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Waters P200X Overview And Maintenance Manual

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P200X High-Pressure Pump
Overview and Maintenance Guide
715005524
Copyright © Waters Corporation 2017
Revision A
All rights reserved

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Summary of Contents for Waters P200X

  • Page 1 P200X High-Pressure Pump Overview and Maintenance Guide 715005524 Copyright © Waters Corporation 2017 Revision A All rights reserved...

  • Page 2: General Information

    This document is believed to be complete and accurate at the time of publication. In no event shall Waters Corporation be liable for incidental or consequential damages in connection with, or arising from, its use. For the most recent revision of this document, consult the Waters website (waters.com).

  • Page 3: Contacting Waters

    Contacting Waters Contact Waters with enhancement requests or technical questions regarding the use, transportation, removal, or disposal of any Waters product. You can reach us via the Internet, telephone, fax, or conventional mail. Waters contact information Contacting medium Information Internet The Waters Web site includes contact information for Waters locations worldwide.

  • Page 4: Safety Hazard Symbol Notice

    To avoid electric shock, observe these precautions: • Use SVT-type power cords in the United States and HAR-type power cords, or better, in Europe. For requirements elsewhere, contact your local Waters distributor. • Inspect the power cords for damage, and replace them, if necessary.

  • Page 5: Safety Advisories

    Safety advisories Consult the "Safety advisories" appendix in this publication for a comprehensive list of warning advisories and notices. Safety hazard symbol notice Documentation needs to be consulted in all cases where the symbol is used to find out the nature of the potential hazard and any actions which have to be taken.

  • Page 6: Audience And Purpose

    Part number, catalog number Audience and purpose This guide is intended for individuals who install, operate, or maintain the P200X high-pressure pump. It gives an overview of the technology and operation of the P200X. Intended use of the P200X high-pressure pump Waters designed the P200X high-pressure pump for use in supercritical fluid chromatography and supercritical fluid extraction applications.

  • Page 7: Table Of Contents

    1.1 Theory of operation ........................10 1.2 Major components......................... 10 1.3 Handheld terminal ......................... 12 2 Installation.........................14 2.1 General precautions........................14 2.1.1 Tubing..........................14 2.2 Installing the P200X pump with a CO₂ supply source..............14 2.2.1 Installing a new CO tank ....................19 July 18, 2017, 715005524 Rev. A Page vii...
  • Page 8 2.2.2 Cooling temperature effect on CO pump efficiency ............21 2.3 Installing the P200X pump with a solvent supply source .............. 21 2.3.1 Cavitation..........................24 2.3.2 Outgassing........................... 24 2.3.3 Approved solvents ....................... 24 3 Preparation and operation ..................25 3.1 Operating the P200X pump under PC control................25 3.2 Starting handheld terminal control of the P200X................
  • Page 9 5.6.3 Reinstalling the pump head block..................52 5.7 Replacing the P-200, P200X, or P-350 pump's rupture disc............57 5.8 Cleaning the exterior of the equipment ..................60 6 Troubleshooting .......................61 A Safety advisories .....................64 A.1 Warning symbols .......................... 64 A.1.1 Specific warnings ........................ 65 A.2 Notices............................66 A.3 Bottles Prohibited symbol ......................66 A.4 Required protection ........................

  • Page 10: Overview

    Overview 1.1 Theory of operation The P200X pump is a high-pressure pump that incorporates a low dead volume head and check valves to provide efficient pumping of CO and many solvents. As the pump piston moves back to refill the chamber, the lower check valve opens to allow fluid to flow into the chamber, and the upper check valve closes to prevent system fluid from entering the chamber.
  • Page 11 Figure 1–1: Front view X Pump Outlet manifold connections Pressure transducer Chiller tubing connections Outlet valve and rupture disc outlet Inlet manifold connection Power LED Enabled LED Pressure gauge July 18, 2017, 715005524 Rev. A Page 11...

  • Page 12: Handheld Terminal

    Figure 1–2: Rear view Toggles the external inlet solenoid switch, which controls the CO flow into the pump. On/off switch Fuse holder door Power input Flow meter cable connector RS-232 cable connector 1.3 Handheld terminal You can use the handheld terminal to make changes to the module. July 18, 2017, 715005524 Rev.
  • Page 13 Figure 1–3: Handheld terminal The handheld terminal has a 45-key keypad and a backlit 4 × 20 character display. It functions in two modes: • Operation mode – to set and modify pressure, flow, and alarm parameters. • Configure mode – to modify computer communication settings, perform calibrations, and set general operating conditions.

  • Page 14: Installation

    • Cooling fluid from the cooling water bath must be circulated through the pump heads and cooling heat exchanger. • Install a filter directly upstream of the P200X to capture any solids that may have formed. Waters recommends the use of a filter with a large surface area and a 5-µm porosity to prevent a pressure drop.
  • Page 15 • 7/16-inch open-end wrench To install the P200X pump with a CO supply source: If you are not installing the P200X pump on a system cart, place the pump on a workbench capable of safely supporting 46 kg (100 pounds). Locate the CO tank as close to the pump as possible.
  • Page 16 Recommendation: Waters recommends using tubing with 0.020 wall thickness and 0.125 OD to connect the CO tank outlet to the pump inlet. Using smaller tubing can restrict the flow and degrade pumping efficiency.
  • Page 17 Figure 2–2: Location of chiller tubing fittings X Pump Chiller tubing fittings Connect the cooling bath outlet tubing to the remaining chiller tubing fitting. Notice: To avoid damage to the sapphire pistons resulting from ice formation in the pump heads, do not set the cooling bath temperature below 3 °C. 10.
  • Page 18 RS-232 connector 12. Connect the power cord from the rear of the pump to an appropriate power source and turn on the pump. Note: The terminal completes a self test and its initialization routine, and displays the main menu. 13. Press F2 to program the control values to run the pump. 14.

  • Page 19: Installing A New Co Tank

    To avoid injury from tubing that bursts under high pressure, use only tubing that can suitably withstand the highest pressure the system can generate. If you are unsure about the pressure rating of a particular type of tubing, contact your Waters service representative for assistance.
  • Page 20 Figure 2–4: CO tank secured with safety strapping tank Safety strapping Tip: To prevent debris from entering the CO tank valve, do not move tank without the protective cap in place over the valve. Remove the protective cap and wrap (if present) from the replacement CO tank valve.

  • Page 21: Cooling Temperature Effect On Co Pump Efficiency

    To install the P200X pump with a solvent supply source: Place the P200X pump on a workbench capable of safely supporting 46 kg (100 pounds). Place the solvent supply reservoir at the same level as the pump or slightly above the pump inlet.
  • Page 22 Figure 2–6: Location of pump inlet X Pump Pump inlet Connect the tubing to the pump inlet, and then place the filter-end of the tubing into the solvent supply reservoir, ensuring that the entire filter is submerged in the solvent. Requirement: Use the shortest tubing length practical, with the largest ID, for the pump inlet connection.
  • Page 23 Figure 2–7: Location of RS-232 connector RS-232 connector Connect the power cord from the rear of the pump to an appropriate power source and turn on the pump. Note: The terminal completes a self test and its initialization routine, and displays the main menu.

  • Page 24: Cavitation

    2.3.1 Cavitation Cavitation occurs when the inlet to the pump restricts the flow of solvent during the fill stroke and causes vapor bubbles to form. You can prevent this situation by reducing or eliminating restrictions in the inlet lines. Typical restrictions are kinks or crimps in the tubing, small ID tubing, long lengths of tubing, clogged inlet filters, or placement of the solvent reservoir below the pump.

  • Page 25: Preparation And Operation

    Preparation and operation 3.1 Operating the P200X pump under PC control The P200X pump can operate under the control of a PC as part of a system. For information on configuring and operating the P200X with a PC, see the online Help.
  • Page 26 Table 3–1: Operate menu functions (continued) Function Ends control mode. Tip: When control mode ends, the pump pressure slowly drops. July 18, 2017, 715005524 Rev. A Page 26...

  • Page 27: Setup And Configuration

    Setup and configuration 4.1 Setting the alarm high-pressure set point To set the alarm high-pressure set point: From the Operate menu, press F1. Alternative: From the Configuration menu, press F1. In the alarm set point screen, type the pressure set point, in bar, at which an alarm is triggered, and then press ENTER.

  • Page 28: Setting Up Rpm Control Mode

    Configures the controller section of the personality board. 4.5.1 Setting up the pump's control function Use the "Profile Setup" option to set up the P200X pump's control function. The pump can be operated in the pressure, flow, or RPM control modes.
  • Page 29 To set up the pump's control function: From the Configuration menu, press F2. In the Ctrl ID screen, type the pump's profile letter, and then press ENTER. Tips: • You can set up to five profiles for the pump. • Valid profile letters are A, B, C, D, and E. •...
  • Page 30 • When running in the pressure control mode, if the pump overshoots the set point and continues to run with the pressure increasing for a long period of time, the integral gain or maxsum values may be set too high. •...
  • Page 31 • Some sensors may not output valid results below a certain point. • When the sensor input is below the threshold, the pump uses an equation to determine the correct speed. 10. In the Eq Factor screen, type the factor on which the pump speed will be calculated, and then press ENTER.

  • Page 32: Configuring The Digital And Analog Alarms

    4.5.2 Configuring the digital and analog alarms Use the "Digital and Analog Alarms" setup options to configure the alarms for the controller section of the P200X pump's personality board. To configure the digital and analog alarms: From the Configuration menu, press A.

  • Page 33: Defining The Pc Communication Port

    To define the analog sensor channels: From the Configuration menu, press S. In the Name screen, type the names of the analog channels, and then press ENTER. Name the channels as shown in the table below: Channel Name PRES FLOW TEMP TEMP In the Unit screen, type the units of the analog channels, and then press ENTER.

  • Page 34: Configuring The Personality Board's Controller Section

    Restriction: You must set the address to 15. If the address is set to any other value, the personality board's controller section will not initialize and the P200X pump will not operate. In the UB Err screen, type 255, and then press ENTER.

  • Page 35: Maintenance

    As necessary dampened with water 5.2 Spare parts To ensure that your system operates as designed, use only Waters Quality Parts. Visit www.waters.com/wqp for information about Waters Quality Parts, including how to order them. 5.3 Servicing the fan air filter Required tools and materials •...
  • Page 36 Figure 5–1: Removing fan air filter holder Fan air filter holder Remove the air filter from the holder. Figure 5–2: Removing air filter from holder Air filter Filter holder Do one of the following: July 18, 2017, 715005524 Rev. A Page 36...

  • Page 37: Replacing The Fuse

    The fuse protects both the operator and the equipment. Fuse failure is, under normal conditions, an extremely rare occurrence. A fuse that regularly opens indicates a probable fault in the component and must be investigated. Contact Waters Technical Service for assistance.

  • Page 38: Replacing The P200X Pump's Inlet And Outlet Check Valves

    Connect the power cord to the rear panel power-entry module. Power-on the module. 5.5 Replacing the P200X pump's inlet and outlet check valves The inlet check valves on the bottom of the pump heads allow flow into the heads as the piston retracts.
  • Page 39 Location of outlet check valves Location of inlet check valves The P200X pump has a mass flow rate of approximately 1.0 to 1.25 times its RPM. Proportionately, the typical P200X pump RPM is approximately 1.0 to 1.25 times its mass flow rate.

  • Page 40: Replacing The Inlet Check Valves

    Warning: Observe Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) at all times, particularly when working with hazardous materials. Consult the Material Safety Data Sheets regarding the solvents you use. Additionally, consult the safety representative for your organization regarding its protocols for handling such materials. Notice: To avoid contaminating system components, wear clean, chemical-resistant, powder-free gloves when performing this procedure.
  • Page 41 Requirement: Wear clean, chemical-resistant, powder-free gloves when performing this procedure. Requirement: Use eye protection when performing this procedure. Note: It is not necessary to remove the pump head block when replacing the inlet check valves. Required tools and materials • Chemical-resistant, powder-free gloves •...

  • Page 42: Replacing The Outlet Check Valves

    Figure 5–6: Location of inlet check valves Inlet check valves Use the lint-free cloth to clean the inlet manifold screws, and then spray them with PTFE lubricant. Install each new check valve with the arrow pointing toward the pump head. Figure 5–7: Installing new inlet check valve Inlet check valve Arrow pointing toward pump head...
  • Page 43 Notice: To avoid contaminating system components, wear clean, chemical-resistant, powder-free gloves when performing this procedure. Warning: To avoid eye injury, use eye protection when performing this procedure. Requirement: Wear clean, chemical-resistant, powder-free gloves when performing this procedure. Requirement: Use eye protection when performing this procedure. Note: It is not necessary to remove the pump head block when replacing the outlet check valves.
  • Page 44 Use the needle-nose pliers or a bent paper clip to remove the check valve from the manifold. Tip: To remove the check valve with a paper clip, insert the paper clip into the hole in the check valve and lift the valve out of the pocket. Figure 5–9: Outlet check valves Outlet check valves Use the lint-free cloth to clean the manifold screws, and then spray them with PTFE...

  • Page 45: Replacing The P200X Pump's Piston Seals

    CO pump from leaking CO Tip: Waters does not recommend Dimethyl formamide (DMF) and Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) for use with GFPM seals. Requirement: Always replace the backup ring when replacing the piston seal.

  • Page 46: Removing The Pump Head Block

    Removing the pump head block. Replacing the piston seals. Reinstalling the pump head block. 5.6.1 Removing the pump head block Warning: Observe Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) at all times, particularly when working with hazardous materials. Consult the Material Safety Data Sheets regarding the solvents you use.
  • Page 47 Figure 5–11: Location of pump inlet X Pump Pump inlet Use the 7/16-inch open-end wrench to disconnect the tubing from the top of the outlet manifold. Figure 5–12: Location of outlet tubing fittings X Pump Tubing fitting on top of outlet manifold July 18, 2017, 715005524 Rev.
  • Page 48 Tubing fitting on pressure transducer Tubing fitting on right side of outlet manifold Tubing fitting on outlet valve Use the 3/8-inch open-end wrench to disconnect the other end of the tubing from the pressure transducer. Use the 7/16-inch open-end wrench to disconnect the tubing from the right side of the outlet manifold.

  • Page 49: Replacing The Piston Seals

    Figure 5–14: Location of screws that secure head assembly to front of pump X Pump 3/16-inch hex screws 3/16-inch hex screws Notice: To avoid adhesive wear between the screws, head assembly, and front of the pump, ensure that you lubricate the screws with PTFE spray. 10.
  • Page 50 Requirement: Wear clean, chemical-resistant, powder-free gloves when performing this procedure. Requirement: Use eye protection when performing this procedure. Required tools and materials • Chemical-resistant, powder-free gloves • Protective eyewear • #2 Phillips screwdriver • Pump piston seal service kit designated for the P-Series model pump To replace the piston seals: Using the #2 Phillips screwdriver, remove the four screws that secure one of the retainer plates to the rear of the pump head, and then remove the plate.
  • Page 51 Figure 5–16: Location of piston spring seal and backup ring Piston spring seal Backup ring Figure 5–17: Backup ring and piston spring seal Backup ring Piston spring seal Using the #2 Phillips screwdriver, secure the retainer plates to the rear of the pump head with the four screws you removed earlier.

  • Page 52: Reinstalling The Pump Head Block

    5.6.3 Reinstalling the pump head block Warning: Observe Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) at all times, particularly when working with hazardous materials. Consult the Material Safety Data Sheets regarding the solvents you use. Additionally, consult the safety representative for your organization regarding its protocols for handling such materials. Notice: To avoid contaminating system components, wear clean, chemical-resistant, powder-free gloves when performing this procedure.
  • Page 53 Tip: When the sapphire piston shafts enter the seals, some resistance is normal. Exerting firm, controlled pressure on the pump head while sliding it back onto the rear housing solves this issue. Alignment pins Sapphire piston shafts Insert the cleaned and lubricated pump head screws and tighten them finger-tight. July 18, 2017, 715005524 Rev.
  • Page 54 Figure 5–18: Location of screws that secure head assembly to front of pump X Pump 3/16-inch hex screws 3/16-inch hex screws Verify that the front pump head is flush with the rear housing. Use the 3/16-inch hex wrench to tighten the pump head screws, starting in the center and working toward the outside, alternating upper and lower screws, until the screws are snug.
  • Page 55 Figure 5–19: Fittings on right side of manifold and outlet valve X Pump Fitting on right side of outlet manifold Fitting on outlet valve Use the 3/8-inch open-end wrench to reconnect the tubing to the pressure transducer. 10. Use the 7/16-inch open-end wrench to reconnect the tubing to the top of the outlet manifold.
  • Page 56 Fitting on top of outlet manifold Fitting on pressure transducer 11. If you removed the chiller inlet and outlet tubing, reconnect it and secure it with cable ties. Figure 5–21: Location of chiller tubing fittings X Pump Chiller tubing fittings 12.

  • Page 57: Replacing The P-200, P200X, Or P-350 Pump's Rupture Disc

    ABPR pressure readings are within +/- 1.5 bar. If the readings are outside this tolerance, contact your Waters service representative to request pump calibration service. • For the P-Series pump that functions as the co-solvent pump, use the appropriate MV valve to prime the pump, start a solvent flow, and inspect the pump for leaks.
  • Page 58 • Improperly calibrated pressure transducer • Operating the pump with the outlet valve closed • Running the pump with incorrect control parameters • Using an incorrect rupture disc Warning: To avoid injury from a bursting rupture disc, do not replace a rupture disc with one that is not prescribed for use with the pump, particularly one whose burst rating is higher than that specified for the pump.
  • Page 59 To replace a burst rupture disc: Warning: To avoid injury from a burst outlet valve, do not completely close the valve before performing this procedure. Use the 13/16-inch open-end wrench and the 1-inch open-end wrench as backup to loosen and remove the disc-retainer nut from the housing. Figure 5–23: Rupture disc rating tag and retainer nut Rupture-disc rating tag Disc-retainer nut...

  • Page 60: Cleaning The Exterior Of The Equipment

    Replacement disc Disc retainer Use your finger to slide the holder and disc into the housing, disc-first with the dome side facing inward (downstream or towards the outdoor vent), and carefully thread the disc- retainer nut into the housing. Use the calibrated torque wrench and the 1-inch open-end wrench to tighten the disc- retainer nut and housing to 15 ft/lbs.

  • Page 61: Troubleshooting

    Troubleshooting The table below lists possible pump symptoms, their causes, and corrective actions. Important: Corrective actions denoted by an asterisk (*) should only be replaced by a Waters Technical Service representative. Symptom Possible cause Corrective action Unable to achieve Incorrect PID values...
  • Page 62 Symptom Possible cause Corrective action Blown rupture disc Outlet valve closed Open outlet valve. Defective pressure Replace pressure transducer, recalibrate transducer unit. Defective or incorrect Replace rupture disc. rupture disc Pressure reading on Defective gauge Replace gauge. display does not match Defective pressure Replace pressure transducer, recalibrate gauge...
  • Page 63 Press the CRT, SHIFT, and F1 keys while applying power to the handheld terminal. When “Load Defaults” appears, press [F1] to accept the defaults. Defect handheld terminal. Contact Waters Customer Support for assistance. July 18, 2017, 715005524 Rev. A Page 63...

  • Page 64: A Safety Advisories

    Heed all warnings when you install, repair, or operate any Waters instrument or device. Waters accepts no liability in cases of injury or property damage resulting from the failure of individuals to comply with any safety precaution when installing, repairing, or operating any of its instruments or devices.

  • Page 65: Specific Warnings

    (Risk of high-pressure gas release.) A.1.1 Specific warnings A.1.1.1 Burst warning This warning applies to Waters instruments and devices fitted with nonmetallic tubing. Warning: To avoid injury from bursting, nonmetallic tubing, heed these precautions when working in the vicinity of such tubing when it is pressurized: •...

  • Page 66: Notices

    A.1.1.2 Biohazard warning The following warning applies to Waters instruments and devices that can process material containing biohazards, which are substances that contain biological agents capable of producing harmful effects in humans. Warning: To avoid infection with potentially infectious, human-sourced products, inactivated microorganisms, and other biological materials, assume that all biological fluids that you handle are infectious.

  • Page 67: Required Protection

    Use eye protection when performing this procedure. Requirement: Wear clean, chemical-resistant, powder-free gloves when performing this procedure. A.5 Warnings that apply to all Waters instruments and devices When operating this device, follow standard quality-control procedures and the equipment guidelines in this section.
  • Page 68 警告： 未經有關法規認證部門允許對本設備進行的改變或修改,可能會使使用者喪失操作 該設備的權利。 警告： 未经有关法规认证部门明确允许对本设备进行的改变或改装，可能会使使用者丧 失操作该设备的合法性。 경고: 규정 준수를 책임지는 당사자의 명백한 승인 없이 이 장치를 개조 또는 변경할 경우, 이 장치를 운용할 수 있는 사용자 권한의 효력을 상실할 수 있습니다. 警告: 規制機関から明確な承認を受けずに本装置の変更や改造を行うと、本装置のユーザーとして の承認が無効になる可能性があります。 Warning: Use caution when working with any polymer tubing under pressure: •...
  • Page 69 Warnung: Bei der Arbeit mit Polymerschläuchen unter Druck ist besondere Vorsicht angebracht: • In der Nähe von unter Druck stehenden Polymerschläuchen stets Schutzbrille tragen. • Alle offenen Flammen in der Nähe löschen. • Keine Schläuche verwenden, die stark geknickt oder überbeansprucht sind. •...
  • Page 70 圧力のかかったポリマーチューブを扱うときは、注意してください。 • 加圧されたポリマーチューブの付近では、必ず保護メガネを着用してください。 • 近くにある火を消してください。 • 著しく変形した、または折れ曲がったチューブは使用しないでください。 • 非金属チューブには、テトラヒドロフラン(THF)や高濃度の硝酸または硫酸などを流さないでくださ い。 • 塩化メチレンやジメチルスルホキシドは、非金属チューブの膨張を引き起こす場合があり、その場 合、チューブは極めて低い圧力で破裂します。 This warning applies to Waters instruments fitted with nonmetallic tubing. This warning applies to instruments operated with flammable solvents. July 18, 2017, 715005524 Rev. A Page 70...

  • Page 71: Warnings That Address The Replacing Of Fuses

    Warning: The user shall be made aware that if the equipment is used in a manner not specified by the manufacturer, the protection provided by the equipment may be impaired. Avertissement : L’utilisateur doit être informé que si le matériel est utilisé d’une façon non spécifiée par le fabricant, la protection assurée par le matériel risque d’être défectueuses.
  • Page 72 Avertissement : pour éviter tout risque d'incendie, remplacez toujours les fusibles par d'autres du type et de la puissance indiqués sur le panneau à proximité du couvercle de la boite à fusible de l'instrument. Warnung: Zum Schutz gegen Feuer die Sicherungen nur mit Sicherungen ersetzen, deren Typ und Nennwert auf den Tafeln neben den Sicherungsabdeckungen des Geräts gedruckt sind.

  • Page 73: Electrical Symbols

    警告： 為了避免火災，更換保險絲時，應使用「維護步驟」章節中「更換保險絲」所指 定之相同類型與規格的保險絲。 警告： 为了避免火灾，应更换“维护步骤”一章的“更换保险丝”一节中介绍的相同类 型和规格的保险丝。 경고: 화재의 위험을 막으려면 유지관리 절차 단원의 “퓨즈 교체” 절에 설명된 것과 동 일한 타입 및 정격의 제품으로 퓨즈를 교체하십시오. 警告: 火災予防のために、ヒューズ交換ではメンテナンス項目の「ヒューズの交換」に記載されているタ イプおよび定格のヒューズをご使用ください。 A.7 Electrical symbols The following electrical symbols and their associated statements can appear in instrument manuals and on an instrument’s front or rear panels.

  • Page 74: Handling Symbols

    A.8 Handling symbols The following handling symbols and their associated statements can appear on labels affixed to the packaging in which instruments, devices, and component parts are shipped. Symbol Description Keep upright! Keep dry! Fragile! Use no hooks! Upper limit of temperature Lower limit of temperature Temperature limitation July 18, 2017, 715005524 Rev.

  • Page 75: B Specifications

    Specifications B.1 P200X physical specifications Attribute Specification Height 31.2 cm Width 36.3 cm Depth 61.0 cm Weight 38.1 kg B.2 P200X environmental specifications Attribute Specification Ambient operating temperature 15 to 40° C Ambient operating humidity 20% to 80%, non-condensing Non-operating temperature -30 to 60 °C...

  • Page 76: P200X Performance Specifications

    Moisture Protection – Normal (IPXO) – IPXO means that no Ingress Protection against any type of dripping or sprayed water exists. The “X” is a placeholder that identifies protection against dust, if applicable. B.4 P200X performance specifications Item Specification...

  • Page 77: C Carbon Dioxide Overview

    Carbon dioxide overview Carbon dioxide is a chemical compound formed by combining one atom of carbon with two atoms of oxygen, and is expressed by the molecular formula CO . Under normal atmospheric conditions, CO can exist as a colorless, odorless gas that is about 1.5 times heavier than air. will not burn, support combustion, or sustain life.
  • Page 78 Figure C–1: CO density and vapor pressure curves 4200 3900 Liquid CO density 3600 3300 3000 2700 2400 Critical point 2100 31 °C • 1800 1500 1200 Density of saturated vapor Temperature - C Table C–1: CO physical properties Property Temperature 44.01 lb/lb-mol 44.01 kg/kg-mol Vapor pressure...

  • Page 79: For More Information

    571.0 kJ/kg C.1 For more information For additional information about CO , visit the Compressed Gas Association (CGA) website at www.cganet.com/customer/Publication. Waters recommends the following CGA publications and videos: Publication/Video Carbon Dioxide Standard for Low-Pressure Carbon Dioxide Systems at Consumer Sites G-6.1...
  • Page 80 Publication/Video Characteristics and Safe Handling of Carbon Dioxide (video) AV-7 July 18, 2017, 715005524 Rev. A Page 80...

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