Page 1 Agilent Technologies E8257D/67D & E8663D PSG Signal Generators User’s Guide Agilent Technologies...
Page 2 Notices © Agilent Technologies, Inc. 2006-2011 No part of this manual may be reproduced in any form or by any means (including elec- tronic storage and retrieval or translation into a foreign language) without prior agree- ment and written consent from Agilent Technologies, Inc.
Page 3: Table Of Contents
E8257D PSG Analog Signal Generator Features ........
Page 4 Contents 25. Return ..............14 26.
Page 5 16. GPIB ..............28 17.
Page 6 Contents Configuring a Continuous Wave RF Output......... . 42 Configuring a Swept RF Output .
Page 7 Waveform Marker Concepts ............97 Accessing Marker Utilities .
Page 8 Contents Creating a User Flatness Correction Array with a mm–Wave Source Module ....140 Using the Option 521 Detector Calibration (Option 521) ....... . 146 Running the Option 521 Detector Calibration .
Page 9 6. Custom Arb Waveform Generator ..........159 Overview.
Page 10 Contents Working with Phase Polarity ............192 To Set Phase Polarity to Normal or Inverted .
Page 11 Returning a Signal Generator to Agilent Technologies ........291...
Page 12 Contents...
Page 13 Documentation Overview Installation Guide • • • • User’s Guide • • • • • • • • • • • • Programming Guide • • • • • • SCPI Reference • • • • • • • Safety Information Getting Started Operation Verification Regulatory Information...
Page 14 Service Guide • • • • • Key Reference • Troubleshooting Replaceable Parts Assembly Replacement Post- Repair Procedures Safety and Regulatory Information Key function description...
Page 15: Signal Generator Overview
PSG signal generator models and frequency–range options. Table 1-1 PSG Signal Generator Models Model E8257D PSG analog signal generator E8267D PSG vector signal generator E8663D PSG analog signal generator a.Instruments with Option 567 are functional, but unspecified, above 67 GHz to 70 GHz...
Page 16: E8257D Psg Analog Signal Generator Features
• RS–232, GPIB, and 10Base–T LAN I/O interfaces • user flatness correction • attenuator burnout protection (with Option 521 instruments that have Option 1E1) The E8257D PSG also offers the following optional features: NOTE To provide analog frequency sweeps and for optimum swept scalar measurements with the 8757D scalar analyzer, the E8257D requires 007 (analog ramp sweep).
Page 17: E8267D Psg Vector Signal Generator Features
• generate narrow pulses across the operational frequency band of the PSG • includes all the same functionality as Option UNU E8267D PSG Vector Signal Generator Features The E8267D PSG provides the same standard functionality as the E8257D PSG, plus the following: • internal I/Q modulator • external analog I/Q inputs •...
Page 18: E8663D Psg Analog Signal Generator Features
• high output power (optional for the E8257D & E8663D) • step attenuator (optional for the E8257D) The E8267D PSG offers the same options as the E8257D PSG, plus the following: Option 003—PSG digital output connectivity with N5102A Option 004—PSG digital input connectivity with N5102A Option 005 (Discontinued)—6 GB internal hard drive...
Page 19 internal gated, and external pulse; internal triggered, internal doublet, and internal gated require an external trigger source — adjustable pulse rate — adjustable pulse period — adjustable pulse width (150 ns minimum) — adjustable pulse delay — selectable external pulse triggering: positive or negative The E8663D PSG also offers the following optional features: NOTE To provide analog frequency sweeps and for optimum swept scalar measurements with the...
Page 20: Options
Signal Generator Overview Options • simultaneous modulation configurations (except: FM with ΦM or Linear AM with Exponential AM) • dual function generators that include the following: — 50–ohm low–frequency output, 0 to 3 Vp, available through the LF output — selectable waveforms: sine, dual–sine, swept–sine, triangle, positive ramp, negative ramp, square, uniform noise, Gaussian noise, and dc —...
Page 21: Modes Of Operation
6. In the “Documents and Downloads” table, click the link in the “Upgrade Assistant Software” column for the E8257D/67D or E8663D PSG to download the PSG/ESG Upgrade Assistant. 7. In the File Download window, select 8. In the Welcome window, click 9.
Page 22: Analog Modulation
Signal Generator Overview Modes of Operation Analog Modulation In this mode, the signal generator modulates a CW signal with an analog signal. The analog modulation types available depend on the installed options. Option UNT provides amplitude, frequency, and phase modulations. Some of these modulations can be used together.
Page 23: Front Panel
Front Panel This section describes each item on the PSG front panel. which includes all items available on the E8257D and E8663D. Figure 1-1 Standard E8267D Front Panel Diagram E8267D only E8257N, 8257D, and E8267D 1. Display 10. Help 2. Softkeys 11.
Page 24: Display
Signal Generator Overview Front Panel 1. Display The LCD screen provides information on the current function. Information can include status indicators, frequency and amplitude settings, and error messages. Softkeys labels are located on the right–hand side of the display. For more detail on the front panel display, see on page 2.
Page 25: Trigger
8. Trigger This key initiates an immediate trigger event for a function such as a list, step, or ramp sweep (Option 007 only). Before this hardkey can be used to initiate a trigger event, the trigger mode must be set to .
Page 26: Ext 2 Input
Signal Generator Overview Front Panel 12. EXT 2 INPUT This female BNC input connector (functional only with Options UNT, UNU, or UNW or on the E8663D) accepts a ±1 V signal for AM, FM, and ΦM. With AM, FM, or ΦM, ±1 V produces the indicated deviation or depth.
Page 27: Rf Output
Signal Generator Overview Front Panel 18. RF OUTPUT This connector outputs RF and microwave signals. The nominal output impedance is 50 ohms. The reverse–power damage levels are 0 Vdc, 0.5 watts nominal. On signal generators with Option 1EM, this connector is located on the rear panel. The connector type varies according to frequency option. 19.
Page 28: Return
Signal Generator Overview Front Panel 25. Return Pressing this hardkey displays the previous softkey menu. It enables you to step back through the menus until you reach the first menu you selected. 26. Contrast Decrease Pressing this hardkey causes the display background to darken. 27.
Page 29: Data Clock
On signal generators with Option 1EM, this connector is located on the rear panel. 34. DATA CLOCK This female BNC input connector is CMOS compatible and accepts an externally supplied data–clock input signal to synchronize serial data for use with the internal baseband generator (Option 601/602). The expected input is a 3.3 V CMOS bit clock signal (which is also TTL compatible) where the rising edge is aligned with the beginning data bit.
Page 30: Front Panel Display
Signal Generator Overview Front Panel Display Front Panel Display Figure 0- 2 shows the various regions of the PSG display. This section describes each region. Figure 1-2 Front Panel Display Diagram 1. Active Entry Area 2. Frequency Area 3. Annunciators 4.
Page 31: Active Entry Area
1. Active Entry Area The current active function is shown in this area. For example, if frequency is the active function, the current frequency setting will be displayed here. If the current active function has an increment value associated with it, that value is also displayed. 2.
Page 32 Signal Generator Overview Front Panel Display EXT REF This annunciator appears when an external frequency reference is applied. This annunciator (Option UNT only) appears when frequency modulation is turned on. If phase modulation is turned on, the ΦM annunciator will replace FM. This annunciator (E8267D only) appears when I/Q modulation is turned on.
Page 33: Digital Modulation Annunciators
transmitting information over the GPIB, RS–232, or VXI–11 LAN interface. This annunciator appears when the signal generator is unable to maintain the UNLEVEL correct output level. The UNLEVEL annunciator is not necessarily an indication of instrument failure. Unleveled conditions can occur during normal operation. A second annunciator, ALC OFF, will appear in the same position when the ALC circuit is disabled.
Page 34: Rear Panel
Signal Generator Overview Rear Panel Rear Panel This section describes each item on the PSG rear panel. Four consecutive drawings show the standard and Option 1EM rear panels for the E8267D, E8257D, and the E8663D. (Option 1EM moves all front panel connectors to the real panel.) Figure 1-3 Standard E8267D Rear Panel 1.
Page 35 Figure 1-4 E8267D Option 1EM Rear Panel 1. EVENT 1 2. EVENT 2 3. PATTERN TRIG IN 4. BURST GATE IN 5. AUXILIARY I/O 6. DIGITAL BUS 7. Q OUT 8. I OUT 9. WIDEBAND I INPUTS 10. I–bar OUT 11.
Page 36 Signal Generator Overview Rear Panel Figure 1-5 Standard E8257D and E8663D Rear Panel 5. AUXILIARY I/O 12. COH CARRIER (Serial Prefixes >=US4646/MY4646) 13. 1 GHz REF OUT (Serial Prefixes >=US4646/MY4646) 15. AC Power Receptacle 16. GPIB 17. 10 MHz EFC 19.
Page 37 Figure 1-6 E8257D and E8663D Option 1EM Rear Panel 5. AUXILIARY I/O 12. COH CARRIER (Serial Prefixes >=US4646/MY4646) 13. 1 GHz REF OUT (Serial Prefixes >=US4646/MY4646) 15. AC Power Receptacle 16. GPIB 17. 10 MHz EFC 19. AUXILIARY INTERFACE 20. 10 MHz IN Chapter 1 30 44 21.
Page 38: Event 1
Signal Generator Overview Rear Panel 1. EVENT 1 This female BNC connector is used with an internal baseband generator (Option 601/602). On signal generators without Option 601/602, this female BNC connector is non–functional. In real–time mode, the EVENT 1 connector outputs a pattern or frame synchronization pulse for triggering or gating external equipment.
Page 39: Auxiliary I/O
5. AUXILIARY I/O This female 37–pin connector is active only on instruments with an internal baseband generator (Option 601/602); on signal generators without Option 601/602, this connector is non–functional. This connector provides access to the inputs and outputs described in the following figure. Figure 1-7 Auxiliary I/O Connector (Female 37–Pin) View looking into...
Page 40: Digital Bus
Signal Generator Overview Rear Panel 6. DIGITAL BUS This is a proprietary bus used for Agilent Baseband Studio products, which require an E8267D with Options 003/004 and 601/602. This connector is not operational for general–purpose customer use. Signals are present only when a Baseband Studio option is installed (for details, refer to http://www.agilent.com/find/basebandstudio).
Page 41: Wideband Q Inputs
Signal Generator Overview Rear Panel I–bar OUT is used in conjunction with I OUT to provide a balanced baseband stimulus. Balanced signals are signals present in two separate conductors that are symmetrical relative to ground and are opposite in polarity (180 degrees out of phase). The nominal output impedance of the I–bar OUT connector is 50 ohms, dc–coupled.
Page 42: Ac Power Receptacle
Signal Generator Overview Rear Panel output the complement of the quadrature–phase component of an external I/Q modulation that has been fed into the Q input connector. Q–bar OUT is used in conjunction with Q OUT to provide a balanced baseband stimulus. Balanced signals are signals present in two separate conductors that are symmetrical relative to ground and are opposite in polarity (180 degrees out of phase).
Page 43: Auxiliary Interface
19. AUXILIARY INTERFACE This 9–pin D–subminiature female connector is an RS–232 serial port that can be used for serial communication and Master–Slave source synchronization. Table 1-3 Auxiliary Interface Connector Pin Number Figure 1-8 20. 10 MHz IN This female BNC connector accepts an external timebase reference input signal level of > −3 dBm. The reference must be 1, 2, 2.5, 5, or 10 MHz, within ±1 ppm.
Page 44: Mhz Out
The nominal output impedance is less than 1 ohm and can drive a 2 kohm load. When connected to an Agilent Technologies 8757D network analyzer, it generates a selectable number of equally spaced 1 ms, 10 V pulses (nominal) across a ramp (analog) sweep. The number of pulses can be set from 101 to 1601 by remote control through the 8757D.
Page 45: Trigger In
A low indicates that the source has settled. The nominal output impedance for this connector is less than 10 ohms. 30. SOURCE MODULE INTERFACE This interface is used to connect to compatible Agilent Technologies 83550 Series mm–wave source modules. Figure 1-9 Interface Signals of the Source Module Connector The codes indicated on the illustration above translate as follows.
Page 46: Rf Out
Signal Generator Overview Rear Panel MOD SENSE Source module sense. A 1 mA current is injected on this line by the mm source module to indicate its presence. This signal always equals 0V. L MOD RF OFF Low = RF off. Source module RF is turned off. EXT LVL RET Source module external leveling return.
Page 47: Pulse Sync Out
34. PULSE SYNC OUT This female BNC output connector (functional only with Options UNU or UNW) outputs a synchronizing TTL–compatible pulse signal that is nominally 50 ns wide during internal and triggered pulse modulation. The nominal source impedance is 50 ohms. On signal generators without Option 1EM, this connector is located on the front panel.
Page 48: Symbol Sync
Signal Generator Overview Rear Panel 40. SYMBOL SYNC This female BNC input connector (E8267D only) is CMOS–compatible and accepts an externally supplied symbol synchronization signal for use with the internal baseband generator (Option 601/602). The expected input is a 3.3 V CMOS bit clock signal (which is also TTL compatible).
Page 49: Flash Drive (Serial Prefixes >=Us4829/Sg4829/My4829 (E8267D) And >=Us4928/Sg4928/My4928 (E8257D))
Signal Generator Overview Rear Panel 44. Flash Drive (Serial Prefixes >=US4829/SG4829/MY4829 (E8267D) and >=US4928/SG4928/MY4928 (E8257D)) The removable compact flash drive is not hot swappable – always turn the power off to the instrument when removing or inserting the memory. Use only Agilent provided or certified compact flash cards.
Page 50 Signal Generator Overview Rear Panel Chapter 1...
Page 51: Basic Operation
Basic Operation In the following sections, this chapter describes operations common to all Agilent PSG signal generators: • “Using Table Editors” on page 38 • “Using the User- Defined RF Output Power Limit (Option 1EU, or 521 only)” on page 40 •...
Page 52: Using Table Editors
Basic Operation Using Table Editors Using Table Editors Table editors simplify configuration tasks, such as creating a list sweep. This section provides information to familiarize you with basic table editor functionality using the List Mode Values table editor as an example. Press >...
Page 53: Table Editor Softkeys
Table Editor Softkeys The following table editor softkeys are used to load, navigate, modify, and store table item values. displays the selected item in the active function area of the display where the Edit Item item’s value can be modified inserts an identical row of table items above the currently selected row Insert Row deletes the currently selected row...
Page 54: Using The User-Defined Rf Output Power Limit (Option 1Ea, 1Eu, Or 521 Only)
Basic Operation Using the User-Defined RF Output Power Limit (Option 1EU, or 521 only) Using the User-Defined RF Output Power Limit (Option 1EU, or 521 only) Selecting a User-Defined RF Output Power Limit To protect external components and instruments against damage the PSG has a user- defined RF output limit (see Figure 2- 2).
Page 55 Figure 2-2 User-Defined RF Output Limit Softkey Menu Amplitude > More > More SCPI Commands: To enable changing the RF output limit: SCPI Command: [:SOURce]:POWer:LIMit[:MAX]:ADJust <ON|OFF|1|0> SCPI Command: [:SOURce]:POWer:LIMit[:MAX]:ADJust? To change the RF output limit: SCPI Command: [:SOURce]:POWer:LIMit[:MAX] <ampl> SCPI Command: [:SOURce]:POWer:LIMit[:MAX]? The following example enables the RF Output power limit and changes the value to 20 dBm.
Page 56: Configuring The Rf Output
Basic Operation Configuring the RF Output Configuring the RF Output This section provides information on how to create continuous wave and swept RF It also has information on using a mm–Wave source module to extend the signal generator’s frequency range (page 59).
Page 57 7. The down arrow decreases the frequency by the increment value set in the previous step. Practice stepping the frequency up and down in 1 MHz increments. You can also adjust the RF output frequency using the knob. As long as frequency is the active function (the frequency is displayed in the active entry area), the knob will increase and decrease the RF output frequency.
Page 58 Basic Operation Configuring the RF Output Setting the Low Pass Filter (Options 1EH and 521) CAUTION Option 1EH can degrade power below 2 GHz. Use Option 1EH when improved harmonics are desired but a degradation of power below 2 GHz is acceptable. Refer to the Data Sheet for details.
Page 59: Configuring A Swept Rf Output
The AMPLITUDE area displays 10.00 dB, which is the power output by the hardware (–20 dBm plus 10 dBm) minus the reference power (−20 dBm). The power at the RF OUTPUT connector changes to −10 dBm. 7. Enter a 10 dB offset: Press The AMPLITUDE area displays 20.00 dB, which is the power output by the hardware (−10 dBm) minus the reference power (−20 dBm) plus the offset (10 dB).
Page 60 Basic Operation Configuring the RF Output The signal generator provides a softkey, Sweep Retrace Off On, that lets you configure single sweep behavior. When sweep retrace is on, the signal generator will retrace the sweep to the first point of the sweep.
Page 61 This changes the start frequency of the step sweep to 500 MHz. 6. Press > > Freq Stop This changes the stop frequency of the step sweep to 600 MHz. 7. Press > > Ampl Start –20 This changes the amplitude level for the start of the step sweep. 8.
Page 62 Basic Operation Configuring the RF Output editing several points in the List Mode Values table. For information on using tables, see Editors” on page 1. Press Sweep Repeat Single Cont This toggles the sweep repeat from continuous to single. The SWEEP annunciator is turned off. The sweep will not occur until it is triggered.
Page 63: Using Ramp Sweep (Option 007)
The frequency for point 8 is still active. 10. Press > 11. Press > > Insert Item –2.5 This inserts a new power value at point 8 and shifts down the original power values for points 8 and 9 by one row. 12.
Page 64 Basic Operation Configuring the RF Output Using Basic Ramp Sweep Functions This procedure demonstrates the following tasks (each task builds on the previous task): • “Configuring a Frequency Sweep” on page 50 • “Using Markers” on page 52 • “Adjusting Sweep Time” on page 54 •...
Page 65 mode enables the instruments to work as a system. 4. Press > Utility GPIB/RS–232 LAN want to change it, press GPIB Address 5. On the 8757D, press LOCAL PSG, change the value. 6. Preset either instrument. Presetting one of the instruments should automatically preset the other as well. If both instruments do not preset, check the GPIB connection, GPIB addresses, and ensure the 8757D is set to system interface mode ( The PSG automatically activates a 2 GHz to maximum frequency ramp sweep with a constant...
Page 66 Basic Operation Configuring the RF Output Figure 2-4 Bandpass Filter Response on 8757D Using Markers 1. Press Markers This opens a table editor and associated marker control softkeys. You can use up to 10 different markers, labeled 0 through 9. 2.
Page 67 Refer to Figure 2- Figure 2-5 Marker Table Editor 5. Move the cursor back to marker 1 and press observing marker 1 on the 8757D. On the 8757D, notice that the displayed amplitude and frequency values for marker 1 are relative to marker 0 as the marker moves along the trace.
Page 68 Basic Operation Configuring the RF Output Figure 2-6 Delta Markers on 8757D 6. Press Turn Off Markers All active markers turn off. Refer to the Agilent PSG Signal Generators Key Reference for information on other marker softkey functions. Adjusting Sweep Time 1.
Page 69 4. Press to Auto. Sweep Time The sweep time returns to its fastest allowable setting. NOTE When using an 8757D network analyzer in manual sweep mode, you must activate the signal generator’s Manual Mode before using the > Sweep/List More (2 of 3) > Manual Mode On. Using Alternate Sweep 1.
Page 70 Basic Operation Configuring the RF Output Figure 2-7 Alternating Sweeps on 8757D Configuring an Amplitude Sweep 1. Press > > Return Sweep This turns off both the current sweep and the alternate sweep from the previous task. The current CW settings now control the RF output. 2.
Page 71 1. Set up the equipment as shown in with the pin configuration shown in PSGs. You can also order the cable (part number 8120–8806) from Agilent Technologies. By connecting the master PSG’s 10 MHz reference standard to the slave PSG’s 10 MHz reference input, the master’s timebase supplies the frequency reference for both PSGs.
Page 72 Basic Operation Configuring the RF Output Figure 2-8 Master/Slave Equipment Setup Figure 2-9 RS–232 Pin Configuration Chapter 2...
Page 73: Extending The Frequency Range
Extending the Frequency Range You can extend the signal generator frequency range using an Agilent 83550 series millimeter–wave source module or other manufacturer’s mm–source module. For information on using the signal generator with a millimeter–wave source module, refer to Modules” on page 267.
Page 74: Applying A Modulation Format To The Rf Output
Basic Operation Modulating a Signal Figure 2-10 Example of AM Modulation Format Off and On Active Modulation Format Annunciator Applying a Modulation Format to the RF Output The carrier signal is modulated when the format is active. When the key is set to Off, the MOD OFF annunciator appears on the display.When the key Mod On/Off is set to On, the MOD ON annunciator shows in the display, whether or not there is an active modulation format.
Page 75: Using Data Storage Functions
Figure 2-11 Carrier Signal Modulation Status Using Data Storage Functions This section explains how to use the two forms of signal generator data storage: the memory catalog and the instrument state register. Using the Memory Catalog The Memory Catalog is the signal generator’s interface for viewing, storing, and saving files; it can be accessed through the signal generator’s front panel or a remote controller.
Page 76 Basic Operation Using Data Storage Functions Table 2-1 Memory Catalog File Types and Associated Data (Continued) ARB Catalog Types Modulation Catalog Types Shape Storing Files to the Memory Catalog To store a file to the memory catalog, first create a file. For this example, use the default list sweep table.
Page 77: Using The Instrument State Registers
4. Press > Catalog Type The “Catalog of All Files” is displayed. For a complete list of file types, refer to page Using the Instrument State Registers The instrument state register is a section of memory divided into 10 sequences (numbered 0 through 9) with each sequence consisting of 100 registers (numbered 00 through 99).
Page 78 Basic Operation Using Data Storage Functions This saves this instrument state in sequence 1, register 01 of the instrument state register. 5. Press Add Comment to Seq[1] Reg[01] This enables you to add a descriptive comment to sequence 1 register 01. 6.
Page 79: Using Security Functions
3. Press and enter the sequence number containing the registers you want to delete. Select Seq 4. Press Delete all Regs in Seq[n] This deletes all registers in the selected sequence. Deleting All Sequences CAUTION Be sure you want to delete the contents of all registers and all sequences in the instrument state register.
Page 80 Basic Operation Using Security Functions Table 2-2 Base Instrument Memory Memory Type Purpose/Contents and Size Main firmware operating Memory memory (SDRAM) 64 MB Main factory Memory calibration/configuration (Flash) data 20 MB user file system, which includes instrument status backup, flatness calibration, IQ calibration, instrument states, waveforms...
Page 81 Table 2-2 Base Instrument Memory (Continued) Memory Type Purpose/Contents and Size Calibration factory Backup calibration/configuration Memory data backup (Flash) no user data 512 KB Boards factory calibration and Memory information files, code (Flash) images, and self–test limits 512 Bytes no user data Micro–...
Page 82 Basic Operation Using Security Functions Table 2-3 Baseband Generator Memory (Options 601 and 602) (Continued) Memory Type Purpose/Contents and Size Buffer support buffer memory for Memory ARB and real–time (SRAM) applications 5 x 512 kB Table 2-4 Hard Disk Memory (Option 005) Memory Type Purpose/Contents...
Page 83 CAUTION The removable compact flash drive is not hot swappable – always turn the power off to the instrument when removing or inserting the memory. Use only Agilent provided or certified compact flash cards. Table 2-5 Flash Drive Memory (Options 008 Memory Type Purpose/Contents...
Page 84: Removing Sensitive Data From Psg Memory
Basic Operation Using Security Functions Removing Sensitive Data from PSG Memory When moving the PSG from a secure development environment, you can remove any classified proprietary information stored in the instrument. This section describes several security functions you can use to remove sensitive data from your instrument. Erase All This function removes all user files, user flatness calibrations, user I/Q calibrations, and resets all table editors with original factory values, ensuring that user data and configurations are not...
Page 85 DRAM/SDRAM Follow the Department of Defence (DoD) manual’s requirements. The instrument must be powered off to purge the memory contents. The instrument must remain powered off in a secure location for 3 minutes. Hard Disk All addressable locations are overwritten with a single character and then a random character. (This is insufficient for top secret data, according to DoD standards.
Page 86 Basic Operation Using Security Functions Setting the Secure Mode Level 1. Press Utility > Memory Catalog > More (1 of 2) > Security > Security Level. 2. Choose from the following selections: None − equivalent to a factory preset, no user information is lost Erase −...
Page 87: Using The Secure Display
instrument will be repaired and calibrated. If the instrument is still under warranty, you will not be charged for the new hard disk. • Keep the hard disk and send the instrument to a repair facility. When the instrument is returned, reinstall the hard disk.
Page 88: Enabling Options
Basic Operation Enabling Options Enabling Options You can retrofit your signal generator after purchase to add new capabilities. Some new optional features are implemented in hardware that you must install. Some options are implemented in software, but require the presence of optional hardware in the instrument. This example shows you how to enable software options.
Page 89: Using The Web Server
c. Verify that you want to reconfigure the signal generator with the new option: Proceed With Reconfiguration The instrument enables the option and reboots. Using the Web Server You can communicate with the signal generator using the Web Server. This service uses TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) to communicate with the signal generator over the internet.
Page 90 Basic Operation Using the Web Server 6. Press the key on the computer’s keyboard. The web browser will display the signal Enter generator’s homepage as shown below in the signal generator and provides access to Agilent’s website. Figure 2-13 Signal Generator Web Page Figure 2- 13.
Page 91 7. Click the Signal Generator Web Control menu button on the left of the page. A new web page will be displayed as shown below in Figure 2-14 Web Page Front Panel This web page remotely accesses all signal generator functions and operations. Use the mouse pointer to click on the signal generator’s hardkeys and softkeys.
Page 92 Basic Operation Using the Web Server Chapter 2...
Page 93: Basic Digital Operation
Basic Digital Operation This chapter provides information on the functions and features available for the E8267D PSG vector signal generator with Option 601 or 602. • “Custom Modulation” on page 79 • “Arbitrary (ARB) Waveform File Headers” on page 80 •...
Page 94: Custom Arb Waveform Generator
Basic Digital Operation Arbitrary (ARB) Waveform File Headers Custom Arb Waveform Generator The signal generator’s Arb Waveform Generator mode is designed for out–of–channel test applications. This mode can be used to generate data formats that simulate random communication traffic and can be used as a stimulus for component testing. Other capabilities of the Arb Waveform Generator mode include: configuring single or multicarrier signals.
Page 95: Creating A File Header For A Modulation Format Waveform
Marker settings and routing functions — Polarity — ALC hold — RF blanking • High crest mode (only in the dual ARB player) • Modulator attenuation • Modulator filter • I/Q output filter (used when routing signals to the rear panel I/Q outputs) •...
Page 96: Modifying Header Information In A Modulation Format
Basic Digital Operation Arbitrary (ARB) Waveform File Headers the active modulation, you must modify the default settings before you save the header information with the waveform file (see on page 82). NOTE Each time an ARB modulation format is turned on, a new temporary waveform file (AUTOGEN_WAVEFORM) and file header are generated, overwriting the previous temporary file and file header.
Page 97 Figure 3-2 Custom Digital Modulation Default Header Display 2. Save the information in the Current Inst. Settings column to the file header: Press Save Setup To Header Both the Saved Header Settings column and the Current Inst. Settings column now display the same settings;...
Page 98 Basic Digital Operation Arbitrary (ARB) Waveform File Headers 3. Return to the ARB Setup menu: Press In the ARB Setup menu (shown in Figure 3- 3 also shows the softkey paths used in steps four through nine. 4. Set the ARB sample clock to 5 MHz: Press 5.
Page 99 Figure 3-3 ARB Setup Softkey Menu and Marker Utilities Dual ARB Player softkey (it does not appear in the ARB formats) Chapter 3 Basic Digital Operation Arbitrary (ARB) Waveform File Headers...
Page 100 Basic Digital Operation Arbitrary (ARB) Waveform File Headers Figure 3-4 Differing Values between Header and Current Setting Columns Figure 3-5 Saved File Header Changes Values differ between the two columns Page 1 Values differ between the two columns Page 2 Page 1 Page 2 Chapter 3...
Page 101: Storing Header Information For A Dual Arb Player Waveform Sequence
Storing Header Information for a Dual ARB Player Waveform Sequence When you create a waveform sequence (described on default file header, which takes priority over the headers for the waveform segments that compose the waveform sequence. During a waveform sequence playback, the waveform segment headers are ignored (except to verify that all required options are installed).
Page 102 Basic Digital Operation Arbitrary (ARB) Waveform File Headers Viewing Header Information with the Dual ARB Player Off One of the differences between a modulation format and the dual ARB player is that even when the dual ARB player is off, you can view a file header. You cannot, however, modify the displayed file header unless the dual ARB player is on, and the displayed header is selected for playback.
Page 103 Viewing Header Information for a Different Waveform File While a waveform is playing in the dual ARB player, you can view the header information of a different waveform file, but you can modify the header information only for the waveform that is currently playing.
Page 104: Playing A Waveform File That Contains A Header
Basic Digital Operation Arbitrary (ARB) Waveform File Headers Playing a Waveform File that Contains a Header After a waveform file (AUTOGEN_WAVEFORM) is generated in a modulation format and the format is turned off, the file becomes accessible to and can only be played back by the dual ARB player. This is true for downloaded waveform files (downloading files is described in the Agilent Signal Generators Programming Guide).
Page 105: Using The Dual Arb Waveform Player
Basic Digital Operation Using the Dual ARB Waveform Player Using the Dual ARB Waveform Player The dual arbitrary (ARB) waveform player is used to create, edit, and play waveform files. There are two types of waveform files: segments and sequences. A segment is a waveform file that is created using one of the signal generator’s pre–defined ARB formats.
Page 106: Creating Waveform Segments
Basic Digital Operation Using the Dual ARB Waveform Player Creating Waveform Segments There are two ways to provide waveform segments for use by the waveform sequencer. You can either download a waveform via the remote interface, or generate a waveform using one of the ARB modulation formats.
Page 107: Building And Storing A Waveform Sequence
2. Create the first waveform segment: a. Press > > Mode Dual ARB b. Highlight the default segment AUTOGEN_WAVEFORM. c. Press > Rename Segment Editing Keys d. Enter a file name (for example, TTONE), and press This renames the waveform segment, and stores a copy in non volatile memory. 3.
Page 108: Playing A Waveform
Basic Digital Operation Using the Dual ARB Waveform Player Playing a Waveform This procedure applies to playing either a waveform segment or a waveform sequence. This example plays the waveform sequence created in the previous procedure. 1. Select a waveform sequence: a.
Page 109: Adding Real-Time Noise To A Dual Arb Waveform (E8267D With Option 403)
Adding Real–Time Noise to a Dual ARB Waveform (E8267D with Option 403) The signal generator with option 403 can apply AWGN (additive white gaussian noise) to a carrier in real time while the modulating waveform file is being played by the Dual ARB waveform player. The AWGN can be configured using front panel softkeys.
Page 110: Renaming A Waveform Segment
Basic Digital Operation Using Waveform Markers Storing Waveform Segments to Non–volatile Memory 1. Press > > Mode Dual ARB Waveform Segments 2. If necessary, press Load Store 3. Press Store All To NVWFM Memory Copies of all WFM1 waveform segment files have been stored in non–volatile memory as NVWFM files.
Page 111: Waveform Marker Concepts
There are three basic steps to using waveform markers: “1. Clearing Marker Points from a Waveform Segment” on page 103 “2. Setting Marker Points in a Waveform Segment” on page 104 “3. Controlling Markers in a Waveform Sequence (Dual ARB Only)” on page 106 This section also provides the following information: •...
Page 112 Basic Digital Operation Using Waveform Markers Marker Point Edit Requirements Before you can modify a waveform segment’s marker points, the segment must reside in volatile memory (see “Loading Waveform Segments from Non–volatile Memory” on page In the dual ARB player, you can modify a waveform segment’s marker points without playing the waveform, or while playing the waveform in an ARB modulation format.
Page 113 Positive Polarity CAUTION Incorrect ALC sampling can create a sudden unleveled condition that may create a spike in the RF output, potentially damaging a DUT or connected instrument. To prevent this condition, ensure that you set markers to let the ALC sample over an amplitude that accounts for the higher power levels encountered within the signal.
Page 114 Basic Digital Operation Using Waveform Markers Example of Correct Use Waveform: 1022 points Marker range: 95–97 Marker polarity: Positive This example shows a marker set to sample the waveform’s area of highest amplitude. Note that the marker is set well before the waveform’s area of lowest amplitude.
Page 115: Accessing Marker Utilities
Example of Incorrect Use Waveform: 1022 points Marker range: 110–1022 Marker polarity: Negative This figure shows that a negative polarity marker goes low during the marker on points; the marker signal goes high during the off points. The ALC samples the waveform during the off marker points.
Page 116: Viewing Waveform Segment Markers
Basic Digital Operation Using Waveform Markers NOTE Most of the procedures in this section begin at the Viewing Waveform Segment Markers Markers are applied to waveform segments. Use the following steps to view the markers set for a segment (this example uses the factory–supplied segment, SINE_TEST_WFM). 1.
Page 117: Clearing Marker Points From A Waveform Segment
Select a segment The Set Marker display The display below shows the I and Q components of the waveform, and the marker points set in a factory–supplied segment. Marker points on first sample point 1. Clearing Marker Points from a Waveform Segment When you set marker points they do not replace points that already exist, but are set in addition to existing points.
Page 118: Setting Marker Points In A Waveform Segment
Basic Digital Operation Using Waveform Markers 4. For the selected marker number, remove all marker points in the selected segment: Press Set Marker Off All Points 5. Repeat from Step 3 for any remaining marker points that you want to remove. Clearing a Range of Marker Points The following example uses a waveform with marker points (Marker 1) set across points 10−20.
Page 119 3. Highlight the desired marker number: Press Marker 1 2 3 4 4. Set the first sample point in the range (in this example, 10): Press Set Marker On Range Of Points 5. Set the last marker point in the range to a value less than or equal to the number of points in the waveform, and greater than or equal to the first marker point (in this example, 20): Press >...
Page 120: Controlling Markers In A Waveform Sequence (Dual Arb Only)
Basic Digital Operation Using Waveform Markers 1. Remove any existing marker points 2. In the menu (page Marker Utilities 3. Highlight the desired waveform segment. In ARB formats there is only one file (AUTOGEN_WAVEFORM) and it is already highlighted. 4. Highlight the desired marker number: Press 5.
Page 121 2. Toggle the markers as desired: a. Highlight the first waveform segment. b. Press Enable/Disable Markers c. As desired, press Toggle Marker 1 Toggling a marker that has no marker points outputs. An entry in the Mkr column (see figure below) indicates that the marker is enabled for that segment;...
Page 122: Viewing A Marker Pulse
Basic Digital Operation Using Waveform Markers The markers are enabled or disabled per your selections, and the changes have been saved to the selected sequence file. Viewing a Marker Pulse When a waveform plays (page event connector that corresponds to that marker number. This example demonstrates how to view a marker pulse generated by a waveform segment that has at least one marker point set The process is the same for a waveform sequence.
Page 123: Using The Rf Blanking Marker Function
Basic Digital Operation Using Waveform Markers RF Output Marker pulse on the Event 1 signal. Using the RF Blanking Marker Function While you can set a marker function (described as on the softkey label) either before or Marker Routing after setting the marker points (page 104), setting a marker function before you set marker points may change the RF output.
Page 124 Basic Digital Operation Using Waveform Markers Marker Point 1 Segment Marker Point 1 Segment RF Signal RF Signal Marker Polarity = Positive When marker polarity is positive (the default setting), the RF output is blanked during the off maker points. ≈...
Page 125: Setting Marker Polarity
Setting Marker Polarity Setting a negative marker polarity inverts the marker signal. 1. In the menu (page Marker Utilities 2. Select the marker polarity as desired for each marker number. As shown on page 109: Positive Polarity: On marker points are high (≈3.3V). Negative Polarity: On marker points are low (0V).
Page 126: Source
Basic Digital Operation Triggering Waveforms • Polarity determines the state of the trigger to which the waveform responds (used only with an external trigger source); you can set either negative, or positive. Source The Trigger hardkey A command sent through the rear panel GPIB, LAN, or Auxiliary (RS–232) interface An external trigger signal applied to either the PATTERN TRIG IN connector, or the PATT TRIG IN 2 pin on the AUXILIARY I/O connector (connector locations are shown in The following parameters affect an external trigger signal:...
Page 127: Accessing Trigger Utilities
• (Dual ARB only) causes a segment in a sequence to require a trigger to play. The Segment Advance trigger source controls how play moves from segment to segment (example on trigger received during the last segment loops play to the first segment in the sequence. You have two choices as to how the segments play: —...
Page 128: Setting The Polarity Of An External Trigger
Basic Digital Operation Triggering Waveforms Setting the Polarity of an External Trigger Gated Mode The selections available with the gate active parameter refer to the low and high states of an external trigger signal. For example, when you select High, the active state occurs during the high of the trigger signal.
Page 129 3. Configure the carrier signal output: • Set the desired frequency. • Set the desired amplitude. • Turn on the RF output. 4. Select a waveform for playback (sequence or segment): a. Preset the signal generator. b. Press > > Mode Dual ARB c.
Page 130: Using Segment Advance Triggering
Basic Digital Operation Triggering Waveforms Modulating Waveform Externally Applied Gating Signal Gate Active = High NOTE In the real–time Custom mode, the behavior is reversed: when the gating signal is high, you see the modulated waveform. Using Segment Advance Triggering Segment advance triggering enables you to control the segment playback within a waveform sequence.
Page 131: Using Waveform Clipping
5. Generate the waveform sequence: Press > > Return Return ARB Off On 6. Trigger the first waveform segment to begin playing repeatedly: Press the hardkey. Trigger 7. (Optional) Monitor the current waveform: Connect the output of the signal generator to the input of an oscilloscope, and configure the oscilloscope so that you can see the output of the signal generator.
Page 132 Basic Digital Operation Using Waveform Clipping Figure 3-10 Multiple Channel Summing The I and Q waveforms combine in the I/Q modulator to create an RF waveform. The magnitude of the RF envelope is determined by the equation , where the squaring of I and Q always results in a positive value.
Page 133: How Peaks Cause Spectral Regrowth
Figure 3-11 Combining the I and Q Waveforms How Peaks Cause Spectral Regrowth Because of the relative infrequency of high power peaks, a waveform will have a high peak–to–average power ratio (see provide a specific average power, high peaks can cause the power amplifier to move toward saturation.
Page 134: How Clipping Reduces Peak-To-Average Power
Basic Digital Operation Using Waveform Clipping Figure 3-12 Peak–to–Average Power Spectral regrowth is a range of frequencies that develops on each side of the carrier (similar to sidebands) and extends into the adjacent frequency bands (see regrowth interferes with communication in the adjacent bands. Clipping can provide a solution to this problem.
Page 135 Basic Digital Operation Using Waveform Clipping appears as a rectangle in the vector representation. With either method, the objective is to clip the waveform to a level that effectively reduces spectral regrowth, but does not compromise the integrity of the signal. Figure 3- 16 on page 123 uses two complementary cumulative distribution plots to show the reduction in peak–to–average power that occurs after applying circular clipping to a waveform.
Page 136 Basic Digital Operation Using Waveform Clipping Figure 3-15 Rectangular Clipping Chapter 3...
Page 137: Configuring Circular Clipping
Figure 3-16 Reduction of Peak–to–Average Power Configuring Circular Clipping This procedure shows you how to configure circular clipping. The circular setting clips the composite I/Q data (I and Q data are clipped equally). For more information about circular clipping, refer to “How Clipping Reduces Peak–to–Average Power”...
Page 138: Configuring Rectangular Clipping
Basic Digital Operation Using Waveform Clipping 2. Press > > Mode Dual ARB Select Waveform display. AUTOGEN_WAVEFORM is the default name assigned to the waveform you generated in the previous step. 3. Press . This selects the waveform and returns you to the previous softkey menu. Select Waveform 4.
Page 139: Using Waveform Scaling
Basic Digital Operation Using Waveform Scaling 11. Press > and observe the waveform’s curve. Notice the reduction in Waveform Statistics CCDF Plot peak–to–average power, relative to the previous plot, after applying clipping. Using Waveform Scaling Waveform scaling is used to eliminate DAC over–range errors. The PSG provides two methods of waveform scaling.
Page 140: How Scaling Eliminates Dac Over-Range Errors
Basic Digital Operation Using Waveform Scaling Figure 3-18 Waveform Overshoot How Scaling Eliminates DAC Over–Range Errors Scaling reduces or shrinks a baseband waveform’s amplitude while maintaining its basic shape and characteristics, such as peak–to–average power ratio. If the fast–rising baseband waveform is scaled enough to allow an adequate margin for the overshoot, the interpolator filter is then able to calculate sample points that include the ripple effect, thereby eliminating the over–range error (see...
Page 141: Scaling A Currently Playing Waveform (Runtime Scaling)
Although scaling maintains the basic shape of the waveform, too much scaling can compromise its integrity because the bit resolution can be so low that the waveform becomes corrupted with quantization noise. Maximum accuracy and optimum dynamic range are achieved by scaling the waveform just enough to remove the DAC over–range error.
Page 142: Setting The Baseband Frequency Offset
Basic Digital Operation Setting the Baseband Frequency Offset Setting the Baseband Frequency Offset The baseband frequency offset specifies a value to shift the baseband frequency up to ±20 MHz within the BBG 80 MHz signal bandwidth, depending on the signal generator’s baseband generator option.
Page 143: Optimizing Performance
Optimizing Performance In the following sections, this chapter describes procedures that improve the performance of the Agilent PSG signal generator. • “Using the ALC” on page 129 • “Using External Leveling” on page 130 • “Creating and Applying User Flatness Correction” on page 133 •...
Page 144: Optimizing Performance
Optimizing Performance Using External Leveling To Select an ALC Bandwidth Press > > Amplitude ALC BW 100 Hz This overrides the signal generator’s automatic ALC bandwidth selection with your specific selection. For waveforms with varying amplitudes, high crest factors, or both, the recommended ALC loop bandwidth is 100 Hz.
Page 145 Figure 4-2 External Detector Leveling with a Directional Coupler Configure the Signal Generator 1. Press Preset 2. Press > > Frequency 3. Press > > Amplitude 4. Press RF On/Off 5. Press > Leveling Mode Ext Detector This deactivates the internal ALC detector and switches the ALC input path to the front panel ALC INPUT connector.
Page 146 Optimizing Performance Using External Leveling Technologies diode detectors. Using this chart, you can determine the leveled power at the diode detector input by measuring the external detector output voltage. You must then add the coupling factor to determine the leveled output power. The range of power adjustment is approximately –20 to +25 dBm.
Page 147: To Level With A Mm-Wave Source Module
External Leveling with Option 1E1 Signal Generators Signal generators with Option 1E1 contain a step attenuator prior to the RF output connector. During external leveling, the signal generator automatically holds the present attenuator setting (to avoid power transients that may occur during attenuator switching) as the RF amplitude is changed. A balance must be maintained between the amount of attenuation and the optimum ALC level to achieve the required RF output amplitude.
Page 148 Optimizing Performance Creating and Applying User Flatness Correction generator’s RF output. Afterward, use the steps in Recalling and Applying a User Flatness Correction Array to recall a user flatness file from the memory catalog and apply it to the signal generator’s RF output. Chapter 4...
Page 149: Creating A User Flatness Correction Array
Creating a User Flatness Correction Array In this example, you create a user flatness correction array. The flatness correction array contains ten frequency correction pairs (amplitude correction values for specified frequencies), from 1 to 10 GHz in 1 GHz intervals. An Agilent E4416A/17A/18B/19B power meter (controlled by the signal generator via GPIB) and E4413A power sensor are used to measure the RF output amplitude at the specified correction frequencies and transfer the results to the signal generator.
Page 150 Optimizing Performance Creating and Applying User Flatness Correction Figure 4-4 User Flatness Correction Equipment Setup Configure the Signal Generator 1. Press Preset 2. Configure the signal generator to interface with the power meter. a. Press > Amplitude More (1 of 2) E4419B b.
Page 151 7. Press > > # of Points Enter Steps 4, 5, and 6 enter the desired flatness–corrected frequencies into the step array. 8. Press > Return Load Cal Array From Step Array This populates the user flatness correction array with the frequency settings defined in the step array.
Page 152 Optimizing Performance Creating and Applying User Flatness Correction 1. Press More (1 of 2) > User Flatness This opens the User Flatness table editor and places the cursor over the frequency value (1 GHz) for row 1. The RF output changes to the frequency value of the table row containing the cursor and 1.000 000 000 00 is displayed in the AMPLITUDE area of the display.
Page 153 4. Ensure that the file FLATCAL1 is highlighted. 5. Press > Load From Selected File This populates the user flatness correction array with the data contained in the file FLATCAL1. The user flatness correction array title displays User Flatness: FLATCAL1. 6.
Page 154: Creating A User Flatness Correction Array With A Mm-Wave Source Module
Optimizing Performance Creating and Applying User Flatness Correction Creating a User Flatness Correction Array with a mm–Wave Source Module CAUTION Option 521 signal generators can damage MM source modules. Consult the MM source module’s operating manual for input damage levels. In this example, a user flatness correction array is created to provide flatness–corrected power at the output of an Agilent 83554A millimeter–wave source module driven by an E8257D.
Page 155 NOTE For operating information on your particular power meter/sensor, refer to their operating guides. Connect the Equipment CAUTION To prevent damage to the signal generator, turn off the line power to the signal generator before connecting the source module interface cable to the rear panel SOURCE MODULE interface connector.
Page 156 Optimizing Performance Creating and Applying User Flatness Correction Figure 4-5 User Flatness with mm–Wave Source Module for a Signal Generator without Options 1EA, 1EU, or 521 Chapter 4...
Page 157 Figure 4-6 User Flatness with mm–Wave Source Module for Signal Generators with Options 1EA, 1EU, or CAUTION Option 521 signal generators can damage MM source modules. Consult the MM source module’s operating manual for input damage levels. NOTE To ensure adequate RF amplitude at the mm–wave source module RF input when using Options 1EA, 1EU, or 521 signal generators, maximum amplitude loss through the adapters and cables connected between the signal generator’s RF output and the mm–wave source module’s RF input should be less than 1.5 dB.
Page 158 Optimizing Performance Creating and Applying User Flatness Correction NOTE For specific frequency/amplitude ranges, see the mm–wave source module specifications. 2. Configure the signal generator to interface with the power meter. a. Press Amplitude > More (1 of 2) E4419B b. Press >...
Page 159 and their calculated amplitude correction values. The user flatness correction array title displays User Flatness: (UNSTORED) indicating that the current user flatness correction array data has not been saved to the memory catalog. Performing the User Flatness Correction Manually If you are not using an Agilent E4416A/17A/18B/19B power meter, or if your power meter does not have a GPIB interface, complete the steps in this section and then continue with the user flatness correction tutorial.
Page 160: Using The Option 521 Detector Calibration (Option 521)
Optimizing Performance Using the Option 521 Detector Calibration (Option 521) Recalling and Applying a User Flatness Correction Array Before performing the steps in this section, complete the section Array with a mm–Wave Source Module” on page 1. Press Preset 2. Press >...
Page 161: Adjusting Reference Oscillator Bandwidth (Option Unr/Unx/Uny)
Adjusting Reference Oscillator Bandwidth (Option UNR/UNX/UNY) The reference oscillator bandwidth (sometimes referred to as loop bandwidth) in signal generators with Option UNR/UNX/UNY (improved close–in phase noise <1 kHz) is adjustable in fixed steps for either an internal or external 10 MHz frequency reference. The reference oscillator bandwidth can be set to 25, 55, 125, 300, or 650 Hz;...
Page 162: Optimizing Phase Noise Below 250 Mhz
Optimizing Performance Optimizing Phase Noise and Harmonics Below 3.2 GHz (Option UNX/UNY) Optimizing Phase Noise Below 250 MHz (serial prefix > xx4928 and higher) This feature is available on instruments with Option UNX or Option UNY, and serial number prefix >...
Page 163: Optimizing Harmonics Below 2 Ghz
Optimizing Harmonics Below 2 GHz CAUTION Maximum available power below 3.2 GHz, is lower when the Low Pass Filter Below 2 GHz softkey is been pressed. Refer to the PSG’s Data Sheet. The PSG’s harmonic performance can be improved below 3.2 GHz by using the Low Pass Filter Below 2 GHz softkey.
Page 164 Optimizing Performance Optimizing Phase Noise and Harmonics Below 3.2 GHz (Option UNX/UNY) Chapter 4...
Page 165: Analog Modulation
Analog Modulation In the following sections, this chapter describes the standard continuous waveform and optional analog modulation capability in the Agilent E8257D PSG Analog, E8663D, Analog, and E8267D PSG Vector signal generators. • “Analog Modulation Waveforms” on page 151 •...
Page 166: Configuring Am (Option Unt)
Analog Modulation Configuring AM (Option UNT) Configuring AM (Option UNT) In this example, you will learn how to generate an amplitude–modulated RF carrier. To Set the Carrier Frequency 1. Press Preset 2. Press > > Frequency 1340 To Set the RF Output Amplitude Press Amplitude >...
Page 167: To Set The Fm Deviation And Rate
To Set the FM Deviation and Rate 1. Press the hardkey. FM/ΦM 2. Press > > FM Dev 3. Press > > FM Rate The signal generator is now configured to output a 0 dBm, frequency–modulated carrier at 1 GHz with a 75 kHz deviation and a 10 kHz rate.
Page 168: To Activate Fm
Analog Modulation Configuring Pulse Modulation (Option UNU/UNW) The signal generator is now configured to output a 0 dBm, phase–modulated carrier at 3 GHz with a 0.25 p radian deviation and 10 kHz rate. The shape of the waveform is a sine wave. (Notice that sine ΦM Waveform is the default for the To Activate ΦM...
Page 169: Triggering Simultaneous Pulses From Two Psgs Using An Internal Or An External Pulse Source
Triggering Simultaneous Pulses from Two PSGs Using an Internal or an External Pulse Source Two PSG pulse generators can be triggered simultaneously using the PSG internal pulse generator or using an external pulse source. The pulse from PSG1 is triggered internally or by the external pulse generator and the pulse from PSG2 is triggered using the SYNC OUT signal from PSG1.
Page 170: Configuring The Lf Output (Option Unt)
Analog Modulation Configuring the LF Output (Option UNT) Figure 5-1 Setup Diagram for Triggering Simultaneous Pulses Using Two PSGs If you are using: • "An external pulse source as the pulse trigger: Set the trigger mode to Internal Trigger for both PSGs by selecting the Pulse hardkey, and then selecting the Pulse Source and Internal Triggered on PSG 1 and PSG2.
Page 171: To Configure The Lf Output With An Internal Modulation Source
Dual–Sine dual–sine waves with individually adjustable frequencies and a percent–of– peak–amplitude setting for the second tone (available from function generator 1 only) Swept–Sine a swept–sine wave with adjustable start and stop frequencies, sweep rate, and sweep trigger settings (available from function generator 1 only) Triangle triangle wave with adjustable amplitude and frequency Ramp...
Page 172: To Configure The Lf Output With A Function Generator Source
Analog Modulation Configuring the LF Output (Option UNT) To Configure the LF Output with a Function Generator Source In this example, the function generator is the LF output source. Configuring the Function Generator as the LF Output Source 1. Press Preset 2.
Page 173: Custom Arb Waveform Generator
Custom Arb Waveform Generator In the following sections, this chapter describes the custom arbitrary waveform generator mode, which is available only in E8267D PSG vector signal generators with Option 601 or 602: • “Overview” on page 159 • “Working with Predefined Setups (Modes)” on page 159 •...
Page 174: Working With User-Defined Setups (Modes)-Custom Arb Only
Custom Arb Waveform Generator Working with User–Defined Setups (Modes)-Custom Arb Only 2. Press > > Mode Custom Arb Waveform Generator 3. Select either: • one of the predefined modulation setups: , or 25 w/CQPSK CDPD This selects a predefined setup where filtering, symbol rate, and modulation type are defined by the predefined modulation setup (mode) that you selected and returns you to the top–level custom modulation menu;...
Page 175: Customizing A Multicarrier Setup
11. Press > Digital Mod Define Store Custom Dig Mod State If there is already a file name from the Catalog of DMOD Files occupying the active entry area, press: > Edit Keys Clear Text 12. Enter a file name (for example, NADCQPSK) using the alpha keys and the numeric keypad. 13.
Page 176: Recalling A User-Defined Custom Digital Modulation State
Custom Arb Waveform Generator Working with Filters 12. Enter a file name (for example, EDGEM1) using the alpha keys and the numeric keypad, and press Enter The user–defined multicarrier digital modulation state is now stored in non–volatile memory. NOTE The RF output amplitude, frequency, and operating state settings (such as RF On/Off) are not stored as part of a user–defined digital modulation state file.
Page 177: Using A Predefined Fir Filter
middle, and total attenuation at high frequencies. The width of the middle frequencies is defined by the roll off factor or Filter Alpha (0 < Filter Alpha < 1). • is a Gaussian pre–modulation FIR filter. Gaussian • enables you to select from a Catalog of FIR filters; use this selection if the other User FIR predefined FIR filters do not meet your needs.
Page 178: Using A User-Defined Fir Filter
Custom Arb Waveform Generator Working with Filters Optimizing a Nyquist or Root Nyquist FIR Filter for EVM or ACP (Custom Realtime I/Q Baseband only) 1. Preset the instrument: Press 2. Press > > Mode Custom Real Time I/Q Baseband The FIR filter is now optimized for minimum error vector magnitude (EVM) or for minimum adjacent channel power (ACP).
Page 179 7. Press . A graph displays the impulse response of the current FIR coefficients. Display Impulse Response 8. Press Return 9. Highlight coefficient 15. 10. Press > Enter 11. Press Display Impulse Response The graphic display can provide a useful troubleshooting tool (in this case, it indicates that a coefficient value is set incorrectly, resulting in an improper Gaussian response).
Page 180 Custom Arb Waveform Generator Working with Filters To Create a User–Defined FIR Filter with the FIR Values Editor In this procedure, you use the FIR Values editor to create and store an 8–symbol, windowed, sinc function filter with an oversample ratio of 4. The Oversample Ratio (OSR) is the number of filter coefficients per symbol.
Page 181 Coefficient Value −0.000076 −0.001747 −0.005144 −0.004424 0.007745 0.029610 7. Press Mirror Table In a windowed sinc function filter, the second half of the coefficients are identical to the first half, but in reverse order. The signal generator provides a mirror table function that automatically duplicates the existing coefficient values in the reverse order;...
Page 182 Custom Arb Waveform Generator Working with Filters 9. Press > More (1 of 2) Display FFT A graph displays the fast Fourier transform of the current set of FIR coefficients. The signal generator has the capability of graphically displaying the filter in both time and frequency dimensions.
Page 183: Working With Symbol Rates
Working with Symbol Rates The Symbol Rate menu enables you to set the rate at which I/Q symbols are fed to the I/Q modulator. The default transmission symbol rate can also be restored in this menu. • Symbol Rate (displayed as Sym Rate) is the number of symbols per second that are transmitted using the modulation (displayed as Mod Type) along with the filter and filter alpha (displayed as Filter).
Page 184: To Restore The Default Symbol Rate (Custom Real Time I/Q Only)
Custom Arb Waveform Generator Working with Symbol Rates To Restore the Default Symbol Rate (Custom Real Time I/Q Only) • Press > > Mode Custom Real Time I/Q Baseband This replaces the current symbol rate with the default symbol rate for the selected modulation format.
Page 185: Working With Modulation Types
Modulation Type 4QAM Quadratu 16QAM Amplitud 32QAM Modulatio 64QAM 128QAM There is no preset value for this modulation, it must be user defined. 256QAM Working with Modulation Types The Modulation Type menu enables you to specify the type of modulation applied to the carrier signal when the hardkey is on.
Page 186: To Use A User-Defined Modulation Type (Real Time I/Q Only)
Custom Arb Waveform Generator Working with Modulation Types To Use a User–Defined Modulation Type (Real Time I/Q Only) Creating a 128QAM I/Q Modulation Type User File with the I/Q Values Editor In I/Q modulation schemes, symbols appear in default positions in the I/Q plane. Using the I/Q Values editor, you can define your own symbol map by changing the position of one or more symbols.
Page 187 5. Press the softkey 16 times. Delete Row Repeat this pattern of steps using the following table: Goto Row 0110 0000 (96) 1001 0000 (144) 1100 0000 (192) 0001 0000 (16) 0001 0100 (20) 0001 1000 (24) 0011 0000 (48) 0011 0100 (52) 0011 1000 (56) 0101 1000 (88)
Page 188 Custom Arb Waveform Generator Working with Modulation Types 2. Press > > Mode Custom Real Time I/Q Baseband > Rows Confirm Delete All Rows This loads a default 4QAM I/Q modulation and clears the I/Q Values editor. 3. Enter the I and Q values listed in the following table: Symbol Data 0000...
Page 189 Modifying a Predefined I/Q Modulation Type (I/Q Symbols) & Simulating Magnitude Errors & Phase Errors Use the following procedure to manipulate symbol locations which simulate magnitude and phase errors. In this example, you edit a 4QAM constellation to move one symbol closer to the origin. 1.
Page 190 Custom Arb Waveform Generator Working with Modulation Types 6. Press > –1.8 Each time you enter a value, the Data column increments to the next binary number, up to a total of 16 data values (from 0000 to 1111). An unstored file of frequency deviation values is created for the custom 4–level FSK file.
Page 191: Differential Wideband Iq (Option 016)
Differential Wideband IQ (Option 016) The signal generator with Option 016 can use an external I/Q modulation source such as a two channel arbitrary waveform generator to generate up to 2 GHz modulation bandwidth at RF. To enable the wideband I/Q inputs: 1.
Page 192: Configuring Hardware
Custom Arb Waveform Generator Configuring Hardware the internal ARB as a baseband source and enable the wideband inputs. 1. Set up the internal baseband generator with the desired signal. 2. Press the hardkey. 3. Press I/Q Out 4. Press BBG1 5.
Page 193 The Custom Arb Waveform Generator has been configured to play a single multicarrier waveform 100 milliseconds after it detects a change in TTL state from low to high at the PATT TRIG IN rear panel connector. 10. Set the function generator waveform to a 0.1 Hz square wave at an output level of 0 to 5V. 11.
Page 194 Custom Arb Waveform Generator Configuring Hardware Chapter 6...
Page 195: Custom Real Time I/Q Baseband
Custom Real Time I/Q Baseband In the following sections, this chapter describes the custom real–time I/Q baseband mode, which is available only in E8267D PSG vector signal generators with Option 601 or 602: • “Overview” on page 181 • “Working with Predefined Setups (Modes)” on page 181 •...
Page 196: Deselecting A Predefined Real Time Modulation Setup
Custom Real Time I/Q Baseband Working with Data Patterns Deselecting a Predefined Real Time Modulation Setup To deselect any predefined mode that has been previously selected, and return to the top–level custom modulation menu: 1. Press Preset 2. Press > >...
Page 197: Using A Predefined Data Pattern
Using a Predefined Data Pattern Selecting a Predefined PN Sequence Data Pattern 1. Press Preset 2. Press > > Mode Custom Real Time I/Q Baseband 3. Press one of the following: Selecting a Predefined Fixed 4–bit Data Pattern 1. Press Preset 2.
Page 198 Custom Real Time I/Q Baseband Working with Data Patterns Offset Cursor Position (in Hex) indicator (in Hex) Bit Data NOTE When you create a new file, the default name is UNTITLED, or UNTITLED1, and so forth. This prevents overwriting previous files. 3.
Page 199 Enter These Bit Values Cursor Position 4. Press > > More (1 of 2) Rename 5. Enter a file name (for example, USER1) using the alpha keys and the numeric keypad. 6. Press Enter The user file should be renamed and stored to the Memory Catalog with the name USER1. Selecting a Data Pattern User File from the Catalog of Bit Files In this procedure, you learn how to select a data pattern user file from the Catalog of Bit Files.
Page 200 Custom Real Time I/Q Baseband Working with Data Patterns Navigating the Bit Values of an Existing Data Pattern User File 1. Press > > > Goto Enter This moves the cursor to bit position 4C, of the table, as shown in the following figure. Cursor moves to new position Inverting the Bit Values of an Existing Data Pattern User File 1.
Page 201: Using An Externally Supplied Data Pattern
To Apply Bit Errors to an Existing Data Pattern User File This example demonstrates how to apply bit errors to an existing data pattern user file. If you have not created and stored a data pattern user file, first complete the steps in the previous section, “Creating a Data Pattern User File with the Bit File Editor”...
Page 202: Configuring The Burst Rise And Fall Parameters
Custom Real Time I/Q Baseband Working with Burst Shapes User–Define d Values Rise Rise Time Delay Time Burst shape maximum rise and fall time values are affected by the following factors: • the symbol rate • the modulation type When the rise and fall delays equal 0, the burst shape attempts to synchronize the maximum burst shape power to the beginning of the first valid symbol and the ending of the last valid symbol.
Page 203 You can also design burst shape files externally and download the data to the signal generator. For more information, see the Agilent Signal Generators Programming Guide. To Create and Store User–Defined Burst Shape Curves Using this procedure, you learn how to enter rise shape sample values and mirror them as fall shape values to create a symmetrical burst curve.
Page 204 Custom Real Time I/Q Baseband Working with Burst Shapes Figure 7-1 5. Press > More (1 of 2) Display Burst Shape This displays a graphical representation of the waveform’s rise and fall characteristics. Figure 7-2 NOTE To return the burst shape to the default conditions, press >...
Page 205: Configuring Hardware
8. Press Enter The contents of the current Rise Shape and Fall Shape editors are stored to the Catalog of SHAPE Files. This burst shape can now be used to customize a modulation or as a basis for a new burst shape design. To Select and Recall a User–Defined Burst Shape Curve from the Memory Catalog Once a user–defined burst shape file is stored in the Memory Catalog, it can be recalled for use with real–time I/Q baseband generated digital modulation.
Page 206: To Set The Bbg Data Clock To External Or Internal
Custom Real Time I/Q Baseband Working with Phase Polarity SYMBOL SYNC input connector. To Set the BBG DATA CLOCK to External or Internal 1. Press Mode > > Custom Real Time I/Q Baseband Configure Hardware allows you to access a menu from which you can set the BBG DATA CLOCK to receive input from External or Internal.
Page 207: Understanding Differential Encoding
This section provides information about the following: • Understanding Differential Encoding • “Using Differential Encoding” on page 197 Understanding Differential Encoding Differential encoding is a digital–encoding technique whereby a binary value is denoted by a signal change rather than a particular signal state. Using differential encoding, binary data in any user–defined I/Q or FSK modulation can be encoded during the modulation process via symbol table offsets defined in the Differential State Map.
Page 208 Custom Real Time I/Q Baseband Working with Differential Data Encoding The following illustration shows a 4QAM modulation I/Q State Map. 2nd Symbol Data = 00000001 Distinct values: –1, +1 3rd Symbol Data = 00000010 Distinct values: –1, –1 Differential Data Encoding In real–time I/Q baseband digital modulation waveforms, data (1’s and 0’s) are encoded, modulated onto a carrier frequency and subsequently transmitted to a receiver.
Page 209 For a bit–by–bit illustration of the encoding process, see the following illustration: raw (unencoded) data change = no change = differentially encoded data How Differential Encoding Works Differential encoding employs offsets in the symbol table to encode user–defined modulation schemes. The Differential State Map editor is used to introduce symbol table offset values, which in turn cause transitions through the I/Q State Map based on their associated data value.
Page 210 Custom Real Time I/Q Baseband Working with Differential Data Encoding NOTE The following I/Q State Map illustrations show all possible state transitions using a particular symbol table offset value. The actual state–to–state transition depends on the state in which the modulation starts. Example Data Offset...
Page 211: Using Differential Encoding
When applied to the user–defined default 4QAM I/Q map, starting from the 1st symbol (data 00), the differential encoding transitions for the data stream (in 2–bit symbols) 0011100001 appear in the previous illustration. As you can see, the 1st and 4th symbols, having the same data value (00), produce the same state transition (forward 1 state).
Page 212 Custom Real Time I/Q Baseband Working with Differential Data Encoding Configuring User–Defined I/Q Modulation 1. Press Preset 2. Press > > Mode Custom Real Time I/Q Baseband > > I/Q Map 4QAM This loads a default 4QAM I/Q modulation and displays it in the I/Q Values editor. The default 4QAM I/Q modulation contains data that represent 4 symbols (00, 01, 10, and 11) mapped into the I/Q plane using 2 distinct values (1.000000 and −1.000000).
Page 213 Editing the Differential State Map 1. Press > Enter This encodes the first symbol by adding a symbol table offset of 1. The symbol rotates forward through the state map by 1 value when a data value of 0 is modulated. 2.
Page 214 Custom Real Time I/Q Baseband Working with Differential Data Encoding 5. Press > Return Differential Encoding Off On This applies the custom differential encoding to a user–defined modulation. NOTE Notice that (UNSTORED) appears next to Differential State Map on the signal generator’s display.
Page 215: Gps Modulation (Option 409)
GPS Modulation (Option 409) Option 409 includes real time multiple-satellite and single-satellite global positioning system (GPS) signal generation capabilities. This feature is available only in E8267D PSG Vector Signal Generators with Option 602. The following topics are covered in this chapter: •...
Page 216: Real Time Msgps
GPS Modulation (Option 409) Real Time MSGPS Real Time MSGPS In Real Time MSGPS mode, selectable scenario files define simulated multiple-satellite conditions. The E8267D generates a signal (C/A code only) simulating multiple satellite transmissions from the information in the selected scenario file. MSGPS signal generation capabilities include: •...
Page 217: Signal Generation Block Diagram
GPS Modulation (Option 409) Real Time MSGPS Signal Generation Block Diagram Figure 8-1 shows how the signal is generated within the PSG for a four satellite MSGPS simulation. The PSG produces a simulated signal for each satellite and then sums them together to produce the MSGPS Number of Satellites signal.
Page 218: Scenario Files
GPS Modulation (Option 409) Real Time MSGPS Scenario Files When you install option 409, a GPS directory is created in the PSG non-volatile memory and two MSGPS scenario files are loaded into the GPS directory. Additional scenario files are available for Option 409. (Go to http://www.agilent.com/find/gps.) After downloading a scenario file to your PC, you can download the scenario file to the PSG using FTP over a local area network (LAN) or using SCPI commands over a general purpose interface bus (GPIB) interface.
Page 219: Rf Power Level Considerations
9. Type exit to end the command prompt session. Downloading Scenario Files Using SCPI Commands (GPIB) The following procedure describes how to download scenario files to a PSG using a SCPI command on a PC connected to your PSG through a GPIB interface: 1.
Page 220 GPS Modulation (Option 409) Real Time MSGPS how to obtain the CNO value from the GPGSV message. The following example is a set of three GPGSV messages. The receiver produces a maximum of three GPGSV messages every second. The fields are comma-separated; two adjacent commas signify a field for which a value is not assigned.
Page 221 Table 8-1 describes each field for the first of the three GPGSV messages in the example: $GPGSV,3,1,12,21,71,000,,27,68,000,34,08,62,000,33,29,52,000,,*71 Table 8-1 GPGSV Fields GPGSV Field $GPGSV, 21,71,000,, 27,68,000,34 08,62,000,33, 29,52,000,, If no CNO value is reported for a particular satellite (satellites 21 and 29 in the table) the receiver is currently not tracking that satellite.
Page 222: Generating A Real Time Msgps Signal
GPS Modulation (Option 409) Real Time MSGPS Generating a Real Time MSGPS Signal This procedure uses the internal reference clock with the factory preset settings (the C/A chip rate is 1.023 Mcps with a clock reference of 10.23 Mcps). Set the carrier frequency and amplitude Preset 1.
Page 223: Configuring The External Reference Clock
Figure 8-2 Real Time MSGPS Scenario Configuring the External Reference Clock 1. Connect the external reference clock source to the rear panel connector BASEBAND GEN REF IN. 2. Set the chip rate of the external clock to the desired value. Mode More (1 of 2) 3.
Page 224: Real Time Gps
GPS Modulation (Option 409) Real Time GPS Real Time GPS This real-time personality simulates GPS satellite transmissions for single channel receiver testing. Basic GPS signal building capabilities include: • P code generation at 10.23 Mcps with the standard GPS 10.23 Mcps reference •...
Page 225: Real Time Gps Introduction
GPS Modulation (Option 409) Real Time GPS Real Time GPS Introduction Signal Generation Block Diagram Figure 8-3 shows how the GPS signal is generated within the PSG. Notice that the C/A code modulates the L-band signal using the I axis of the I/Q modulator, and the P code modulates the L-band signal using the Q Data axis.
Page 226 GPS Modulation (Option 409) Real Time GPS Data Modes and Subframe Structures You can select one of the three following data modes for use with the C/A or C/A+P ranging code: • Raw - The Raw data mode enables the continuous transmission of 300 bits of data per subframe without incorporating parity bits.
Page 227 The TLM word is 30-bits long, with an 8-bit preamble, 16 reserve bits (bits 9 to 24, all set to zero), and 6 parity bits (bits 25 to 30). The HOW word is 30-bits long, with the first 17 bits used for an incrementing time-of-week (TOW), bits 23 and 24 used for parity computation, and bits 25 to 30 used for parity bits.
Page 228 GPS Modulation (Option 409) Real Time GPS Rear Panel Signal Synchronization Figure 8-5 illustrates the timing relationships of the GPS signals available at the signal generator rear panel. The AUX I/O connector outputs the SYMBOL SYNC OUT, DATA CLOCK OUT, and DATA OUT signals (refer to, “5.
Page 229 User Files You can create data files internally in the PSG or create them externally and download them to the PSG. In either case, the size of user data files is limited by the amount of available PSG memory. If you develop data files externally, you can define signal structures that are not available internally in the PSG.
Page 230: Setting Up The Real Time Gps Signal
GPS Modulation (Option 409) Real Time GPS Setting Up the Real Time GPS Signal If the signal generator is in the factory-defined preset mode, ( Normal) a basic GPS signal is automatically set up when you press the through 8 to generate a signal at the RF OUTPUT connector. To set up a signal using additional features of the GPS personality, complete this procedure starting with step 1.
Page 231: Configuring The External Reference Clock
Figure 8-6 Real Time GPS Setup with Internal Clock Configuring the External Reference Clock 1. Access the real-time GPS personality ( More (1 of 2) GPS Ref Clk Ext Int 2. Press > GPS Ref (f0) 11.03 kcps. 3. Press >...
Page 232 GPS Modulation (Option 409) Real Time GPS Figure 8-7 Real Time GPS Setup with External Clock This procedure used an external source as the reference clock signal. The reference frequency was changed from the GPS standard of 10.23 Mcps to 11.03 kcps. This change in the reference signal frequency automatically changed the P and C/A code chip rates.
Page 233: Testing Receiver Sensitivity
GPS Modulation (Option 409) Real Time GPS Testing Receiver Sensitivity Refer to Figure 8-8. 1. Connect the cables between the receiver and the PSG as shown in Figure 8-8. Figure 8-8 Setup for a Receiver Sensitivity Test 2. Set the GPS data mode to TLM. 3.
Page 234 GPS Modulation (Option 409) Real Time GPS Chapter 8...
Page 235: Multitone Waveform Generator
I and Q offsets while observing the center carrier frequency with a spectrum analyzer. For measurements that require more than 64 tones or the absence of IMD and carrier feedthrough, you can create up to 1024 distortion–free multitone signals using Agilent Technologies Signal Studio software Option 408. NOTE...
Page 236: Creating, Viewing, And Optimizing Multitone Waveforms
Although you can view a generated multitone signal using any spectrum analyzer that has sufficient frequency range, an Agilent Technologies PSA high–performance spectrum analyzer was used for this demonstration. Before generating your signal, connect the spectrum...
Page 237: To View A Multitone Waveform
Multitone Waveform Generator Creating, Viewing, and Optimizing Multitone Waveforms The waveform has nine tones spaced 1 MHz apart with random initial phase values. The center tone is placed at the carrier frequency, while the other eight tones are spaced in 1 MHz increments from the center tone.
Page 238: To Edit The Multitone Setup Table
Multitone Waveform Generator Creating, Viewing, and Optimizing Multitone Waveforms Figure 9-3 Multitone Channels Intermodulation Distortion To Edit the Multitone Setup Table This procedure builds upon the previous procedure. 1. Press > Initialize Table Number of Tones 2. Press Done 3. Highlight the value (On) in the State column for the tone in row 2. 4.
Page 239 9. Press Apply Multitone NOTE Whenever a change is made to a setting while the multitone generator is operating ( set to On), you must apply the change by pressing the Apply Multitone softkey before Off On the updated waveform will be generated. When you apply a change, the baseband generator creates a multitone waveform using the new settings and replaces the existing waveform in ARB memory.
Page 240: To Minimize Carrier Feedthrough
Multitone Waveform Generator Creating, Viewing, and Optimizing Multitone Waveforms Figure 9-5 Tone 1 Intermodulation Distortion To Minimize Carrier Feedthrough This procedure describes how to minimize carrier feedthrough and measure the difference in power between the tones and their intermodulation distortion products. Carrier feedthrough can only be observed with even–numbered multitone waveforms.
Page 241: To Determine Peak To Average Characteristics
7. Turn on waveform averaging. 8. Create a marker and place it on the peak of one of the end tones. 9. Create a delta marker and place it on the peak of the adjacent intermodulation product, which should be spaced 10 MHz from the marked tone. 10.
Page 242 Multitone Waveform Generator Creating, Viewing, and Optimizing Multitone Waveforms 4. Press Done 5. Press Apply Multitone 6. Press More (1 of 2) > ARB Setup > Waveform Utilities > Waveform Statistics > Plot CCDF You should now see a display that is similar to the one shown in displays the peak to average characteristics of the waveform with all phases set to zero.
Page 243 Multitone Waveform Generator Creating, Viewing, and Optimizing Multitone Waveforms Figure 9-8 CCDF Plot with Random Phase Set Peak Power Chapter 9...
Page 244 Multitone Waveform Generator Creating, Viewing, and Optimizing Multitone Waveforms Chapter 9...
Page 245: Two-Tone Waveform Generator
Although you can view a generated two–tone signal using any spectrum analyzer that has sufficient frequency range, an Agilent Technologies PSA Series High–Performance Spectrum Analyzer was used for this demonstration. Before generating your signal, connect the...
Page 246: To Create A Two-Tone Waveform
Two–Tone Waveform Generator Creating, Viewing, and Modifying Two–Tone Waveforms Figure 10-1 Spectrum Analyzer Setup To Create a Two–Tone Waveform This procedure describes how to create and a basic, center–aligned, two–tone waveform. 1. Preset the signal generator. 2. Set the signal generator RF output frequency to 20 GHz. 3.
Page 247: To View A Two-Tone Waveform
Two–Tone Waveform Generator Creating, Viewing, and Modifying Two–Tone Waveforms Figure 10-2 To View a Two–Tone Waveform This procedure describes how to configure the spectrum analyzer to view a two–tone waveform and its IMD products. Actual key presses will vary, depending on the model of spectrum analyzer you are using.
Page 248: To Minimize Carrier Feedthrough
Two–Tone Waveform Generator Creating, Viewing, and Modifying Two–Tone Waveforms Figure 10-3 Two–Tone Channels Intermodulation Distortion To Minimize Carrier Feedthrough This procedure describes how to minimize carrier feedthrough and measure the difference in power between the tones and their intermodulation distortion products. Carrier feedthrough only occurs with center–aligned two–tone waveforms.
Page 249: To Change The Alignment Of A Two-Tone Waveform
6. On the spectrum analyzer, return the resolution bandwidth to its previous setting. 7. Turn on waveform averaging. 8. Create a marker and place it on the peak of one of the two tones. 9. Create a delta marker and place it on the peak of the adjacent intermodulation product, which should be spaced 10 MHz from the marked tone.
Page 250 Two–Tone Waveform Generator Creating, Viewing, and Modifying Two–Tone Waveforms 1. On the signal generator, press 2. Press to regenerate the waveform. Apply Settings NOTE Whenever a change is made to a setting while the two–tone generator is operating ( set to On), you must apply the change by pressing the updated waveform will be generated.
Page 251: Awgn Waveform Generator
AWGN Waveform Generator In the following sections, this chapter contains examples for using the AWGN waveform generator, which is available only in E8267D vector PSGs with Options 601 or 602 and Option 403: • “Arb Waveform Generator AWGN” on page 237 •...
Page 252: Real Time I/Q Baseband Awgn
AWGN Waveform Generator Configuring the AWGN Generator Generating the Waveform Press until On is highlighted. AWGN Off On This generates an AWGN waveform with the parameters defined in the previous procedure. During waveform generation, the AWGN and I/Q annunciators activate and the AWGN waveform is stored in volatile ARB memory.
Page 253: Peripheral Devices
Peripheral Devices This chapter provides information on peripheral devices used with PSG signal generators. The N5102A Baseband Studio digital signal interface module and extended frequency source module operation and features are described in the following sections: N5102A Digital Signal Interface Module •...
Page 254 Peripheral Devices N5102A Digital Signal Interface Module Figure 12-1 Data Setup Menu for a Parallel Port Configuration Least significant bit See the PSG User’s Guide for information The N5102A module clock rate is set using the 400 MHz. The sample rate is automatically calculated and has a range of 1 kHz to 100 MHz. These ranges can be smaller depending on logic type, data parameters, and clock configuration.
Page 255 Table 12-2 Warranted Parallel Input Level Clock Rates and Maximum Clock Rates Logic Type Warranted Level Clock Rates LVTTL and CMOS 100 MHz LVDS 100 MHz The levels will degrade above the warranted level clock rates, but they may still be usable. Serial Port Configuration Clock Rates For a serial port configuration, the lower clock rate limit is determined by the word size (word size and sample size are synonymous), while the maximum clock rate limit remains constant at 150 MHz...
Page 256 Peripheral Devices N5102A Digital Signal Interface Module Parallel and Parallel Interleaved Port Configuration Clock Rates Parallel and parallel interleaved port configurations have other limiting factors for the clock and sample rates: • logic type • Clocks per sample selection • IQ or IF digital signal type Clocks per sample (clocks/sample) is the ratio of the clock to sample rate.
Page 257 Clock Source The clock signal for the N5102A module is provided in one of three ways through the following selections: • Internal: generated internally in the interface module (requires an external reference) • External: generated externally through the Ext Clock In connector •...
Page 258 Peripheral Devices N5102A Digital Signal Interface Module clock inside the signal generator must have the same base frequency reference as the clock used by the device under test. PSG Frequency Reference Connections When a frequency reference is connected to the PSG, it is applied to one of two rear- panel connectors: •...
Page 259 Peripheral Devices N5102A Digital Signal Interface Module Figure 12-3 Frequency Reference Setup Diagrams for the N5102A Module Clock Signal Internally Generated Clock Device (DUT) Supplied Clock NOTE: Use only one of the two signal generator frequency reference inputs. Chapter 12...
Page 260 Peripheral Devices N5102A Digital Signal Interface Module Externally Supplied Clock NOTE: Use only one of the two signal generator frequency reference inputs. Clock Timing for Parallel Data Some components require multiple clocks during a single sample period. (A sample period consists of an I and Q sample).
Page 261 Figure 12-4 Clock Sample Timing for Parallel Port Configuration 1 Sample Period 1 Clock Clock I sample 4 bits per word Q sample 4 bits per word Chapter 12 1 Clock Per Sample Clock and sample rates are the same Peripheral Devices N5102A Digital Signal Interface Module...
Page 262 Peripheral Devices N5102A Digital Signal Interface Module 1 Sample Period 2 Clocks Clock I sample 4 bits per word Q sample 4 bits per word Clock I sample 4 bits per word Q sample 4 bits per word 2 Clocks Per Sample Sample rate decreases by a factor of two 4 Clocks Per Sample Sample rate decreases by a factor of four...
Page 263 Clock Timing for Parallel Interleaved Data The N5102A module provides the capability to interleave the digital I and Q samples. There are two choices for interleaving: • IQ, where the I sample is transmitted first • QI, where the Q sample is transmitted first When parallel interleaved is selected, all samples are transmitted on the I data lines.
Page 264 Peripheral Devices N5102A Digital Signal Interface Module 2 Clocks Per Sample The I sample is transmitted for one clock period and the Q sample is transmitted during the second clock period; the sample rate decreases by a factor of two. 1 Sample Period 2 Clocks Clock...
Page 265 Clock Timing for Serial Data Figure 12- 6 shows the clock timing for a serial port configuration. Notice that the serial transmission includes frame pulses that mark the beginning of each sample while the clock delineates the beginning of each bit. For serial transmission, the clock and the bit rates are the same, but the sample rate varies depending on the number of bits per word that are entered using the softkey.
Page 266: Connecting The Clock Source And The Device Under Test
Peripheral Devices N5102A Digital Signal Interface Module Figure 12-7 Clock Phase and Skew Adjustments 90 degree phase adjustment Phase and skew adjusted clock Phase adjusted clock Clock Data Connecting the Clock Source and the Device Under Test As shown in Figure 12- 3 on page reference to the system components (PSG, N5102A module, and the device under test).
Page 267 Figure 12-8 Example Setup using the PSG 10 MHz Frequency Reference Device interface connection 1. Refer to the five setup diagrams in cable according to the clock source. 2. If an external clock source is used, connect the external clock signal to the Ext Clock In connector on the interface module.
Page 268: Data Types
Peripheral Devices N5102A Digital Signal Interface Module Data Types The following block diagram indicates where in the PSG signal generation process the data is injected for input mode or tapped for output mode. Pre-FIR Samples Data Generator Pre-FIR Samples Output Mode When using an ARB format, the data type is always Samples and no filtering is applied to the data samples.The samples are sent to the digital module at the ARB sample clock rate.
Page 269: Operating The N5102A Module In Output Mode
Table 12-7 Maximum Sample Rate for Selected Filter Filter Gaussian Nyquist Root Nyquist Rectangle Edge UN3/4 GSM Gaussian IS- 95 IS 95 w/EQ IS- 95 Mod IS- 95 Mod w/EQ APCO 25 C4FM softkey accesses a menu that enables you set the desired filtering parameters. Filter Operating the N5102A Module in Output Mode This section shows how to set the parameters for the N5102A Option 003 module in output mode...
Page 270 Peripheral Devices N5102A Digital Signal Interface Module Figure 12-9 First-Level Softkey Menu Choosing the Logic Type and Port Configuration Figure 12-10 Logic and Port Configuration Softkey Menus 1. Refer to Figure 12- 10. Press the From this menu, choose a logic type. Line is grayed out until the N5102A module interface is turned on softkey.
Page 271 CAUTION Changing the logic type can increase or decrease the signal voltage level going to the device under test. To avoid damaging the device and/or the N5102A module, ensure that both are capable of handling the voltage change. 2. Select the logic type required for the device being tested. A caution message is displayed whenever a change is made to the logic types, and a softkey selection appears requesting confirmation.
Page 272 Peripheral Devices N5102A Digital Signal Interface Module Figure 12-11 Data Setup Menu Location This softkey menu accesses the various parameters that govern the data received by the device under test. The status area of the display shows the number of data lines used for both I and Q along with the clock position relative to the data.
Page 273 Figure 12-12 Data Setup Softkey Menu with Parallel Port Configuration Frame polarity is active for a serial port configuration 2. If a real- time modulation format is being used, press the when an ARB modulation format is turned on.) In this menu, select whether the real- time baseband data from the signal generator is either filtered ( ) or unfiltered ( Samples...
Page 274 Peripheral Devices N5102A Digital Signal Interface Module 6. Press the softkey. More (1 of 2) From this softkey menu, select the bit order, swap I and Q, select the polarity of the transmitted data, and access menus that provide data negation, scaling, gain, offset, and IQ rotation adjustments.
Page 275 From this softkey menu, set all of the clock parameters that synchronize the clocks between the N5102A module and the PSG. You can also change the clock signal phase so the clock occurs during the valid portion of the data. Figure 12-14 Clock Setup Softkey Menu for a Parallel Port Configuration Active for only the Internal clock source selection...
Page 276 Peripheral Devices N5102A Digital Signal Interface Module This error is reported when the output FIFO is overflowing in the digital module. This error can be generated if an external clock or its reference is not set up properly, or if the internal VCO is unlocked.
Page 277 Table 12-8 Clock Source Settings and Connectors Clock Source Softkeys Reference Clock Rate Frequency External • Device • • • Internal a.For the Internal selection, this sets the internal clock rate. For the External and Device selections, this tells the interface module the rate of the applied clock signal.
Page 278: Operating The N5102A Module In Input Mode
Peripheral Devices N5102A Digital Signal Interface Module Generating Digital Data Press the softkey to On. N5102A Off On Digital data is now being transferred through the N5102A module to the device. The green status light should be blinking. This indicates that the data lines are active. If the status light is solidly illuminated (not blinking), all the data lines are inactive.
Page 279 Figure 12-15 First-Level Softkey Menu Selecting the Input Direction If both Option 003 (output mode) and Option 004 (input mode) are installed, you must select the input direction. Press > Data Setup Direction Input Output NOTE If only Option 004 is installed, the direction softkey will be unavailable and the mode will always be input.
Page 280 Peripheral Devices N5102A Digital Signal Interface Module Choosing the Logic Type and Port Configuration Figure 12-16 Logic and Port Configuration Softkey Menus 1. Refer to Figure 12- 16. Press the From this menu, choose a logic type. CAUTION Changing the logic type can increase or decrease the signal voltage level. To avoid damaging the device and/or the N5102A module, ensure that both are capable of handling the voltage change.
Page 281 Configuring the Clock Signal 1. Press the softkey, as shown in Clock Setup Figure 12-17 Clock Setup Menu Location From this softkey menu, set all of the clock parameters that synchronize the data between the N5102A module and the device. From this menu, the clock signal phase can be changed so the clock occurs during the valid portion of the data.
Page 282 Peripheral Devices N5102A Digital Signal Interface Module Figure 12-18 Clock Setup Softkey Menu for a Parallel Port Configuration Active for only the Internal clock source selection The top graphic on the display shows the current clock source that provides the output clock signal at the Clock Out and Device Interface connectors.
Page 283 For the selection, the signal is supplied by an external clock source and applied to the Ext External Clock In connector. For the Interface connector, generally by the device being tested. If Internal is Selected Using an external frequency reference, the N5102A module generates its own internal clock signal. The reference frequency signal must be applied to the Freq Ref connector on the digital module.
Page 284 Peripheral Devices N5102A Digital Signal Interface Module The skew has discrete values with a range that is dependent on the clock rate. Refer to Timing for Phase and Skew Adjustments” on page 251 8. Enter the skew adjustment that best positions the clock with the valid portion of the data. 9.
Page 285 Figure 12-20 Data Setup Softkey Menu with Parallel Port Configuration Frame polarity is active for a serial port configuration Only available when the N5102A digital module is turned on 2. Press the softkey. Data Type In this menu, select the data type to be either filtered ( selection is dependent on the test needs and the device under test.
Page 286: Millimeter-Wave Source Modules
Peripheral Devices Millimeter-Wave Source Modules 6. Press the softkey. More (1 of 2) From this softkey menu, select the bit order, swap I and Q, the polarity of the data, and access menus that provides data negation, scaling, and filtering parameters. 7.
Page 287 The following is a list of equipment required for extending the frequency range of the signal generator: • Agilent 8355x series millimeter- wave source module • Agilent 8349B microwave amplifier (required only for the E8257D PSG without Options 1EA, 1EU, or 521) • RF output cables and adapters as required...
Page 288 Peripheral Devices Millimeter-Wave Source Modules Figure 12-21 E8257D PSG without Option 1EA, 1EU, or 521 Chapter 12...
Page 289 Figure 12-22 Setup for E8267D PSG and E8257D PSG with Option 1EA, 1EU, or 521 Configuring the Signal Generator 1. Turn on the signal generator’s line power. NOTE Refer to the mm- wave source module specifications for the specific frequency and amplitude ranges.
Page 290: Using Other Source Modules
The following is a list of equipment required for extending the frequency range of the signal generator: • external millimeter- wave source module • Agilent 8349B or other microwave amplifier (required only for the E8257D PSG without Option 1EA, 1EU, or 521) • RF output cables and adapters as required Setting Up the External Source Module 1.
Page 291 Figure 12-23 E8257D PSG without Option 1EA, 1EU, or 521 Figure 12-24 Setup for E8267D PSG and E8257D PSG with Option 1EA, 1EU, or 521 Chapter 12 Peripheral Devices Millimeter-Wave Source Modules...
Page 292 Peripheral Devices Millimeter-Wave Source Modules Configuring the Signal Generator The following procedure configures a PSG for use with any external source module that has a WR (waveguide rectangular) frequency range of 90- 140 GHz. You can modify the frequency range to match your source module.
Page 293: Troubleshooting
• “Contacting Agilent Sales and Service Offices” on page 291 • “Returning a Signal Generator to Agilent Technologies” on page 291 RF Output Power Problems Check the RF ON/OFF annunciator on the display. If it reads RF OFF, press output on.
Page 294: Rf Output Power Too Low
Troubleshooting RF Output Power Problems RF Output Power too Low NOTE On E8267D’s, an –222 Data out of range (“output power”) error can be caused by: • An incorrect waveform RMS voltage when using the signal generator with the ALC off. •...
Page 295 Figure 13-1 Effects of Reverse Power on ALC SIGNAL GENERATOR OUTPUT CONTROL RF LEVEL CONTROL DETECTOR MEASURES – 8 dBm ALC LEVEL The internally leveled signal generator RF output (and ALC level) is –8 dBm. The mixer is driven with an LO of +10 dBm and has an LO–to–RF isolation of 15 dB. The resulting LO feedthrough of –5 dBm enters the signal generator’s RF output connector and arrives at the internal detector.
Page 296: Signal Loss While Working With A Spectrum Analyzer
Troubleshooting RF Output Power Problems Figure 13-2 Reverse Power Solution SIGNAL GENERATOR OUTPUT CONTROL RF LEVEL CONTROL DETECTOR MEASURES +2 dBm ALC LEVEL Compared to the original configuration, the ALC level is 10 dB higher while the attenuator reduces the LO feedthrough (and the RF output of the signal generator) by 10 dB. Using the attenuated configuration, the detector is exposed to a +2 dBm desired signal versus the –15 dBm undesired LO feedthrough.
Page 297 4. Turn the RF on: set RF On/Off 5. Turn the signal generator’s automatic leveling control (ALC) off: press 6. Monitor the RF output amplitude as measured by the power meter. Press and adjust the signal generator’s RF output amplitude until the desired power is Amplitude measured by the power meter.
Page 298 Troubleshooting RF Output Power Problems This executes the manual fixed power search routine, which is the default mode. Setting the Power Search Reference (E8267D only) NOTE A successful power search is dependent on a valid power search reference. Additionally, on the E8267D, there are up to four Power Search Reference modes: ARB RMS, Fixed, Manual RMS or Manual, and Modulated.
Page 299: No Modulation At The Rf Output
DC bias is removed and the I/Q signal is reapplied to the I/Q modulator. The RMS voltage value can be found in the waveform header (Refer to “Basic Digital calculated by the signal generator. NOTE The ARB RMS softkey is only available when the internal Arb is enabled. Fixed During Fixed, the to bias the I/Q modulator.
Page 300: Sweep Problems
Troubleshooting Sweep Problems Sweep Problems Sweep Appears to be Stalled The current status of the sweep is indicated as a shaded rectangle in the progress bar. You can observe the progress bar to determine if the sweep is progressing. If the sweep appears to have stalled, check the following: ❏...
Page 301: List Sweep Information Is Missing From A Recalled Register
If the list dwell values are correct, continue to the next step. 4. Observe if the Dwell Type List Step When Step is selected, the signal generator will sweep the list points using the dwell time set for step sweep rather than the sweep list dwell values. To view the step sweep dwell time, follow these steps: a.
Page 302: Cannot Turn Off Help Mode
Troubleshooting Cannot Turn Off Help Mode Cannot Turn Off Help Mode 1. Press > Utility Instrument Info/Help Mode 2. Press until Single is highlighted. Help Mode Single Cont The signal generator has two help modes; single and continuous. When you press in single mode (the factory preset condition), help text is provided for the next Help key you press.
Page 303: Error Messages
DCFM/DCΦM Cal Reference. c. Agilent Technologies is interested in the circumstances that made it necessary for you to initiate this procedure. Please contact us at the telephone number listed at http://www.agilent.com/find/assist. We would like to help you eliminate any repeat occurrences.
Page 304: Error Message File
Troubleshooting Error Messages Error Message File A complete list of error messages is provided in the file errormessages.pdf, on the CDROM supplied with your instrument. In the error message list, an explanation is generally included with each error to further clarify its meaning.
Page 305: Contacting Agilent Sales And Service Offices
Returning a Signal Generator to Agilent Technologies To return your signal generator to Agilent Technologies for servicing, follow these steps: 1. Gather as much information as possible regarding the signal generator’s problem.
Page 306 Troubleshooting Returning a Signal Generator to Agilent Technologies packaging to properly protect the signal generator. Chapter 13...
Page 307 Symbols ΦM 17, Numerics 003, option 004, option 005, option 007, option 2, 5, 7, 008, option 2, 009, option 015, option 016, option 1 GHz REF OUT connector 10 MHz EFC connector 10 MHz IN connector 10 MHz OUT connector 128QAM I/Q modulation, creating 1410, application note 221, 1E1, option 2,...
Page 308 Index ARMED annunciator arrow hardkeys ATTEN HOLD annunciator attenuator, external leveling AUTOGEN_WAVEFORM file automatic leveling control. See ALC AUXILIARY I/O connector AUXILIARY INTERFACE connector AWGN dual ARB player real-time bandwidth ALC, selecting reference oscillator, adjusting baseband clipping 117–125 frequency offset softkey location scaling 125–127...
Page 309 common frequency reference connectors external triggering external triggering source front panel rear panel continuous list sweep step sweep triggering continuous wave configuring description contrast adjustments correction array (user flatness) configuration load from step array viewing See also user flatness correction couplers/splitters, using custom arb custom arb waveform generator 8,...
Page 310 Index display blanking contrast decrease contrast increase descriptions overview secure DMOD files documentation options documentation, list of xiii downloading firmware dual arb dual ARB player 8, 91–96 Dual ARB real-time noise dual arbitrary waveform generator 8, dwell time E8257D optional features E8267D optional features standard features...
Page 311 using LAN using RS-232 Flash Drive Input Connector flatness correction. See user flatness correction FM 18, formula, skew discrete steps framed data free run trigger response frequency display area hardkey modulation. See FM offset offset, softkeys ramp sweep ranges reference RF output, setting frequency extension frequency output limits, clock rates &...
Page 312 Index troubleshooting using See also memory catalog instrument states int gated interface connectors AUXILIARY INTERFACE GPIB RS-232 interface, remote intermodulation distortion how to minimize testing non-linear devices 221, internal simultaneous triggering pulse source internal clock source selection 262, interpolation filter 125–126 clock rates modulation...
Page 313 waveform writing to menus marker marker polarity trigger MENUS hardkeys microwave amplifier 273, Millimeter millimeter-wave source module mixer, signal loss while using mm-source mm-wave source module extending frequency range with leveling with user flatness correction array, creating mod on/off Mod On/Off hardkey models, signal generator modes of operation modes, triggering...
Page 314 Index NVWFM files Nyquist filters 163, OFDM offset 43, 44, offset binary use 259, on/off switch operation basics digital basics modes of Optimize Signal-to-Noise ratio softkey Option 422 options 007 2, 5, 7, 008 2, 015 4, 26, 27, 016 4, 26, 27, 1E1 2, 1EA 2, 1ED 2,...
Page 315 marker setting, saving markers trigger, external port configuration, selecting power meter 135, output, troubleshooting peaks 117–123 receptacle, AC search mode supply troubleshooting switch PRAM predefined filters predefined modulation setups 159, pre-fir samples selection 259, Preset hardkey private data problems. See troubleshooting product information proprietary data protecting data...
Page 316 Index leveling, external 130–133 limit, setting mm-wave source module, using sweeping troubleshooting user flatness correction 133–146 rise delay, burst shape rise time, burst shape root Nyquist filters 163, routing, marker ALC hold RF blanking saving settings settings, saving RS-232 connector runtime scaling S (service request) annunciator sample...
Page 317 available for PSG options source module source module interface SOURCE SETTLED connector source, external trigger spectral regrowth spectrum analyzer, troubleshooting signal loss square pulse standby LED state files state registers step array (user flatness) See also user flatness correction step attenuator, external leveling step sweep 46–47 STOP SWEEP IN/OUT connector...
Page 318 Index vector PSG optional features standard features VIDEO OUT connector volatile memory warranted logic output clock rates waveform memory 66, waveforms analog modulation ARB file headers 80–90 CCDF curve 123–124 clipping 117–125 custom 159–179 custom real-time I/Q baseband 181–200 DAC over-range errors 125–127 file catalogs interpolation...

This manual is also suitable for:

E8267d psg E8663d E8257d E8267d

Agilent Technologies E8257D PSG User Manual

Signal Generator Overview

Basic Operation

Basic Digital Operation

Optimizing Performance

Optimizing Performance

Figure

Caution

Analog Modulation

Analog Modulation

Analog Modulation Waveforms

Custom Arb Waveform Generator

Custom Real Time I/Q Baseband

GPS Modulation (Option 409)

Multitone Waveform Generator

Two-Tone Waveform Generator

AWGN Waveform Generator

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Summary of Contents for Agilent Technologies E8257D PSG