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Huntron Tracker 2800 User Manual

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Tracker 2800 and 2800S
User's Manual
P/N 21-2259
Rev. F
Version 1.2
January 2022
Copyright  2018 Huntron, Inc. All rights reserved.
Huntron, Tracker and SigAssist are registered trademarks of Huntron, Inc. All other names are trademarks or
registered trademarks of their respective companies.
This document may not be copied in whole or in part, or otherwise reproduced except as specifically permitted
under U.S. copyright law, without the prior written consent of Huntron, Inc.,
15720 Main Street, Suite #100, Mill Creek, WA, 98012, USA.
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  • Page 1 January 2022 Copyright  2018 Huntron, Inc. All rights reserved. Huntron, Tracker and SigAssist are registered trademarks of Huntron, Inc. All other names are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective companies. This document may not be copied in whole or in part, or otherwise reproduced except as specifically permitted under U.S.
  • Page 2 Huntron Tracker 2800/2800S, regardless of the extent of any such damage, including any special, consequential, or incidental damages of any kind.

  • Page 3: Table Of Contents

    ONFORMITY ................................10 UALITY 1-5 O ....................10 PTIONAL ORKSTATIONS OFTWARE SECTION 2 USING THE TRACKER 2800/2800S..................11 2-1 U ................11 NPACKING AND WHAT YOU NEED TO GET STARTED 2-2 G 2800/2800S ................12 ETTING STARTED WITH THE RACKER 2-3.
  • Page 4 VALUES C ............................29 ONTROLS SCAN – MODE C ..........................30 ONTROLS SCAN – TOL (T ....................... 30 OLERANCE ONTROLS SCAN – PACKAGE C 2800S) ..................... 31 ONTROLS RACKER CONTROL – SWITCH C ........................32 ONTROLS CONTROL – DIAGS C .........................

  • Page 5: Section 1 Introduction

    A Huntron Tracker 2800 is a troubleshooting instrument that is used manually to troubleshoot printed circuit boards to the component level. Throughout this manual it will be referred to as the Tracker 2800 or 2800S (where applicable). This instrument uses a troubleshooting technique called Analog Signature Analysis (ASA) for applying a current limited sine-wave voltage to an un-powered circuit or electronic component.

  • Page 6: Specifications

    You can manually connect the Tracker 2800 front panel test terminals directly to the circuit card or component that you are testing. You can automate the test process to a certain degree by connecting to boards under test via custom cabling or IC clip cables using a Tracker 2800S.

  • Page 7: Safety Information (Information Sur La Sécurité )

    ATTENTION Ce symbole est utilisé dans le manuel de l'utilisateur comme un avertissement que l'usage abusif peut entraîner des dysfonctionnements unité. Pour votre sécurité toujours suivre les instructions à côté du symbole de l'unité et dans le manuel. The Huntron Tracker 2800 conforms to the following Standards:...
  • Page 8 EN/IEC 55011 EN 61000-3-2 EN 61000-3-3 EN/IEC 61000-4-2 EN/IEC 61000-4-3 EN/IEC 61000-4-4 EN/IEC 61000-4-5 EN/IEC 61000-4-6 EN/IEC 61000-4-8 EN/IEC 61000-4-11 IEC 61010-1:2010 (Third Edition) UL 61010-1 Issued: 2012/05/11 Ed:3 CSA C22.2 No. 61010-1 Issued:2012/05/11 Ed:3 EN 61326-1: 2013 IEC 61326-1: 2012 Meets the Standard for Safety Requirements for Electrical Equipment for Measurement, Control and Laboratory Use;...

  • Page 9: Environment Conformity Quality

    Huntron wants to make sure that old Huntron products are responsibly recycled. As part of that goal, Huntron offers a trade-in for any one used Tracker or Prober when a new Tracker or Prober is purchased. All trade-in products are responsibly recycled. More information on Trade-in program go to www.huntron.com/sales-support/repairpolicy.htm.

  • Page 10: Quality

    Quality Huntron has been producing quality products and supporting customers all over the world for several decades. Our products conform to our Quality Manual. For information see our Quality Statement at www.huntron.com/corporate/docs/quality-statement.pdf. Optional Workstations Software The Tracker 2800/2800S can be used with Huntron Workstation Software.

  • Page 11: Section 2 Using The Tracker 2800/2800S

    Using the Tracker 2800/2800S Unpacking and what you need to get started To set up and use your Tracker 2800 or 2800S, you will need the following:  One set of Microprobes (Huntron MP20).  This manual (Tracker 2800/2800S User’s manual) ...

  • Page 12: Getting Started With The Tracker 2800/2800S

    14. DC Voltage Source banana jack  Connect the Tracker 2800 or 2800S to power.  Turn the Tracker 2800 ON using the front panel power switch. The “Power-up” menu will be displayed on the LCD touch screen.  Insert your Huntron Microprobes into the shrouded banana jacks marked Channel A (or Channel B) and Common as shown in Figure 2-3.

  • Page 13: Channel Selection

    2-3. Channel Selection There are two channels on the Tracker 2800 (channel A and channel B) which are selected by pressing the appropriate front panel button. When using a single channel, the red probe should be plugged into the corresponding channel test terminal and the black probe or common test lead should be plugged into the common test terminal.

  • Page 14: Alternate Mode

    Alternate Mode The Alternate (ALT) mode of the Tracker 2800 is provided to automatically switch back and forth between Channel A and Channel B. This allows easy comparison between two devices or the same points on two circuit boards. The Alternate mode is selected by pressing the ALT button on the front panel.

  • Page 15: Resistance Selection

    Figure 2-6. Selecting tolerance setting used during A vs. B comparison Resistance Selection The Tracker 2800 is designed with nine resistance ranges (10, 50 100, 500, 1k, 5k, 10k, 50k and 100k). A resistance range is selected by pressing the appropriate button on the front panel.

  • Page 16: Frequency Selection

    Here's how ASA and power-off testing works: The Tracker 2800 outputs a precision current-limited AC sine wave signal to a component and displays the resulting current flow, voltage drop and any phase shift on the internal LCD’s display. The current flow causes a vertical trace deflection on the display, while the voltage across the component causes a horizontal trace deflection.
  • Page 17 . When using ASA for troubleshooting, the objective is to select the range that will display the most descriptive Tracker signature information. The Tracker 2800 can readily accomplish this by changing the proper range parameter. The source voltage V of the test signal can be used to enhance or disregard semiconductor switching and avalanche characteristics.
  • Page 18 LCD display. When the test signal is negative, the voltage and current are negative so the trace is in the left hand side of the display. Turn on the Tracker 2800 and observe the LCD display. With nothing connected to its test terminals, ...
  • Page 19 LCD display. Connect the red microprobe to the output channel A jack on the Tracker 2800 and the black microprobe to the Common jack. Touch and hold the probes together and observe the Tracker signature on the LCD display.

  • Page 20: Four Basic Component Analog Signatures

    Refer to Fig 2-11. Each one of these basic components responds differently to the Tracker 2800's test signal. Recognizing these four basic unique signatures on the LCD display is one of the keys to successful ASA troubleshooting. When components are connected together to form a circuit, the signature at each circuit node is a composite of the basic component signatures in that circuit.

  • Page 21: Smart Tracker Active Range (Star) Feature

    2-10 Smart Tracker Active Range (STAR) feature The Tracker 2800 has a built-in operating feature called STAR (Smart Tracker Active Range). This important feature protects sensitive components from possible exposure to excessive power (for example, 15V and 10). The table 2-4 specifies the active and disabled voltage & resistance test range combinations.

  • Page 22: Dc Voltage Source

    2-11 DC Voltage Source The built-in DC voltage source of the Tracker 2800 allows in-circuit testing of certain devices in their active mode. In addition to using the red and black probes, the output of the DC voltage source is connected to the control input of the device to be tested with the blue clip lead provided.

  • Page 23: Scanning With A Tracker 2800S

    2-12 Scanning with a Tracker 2800S The Tracker 2800S is a scanning version of the Tracker 2800. It can automatically scan and compare up to 40 pins using standard IDC connections on the front panel. Common uses for scanning include connecting to PCB connectors and IC clips using custom ribbon cables.
  • Page 24 pins to be scanned. Press the PINS button to return to the PACKAGE menu. Press the SINGLE button to toggle (bottom right image in figure 2-14) between SINGLE (single pass then stop), LOOP (continuous scan) or STOP (stop on failure). Press SCAN Press PACKAGE Configure Package...

  • Page 25: Auxiliary (Aux) Connector Description

    Use  and  to select the Scan mode Press the SCAN button Press the MODE button Figure 2-15. Selecting range parameter used while scanning Press the MENU button until the power-up menu is reach (the signature will become live at this point). Pressing the SCAN button will now scan through the component pins using the range parameter selected in the Scan MODE menu.

  • Page 26: Using The Optional Footswitch With The Tracker 2800/2800S

    2-14 Using the Optional Footswitch with the Tracker 2800/2800S An optional footswitch (Huntron part number 98-0314) is available for controlling certain functions of the Tracker 2800. It connects to the auxiliary port located on the Tracker back panel. Figure 2-17...

  • Page 27: Tracker 2800/2800S Touch Screen Menus

    Tracker to this range). This is useful for changing to a favorite range by simply pressing the footswitch. 2-15 Tracker 2800/2800S Touch Screen Menus The Tracker 2800/2800S utilizes a color LCD touch screen menu system for configuring operation of the Tracker 2800/2800S. Default Power-up menu and Full Screen Signature mode Shown in figure 2-19 are the factory default power-up menu (left image) and the full screen signature screen mode (right image).

  • Page 28: Pin Controls (Tracker 2800S)

    Figure 2-20 DC Voltage Source menu controls Press the DC button to return to the power-up screen. PIN Controls (Tracker 2800S) Stepping through individual pins with the Tracker 2800S is accomplished using the touch screen PIN controls. Press the PIN button on the power-up menu to display the Pin controls as shown in figure 2- 21.

  • Page 29: Values Controls

    Figure 2-22 RATE Controls menu Press the RATE button to return to the power-up menu. VALUES Controls The VALUES function allows you display on-screen parameters such as channel, tolerance, DC Voltage level and pin number (2800S) plus SigAssist values such as capacitance value, resistance value, forward breakdown voltage and reverse breakdown voltage.

  • Page 30: Scan - Mode Controls

    SCAN – MODE Controls The SCAN – MODE controls how the Tracker will step through a selected range parameter when the Scan mode is started by pressing the SCAN front panel button. The SCAN mode can step through voltage (VOL), resistance (RES), frequency (FREQ) or NONE. To set the SCAN mode, press the MENU front panel button to display the Main menu (left image in figure 2-24).

  • Page 31: Scan - Package Controls (Tracker 2800S)

    SCAN – PACKAGE Controls (Tracker 2800S) When scanning with a Tracker 2800S, it is possible to configure the pin counting order used on the front panel cable connections. Depending on the type of component that is connected to during scanning, the package type and number of pins will need to be configured. To configure the scan package type press the Menu front panel button to display the Main menu (first image in figure 2-27).

  • Page 32: Control - Switch Controls

    CONTROL – SWITCH Controls The CONTROL – SWITCH menu controls the function of the optional footswitch when used with the Tracker 2800. To configure the footswitch control press the front panel MENU button to display the Main menu on the LCD (left image in figure 2-28). Press the CONTROL button on the LCD to display the Control menu (image second from left in figure 2-28).

  • Page 33: Control - Diags Controls

    CONTROL – DIAGS Controls The Tracker 2800/2800S has built-in diagnostics to ensure that the unit is functioning properly. The diagnostics can be accessed through the touch screen menus. To access the diagnostics menus, press the MENU front panel button to display the Main menu. Press the CONTROL button (left image in figure 2-29) to display the Control menu.
  • Page 34 If any diagnostic routines fail, ensure that any cables attached to the front panel are removed and run the diagnostics again. If failures continue to occur then contact Huntron Technical Support for assistance. In the Diagnostics menu, pressing DEFAULT will set the Tracker touch screen menus to the factory default settings.

  • Page 35: Control - 2000 Mode

    CONTROL – 2000 Mode The Tracker 2800/2800S can be set to display three of the ranges used with the popular Tracker 2000. To enable 2000 mode, press the 2000 button in the Control menu. The display will change to the Tracker 2000 ranges as shown in figure 2-32.

  • Page 36: Testing Passive Components

    SECTION 3 TESTING PASSIVE COMPONENTS 3-1. RESISTORS Exploring how the Tracker 2800 ranges interact with different resistance values is a good introduction on how basic ASA troubleshooting is applied. This section will briefly familiarize you with Tracker 2800 basic operation and teach you how resistor signatures relate to both test range and the resistance of the circuit under test.
  • Page 37 To display the analog signature of a resistor: 1. Select the Tracker tab of the Signature pane of the Huntron Workstation Software. 2. Select the 50 ohm range by clicking the Resistance dropdown button and selecting 50. 3. Place or clip a test lead on the opposite ends of a resistor and observe the signature.
  • Page 38 50 . This limit on range parameter combinations is a result above 10V because R of the Tracker 2800's STAR feature. It protects components from possible excessive power levels. In order to set V to a higher voltage, you must change R to a higher value first.
  • Page 39 The Effect of F on Resistor Analog Signatures. Select the 10V, 50 and 20Hz range. Change the Frequency to 60Hz, 1KHz and 2KHz. Observe the resistor signatures in the following figures do not change as F changes. Fs = 20 Hz Fs = 60 Hz Fs = 1KHz Fs = 2KHz...
  • Page 40  The Tracker 2800’s ability to determine the approximate fault resistance value greatly enhances the troubleshooting capability if the correct value is known.  The Tracker 2800 can be used to adjust a potentiometer in circuit to an approximate operational setting. This application requires a known good board. Adjust each potentiometer on the board under repair to match the settings on a known good operational board.

  • Page 41: Capacitors

    3-2. CAPACITORS With a capacitor connected to the Tracker 2800, the test signal across it responds quite differently than a resistor. The typical analog signature of a capacitor is an elliptical or circular pattern due to the fact that relationship between the test signal's current and voltage are non-linear. The current's waveform is 90 degrees out of phase with respect to the voltage.
  • Page 42 The device to be tested must have all power turned off and have all high voltage capacitors discharged before connecting the Tracker 2800 to the device. Do the following to display the analog signature of a capacitor: 1. Select the 10V, 50 and 60Hz range 2.
  • Page 43 has a signature that looks similar to an open circuit. And likewise, the same capacitor at a high frequency has a signature that's similar to a short circuit. Effect of Changing Frequency on a 0.1F Capacitor Select 10V, 1K and 20Hz. Then select 60Hz, 500Hz and 2KHz. = 20 Hz = 60 Hz = 500 Hz...
  • Page 44 Figure 3-13. Tracker 2800 Core Circuit Block Diagram with a Capacitor. The Huntron Workstation Software displays the Tracker 2800 signature as a response to its test signal, an analog signature that represents the relationship between voltage, current and resistance of a component.
  • Page 45 : As the frequency of the test signal increases, the capacitive reactance X will decrease and the amount of current in the circuit will increase. On the Tracker 2800, the elliptical signature will become increasingly vertical that implies more current flow.
  • Page 46 As you can see from the two previous examples, adding resistance in parallel to a capacitor distorts the normal signature with a diagonal bend to it. This is our first look at a composite signature, the kind of signature the Tracker 2800 displays when there are several components connected together in a circuit. Review ...
  • Page 47 Applications  The Tracker 2800 can locate defective capacitors in or out of circuit. The ranges cover 100 pF to 15,000 F.  When analyzing a capacitor's signature, adjust the Tracker 2800's R and F for the most pronounced ellipse.

  • Page 48: Inductors

    3-3. INDUCTORS Inductors, like capacitors, have elliptical analog signatures and respond to Tracker 2800's test signal non-linearly. Also like capacitors, an inductor's reactance (resistance to an AC test signal) is dependent on the test signal's frequency. Because of the way they are constructed using wire with some amount of resistance in it, it is hard to find a pure inductance.
  • Page 49 Effect of Frequency Changes on Inductive Signatures Select 10V, 50, 60Hz. Then Select 1KHz and 2KHz. = 60 Hz = 1KHz = 2KHz Figure 3-18. Effect of varied F on 12,000 µH Inductor Signatures. Note that the signature changes from a vertical position to a horizontal position as the frequency increases.
  • Page 50 Figure 3-20. Effect of Varying R on 12,000 µH Inductor Signatures. Note that the signature changes from a horizontal to a vertical position as the Tracker 2800's internal resistance R increases. This means the inductor's resistance can be analyzed by matching it with the Tracker 2800's test signal resistance.
  • Page 51 Since inductors in reality are not pure inductors, the elliptical signatures they form on the Tracker 2800 display usually is distorted. Inductors constructed with a ferrite core makes the inductive characteristics different from those constructed without. The Tracker 2800 responds with a unique analog signature for each inductor type.
  • Page 52 With this technique, we have just verified the AC cord, the AC noise filter, the fuse, the power switch and the primary winding of the transformer, without removing the cover from the computer.  Another simple test for a speaker or microphone is to apply the Tracker 2800 signal in V = 10 V, = 50 , F...

  • Page 53: Electromechanical Switching Components

    A mechanical switch has two states: it is either open or closed. When open, no current can flow; when closed, it acts as a short and allows current to flow. The Tracker 2800 can test the switching function of mechanically activated switches easily. Unlike the DVM that samples and gives a continuity measurement, the Tracker 2800 displays real time activity so if a switch has noisy, resistive or intermittent operation, its analog signature on Tracker 2800's display will reflect these conditions.
  • Page 54 A relay is a switch that's activated by an electrical control input. The relay consists of switch contacts, magnets and an electromagnetic coil. The Tracker 2800 can test the coil part of the relay by looking at its inductive analog signature.
  • Page 55 Figure 3-25. Using the Tracker 2800 DC Voltage Source for Relay Testing Review  The Tracker 2800 can test switches in real time. This makes an excellent test for microswitches, power switches, control switches, pressure and heat sensor switches.  As the mechanical switch closes, watch for erratic or discontinuous signature. Switch bounce will...

  • Page 56: Section 4 Testing Discrete Semiconductors

    SECTION 4 TESTING DISCRETE SEMICONDUCTORS 4-1. DIODES The most basic type of solid state semiconductor component is the diode. Diodes are formed by creating a junction between p-type and n-type semiconductor material. The pn junction gives diodes and semiconductor components polarity characteristics that allow them to conduct current when an external voltage is applied.
  • Page 57 1. Select 50, 10V and 60Hz. 2. Place or clip the red test lead from the Tracker 2800's Channel A jack to anode lead of the diode. 3. Place or clip the black test lead from the Tracker 2800's Common jack to anode lead of the diode.
  • Page 58 2KHz Figure 4-4. Signature of a 1N914 Diode at Different Frequencies at 3V and 50. Effects of Changing Resistance on Diode Signatures Changing Tracker 2800's internal resistance R moves the vertical knee portion of the diode's analog signature. As R increases, the knee of the signature moves inward toward the origin.
  • Page 59 When multiple components are connected together, it's important to realize that the Tracker 2800 has the ability to selectively display the signature of a single component.
  • Page 60 Again, when multiple components are connected together, it's important to realize that the Tracker 2800 has the ability to selectively display the signature of a single component.
  • Page 61 Internal Resistance Fault in a Diode Figure 4-11. Defective Diode Model with a Small Series Resistor. 50 10V 1K 15V 20K, 20V Figure 4-12. Defective Diode Signature with a 50  Series Resistor. The 50 range shows that there is a resistive component to the signature when the diode is conducting. This is the result of a defect in the diode's internal PN junction.
  • Page 62 50 10V 1K 15V 50K, 20V Figure 4-14. Signature of A 1N914Diode With Internal Leakage (10K In Parallel). Notice that in the 50range, there does not seem to be a problem. In the 1Kand10K ranges, you can see the diode conducting when it should be acting like an open. This is called leakage. The diode acts like a diode when it is forward biased.
  • Page 63  Diode defects, other than opens and shorts, are usually resistive.  A diode in series or parallel with a resistor or capacitor will create a composite signature displaying both characteristics. The Tracker 2800 makes it easier to separate these characteristics from composite signatures using the three parameters F and V ...
  • Page 64  The Tracker 2800 can be used to identify an unknown zener diode. If the zener diode is damaged, locate a good one, possibly on another board or in the same circuit and use the Tracker 2800 to approximate the voltage.

  • Page 65: Transistors

    4-2. TRANSISTORS A bipolar transistor is a three layer device. There are two basic types. A PNP transistor has a layer of n-type silicon material sandwiched between two layers of p-type material. An NPN transistor has a layer of p-type silicon material sandwiched between two layers of n-type material. Figure 4-18 shows the relationship between type of material and circuit symbol for a PNP and an NPN transistor.
  • Page 66 Do the following to display the analog signatures of a bipolar transistor: 1. Select the 1K and 15V. 2. Place or clip the red test lead from the Tracker 2800's Channel A jack to collector lead of the transistor. 3. Place or clip the black test lead from the Tracker 2800's Common jack to base lead of the...
  • Page 67 Diode 1N914 PNP 2N3906 NPN PN2222A Figure 4-20. Signatures of a Diode and Collector-Base of Transistors at 1K and 15V. Notice that the collector-base signature of a NPN transistor is identical to the signature of diode. The collector-base signature of a PNP transistor, which has opposite polarity from a NPN, looks similar to a diode with its polarity reversed.
  • Page 68 Sometimes, we need to identify unknown transistors. We may need to replace one in a circuit for which we do not have a schematic. The Tracker 2800 makes this a relatively simple procedure because each type of junction has a characteristic signature. This makes it possible to identify each of the terminals and the polarity of the transistor.
  • Page 69 8. Now that you know that pin 2 of the unknown transistor is the collector. Place the black probe to the base on pin 1 and move the red probe to the emitter on pin 3. A base to emitter signature will be displayed.
  • Page 70  The Tracker 2800 can be used to determine the type of transistor; bipolar, Darlington, FET, etc.  The Tracker 2800 can be used to identify the polarity of a transistor (PNP or NPN).

  • Page 71: Solid State Switching Components

    Do the following to display the analog signature of a phototransistor: 1. Select the 1K and 15V. 2. Place or clip the red test lead from the Tracker 2800's Channel A jack to collector lead of the component. 3. Place or clip the black test lead from the Tracker 2800's Common jack to emitter lead of the component.
  • Page 72 Do the following to display the analog signature of a SCR: 1. Select the 20V, 10K and 60Hz. 2. Place or clip the red test probe from the Tracker 2800's Channel A jack to gate lead (G) of the component.
  • Page 73 Anode-Cathode Figure 4-31. Signatures of a SCR - C106B Type at 20V and 10K. 8. Connect the Tracker 2800 DC Voltage Source to the Gate. Increase the DC Voltage Source level while observing the anode-cathode signature. Using the arrows buttons to increase/decrease the DC voltage level Figure 4-32.

  • Page 74: Section 5 Testing Integrated Circuits

    This can make troubleshooting easier by giving us an easy-to-find signature to use as a comparison. In this section, it is important to understand how the Tracker 2800 and ASA respond to these circuits. Integrated Circuit Failures A functioning IC may stop working for a number of reasons.
  • Page 75 74LS245 is pin 10. 3. Use the red test lead from the Tracker 2800's Channel A jack. Probe each pin of the IC and view its signature on Tracker 2800's signature display. For this example, pins 2 to 9 and 11 to 18 are all...
  • Page 76 4. Use the red test lead from the Tracker 2800's Signal jack. Probe the enable input pins of the IC and view their signatures on the signature display. For this example, the enable pins of the 74LS245 are pin 1 and 19 and will have the same signatures. (Note: This is only for ICs out of circuit.) 5.
  • Page 77 Pin 1 input Pin 2 output Pin 14 power 20V, 10K, 200Hz 20V, 10K, 200Hz 10V, 100, 200Hz Figure 5-4. Signatures of a 7404 Hex Inverter. Pin 1 input Pin 2 output Pin 14 power 20V, 10K, 200Hz 20V, 10K, 200Hz 10V, 100...
  • Page 78 74HC14 is pin 7. 3. Use the red test lead from the Tracker 2800's Signal jack and probe each pin of the IC. For this example, pins 1, 3, 5, 9, 11, and 13 are all input buffer circuits so they will have identical signatures.
  • Page 79 ICs or the board’s ground pin. 3. Place or clip the red test lead from the Tracker 2800's Channel A test terminal to the reference or known good IC's pin. For this example, start with pin 1 of the known good IC.
  • Page 80  Integrated circuits are complex devices that are built using basic electronic components.  The IC signatures resemble zener diodes.  There are many causes for IC failures and the Tracker 2800 can display its "health" as resistive leakage, an open or a short.

  • Page 81: Analog Circuits

    1. Select the 1K, 15V, 60Hz. 2. Place or clip the black test lead from the Tracker 2800's Common jack to the IC's ground or a power supply pin. For this example, the negative power supply pin of the 741 is pin 4 and the positive power supply is pin 8.
  • Page 82 The op amp has three main terminals; + input, - input and output. An alternative way to perform ASA on the op amp is to connect Tracker 2800's Common terminal to the op amp's output while making a comparison with the red test probe to the “ + ” and then the “ - ” leg. This eliminates problems encountered when probing op-amps that are isolated from power and common.
  • Page 83 Linear Voltage Regulators Voltage regulators are commonly found in many electronic assemblies. Some of the most popular integrated circuits of this type are three terminal devices like the 7805, a +5 volt DC regulator. The next figure shows the schematic and pin layout of the 7805 regulator. Different manufacturers implement their products with different topologies and manufacturing processes.
  • Page 84  The IC signatures resemble zener diodes.  There are many causes for IC failures and the Tracker 2800 can display its "health" as resistive leakage, an open or a short.  Functionally identical pins on a single IC out-of-circuit will display the same signature.

  • Page 85: Low Voltage

    74LVQ245 is pin 10. 3. Use the red test lead from the Tracker 2800's Channel A jack and probe each pin of the IC. For this example, pins 2 to 9 and 11 to 18 are all buffer circuits so they will have identical signatures.
  • Page 86  Integrated circuits are complex devices that are built using basic electronic components.  The IC signatures resemble regular and zener diode signatures.  There are many causes for IC failures and the Tracker 2800 can display its "health" as resistive leakage, an open or a short.

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