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WATERS CORPORATION 2424 Operator's Manual

Evaporative light scattering detector
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2424 Evaporative Light
Scattering Detector
Operator's Guide
71500121802/Revision B
−
Copyright © Waters Corporation 2006
2009
All rights reserved

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Do you have a question about the 2424 and is the answer not in the manual?

Questions and answers

ELJEDDAOUI YOUSSEF
May 6, 2025

No peak is detected despite rinsing the nebulizer (ultrasound in water) and the drift hose (100°C 75%) according to the user manual

0
1 comments:
Mr. Anderson
May 18, 2025

Possible reasons for no peak detection despite rinsing the nebulizer and drift hose include:

1. No sample was injected — check the injector.
2. Leak in the solvent path — inspect fittings and drip tray.
3. Bad column — clean, flush, or replace the column.
4. Detector gas flow is off — turn gas flow back on.
5. Detector not zeroed — auto zero the detector baseline.
6. Improper connection between detector and recorder — check cables.
7. No gain set — set the gain.

These should be verified to diagnose and resolve the issue.

This answer is automatically generated

0

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Summary of Contents for WATERS CORPORATION 2424

  • Page 1 2424 Evaporative Light Scattering Detector Operator’s Guide 71500121802/Revision B − Copyright © Waters Corporation 2006 2009 All rights reserved...

  • Page 2: Copyright Notice

    Corporation assumes no responsibility for any errors that may appear in this document. This document is believed to be complete and accurate at the time of publication. In no event shall Waters Corporation be liable for incidental or consequential damages in connection with, or arising from, its use.

  • Page 3: Customer Comments

    Customer comments Waters’ Technical Communications department invites you to tell us of any errors you encounter in this document or to suggest ideas for otherwise improving it. Please help us better understand what you expect from our documentation so that we can continuously improve its accuracy and usability.

  • Page 4: Contacting Waters

    252-HPLC, or fax 508 872 1990. For other locations worldwide, phone and fax numbers appear in the Waters Web site. Conventional mail Waters Corporation 34 Maple Street Milford, MA 01757 Safety considerations Some reagents and samples used with Waters instruments and devices can pose chemical, biological, and radiological hazards.

  • Page 5: Safety Advisories

    Audience and purpose This guide is intended for personnel who install, operate, and maintain 2424 Evaporative Light Scattering (ELS) detectors. Intended use of the 2424 ELS detector Waters designed the 2424 ELS detector to analyze and monitor many...

  • Page 6: Calibrating

    Calibrating To calibrate LC systems, follow acceptable calibration methods using at least five standards to generate a standard curve. The concentration range for standards should include the entire range of QC samples, typical specimens, and atypical specimens. When calibrating mass spectrometers, consult the calibration section of the operator’s guide for the instrument you are calibrating.

  • Page 7: Ec Authorized Representative

    EC Authorized Representative Waters Corporation (Micromass UK Ltd.) Floats Road Wythenshawe Manchester M23 9LZ United Kingdom Telephone: +44-161-946-2400 Fax: +44-161-946-2480 Contact: Quality manager...
  • Page 8 viii...

  • Page 9: Table Of Contents

    Safety advisories ....................v Operating this instrument .................. v Applicable symbols ....................v Audience and purpose..................v Intended use of the 2424 ELS detector............... v Calibrating ......................vi Quality-control ....................vi ISM classification ....................vi ISM Classification: ISM Group 1 Class B ............vi EC Authorized Representative ................
  • Page 10 Nebulizer ......................1-9 Optics bench ..................... 1-9 Temperature control ..................1-10 Startup diagnostics ..................1-11 Lamp energy and performance ..............1-12 Rear panel ...................... 1-13 References ......................1-13 2 Setting up the Detector ................ 2-1 Introduction ....................... 2-2 Before you begin ....................2-2 Unpacking and inspecting ................
  • Page 11 Making signal connections ................2-20 Connecting the Ethernet cable..............2-22 Network installation guidelines..............2-23 Connecting to other instruments ..............2-25 Connecting the Waters column heater module ..........2-33 3 Operating the Detector ................. 3-1 Starting up the detector .................. 3-2 Initializing the detector ...................
  • Page 12 Displaying system information ..............3-30 Using help ...................... 3-30 Operating the detector .................. 3-30 Standalone operation..................3-31 Auto-optimizing gain and LSU-FS ............... 3-31 Programming methods and events ............. 3-34 Overview of methods ..................3-34 Programming timed events ................3-35 Programming threshold events..............3-37 Storing a method....................
  • Page 13 Replacing fuses ....................4-14 Cleaning the instrument’s exterior ............4-15 5 Diagnostic Functions and Troubleshooting ........5-1 Error messages ....................5-2 Startup error messages ................... 5-2 Operational error messages ................5-2 User-selectable diagnostic functions ............5-2 Overview......................5-2 “Sticky diagnostics” tests................. 5-4 Running diagnostic tests .................
  • Page 14 Caution symbol ....................A-5 Warnings that apply to all Waters instruments ......... A-5 Electrical and handling symbols ..............A-12 Electrical symbols ..................A-12 Handling symbols ..................A-13 B Specifications ..................B-1 2424 ELS detector specifications ..............B-1 Index ..................... Index-1 Table of Contents...
  • Page 15 2424 ELS Detector Optics Principles To use the 2424 ELS detector effectively, you must understand the principles that underlie operation of the detector’s optics and electronics. Contents: Topic Page Principles of evaporative light scattering detection Detector description References 1-13...

  • Page 16: 2424 Els Detector Optics Principles

    Capabilities The 2424 ELS detector is compatible with virtually all modes of chromatography including flow injection analysis. The detector responds to all compounds that are, relative to their mobile phase, sufficiently nonvolatile at the conditions of analysis.
  • Page 17 that dry solute particles, consisting only of analytes, reach the light source for scattering. Low temperature nebulization In the detector’s nebulization region, the chromatographic effluent is transformed into a fine aerosol. A concentric tube, or flow-type nebulizer, mixes chromatographic effluent with a carrier gas (usually nitrogen) developing a series of droplets that forms the aerosol that enters a narrow-orifice drift tube.

  • Page 18: Detection

    You should also remember that the output of an ELS detector has no direct relation to the molecular weight of an analyte. Types of light scattering The three possible regimes of light scattering are • Rayleigh • • refraction-reflection 2424 ELS Detector Optics Principles...
  • Page 19 Light scattering direction Rayleigh scattering Mie scattering Refraction-reflection scattering Direction of incident light For a nebulizer that produces an average droplet diameter of D , the diameter of an average, resulting dry analyte particle is c p ⁄ 1 3 / where = Average liquid droplet diameter c = Concentration of the analyte...

  • Page 20: Els Detection Limitations

    The detector’s sensitivity to the particulates increases noise and, consequently, signal-to-noise variation for a given method arising from differences in the quality of mobile phases. Moreover, stationary phase components can leach from the column and contribute particulates to the sample flow. 2424 ELS Detector Optics Principles...

  • Page 21: Detector Description

    Two condensing lenses, L1 and L2, focus light from the lamp through a slit. 2424 ELS detection process (representative) Light trap Condensing lenses Scattering...

  • Page 22: Signal Processing And Noise Calculations

    In the General tab of the ELS Instrument Method Editor (for details, refer to the Empower or MassLynx online Help), you can apply an optional noise filter (the Time Constant parameter) to the data acquired. 2424 ELS Detector Optics Principles...

  • Page 23: Electronics And Data Acquisition

    Nebulizer Both high-flow and low-flow nebulizers are available. The high-flow nebulizer is standard in the 2424 ELS detector and is designed for flow rates ranging from 300 to 3000 μL/min. The low-flow nebulizer is designed for 50 to 500 μL/min and gives the highest sensitivity performance.

  • Page 24: Temperature Control

    PMT for conversion to an electrical signal. It consists of these components: • Snout • Biconvex collector lens, L4 • Mirror M1 • Temperature control To vaporize and evaporate the solvent, the nebulizer and drift tube have temperature control. 1-10 2424 ELS Detector Optics Principles...

  • Page 25: Startup Diagnostics

    Nebulizer The nebulizer can be heated using a variable control heater. This heater, represented as a power function, can heat the sample solution to improve mass flow into the drift tube. The power function indicates the power available to the nebulizer heater circuit. In certain cases, the nebulization process of the mobile phase can be endothermic, as with 100% organic solvents such as methanol and acetonitrile.

  • Page 26: Lamp Energy And Performance

    Ultimately, the detector’s performance is a function of unique application requirements. Signal-to-noise measurements are the best way to evaluate performance and set boundaries for acceptable operational sensitivity limits. Waters 1-12 2424 ELS Detector Optics Principles...

  • Page 27: References

    2000 hours of lamp life, or one year since date of purchase, whichever comes first. Rear panel The following figure shows the rear panel locations of the connectors used to operate the detector with external devices. 2424 ELS detector rear panel Gas inlet fitting 6.9 Bar (100psi) EXHAUST Inputs and...
  • Page 28 Publishing Company, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 1977. HPLC Detection-Newer Methods, Edited by G. Patonay, VCH Publishers, Weinheim, Germany, 1992. Element-Specific Chromatographic Detection, Edited by P.C. Uden, ACS Symposium Series 179, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, 1992. 1-14 2424 ELS Detector Optics Principles...
  • Page 29 M. Dreux and M. Lafosse, “Evaporative light scattering detection of carbohydrates in HPLC.” In Carbohydrate Analysis, High Performance Liquid Chromatography and Capillary Electrophoresis, Edited by Z. El Rassi, Journal of Chromatography Library, Volume 58, Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 1995, Chapter 13. Second Edition, 2002. A.
  • Page 30 1-16 2424 ELS Detector Optics Principles...

  • Page 31: Setting Up The Detector

    Setting up the Detector Contents: Topic Page Introduction Before you begin Unpacking and inspecting Selecting a site within a laboratory Making the gas supply connection Venting the exhaust hose Connecting to the electricity source 2-11 Installing the nebulizer assembly 2-12 Connecting the siphon drain tubing 2-14 Connecting the drip tray...

  • Page 32: Introduction

    Select appropriate Install nebulizer site Unpack and Make liquid line inspect connections Make signal Place 2424 ELS Make Signal connections to detector in desired Connections to other devices location Fill siphon with Make gas mobile phase connections Installation...

  • Page 33: Unpacking And Inspecting

    Unpacking and inspecting The shipping carton contains these items: • 2424 ELS detector • Waters 2424 Evaporative Light Scattering Detector Operator’s Guide • Startup kit • Release notes To unpack the detector and nebulizer: Check the contents of the shipping cartons against the packing lists to ensure that you received all items.

  • Page 34: Site Selection Requirements

    Site selection requirements Install the detector in an area that meets the requirements in the table at the end of this section. The detector is a stackable unit and does not require bench space beyond the dimensions shown in the figure on page 2-5.

  • Page 35: Detector Dimensions

    Installation site requirements (Continued) Parameter Requirement Gas supply 450 to 690 kPa (4.5 to 6.9 bar, 65 to 100 psi), at the regulator, of dry, oil-free, filtered nitrogen or zero grade oil-free, filtered air Ventilation Locate near fume hood or exhaust system for proper venting of detector exhaust Surface orientation Level (ensures proper nebulizer drip tray...

  • Page 36: Power Requirements

    For continued protection against fire, replace fuses only with Warning: those of the same type and rating. The detector’s two fuses are located above the power input receptacle on its rear panel. 2424 ELS detector rear panel Gas inlet fitting 6.9 Bar (100psi) EXHAUST Inputs and...

  • Page 37: Gas Requirements

    Gas requirements Use a constant supply of dry, oil-free, filtered nitrogen (or zero-grade, oil-free, filtered air) to operate the detector. Other inert gases can also be used. Use an operating pressure, at the regulator, of between 450 to 690 kPa (4.5 to 6.9 bar, 65 to 100 psi).

  • Page 38: Venting The Exhaust Hose

    Insert the tubing into the fitting until it bottoms. Inserting the gas supply tube Fitting Gas supply tubing Pull the tubing to check engagement of the grab ring. Two pieces of tubing are provided in the startup kit. If you are using the system with an external filter, first connect the gas source to the filter, and then connect the filter to the back of the unit.
  • Page 39 Vapor trap bottle Barbed fittings Bottle cap Vapor trap bottle Caution: • Failure to use the vapor trap could result in too strong a vacuum, which could adversely affect the vapor flow through the drift tube. This could cause loss of sensitivity and excessive high-frequency noise in the baseline.
  • Page 40 • Direct the exhaust from the detector into a fume hood or exhaust vent. • Ensure both hoses are free of restrictions. Inhalation risk. Do not allow detector exhaust to enter the Warning: laboratory atmosphere. To vent the exhaust hose Connect one end of the exhaust hose exiting from the rear of the detector directly onto one of the barbed fittings on the vapor trap bottle.

  • Page 41: Connecting To The Electricity Source

    To exhaust vent Exhaust hose Connecting to the electricity source The 2424 ELS detector requires a separate, grounded electricity source. The ground connection in the electrical outlet must be common and connected near the chromatographic system. Connecting to the electricity source...

  • Page 42: Installing The Nebulizer Assembly

    Do not turn the detector on at this time. Installing the nebulizer assembly Waters offers two nebulizers for the 2424 ELS detector: a low-flow (for flow rates from 50 to 500 μL/min) and a high-flow (for flow rates from 300 to 3000 μL/min).
  • Page 43 Align the two pins inside the nebulization chamber with the grooves in the nebulizer. Pins inside the nebulization chamber The quick-disconnect tubing fitting will be at the twelve o’clock position. Installing the nebulizer Quick-disconnect tubing fitting at twelve o’clock position Push the nebulizer into the nebulization chamber, and turn it clockwise until it snaps into place.

  • Page 44: Connecting The Siphon Drain Tubing

    Connecting the siphon drain tubing Siphon waste is routed down the front or to the rear of the detector via one of two different siphon drain tubes supplied in the startup kit. At initial setup, Waters recommends that you fill the siphon with water Tip: or mobile phase.

  • Page 45: Routing The Siphon Drain Tubing To The Rear Of The Detector

    Attach the front siphon drain tubing to the stainless steel siphon drain on the front of the detector and pinch the clamp so that it is snug. Front siphon drain tubing installation Siphon drain tubing Hose clamp Ensure that the siphon drain tubing is routed to a collection bottle in such a way that condensed solvent can flow freely from the condenser and the end of the tubing is not immersed in the collected liquid.
  • Page 46 To route the siphon drain tubing to the rear of the detector Using a Phillips screwdriver, remove the front left-hand screw that secures the detector cover. Insert the screw through the hole in the siphon drain tubing bracket, and align the screw and bracket with the hole that you removed the cover screw from.
  • Page 47 Attach the rear siphon drain tubing to the stainless steel siphon drain on the front of the detector. Rear siphon drain tubing installation Siphon drain tubing bracket Rear siphon drain tubing Route the other end of the rear siphon drain tubing through the opening in the rear left corner of the detector tray.

  • Page 48: Connecting The Drip Tray

    Ensure that the siphon waste tube is routed to a collection bottle in such a way that condensed solvent can flow freely from the condenser and the end of the tube is not immersed in the collected liquid. To avoid flooding the detector, ensure the siphon drain Warning: tubing is not kinked or submerged in the collection bottle.

  • Page 49: Connecting The Nebulization Gas To The Nebulizer

    Connecting the nebulization gas to the nebulizer To avoid contaminating the detector, connect the Caution: chromatography system during operation. Gas flow in the nebulizer creates a slight vacuum that can attract solvent or dust from the detector's inlet port. Insert the gas inlet tubing into the quick-disconnect tubing fitting on the right-hand side of the nebulizer.

  • Page 50: Making Signal Connections

    Insert one end of the inlet tubing assembly into the fluid fitting on the front of the nebulizer. Sample inlet tubing connection Compression screw Sample inlet tubing Tighten the compression screw 1/4-turn past finger tight. Repeat step 2, inserting the other end of the inlet tubing assembly into the outlet fitting of the column or another detector.
  • Page 51 Connecting components to the detector overview Start signal connection Connect to Install Ethernet Ethernet bus? cable Connect integrator Install event and or chart recorder? I/O cable(s) Connect event Install event and inputs or outputs? I/O cable(s) Connect stop Install event and flow outputs? I/O cable(s) Signal connection...

  • Page 52: Connecting The Ethernet Cable

    Connecting the Ethernet cable A Waters instrument communicates with the acquisition computer through the dedicated local area network (LAN). At the acquisition computer, the instrument network card provides the interface that makes communication possible. You must install the Waters instrument software driver in the acquisition computer so that the computer can control the instrument.

  • Page 53: Network Installation Guidelines

    Network installation guidelines Configurations for multiple Waters instruments use a dedicated LAN, which requires a design based on the following guidelines: • 100 base-T, 100-Mbps shielded twisted-pair (STP) cable • A maximum distance of 100 meters (328 feet) You must use a network switch for multiple Ethernet Requirement: instruments.
  • Page 54 The following table summarizes the inject start connections for different system configurations. Detector inject start connections Inject start input connection (on the Inject start output source 2424 ELS detector, connector II) Waters 700-series Inject Start In + / – Waters Alliance Separations Module Inject Start In Waters 712 Autosampler Inject Start In + / –...

  • Page 55: Connecting To Other Instruments

    Detector connections to a manual injector 2424 ELS detector (connector II) Manual injector Inject Start In + (red) One set of spade lug Inject Start terminals Inject Start In –...
  • Page 56 3 meters (9.8 feet) when you make connections to the I/O connectors. In addition, ensure you connect the shield of the cable to ground at one instrument only. 2424 rear panel analog-out/event-in connectors Connector I (outputs) Connector II (inputs)
  • Page 57 The firmware defaults to auto zero on inject. Tip: Detector connections to an Alliance separations module Alliance separations module 2424 ELS detector (connector II) (connector B) Pin 1 inject start (red) Pin 1 inject start in + (red) Pin 2 inject start (black) Pin 2 inject start in −...
  • Page 58 Inject start connections between the Alliance separations module and the detector 2424 ELS detector connector II Alliance connector B Inject Start In − Inject Start In Ground Lamp On − Lamp On Inject Start Chart Mark In Black Inject Start −...
  • Page 59 Stop Flow signal must be connected to the chromatographic pump. Detector connections to an Alliance separations module Alliance separations module 2424 ELS detector (connector I) (connector B) Pin 4 stop flow + (red) Pin 6 stop flow + (red) Pin 5 stop flow –...
  • Page 60 To send an analog output signal from the detector to a chart recorder, make the connections shown in the following table and figure. Analog output connections to a chart recorder Chart recorder connectors 2424 ELS detector (connector I) Pen 1 + Pin 1 signal out + (red) Pen 1 –...
  • Page 61 Millennium System (through a two-channel SAT/IN Module), make the connections shown in the following table and figure. Detector connections to the busSAT/IN module SAT/IN module connector 2424 ELS detector (connector I) CHANNEL 1 Pin 1 signal out + (white) Pin 2 signal out – (black)
  • Page 62 The firmware defaults to auto zero on inject. Tip: Inject start connections to an injector (pulse duration 0 to 10 seconds) 2424 ELS detector (connector II) Injector connector Pin 1, inject start in + (red) Two spade lug terminal connectors (both cables may be functionally Pin 2, inject start in –...

  • Page 63: Connecting The Waters Column Heater Module

    Connecting the Waters column heater module The detector can control one Waters column heater module through the EXT port on the rear panel of the detector. The port is a standard, 9-pin, D-type connector. Waters column heater module Making signal connections 2-33...
  • Page 64 2-34 Setting up the Detector...

  • Page 65: Operating The Detector

    Operating the Detector Contents: Topic Page Starting up the detector Using the keypad Navigating the user interface 3-13 Preparing to start a run 3-15 Setting up a run 3-17 Configuring the detector 3-26 Operating the detector 3-30 Programming methods and events 3-34 Conserving lamp life 3-41...

  • Page 66: Starting Up The Detector

    After you install the detector, you are ready to set it up and operate it either as a standalone instrument or as part of a data system. • As a standalone instrument – Use the detector as a standalone detector within a system, such as the Waters Alliance system, or with any fluid-handling unit, injector, integrator, or data system.
  • Page 67 Detector startup screens Service keypad inputs are coded for use only by Waters Service Engineers Tip: for troubleshooting. When initialization is complete, the detector displays the Home screen (see page 3-7 page 3-13). Detector Home screen For normal use, allow the detector to warm up at least 60 minutes before Tip: operating.

  • Page 68: Using The Display

    If confidence tests fail If one or more of the confidence tests fail during initial startup, the detector behaves as follows: • Beeps • Displays an error message • For serious errors, displays the word “Error” in brackets (<Error>) in place of the runtime light scattering units on the Home screen.

  • Page 69: Detector Home And Message Screen Icons

    The detector monitors performance in units of light scattering in real time, allowing you to modify all the parameters discussed in the table in the next section. Detector Home and Message screen icons The detector Home and Message screens display the icons or fields shown in the previous figure.
  • Page 70 Detector Home and Message screen icons (Continued) Icon or field Icon/field name Function Keypad unlock Indicates unrestricted keypad entry. Keypad lock Indicates parameter changes are not allowed; instrument is running a method. Sticky diagnostic Indicates a sticky diagnostic is active (see page 5-2).

  • Page 71: Using The Keypad

    Detector Home and Message screen icons (Continued) Icon or field Icon/field name Function Message screen Indicates information is being displayed. icon Message screen Indicates that you should standby. icon Using the keypad The detector’s 24 keys carry out these functions: •...
  • Page 72 Detector keypad Reset HOME Chart Mark Auto Zero Run/Stop Lamp Lamp METHOD ° TEMP CONFIG Previous System Info Lock Contrast Contrast DIAG Next Scale TRACE +/− +/− Clear Field Cancel Enter Shift Keys labeled in an all-capital-letter style (HOME, METHOD, TEMP °C, CONFIG, DIAG, and TRACE) take you directly to a function from most screens.
  • Page 73 The following table explains the functions of the primary and secondary keys on the detector keypad. Keypad description Description Unshifted Shifted HOME – Displays the Home ? – Displays context-sensitive screen containing icons and Help when available. HOME the gas pressure, Gain, Nebulizer, Drift Tube, and Light Scattering fields.
  • Page 74 Keypad description (Continued) Description Unshifted Shifted Next – Displays a screen with Previous – Navigates through Previous additional options related to the screens in reverse order Next the current screen. Repeated when the Next key is pressing of this key returns available.
  • Page 75 Keypad description (Continued) Description Unshifted Shifted 0-9 – Enters the 0-9 – See descriptions for corresponding number into a specific, shifted numeric keys. 0 - 9 current field. Also positions the cursor at the corresponding entry in a list (0 = tenth item). Selects the corresponding number from a choice list.
  • Page 76 Keypad description (Continued) Description Unshifted Shifted 0 – See 0-9 above. Cancel – Backs out of a prompt without completing Cancel the task. The word “Cancel” appears as a cue in the lower, right-hand border of the message. • – Enters a decimal point. +/–...

  • Page 77: Navigating The User Interface

    Navigating the user interface When operating the detector: Press Enter or to navigate among editable fields. A heavy border appears around the active field after you complete an entry. Press Enter to advance to the next active field. If you make an error, press CE (Clear Entry) to undo any changes and return to the active entry field.
  • Page 78 When you press Next, the detector displays four additional Home screens, labeled 2 of 5, 3 of 5, 4 of 5, and 5 of 5. Secondary functions of the Home screen Press Next. Light scattering Home screen Press Next. Auto zero on inject and gain; enable keypad and event-in for auto zero and chart mark Data rate and time constant...

  • Page 79: Preparing To Start A Run

    Preparing to start a run You must set up the detector before you can start a run to make light scattering measurements with a detector. To start a run, you can press Run/Stop or trigger the detector by means of the inject start terminals on the rear panel.
  • Page 80 Primary and secondary function (method) parameters (Continued) Function Units Range Default ± Sample mVDC 0 mVDC 2000 mVDC offset Lamp state On, off Off, 140 to 400 kPa (1.4 to pressure 4.0 bar, 20 to 60 psi) LSU-FS LSU-FS 10 to 2000 2000 LSU Analog out 10 to 2000...

  • Page 81: Setting Up A Run

    Primary and secondary function (method) parameters (Continued) Function Units Range Default Threshold On, Off, Pulse, switch mode Rectangular Wave PULSE 0.1 to 60.0 sec 0.1 sec switch mode period RECT 0.1 to 60.0 sec 0.2 sec WAVE switch mode period Number of 0 to 50 timed...

  • Page 82: Setting The Nebulizer And Drift Tube Temperature

    Setting the nebulizer and drift tube temperature The nebulizer cooler cools the nebulizer tube wall providing a cold surface for mobile phase eluent droplets to condense and flow to waste. This reduces the amount of solvent that is sprayed into the drift tube in the vaporization process and allows the drift tube temperature to run lower, therefore increasing the sensitivity of semi-volatile samples.

  • Page 83: Setting The Gain And Gas Pressure

    To toggle between Heating %, Cool, and Off, press CE when the “set” field is active: If you selected Heating %, you must specify the nebulizer heater power level setting in the set field. You can now view any nebulizer temperature changes in the “cur.
  • Page 84 Tips: • Gas pressure should be high enough to prevent extended exposure time of the sample in the drift tube area. Gas pressure that is too low could cause higher-than-desired dispersion of particles and, consequently, loss of sensitivity. • Gas pressure should be high enough to prevent the formation of large particles that could cause detector noise.

  • Page 85: Setting The Column Heater Module Temperature

    Setting the column heater module temperature In the Column Heater Temperature Control Home screen, you control the temperature of the column heater module (see page 2-33). To set the column heater module temperature Press Temp °C, Next. The Column Heater Temperature Control Home screen appears.

  • Page 86: Operating The Trace And Scale Functions

    Operating the trace and scale functions The trace function allows you to display an LSU signal for the last n minutes (up to 60) of detector operation. • Press TRACE to display the LSU signal acquired over the last 30 minutes by default.
  • Page 87 The following screen shows a 30-minute trace of simulated peaks. 30-minute scaled trace of continuous, simulated peaks, with T1 changed to -30 LSU2 LSU1 The following screen shows a 5-minute, scaled trace (or zoom) of the 30 screen shown above. T1 is changed to -5. T2 is changed to 0. LSU1, and LSU2 remain as auto-scaled.

  • Page 88: Setting The Data Rate

    The following screens show a 60-minute trace on Channel A scaled to the last 15 minutes of data. T1 is changed to -15. Scaled trace changing T1 to -15 As you modify the output using the scale function, the trace function continues to display the detector output in real time on either or both channels.

  • Page 89: Setting The Switch Output

    Setting the switch output The detector has a general purpose switch output that can be controlled manually, by run time, or by sample level. On the third Home screen, it displays the current setting of the method and the switch output. Changing the initial value, On or Off, also changes the current state of the switch output.

  • Page 90: Configuring The Detector

    When the gain amount is modified from the front panel, a downloaded method, or a timed event, the following can occur: • The auto zero adjustment can be recalculated. This can be done based on the detector’s baseline signal, or to no signal (zero). •...

  • Page 91: Configuring Event Inputs

    Configuring event inputs You can also use CONFIGURE to edit event input settings and specify switched output settings. Four editable entry fields appear on the first Configuration screen: Inject, Chart mark, Auto zero, and Lamp. • Inject – You can specify the Inject input to signal the start of a run. This event resets the runtime clock and applies initial method conditions immediately: –...

  • Page 92: Configuring Stop Flow Output

    Use Enter and the numeric keypad or to select the appropriate entry. • Lamp – You can configure the lamp input level to ignite or extinguish the tungsten lamp on or off from an external device as follows: – High – Ignite the lamp on when contact closure is On (closed). –...

  • Page 93: Selecting The Type Of Nebulizer

    signal (the width of one pulse period in a rectangular wave or pulse train) is as specified in this field (range is 0.1 to 60 seconds). The following figure shows the difference between a single pulse and a rectangular wave. Setting the pulse period or signal width on the switch n seconds Single pulse...

  • Page 94: Displaying System Information

    Displaying system information Press System Info (press Shift, 4) to display information about the detector, including the serial number, the software version number with checksum, and the version date, if applicable. Press Enter to return to the Home screen. Example of a system information screen See the detector release notes for the actual checksum and version.

  • Page 95: Standalone Operation

    Standalone operation When using the detector as a standalone instrument, you can store as many as 10 methods containing up to 50 timed events each. An asterisk in the method number field on the detector Home screen indicates current conditions, not a stored method. See page 3-34 for information on how to store a method.
  • Page 96 chromatogram. The minimum requirement for the Auto Gain diagnostic to function is for you to set the initial conditions. No timed events are necessary. This means, however, that the detector recommends only one gain value setting for all of the peaks in the chromatogram, with no segregated peak region optimization.
  • Page 97 setting takes place. An initial method table could resemble what is shown in the following table. Method development Event time Event Initial (0.0) Gain = 10 Gain = 100 Gain = 10 You can develop methods by entering the method information into the detector using the keypad or by retrieving a previously created method from a stored memory location.

  • Page 98: Programming Methods And Events

    Auto Gain diagnostic screen Auto Gain diagnostic Sticky diagnostic icon You can start the injection via a trigger from an injector input to the Inject Start event input on the rear panel. You can also press Run/Stop on the front panel while the sample is injected into the fluid stream.

  • Page 99: Programming Timed Events

    can replace the current method with one of the methods previously stored. When you retrieve a previously stored method, you replace the existing method conditions with those of the stored method. The method number displayed on the Home screen is that of the retrieved method until you make a change.
  • Page 100 To program a new timed event Press METHOD (press Shift, TEMP °C). The Method choice list appears. Method choice list Press 1 Timed events. An active field for entering the time of the event appears. Enter the time for the event. When you begin entering the time, additional fields appear.

  • Page 101: Programming Threshold Events

    If the detector is configured with the 700 Series Autosampler or another external device, the inject start signal programmed from that device starts the method. If you are working in real time under current conditions (method *), Tip: and a power failure or shutdown occurs, you lose all timed or threshold events if you did not store them as a method (see page 3-38).

  • Page 102: Storing A Method

    Press Enter to advance to the “set” field, or press to move among the three fields. Threshold events screen When the “set” field is active, press Enter to display the threshold events choice list, or press the number corresponding to the event you are programming.

  • Page 103: Retrieving A Method

    Enter a number from 1 to 10 (inclusive), and press Enter. A brief message (“Storing * as method n”) appears. When the display returns to the Method choice list, the method number you selected appears within the method icon. That method remains active until you retrieve another method or reset the detector to default conditions (Method *).

  • Page 104: Clearing Events

    To reset one or more methods Press METHOD. The Method choice list appears. Press 5 Reset method *. A message screen appears. Reset method message If you press Enter • all timed events are deleted. • all threshold events are disabled. •...

  • Page 105: Conserving Lamp Life

    Press 6 Clear events. A message screen appears. Clear events message If you press Enter • all timed and threshold events in the method are cleared. • all other operating parameters of the method (LSU-FS, etc.) are unaffected. If you press Cancel (press Shift, 0), the Method choice list appears. When you return to the Home screen by pressing HOME, the method number icon displays an asterisk.
  • Page 106 Press the Lamp key (press Shift, 1) for these purposes: • Extinguish the lamp or ignite it manually • Display the number of times the lamp has ignited • Display the hours and minutes the lamp has been ignited – during the current run –...

  • Page 107: Changing Chromatographic Conditions

    To ignite the lamp manually (when the lamp icon on the Home screen has an X) Press Lamp (press Shift, 1). The lamp control screen appears again with 0 hours and 00 minutes in the “Lamp has been on” field. Press Lamp (press Shift, 1) again to turn the lamp on.

  • Page 108: Shutting Down The Detector

    If the new mobile phase is miscible with water, replace the 100% HPLC-quality water with new mobile phase, and equilibrate the system for 10 minutes at 3 mL/min. Shutting down the detector Before you power-off the detector, you must remove any buffered mobile phase present in the fluid path.

  • Page 109: Periodic Maintenance

    Periodic maintenance To maintain the best performance from your detector, remove the mobile phase from the fluid path once each week. To perform periodic maintenance To avoid damaging the column, remove it before you remove the Tip: mobile phase from the fluid path. Set the drift tube temperature at the appropriate desolvation temperature setting.
  • Page 110 3-46 Operating the Detector...
  • Page 111 Maintaining the Detector Contents: Topic Page Contacting Waters technical service Maintenance considerations Replacing the lamp cartridge Replacing the nebulizer Cleaning the nebulizer ultrasonically Cleaning the drift tube 4-12 Servicing the vapor trap 4-13 Replacing fuses 4-14 Cleaning the instrument’s exterior 4-15...

  • Page 112: Maintaining The Detector

    Contacting Waters technical service If you are located in the USA or Canada, report malfunctions or other problems to Waters Technical Service (800 252-4752). Otherwise, phone the Waters corporate headquarters in Milford, Massachusetts (USA), or contact your local Waters subsidiary. The Waters’ Web site includes phone numbers and e-mail addresses for Waters locations worldwide.

  • Page 113: Spare Parts

    To prevent injury, always observe Good Laboratory Practices Warning: when you handle solvents, change tubing, or operate the system. Know the physical and chemical properties of the solvents you use. See the Material Safety Data Sheets for the solvents in use. Avoid electric shock: Warning: •...
  • Page 114 To save time, leave the detector powered on for 15 minutes Alternative: after you power-off the lamp. Doing so will allow the fan to blow cool air on the lamp, cooling it faster. The lamp and lamp housing can be hot. Wait 30 minutes Warning: (or 15 minutes with the fan running) after powering-off the detector for these components to cool before touching them.
  • Page 115 To avoid electric shock, power-off and unplug the Warning: detector before detaching the lamp power connector from the detector. To avoid damaging the detector’s electronics, power-off Caution: and unplug the detector before detaching the lamp power connector from the detector. Disconnect the lamp connector from the front panel.

  • Page 116: Replacing The Nebulizer

    Replace the left-hand, front panel cover. Power-on the detector, and enter the new lamp information (see page 5-8). Replacing the nebulizer Required material Nebulizer To replace the nebulizer Stop the liquid flow. Power-off the detector, and disconnect the power cable from the rear panel.
  • Page 117 If a column or second detector is connected to the system, disconnect the solvent inlet tubing from the front of the nebulizer as follows: Use a 5/16-inch wrench to loosen the compression screw that holds the inlet tubing in place. 5/16-inch wrench Compression screw Remove the solvent inlet tubing from nebulizer.
  • Page 118 Push in and turn the nebulizer counterclockwise so that the quick-disconnect tubing fitting is at the twelve o’clock position. Then remove it from the nebulization chamber. Quick-disconnect tubing fitting at twelve o’clock position Remove the packing ring from the old nebulizer, and slide it onto the new nebulizer.

  • Page 119: Cleaning The Nebulizer Ultrasonically

    Align the two pins inside the desolvation chamber with the grooves in the new nebulizer. The quick-disconnect tubing fitting will be at the twelve o’clock position. Pins inside the desolvation chamber Pins Push the nebulizer into the nebulization chamber, and turn it clockwise until it snaps into place.
  • Page 120 Power-off the detector, and disconnect the power cable from the rear panel. To avoid burn injuries, do not touch the nebulizer until Warning: its temperature cools to less than 30 °C, as displayed on the detector home screen. If its temperature exceeds 30 °C, let the nebulizer cool in one of two ways before touching it: •...
  • Page 121 Push in the quick-disconnect tubing fitting on the right-hand side of the nebulizer, and pull out the gas inlet tubing. Quick disconnect fitting Gas inlet tube Push in and turn the nebulizer counterclockwise so that the quick-disconnect tubing fitting is at the twelve o’clock position. Then remove it from the nebulization chamber.

  • Page 122: Cleaning The Drift Tube

    Pour 100% HPLC-grade water or a mixture of organic solvent compatible with your mobile phase into the beaker, but do not submerge the gas inlet fitting or solvent inlet fitting in the liquid. Solvent inlet fitting Gas inlet fitting Do not fill past here 10.

  • Page 123: Servicing The Vapor Trap

    Remove the column. Flush the system with 100% HPLC-quality water for 60 minutes at 1 mL/min. Reassemble the detector for operation. Reset the system to operating conditions and evaluate chromatography. Servicing the vapor trap To service the vapor trap Unscrew the vapor trap bottle from the cover, and empty the contents of the bottle into an appropriate waste container.

  • Page 124: Replacing Fuses

    Replacing fuses To avoid electric shock, power-off and unplug the Warning: detector before examining the fuses. For continued protection against fire, replace fuses only with those of the same type and rating indicated on the module. The detector requires two 5.00 A, 250 V, 5 × 20 mm (IEC) fuses. Suspect a fuse is open or otherwise defective when •...

  • Page 125: Cleaning The Instrument's Exterior

    Reconnect the power cord to the power entry module. Cleaning the instrument’s exterior Use a soft cloth, dampened with water, to clean the outside of the detector. Cleaning the instrument’s exterior 4-15...
  • Page 126 4-16 Maintaining the Detector...
  • Page 127 Diagnostic Functions and Troubleshooting Consult this chapter when troubleshooting problems with the ELS detector. However, bear in mind that the detector measures only the bulk properties of a system. Therefore, the cause of an apparent detector problem may actually originate with the chromatography or other system instruments. If you isolate a general chromatography problem, see “Chromatography troubleshooting”...

  • Page 128: Error Messages

    Error messages Startup error messages Startup confidence tests are executed on detector startup. They run after the detector is powered-on, and they determine whether the detector’s electronics are performing properly. If one or more of the startup confidence tests fail, the detector beeps and displays an error message.
  • Page 129 To perform user-selectable diagnostic functions Press DIAG on the detector’s front panel. The detector displays the diagnostic functions. Diagnostic functions menu To access a specific diagnostic function, press the key to navigate to the function you want to run and press Enter, or select a number between 1 and 9 that corresponds to the number on the detector keypad.

  • Page 130: Sticky Diagnostics" Tests

    Diagnostic functions (Continued) Diagnostic function Description Lamp, display & keypad Lists diagnostic functions for lamp, display, and keypad: 1. Change lamp 5. Lamp history 6. Test keypad 7. Test display 8. Previous choices Gas & temp control Lists diagnostic functions for gas and temperature control: 1.

  • Page 131: Running Diagnostic Tests

    Home screen with sticky diagnostics active The user-selectable sticky diagnostics are Auto Gain and Simulate Peak. To cancel a sticky diagnostic function, reselect it or select 1, Reset Flow & Diags from the Diagnostics menu. Running diagnostic tests The detector employs both user-selectable and service diagnostics. You access user diagnostics by pressing DIAG.

  • Page 132: Input And Output Diagnostic Functions

    To disable the Auto Gain diagnostic test, press Enter. Tip: To disable the Auto Gain diagnostic test after it was enabled Press DIAG on the detector front panel. The Diagnostic functions menu appears. Press DIAG 3, Disable Auto Gain. The Auto Gain disabled diagnostic tests screen appears.
  • Page 133 To display the Auto Zero offset From the Input & Output diagnostic functions menu, press 1, Auto zero offset. The Auto Zero Offset diagnostics screen appears. Auto Zero Offset diagnostics screen Press Cancel to reset the sample signal’s auto zero value to zero. Setting fixed voltage output From the Input &...

  • Page 134: Lamp, Display, And Keypad Diagnostic Functions

    For the outputs listed, you can take the following actions: Press Enter to display the active switch (surrounded by a dotted-line border). Press any numerical key to change the status of the switch (from On to Off, or vice-versa). Lamp, display, and keypad diagnostic functions To access the lamp, display, and keypad diagnostic functions, press DIAG 5.
  • Page 135 Confirm your entries, and then press Enter. The third Change Lamp diagnostic screen appears. Third Change Lamp diagnostic screen Press Enter to exit the Change Lamp function. Lamp History diagnostic function Use the Lamp History diagnostic function to view lamp use information. To use the Lamp History function From the Lamp, display &...

  • Page 136: Gas And Temperature Control Diagnostic Functions

    then cleared with another press of the key. If any key does not respond when pressed, contact your Waters service representative. You must press Enter twice to exit the keypad diagnostic. Tip: Test Keypad diagnostic screen Test Display diagnostic function To use the Test Display function From the Lamp, display &...
  • Page 137 Viewing the nebulizer and drift tube temperature To view the nebulizer and drift tube temperature From the Gas & temp control menu, press 2, Neb & drift heaters, to run the nebulizer and drift tube heater temperature control test. The Nebulizer &...

  • Page 138: Sample And Reference Energy Diagnostic Function

    To use the gas control diagnostic From the Gas & temp control menu, press 1, Gas control, to run the gas control diagnostic. The Gas Control diagnostic screen appears. Gas Control diagnostic screen Pressure transducer reading Enter the gas pressure, in psi, in the set point field. Use at least 450 kPa (4.5 bar, 65 psi), to run the gas Requirement: control diagnostic.

  • Page 139: Generate Test Peaks Diagnostic Function

    Generate Test Peaks diagnostic function The Generate Test Peaks diagnostic function allows you to override sample signal input with a simulated Gaussian peak. To use the generate test peaks function Press DIAG 8, Generate test peaks. If the Generate Test Peaks diagnostic function is disabled, the Test peaks enabled diagnostic screen appears.

  • Page 140: Detector Troubleshooting

    Detector troubleshooting The following table contains general hardware troubleshooting for the detector. Detector troubleshooting Symptom Possible cause Corrective action Analog output LSU or maximum Reset the LSU or maximum incorrect output setting output setting. changed Column heater Column heater Power-on the column heater module not module is not module.
  • Page 141 Detector troubleshooting (Continued) Symptom Possible cause Corrective action Fumes detected in Exhaust is restricted Ensure the exhaust hose from the detector runs downward, toward the floor, and is unobstructed. Waste tube is not Properly attach and route the properly connected waste tube.

  • Page 142: Power-On Confidence Check Error Messages

    Power-on confidence check error messages The following table contains power-on confidence check error messages, along with their descriptions, for the detector. Power-on confidence check error messages Error message Possible cause Corrective action HW communications Cable loose or 1. Power-off and then failure, multiplexed intermittent power-on the detector.

  • Page 143: Operational Error Messages

    Power-on confidence check error messages (Continued) Error message Possible cause Corrective action Reference dark Light entering optics 1. Power-off and then current too high bench. power-on the detector. Problem with PMT 2. If the problem persists, call or personality board. Waters Technical Service (see page...
  • Page 144 Operational error messages (Continued) Error message Probable cause Corrective action Column heater has The heater’s 1. Check Column Heater been disconnected connection is not connection and connector. connected or loose. 2. Power-off and then power-on the detector. 3. If the problem persists, call Waters Technical Service (see page...
  • Page 145 Operational error messages (Continued) Error message Probable cause Corrective action Drift tube heater fell Heater failure (short 1. Power-off and then below its set circuit). power-on the detector. temperature Cable or connector 2. If the problem persists, call short. Waters Technical Service (see page 4-2).
  • Page 146 Operational error messages (Continued) Error message Probable cause Corrective action Low input gas The gas input is 1. Check gas source. pressure below 450 kPa 2. Power-off and then (4.5 bar, 65 psi). power-on the detector. Defective low gas 3. If the problem persists, call pressure limit Waters Technical Service switch.

  • Page 147: Chromatography Troubleshooting

    Operational error messages (Continued) Error message Probable cause Corrective action Optics heater rose Heater failure (short 1. Power-off and then above its set circuit). power-on the detector. temperature Cable or connector 2. If the problem persists, call short. Waters Technical Service (see page 4-2).

  • Page 148: Abnormal Baseline

    Abnormal baseline Drift, noise, and cycling are common symptoms of an abnormal baseline. Cycling If the baseline is cycling, determine the period of the cycle and whether it is related to the flow rate or fluctuations in ambient temperature or pressure. Refer to the following table to troubleshoot problems with your baseline.
  • Page 149 Abnormal baseline troubleshooting (Continued) Symptom Possible cause Corrective action Baseline noise Improper Check drift tube temperature (irregular) volatilization of setting, optimize temperature mobile phase. (see page 3-18). Dirty nebulizer Clean nebulizer and/or drift and/or drift tube. tube (see page 4-9) or call Waters Technical Service (see page 4-2).
  • Page 150 Abnormal baseline troubleshooting (Continued) Symptom Possible cause Corrective action Change in peak Nebulizer blocked. Clean nebulizer and/or drift height or loss in tube (see page 4-9). sensitivity Dirty nebulizer Clean nebulizer and/or drift and/or drift tube. tube (see page 4-9) or call Waters Technical Service (see page 4-2).
  • Page 151 Abnormal baseline troubleshooting (Continued) Symptom Possible cause Corrective action Nebulizer cooler not Nebulizer cooler 1. Ensure there is 5 cm functioning malfunctioning. (2 inches) clearance on the left side of the detector to allow venting for nebulizer cooling. 2. Power-off and then power-on the detector.
  • Page 152 Abnormal baseline troubleshooting (Continued) Symptom Possible cause Corrective action No gas flow Clogged inlet gas Contact Waters Technical (continued) filter. Service to replace filter. No power Line unplugged. Plug in power line. Blown fuse. Replace fuse (see page 4-14). No LCD display Electrical problem.

  • Page 153: Erratic Or Incorrect Retention Times

    Abnormal baseline troubleshooting (Continued) Symptom Possible cause Corrective action Spiking (continued) Mobile phase Check make up of mobile contaminated or phase. made of low quality material. Gas flow set too low. Increase gas flow. Erratic or incorrect retention times When you troubleshoot retention time problems, determine whether the retention times: •...
  • Page 154 Troubleshooting general chromatography problems (Continued) Symptom Possible cause Corrective action Erratic retention Clogged solvent Replace filters. times (continued) filters Increased retention Incorrect flow rate Verify flow rate. times Incorrect solvent Change solvent composition. composition Column heater Power-on column heater module not module.
  • Page 155 Troubleshooting general chromatography problems (Continued) Symptom Possible cause Corrective action Reproducibility Solvent not properly Degas or sparge solvent (see errors degassed/sparged page 6-7). Incorrect chemistry Check chemistry or or integration integration. Column not Equilibrate column. equilibrated Injector problem Troubleshoot injector. Poor peak resolution Before you address problems with peak resolution, be certain that peaks elute at the correct retention time.
  • Page 156 Use the following table to troubleshoot peak resolution problems that may be affecting your results. Peak resolution troubleshooting Symptom Possible cause Corrective action Straight baseline, no No pump flow Set pump flow rate. peaks Lamp not operating Check method. Lamp might be turned off.
  • Page 157 Incorrect qualitative and quantitative results If a peak is incorrectly identified by a data system or integrator, ensure that the retention time is correct. If retention times are correct, and peak resolution is good, the cause of qualitative and quantitative errors is not likely to be chromatographic;...
  • Page 158 Incorrect results troubleshooting (Continued) Symptom Possible cause Corrective action Increased noise Drift tube Increase drift tube (continued) temperature too low. temperature (see page 3-18). Drift tube Decrease drift tube temperature too temperature (see page 3-18). high. Nebulizer Decrease nebulizer power level temperature too (see page...
  • Page 159 Optimizing Detection and Preparing Solvents Proper solvent selection and preparation are critical in differential evaporative light scattering detection to prevent baseline changes such as drift, noise, or an erratic baseline. This chapter presents information on • detector performance • common solvent problems •...

  • Page 160: Optimizing Detection And Preparing Solvents

    Optimizing detector performance Optimizing the mobile phase Particulate matter in the mobile phase increases the background and noise. In most cases, distilled water and HPLC-grade solvents are sufficient. When comparing solvents, the most critical parameter is the amount of residue after evaporation, which should be less than 1 ppm.
  • Page 161 Solvent quality Use spectral-grade or HPLC-grade solvents to ensure reproducible results and minimal instrument maintenance. A dirty or impure solvent can cause these problems: • Baseline noise and drift • Plugged columns • Blockages in the fluid path Preparation checklist The following solvent preparation guidelines help to ensure stable baselines and good resolution: •...
  • Page 162 Organic solvent compatibility The ELS detector is fully compatible with standard chromatographic solvents including both reversed phase and normal phase organic solvents. The limitations of detector solvent compatibility are limits imposed by the chromatographic system in use. Tetrahydrofuran (THF) When you use unstabilized THF, ensure that your solvent is fresh. Previously opened bottles of THF contain peroxide contaminants, which cause baseline drift.
  • Page 163 Properties of common solvents (Continued) Vapor Pressure Boiling Flash Solvent mm Hg (Torr) Point (°C) Point (°C) Dimethyl acetamide 1.3 at 25 °C 166.1 N,N-Dimethylformamide 2.7 at 20 °C 153.0 Dimethyl sulfoxide 0.6 at 25 °C 189.0 1,4-Dioxane 29 at 20 °C 101.32 Ethyl acetate 73 at 20 °C...
  • Page 164 Properties of common solvents (Continued) Vapor Pressure Boiling Flash Solvent mm Hg (Torr) Point (°C) Point (°C) Water 17.54 at 20 °C 100.0 o-xylene 6 at 20 °C 144.41 Properties of volatile mobile phase modifiers The following table lists the properties for volatile mobile phase modifiers. Properties of volatile mobile phase modifiers Boiling pH range...

  • Page 165: Solvent Degassing

    Solvent degassing Using degassed solvents is one of the most important steps in solvent preparation. Degassing provides • stable baselines and enhanced sensitivity • reproducible retention times • stable pump or solvent delivery system operation This section presents information on the solubility of gases, solvent degassing methods, and solvent degassing considerations.

  • Page 166: Solvent Degassing Considerations

    that gas in the vapor phase above the liquid. If the partial pressure of a gas on the surface of the liquid is reduced, for example, by evacuation, then a proportional amount of that gas comes out of solution. Vacuum degassing can change the composition of mixed solvents. Tip: Ultrasonic agitation High energy ultrasonic agitation drives energy into the solvent and causes the...

  • Page 167: Optimization Protocol

    Ultrasound plus vacuum Ultrasonic agitation combined with vacuum degasses solvent very quickly. This technique is less likely to change the composition of mixed solvents than vacuum alone because the mixed solvents are held under vacuum for only a short time (less than a minute is usually sufficient). Do not apply vacuum to the brown glass bottles in which Warning: solvent is shipped.

  • Page 168: Drift Tube Temperature

    Using the heater to increase the nebulizer temperature reduces solvent viscosity and the surface tension of sample droplets. It also increases the amount of analyte vapor in the drift tube, increasing signal levels. However, a heated nebulizer chamber can require a higher drift tube temperature, which can adversely affect temperature-sensitive samples.
  • Page 169 Safety Advisories Waters instruments display hazard symbols designed to alert you to the hidden dangers of operating and maintaining the instruments. Their corresponding user guides also include the hazard symbols, with accompanying text statements describing the hazards and telling you how to avoid them.

  • Page 170: A Safety Advisories

    Warning symbols Warning symbols alert you to the risk of death, injury, or seriously adverse physiological reactions associated with an instrument’s use or misuse. Heed all warnings when you install, repair, and operate Waters instruments. Waters assumes no liability for the failure of those who install, repair, or operate its instruments to comply with any safety precaution.

  • Page 171: Specific Warnings

    (Risk of personal exposure to laser radiation.) Warning: (Risk of exposure to biological agents that can pose a serious Warning: health threat.) Specific warnings The following warnings can appear in the user manuals of particular instruments and on labels affixed to them or their component parts. Burst warning This warning applies to Waters instruments fitted with nonmetallic tubing.
  • Page 172 Mass spectrometer shock hazard This warning applies to all Waters mass spectrometers. To avoid electric shock, do not remove the mass spectrometer’s Warning: protective panels. The components they cover are not user-serviceable. This warning applies to certain instruments when they are in Operate mode. High voltages can be present at certain external surfaces of Warning: the mass spectrometer when the instrument is in Operate mode.

  • Page 173: Caution Symbol

    Chemical hazard warning This warning applies to Waters instruments that can process corrosive, toxic, flammable, or other types of hazardous material. Waters instruments can be used to analyze or Warning: process potentially hazardous substances. To avoid injury with any of these materials, familiarize yourself with the materials and their hazards, observe Good Laboratory Practices (GLP), and consult your organization’s safety representative regarding proper use and handling.
  • Page 174 Attention: Changes or modifications to this unit not expressly approved by the party responsible for compliance could void the user’s authority to operate the equipment. Important: Toute modification sur cette unité n’ayant pas été expressément approuvée par l’autorité responsable de la conformité à la réglementation peut annuler le droit de l’utilisateur à...
  • Page 175 Warning: Use caution when working with any polymer tubing under pressure: • Always wear eye protection when near pressurized polymer tubing. • Extinguish all nearby flames. • Do not use tubing that has been severely stressed or kinked. • Do not use nonmetallic tubing with tetrahydrofuran (THF) or concentrated nitric or sulfuric acids.
  • Page 176 Attenzione: fare attenzione quando si utilizzano tubi in materiale polimerico sotto pressione: • Indossare sempre occhiali da lavoro protettivi nei pressi di tubi di polimero pressurizzati. • Spegnere tutte le fiamme vive nell'ambiente circostante. • Non utilizzare tubi eccessivamente logorati o piegati. •...
  • Page 177 警告：当有压力的情况下使用管线时，小心注意以下几点： • 当接近有压力的聚合物管线时一定要戴防护眼镜。 • 熄灭附近所有的火焰。 • 不要使用已经被压瘪或严重弯曲的管线。 • 不要在非金属管线中使用四氢呋喃或浓硝酸或浓硫酸。 • 要了解使用二氯甲烷及二甲基亚枫会导致非金属管线膨胀，大大降低管线的耐压能力。 경고: 가압 폴리머 튜브로 작업할 경우에는 주의하십시오. • 가압 폴리머 튜브 근처에서는 항상 보호 안경을 착용하십시오. • 근처의 화기를 모두 끄십시오. • 심하게 변형되거나 꼬인 튜브는 사용하지 마십시오. • 비금속(Nonmetallic) 튜브를 테트라히드로푸란(Tetrahydrofuran: THF) 또는 농축...
  • Page 178 Warning: The user shall be made aware that if the equipment is used in a manner not specified by the manufacturer, the protection provided by the equipment may be impaired. Attention: L’utilisateur doit être informé que si le matériel est utilisé d’une façon non spécifiée par le fabricant, la protection assurée par le matériel risque d’être défectueuses.
  • Page 179 To protect against fire, replace fuses with those of the type Warning: and rating printed on panels adjacent to instrument fuse covers. Attention: pour éviter tout risque d'incendie, remplacez toujours les fusibles par d'autres du type et de la puissance indiqués sur le panneau à...

  • Page 180: Electrical And Handling Symbols

    Electrical and handling symbols Electrical symbols These can appear in instrument user manuals and on the instrument’s front or rear panels. Electrical power on Electrical power off Standby Direct current Alternating current Protective conductor terminal Frame, or chassis, terminal Fuse Recycle symbol: Do not dispose in municipal waste.

  • Page 181: Handling Symbols

    Handling symbols These handling symbols and their associated text can appear on labels affixed to the outer packaging of Waters instrument and component shipments. Keep upright! Keep dry! Fragile! Use no hooks! Electrical and handling symbols A-13...
  • Page 182 A-14 Safety Advisories...

  • Page 183: B Specifications

    Specifications 2424 ELS detector specifications Physical specifications Attribute Specification Height 20.3 cm (8.0 inches) Depth 52.1 cm (20.5 inches) Width 28.4 cm (11.2 inches) Weight 14.7 kg (32.5 pounds) Environmental specifications Attribute Specification Operating temperature 4 to 30 °C (39.2 to 86 °F)
  • Page 184 Electrical specifications (Continued) Attribute Specification Pollution degree Normal (IPXO) Moisture protection Grounded AC Line voltages, nominal Voltage range 100 to 240 VAC nominal Frequency 50 to 60 Hz Fuse 5.00 A Power consumption 200 VA a. Protection Class I – The insulating scheme used in the instrument to protect from elec- trical shock.
  • Page 185 One event output is dedicated to Stop Flow. Optical specifications Attribute Specification Evaporative light Lens relay system scattering optics Evaporative light 60 degrees scattering angle, θ Photodiode Energy reference Photo detector Evaporative light scattering signal; photomultiplier tube 2424 ELS detector specifications...
  • Page 186 Specifications...

  • Page 187: Index

    Index Symbols +/− key 3-12 calibration ? key 3-30 photomultiplier tube • key 3-12 Cancel key 3-12 caution symbol abnormal baseline 5-22 CE key 3-12 accessing secondary functions 3-13 changing activating a pulse or rectangular wave contrast 3-11 3-28 data rate 3-13 active method 3-39...
  • Page 188 detector 3-10 3-26 event inputs 3-27 damage, reporting stop flow output 3-28 data acquisition connecting data rate chart recorder 2-30 changing 3-13 column 2-19 setting 3-24 column heater module 2-33 DC power supply drip tray 2-18 decimal point key 3-12 electricity source 2-12 degassing...
  • Page 189 temperature filter time constant overview 6-10 changing 3-13 temperature, setting 3-18 function 3-15 drift tube temperature, icon setting 3-24 drip tray, connecting 2-18 filtering noise filters, time constant 3-15 flammable solvents EC Authorized Representative fluorescence, trace 3-10 electrical specifications functions electrical symbols A-12 filter time constant...
  • Page 190 hardware, preparing fuses Help key 3-30 major steps HOME key 3-13 network guidelines 2-23 Home screen procedure navigating from 3-13 intended use secondary pages 3-17 ISM classification icons keypad drift tube temperature +/− key 3-12 gain ? key 3-30 gas pressure •...
  • Page 191 TEMP C key 3-10 maximum voltage outputs, function TRACE key 3-10 3-22 3-13 up/down arrow keys method using active 3-39 keypad lock icon choice list 3-10 keypad unlock icon current conditions 3-13 initial conditions 3-27 3-39 method * 3-34 3-39 lamp preventing loss of current configuring lamp event inputs...
  • Page 192 negative number entry 3-12 troubleshooting 5-30 network, installation guidelines 2-23 photomultiplier tube calibration new timed event 3-36 physical specifications Next arrow 3-10 plus/minus key 3-12 Next icon PMT calibration Next key 3-10 power requirements noise power supply, DC calculations power surges 5-13 filtering powering off...
  • Page 193 stored method 3-39 pulse periods 3-28 results switch output 3-25 troubleshooting 5-31 setting up a run 3-17 retention times, troubleshooting 5-28 shift icon retrieving a method 3-39 Shift key 3-10 returning to initial conditions shutting down the detector 3-44 signal connections setting up 3-17 inject start...
  • Page 194 3-27 clearing 3-40 run clock deleting 3-36 startup description 3-35 confidence tests failure gas pressure parameters 3-35 diagnostics 1-11 lamp parameters 3-35 screens parameters sticky diagnostics auto zero 3-35 stop flow chart mark 3-35 generating 2-28 programming 3-34 – 3-41 output switch, resetting 3-21 programming a new event...
  • Page 195 keypad scale function to zoom 3-22 vacuum degassing vapor trap, servicing 4-13 viewing events within a method 3-39 voltage offset, function 3-13 warm up time warning symbols Waters Technical Service, contacting wrench icon zoom function 3-22 Index-9...
  • Page 196 Index-10...

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