTPUT @Nwa;"NUMG 5;" ! NUMG = AVER factor + 1 ELSE OUTPUT @Nwa;"SING;" ! 8510C automatically waits until SING or NUMG ! completes before executing further instructions END IF OUTPUT @Nwa;"AUTO; MARK1; MARKMAXI; OUTPMARK;" ENTER @Nwa_data1;Mag,Phase ! Read Marker Value OUTPUT @Nwa;"FORM?;"...
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Page 354 Programming Examples FOR I=1 TO SIZE(Form1_data,1) Exponent=BINAND(Form1_data(I,2),255) ! bits 0-7 are the exponent IF Exponent<128 THEN ! exponent is positive Exponent=2^(Exponent-15) ! offset (-15) ELSE ! exponent is negative Exponent=2^(BINCMP(BINEOR(Exponent,255))-15) ! reverse [EOR], ! change sign [CMP] and offset [-15] for negative going exponents END IF ! Calculate real and imaginary data Real=Form1_data(I,1)*Exponent...
Page 355 Programming Examples OUTPUT @Nwa;"CLASS11B;" ! (Short Circuit Data Measured) GOSUB Wait_for_meas OUTPUT @Nwa;"CLASS11C;" ! (Uses Both LOWBAND and SLIDING) LINPUT "Broadband OR Lowband, Slidiing Load Cal (ENTER B or S)?",Input$ IF UPC$(Input$)="B" THEN LINPUT "Port1, Connect Broadband Load, then press Return",Input$ OUTPUT @Nwa;"STANA;"...
Page 356 Programming Examples 579 Wait_for_meas: ! Status Byte BIT 4 True when Standard Measured REPEAT Ser_poll=SPOLL(@Nwa) WAIT .1 UNTIL BIT(Ser_poll,4) OUTPUT @Nwa;"CLES;" RETURN 587 Example8_a: ! CAL ERROR COEFICIENTS ******************** PRINT PRINT "Example 8_a, Calibration Error Coefficients" OUTPUT @Nwa;"PRES;" 592 Read_response: PRINT "Read Cal Coefficient, Cal 5 (S21 Response Cal)"...
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Page 358 Programming Examples OUTPUT @Nwa;"SPECS11A 1; CLAD; SPECS11B 2; CLAD; SPECS11C 3; CLAD;" OUTPUT @Nwa;"LABES11A""1/8 SHORT"";" OUTPUT @Nwa;"LABES11B""3/8 SHORT"";" OUTPUT @Nwa;"LABES11C""STDXLD"";" OUTPUT @Nwa;"SPECS22A 1; CLAD; SPECS22B 2; CLAD; SPECS22C 3; CLAD;" OUTPUT @Nwa;"LABES22A""1/8 SHORT"";" OUTPUT @Nwa;"LABES22B""3/8 SHORT"";" OUTPUT @Nwa;"LABES22C""STDXLD"";" OUTPUT @Nwa;"SPECFWDT 11; CLAD; SPECREVT 11; CLAD;" OUTPUT @Nwa;"SPECFWDM 11;...
Page 359 Programming Examples OUTPUT @Nwa;"CLASS11A;" ! Select Standard (short) GOSUB Wait_for_trig ! Wait for Bit 2 then CLEAR 716 CLEAR @Nwa OUTPUT @Nwa;"FORM3; INPURAW1;" ! Input simulated Standard data OUTPUT @Nwa_data2;Preamble,Size,Data1(*) OUTPUT @Nwa;"SIMS;" ! Input Complete OUTPUT @Nwa;"CLASS11B;" ! Select Next Standard (open) GOSUB Wait_for_trig CLEAR @Nwa OUTPUT @Nwa;"FORM3;...
Page 360 Programming Examples OUTPUT @Nwa;"CHAN2; STOR; DATARAW; DISF ""DFILE2"";" OUTPUT @Nwa;"STOR; MEMO1; DISF ""MFILE1"";" OUTPUT @Nwa;"STOR; CALK1; DISF ""KFILE1"";" OUTPUT @Nwa;"DIRE;" LOCAL @Nwa LINPUT "Directory Displayed, Press Return to Load Data",Input$ 818 Loaddisc: PRINT "Load Data From Disc" OUTPUT @Nwa;"LOAD; INSS1; DISF ""IFILE1"";" OUTPUT @Nwa;"RECA1;"...
Page 361 916 Example14: ! PRINT TO PRINTER ON 8510 SYSTEM BUS *** PRINT PRINT "Example 14, Print / Plot To 8510C System Bus" PRINT "Requires Printer and Plotter on HPIB System Bus" LINPUT "Skip This Example ? (ENTER Y or N)",Input$ IF UPC$(Input$)<>"N"...
Page 362 PRINT "Plot Label via Pass-Thru." OUTPUT @Nwa;"ADDRPASS 05;" OUTPUT @Nwa_systbus;"CS;PU;SP1;PA 2500,2500;PD;LB PASS-THRU^C;PU;SP0;" OUTPUT @Nwa;"ENTO;" LINPUT "Press Return",Input$ RETURN 942 Example15: ! PLOT USER DISPLAY USING HP-GL SUBSET (8510C) ***** 8510C: X=0-5733 Y=0-4095 946 Plot_absolute: PRINT PRINT "Example 15, User Display."...
Page 363 1009 OUTPUT @Nwa;"SINC; MENUDOMA; ENTO;" 1010 OUTPUT @Nwa_systbus;"RS;" ! measurement display on 1011 1012 LINPUT "Insert Initialized Disc in 8510C Drive: Press Return",Input$ 1013 PRINT "Store User Display to Disc." 1014 OUTPUT @Nwa;"STOIINT; STOR; USED; FILE1;" 1015 1016 LINPUT "Press Return For Measurement Display Off",Input$ 1017 OUTPUT @Nwa_systbus;"CS;"...
Page 364 1051 DRAW 3995,3995 1052 MOVE 3995,100 1053 DRAW 100,3995 1054 MOVE 1600,800 1055 LABEL "BASIC HP-GL" 1056 1057 LINPUT "Output Display To 8510C Plotter ? (ENTER Y or N)",Input$ 1058 IF UPC$(Input$)="Y" THEN 1059 OUTPUT @Nwa;"FULP; PLOTALL;" 1060 END IF 1061 1062 OUTPUT @Nwa_systbus;"PG;...
Page 365 Programming Examples 1097 LOOP 1098 OUTPUT @Nwa;"cles;" 1099 LOCAL @Nwa 1100 LINPUT "Adjust 8510C & Press Return to Read Status (E to Exit)",Input$ 1101 EXIT IF UPC$(Input$)="E" 1102 OUTPUT @Nwa;"OUTPSTAT;" ! output and clear status 1103 ENTER @Nwa_data1;Bytea,Byteb 1104 PRINT "Primary =";Bytea,"Extended =";Byteb...
Page 366 IF T1>100 THEN T1=T1-100 1208 OUTPUT @Nwa;"TINT";INT(T1);";" ! Change Color 1209 OUTPUT @Nwa;"ELED";P*N;"s;" ! Increment Delay 1210 1211 OUTPUT @Nwa;"WAIT; ENTO;" ! This WAIT insures that the 8510C updates 1212 ! the display before executing more commands 1213 GPIB Programming 13-61 www.valuetronics.com...
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Page 368 Programming Examples 1272 1273 PRINT "Read Frequency List and Data from 8510C." 1274 OUTPUT @Nwa;"FORM3; OUTPFREL;" 1275 ENTER @Nwa_data2;Preamble,Size_list,Freq_list(*) 1276 OUTPUT @Nwa;"FORM3; OUTPDATA;" 1277 ENTER @Nwa_data2;Preamble,Size,Data(*) 1278 1279 PRINT "Selected Unformatted Data from";Points;" Point Frequency List" 1280 FOR I=0 TO Points-1 STEP INT(Points/2) 1281 PRINT "Point";I+1;"...
Page 369 Programming Examples 1330 1331 DEG 1332 Again26: 1333 Finish=0 1334 Offset=0 1335 1336 LINPUT "ASCII OR FLOATING POINT? (Enter A or F)",Input$ 1337 IF UPC$(Input$)="A" THEN 1338 PRINT "Input ASCII (FORM4;) Data" 1339 GOTO Input_ascii 1340 ELSE 1341 PRINT "Input Floating Point (FORM3;) Data" 1342 END IF 1343 1344 Input_fp:...
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Page 373 Programming Examples 1563 IF Input$="1" THEN GOSUB Example1 1564 IF Input$="2" THEN GOSUB Example2 1565 IF Input$="3" THEN GOSUB Example3 1566 IF Input$="4" THEN GOSUB Example4 1567 IF Input$="5" THEN GOSUB Example5 1568 IF Input$="6" THEN GOSUB Example6 1569 IF Input$="7" THEN GOSUB Example7 1570 IF Input$="8"...
Page 374 Operator's Check and Routine Maintenance Operator's Check The following system operation checks conrm that the system is functional and ready for performance verication or operation or both. These simple checks are optional and primarily serve to establish condence in the integrity of the system. Agilent 8510 Self-Test Press the analyzer front panel TEST activator to run the self-test sequence.
Page 375 Programming Examples S-Parameter Test Set Check 1. Press (PARAMETER area) to further conrm that the system is ready for 4 S12 5 performance verication or operation. The trace should drop to the bottom graticule of the display. 2. Press (RESPONSE area). The trace should reappear near the center of the display, 4 AUTO 5 probably with a change in scale.
Page 376 Clean the LCD (for LCD only). Inspect the error terms. Note The original 8510C Display/Processor incorporated a cathode ray tube (CRT). The current design incorporates a liquid crystal display. Maintain Proper Air Flow It is necessary to maintain constant air ow in and around your analyzer system. If the...
Page 377 Programming Examples Cleaning the Test Set Rear-Panel Extensions Over a period of time, the test set rear extensions can aect the performance of the analyzer system unless they, and the corresponding bulkhead connectors they are connected to, are kept clean. Use a foam swab and alcohol to clean the rear extensions and the bulkhead connectors.
Page 378 Programming Examples Cleaning the LCD Use a soft cloth and, if necessary, a cleaning solution recommended for optical coated surfaces. Agilent part number 8500-2163 is one such solution. Deguass (Demagnetize) the Display (CRT Only) If the display becomes magnetized, or if color purity is a problem, cycle the power several times.
Page 379 Refer to the Measurement Calibration chapter for information on how to perform a full 2-port or TRL 2-port calibration. To inspect the error terms or compare them to typical values, refer to \Error Terms" in the 8510C On-Site Service Manual Operator's Check and Routine Maintenance www.valuetronics.com...
Page 380 Index annotations, adding to the screen, 6-3 aperture, 9-11 1-Port calibration, performing, 8-19 and phase slope, 9-12 1-port calibration, S11, program example, 13-22 and smoothing, 9-12 versus resolution and noise, 9-12 applying connector compensation, 8-37 35741/42 external monitor, 4-9 array, corrected data, 13-6 array, formatted data, 13-7 array, raw data, 13-6 7550B or 7550 Plus plotters, how to make them...
Page 381 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN RESUME CAL SEQUENCE 13-5 Index-2 www.valuetronics.com...
Page 382 date/time plot, 6-22 DOS and LIF disk formats, 7-3 date/time printout, 6-4 DOS disk format, changing to, 7-3 DEFAULT PEN NUMBERS softkey, 6-24 dual channel displays, 4-3 DEFAULT softkey, 5-13 dual channel mode, 4-67 DEFINE PLOT softkey, 6-23 duplicate frequency list points, eliminating, 4-71 DEFINE PRINT softkey, 6-6, 6-10, 6-12, 6-14 dwell time, 4-64 DEFINE RECEIVER softkey, 5-15...
Page 383 ow of air, 14-3 display modes, 13-22 FORM 1 data conversion, program example, dynamic array allocation, 13-10 13-22 example programs, 13-18 Form 1 data transfer format, 13-8 fast CW modes, 13-36 Form 2 data transfer format, 13-8 FORM1 data conversion, 13-22 FORM 3 and FORM 4, program example, 13-35 FORM 3 and FORM 4, 13-35 Form 3 data transfer format, 13-8...
Page 384 Group Delay, 3-2 intensity, CRT, 4-5 group delay aperture, 9-11 intensity, LCD, 4-5 and phase slope, 9-12 internal trigger, 4-68 and smoothing, 9-12 introduction to basic network measurements, versus resolution and noise, 9-12 group delay, measuring, 9-10 inverted Smith chart display format, 4-25 hard disc, initializing, 7-9 key code output, program example, 13-34 hardware state dened, 3-17...
Page 385 LO source conguration, 5-11 memory description, 3-5 memory of instrument settings, automatic, 3-15 memory, previous settings, 1-14 menu keys (in each functional group), description MACHINE DUMP softkey, 7-5 of, 1-10 magnitude oset, 4-55 menus, plotting of, 6-22 magnitude slope, 4-55 menus, printing of, 6-4 maintenance of the analyzer system, 14-3 message areas, 1-3...
Page 386 parameter functions, 4-38{47 measurement units and parameter labels, 12-6 PARAMETER, keys, 1-11 receiver calibration, 12-2 parameter, redening, 4-41 using the menu keys, 12-3 parameters, redening, program example, 13-32 power leveling, 5-9 parameters, user, 4-40 power on sequence, 2-2 pass-through mode, program example, 13-27 power, setting, 4-57 Peek/Poke, 5-23 power slope, using, 4-59...
Page 387 active function output, 13-19 receiver power cal, program examples, 13-36 caution/tell messages, reading and outputting, redene parameter, 3-10, 4-41 13-32 redene parameters, program example, 13-32 delta marker modes, 13-21 Re ection Coecient, 3-2 disk storage, 13-25 re ection measurement examples, 10-1 disk store and load, 13-37 re ection measurements display modes, 13-22 description of, 3-1...
Page 388 , 3-8, 3-9 speed comparison, step and frequency list versus key, 4-38 ramp mode, 4-63 , 3-8, 3-9 split displays key, 4-38 dual channel, 4-3 sampling details, 3-4 four parameters, 4-5 save and recall feature, added benet over SRQ, 13-16 the automatic settings memory (limited Standing Wave Ratio (SWR), 3-2 instrument state), 3-15...
Page 389 changing, 2-5, 4-64 ThinkJet printer, using, 6-13 default settings with dierent number of time/date, setting, 5-6 points, 4-64 time domain determining optimum, 4-64 advanced concepts, 11-14 measurement distortion caused by, 4-64 advantages of step sweep mode over ramp switch settings sweep mode, 11-23 HP PaintJet and PaintJet XL, 6-11 band pass mode, description, 11-3...
Page 390 uncoupling stimulus settings between channels, verication kits, 3-14 4-66 verifying your calibration, 8-29 un-deleting disk les, 7-8 video monitors, 4-9 unit number, for external disk drive, 7-9 volume number, for external disk drive, 7-9 units keys, description of, 1-8 USER DISPLAY softkey, 7-5 user atness correction, 4-60 wait not required, program example, 13-34 user graphics, plotting, program example, 13-29...
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