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Agilent Technologies E8247C PSG CW User Manual

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This guide applies to the following signal generator models:
E8267C PSG Vector Signal Generator
E8257C PSG Analog Signal Generator
E8247C PSG CW Signal Generator
Due to our continuing efforts to improve our products through firmware and hardware revisions, signal
generator design and operation may vary from descriptions in this guide. We recommend that you use the
latest revision of this guide to ensure you have up-to-date product information. Compare the print date of this
guide (see bottom of page) with the latest revision, which can be downloaded from the following website:
www.agilent.com/find/psg
User's Guide
Agilent Technologies
PSG Signal Generators
Manufacturing Part Number: E8251-90253
Printed in USA
December 2003
© Copyright 2002, 2003 Agilent Technologies, Inc.

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Summary of Contents for Agilent Technologies E8247C PSG CW

  • Page 1 Compare the print date of this guide (see bottom of page) with the latest revision, which can be downloaded from the following website: www.agilent.com/find/psg © Copyright 2002, 2003 Agilent Technologies, Inc. User’s Guide Agilent Technologies...
  • Page 2 Notice The material contained in this document is provided “as is”, and is subject to being changed, without notice, in future editions. Further, to the maximum extent permitted by applicable law, Agilent disclaims all warranties, either express or implied with regard to this manual and to any of the Agilent products to which it pertains, including but not limited to the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose.

  • Page 3: Table Of Contents

    E8247C PSG CW Signal Generator Features ........
  • Page 4 Contents 30. Display Contrast Increase ........... . . 11 31.
  • Page 5 22. Q OUT..............23 23.
  • Page 6 Contents 4. Analog Modulation............. . 77 Analog Modulation Waveforms .
  • Page 7 Editing a Waveform Sequence ...........102 Storing and Loading Waveform Segments .
  • Page 8 Contents To Set the ARB Reference ............144 7.
  • Page 9 Returning a Signal Generator to Agilent Technologies ........203...
  • Page 10 Contents...

  • Page 11: Signal Generator Overview

    Signal Generator Overview In the following sections, this chapter describes the models, options, and features available for Agilent PSG signal generators. The modes of operation, front panel user interface, as well as front and rear panel connectors are also described. •...

  • Page 12: Signal Generator Models And Features

    E8247C PSG CW signal generator E8257C PSG analog signal generator E8267C PSG vector signal generator E8247C PSG CW Signal Generator Features An E8247C PSG CW signal generator includes the following features: • CW output from 250 kHz to 20 GHz or 40 GHz •...

  • Page 13: E8257C Psg Analog Signal Generator Features

    E8257C PSG Analog Signal Generator Features An E8257C PSG analog signal generator provides all the functionality of an E8247C PSG CW signal generator and adds the following features: • open-loop or closed-loop AM • dc-synthesized FM to 10 MHz rates; maximum deviation depends on the carrier frequency •...

  • Page 14: E8267C Psg Vector Signal Generator Features

    PSG signal generators have hardware, firmware, software, and documentation options. The data sheet shipped with your signal generator provides an overview of available options. For details, refer to the Agilent Technologies website. 1. Open: www.agilent.com/find/psg 2. Select the desired model.

  • Page 15: Modes Of Operation

    • CW mode produces a single carrier signal. — If you have an E8247C PSG CW signal generator, you can produce a CW single carrier signal without modulation. — If you have an E8257C PSG analog signal generator, you can produce a CW single carrier signal without modulation, or you can add AM, FM, M, or Pulse modulation to produce a single carrier modulated signal;...

  • Page 16: Front Panel

    The description of each item also applies to both the E8257C PSG analog signal generator and the E8247C PSG CW signal generator front panels. Not all items being described are available on every signal generator; the list of items that your particular signal generator has is dependent on its model and options.

  • Page 17: Display

    100 registers (numbered 00 through 99). It is used to store and recall: • frequency and amplitude settings on an E8247C PSG CW signal generator • frequency, amplitude, and modulation settings on an E8257C PSG analog signal generator or E8267C...

  • Page 18: Trigger

    More (1 of 2) > Point Trigger > Trigger Key • 9. MENUS These keys open softkey menus for configuring various functions. For descriptions, see the Key Reference. Table 1-2 Hardkeys in Front Panel MENUS Group E8247C PSG CW E8257C PSG Analog Sweep/List Sweep/List Utility FM/ M...

  • Page 19: Ext 2 Input

    Signal Generator Overview Front Panel 12. EXT 2 INPUT This female BNC input connector (E8257C and E8267C only) accepts a 1V signal for AM, FM, and M. With AM, FM, or M, 1 V produces the indicated deviation or depth. When ac-coupled inputs are selected for AM, FM, or M and the peak input voltage differs from 1V by more than 3%, the HI/LO annunciators light on the display.

  • Page 20: Rf Output

    Signal Generator Overview Front Panel 18. RF OUTPUT This connector is the output for RF and microwave signals. The nominal output impedance is 50 reverse-power damage levels are 0 Vdc, 0.5 watts nominal. On signal generators with Option 1EM, this output is relocated to a rear panel female BNC connector.

  • Page 21: Arrows

    Signal Generator Overview Front Panel . The nominal input impedance is 50 . On signal generators with Option 1EM, this input is relocated to the rear panel. 26. Arrows These up and down arrow hardkeys are used to increase or decrease a numeric value, step through displayed lists, or to select items in a row of a displayed list.

  • Page 22: I/Q Inputs

    Signal Generator Overview Front Panel 33. I/Q INPUTS These female BNC input connectors (E8267C only) accept an externally supplied, analog, I/Q modulation; the in-phase component is supplied through the I INPUT; the quadrature-phase component is supplied through the Q INPUT. The signal level is impedance is 50 or 600 .

  • Page 23: Front Panel Display

    Front Panel Display Figure 1-2 shows the front panel display. The LCD screen displays data fields, annotations, key press results, softkey labels, error messages, and annunciators that represent various active signal generator functions. Figure 1-2 Front Panel Display Diagram 1. Active Entry Area 2.

  • Page 24: Annunciators

    Signal Generator Overview Front Panel Display 3. Annunciators The display annunciators show the status of some of the signal generator functions and indicate any error conditions. An annunciator position may be used by more than one function. This does not create a problem, because only one function that shares an annunciator position can be active at a time.
  • Page 25 This annunciator (E8257C and E8267C only) which is always present on the display, MOD ON/OFF indicates whether active modulation formats have been enabled or disabled with the Mod On/Off hardkey. Pressing the modulation formats (AM, FM, M, Pulse, or I/Q) that are applied to the output carrier signal available through the RF Output connector.

  • Page 26: Digital Modulation Annunciators

    Signal Generator Overview Front Panel Display This annunciator appears when any of the phase locked loops are unable to maintain UNLOCK phase lock. You can determine which loop is unlocked by examining the error messages. 4. Digital Modulation Annunciators All digital modulation annunciators (E8267C PSG with Option 002/602 only) appear in this location. These annunciators appear only when the modulation is active, and only one digital modulation can be active at any given time.

  • Page 27: Rear Panel

    Rear Panel The signal generator rear panel (Figure Descriptions are provided for each rear panel connector. When Option 1EM is added, all front panel connectors are moved to the real panel; for a description of these connectors, see Figure 1-3 Rear Panel Diagram 16.

  • Page 28: Ac Power Receptacle

    Signal Generator Overview Rear Panel 1. AC Power Receptacle The ac line voltage is connected here. The power cord receptacle accepts a three-pronged power cable that is shipped with the signal generator. 2. GPIB This GPIB interface allows listen and talk capability with compatible IEEE 488.2 devices. 3.

  • Page 29: Stop Sweep In/Out

    The output impedance is less than 1 and can drive a 2 k load. When connected to an Agilent Technologies 8757D network analyzer, it generates a selectable number of equally spaced 1 ms 10 V pulses (nominal) across a ramp (analog) sweep. The number of pulses can be set from 101 to 1601 by remote control through the 8757D.

  • Page 30: Event 1

    Signal Generator Overview Rear Panel 11. EVENT 1 This female BNC connector (E8267C only) is used with an internal baseband generator (Option 002/602); on signal generators without Option 002/602, this female BNC connector is non-functional. In real-time mode, the EVENT 1 connector outputs a pattern or frame synchronization pulse for triggering or gating external equipment.

  • Page 31: Auxiliary I/O

    15. AUXILIARY I/O This female 37-pin connector (E8267C only) is active only on instruments with an internal baseband generator (Option 002/602); on signal generators without Option 002/602, this connector is non-functional. This connector provides access to the inputs and outputs described in the following figure. Figure 1-5 Auxiliary I/O Connector (Female 37-Pin) View looking into...

  • Page 32: Digital Bus

    Signal Generator Overview Rear Panel 16. Digital Bus This is a proprietary bus used for Agilent Baseband Studio products, which require an E8267C with Option 602. This connector is not operational for general purpose customer use. Signals are present only when a Baseband Studio option is installed (for details, refer to www.agilent.com/find/basebandstudio).

  • Page 33: I-Bar Out

    Signal Generator Overview Rear Panel 21. I-bar OUT This female BNC connector (E8267C only) can be used with an internal baseband generator (Option 002/602) to output the complement of the analog, in-phase component of I/Q modulation; on signal generators without Option 002/602, this female BNC connector can be used to output the complement of the in-phase component of an external I/Q modulation that has been fed into the I input connector.

  • Page 34: Smi (Source Module Interface)

    Signal Generator Overview Rear Panel 25. SMI (SOURCE MODULE INTERFACE) This interface is used to connect to compatible Agilent Technologies 83550 Series mm-wave source modules. 26. 10 MHz OUT This female BNC connector outputs a nominal signal level of > 4 dBm and has an output impedance of 50 .

  • Page 35: Basic Operation

    Basic Operation In the following sections, this chapter describes operations common to all Agilent PSG signal generators: • “Using Table Editors” on page 26 • “Configuring a Continuous Wave RF Output” on page 28 • “Configuring a Swept RF Output” on page 31 •...

  • Page 36: Using Table Editors

    Basic Operation Using Table Editors Using Table Editors Table editors simplify configuration tasks, such as creating a list sweep. This section provides information to familiarize you with basic table editor functionality using the List Mode Values table editor as an example. Preset Sweep/List Configure List Sweep...

  • Page 37: Table Editor Softkeys

    Table Editor Softkeys The following table editor softkeys are used to load, navigate, modify, and store table item values. Edit Item displays the selected item in the active function area of the display where the item’s value can be modified Insert Row inserts an identical row of table items above the currently selected row Delete Row...

  • Page 38: Configuring The Rf Output

    Basic Operation Configuring the RF Output Configuring the RF Output This section provides information on how to create continuous wave and swept RF (on also has information on using a mm-Wave source module to extend the signal generator’s frequency range (see page 47).
  • Page 39 6. Press the up arrow key. Each press of the up arrow key increases the frequency by the increment value last set with the hardkey. The increment value is displayed in the active entry area. 7. The down arrow decreases the frequency by the increment value set in the previous step. Practice stepping the frequency up and down in 1 MHz increments.
  • Page 40 Basic Operation Configuring the RF Output Setting the RF Output Amplitude 1. Preset the signal generator: Press The AMPLITUDE area of the display shows the minimum power level of the signal generator. This is the normal preset RF output amplitude. 2.

  • Page 41: Configuring A Swept Rf Output

    Configuring a Swept RF Output A PSG signal generator has up to three sweep types: step sweep, list sweep, and ramp sweep (Option 007). NOTE List sweep data cannot be saved within an instrument state, but can be saved to the memory catalog.
  • Page 42 Basic Operation Configuring the RF Output Using Step Sweep Step sweep provides a linear progression through the start-to-stop frequency and/or amplitude values. You can toggle the direction of the sweep, up or down. When the values are swept from the start amplitude/frequency to the stop amplitude/frequency. When set to Down, values are swept from the stop amplitude/frequency to the start amplitude/frequency.
  • Page 43 Return Sweep Freq & Ampl 11. Press > > This sets the step sweep to sweep both frequency and amplitude data. Selecting this softkey returns you to the previous menu and turns on the sweep function. RF On/Off 12. Press The display annunciator changes from RF OFF to RF ON.
  • Page 44 Basic Operation Configuring the RF Output Using List Sweep List sweep enables you to create a list of arbitrary frequency, amplitude, and dwell time values and sweep the RF output based on the entries in the List Mode Values table. Unlike a step sweep that contains linear ascending/descending frequency and amplitude values, spaced at equal intervals throughout the sweep, list sweep frequencies and amplitudes can be entered at unequal intervals, nonlinear ascending/descending, or random order.
  • Page 45 To Edit List Sweep Points Return Sweep 1. Press > > Turning the sweep off allows you to edit the list sweep points without generating errors. If sweep remains on during editing, errors occur whenever one or two point parameters (frequency, power, and dwell) are undefined.
  • Page 46 Basic Operation Configuring the RF Output To Configure a Single List Sweep Return Sweep Freq & Ampl 1. Press > > This turns the sweep on again. No errors should occur if all parameters for every point have been defined in the previous editing process.

  • Page 47: Using Ramp Sweep (Option 007)

    Using Ramp Sweep (Option 007) Ramp sweep provides a linear progression through the start-to-stop frequency and/or amplitude values. Ramp sweep is much faster than step or list sweep, and is designed to work with an 8757D scalar network analyzer. This section describes the ramp sweep capabilities available in PSG signal generators with Option 007.
  • Page 48 Basic Operation Configuring the RF Output Configuring a Frequency Sweep 1. Set up the equipment as shown in NOTE The PSG signal generator is not compatible with the GPIB system interface of an 8757A, 8757C, or 8757E. For these older scalar network analyzers, do not connect the GPIB cable in Figure PSG Data Sheet for details.
  • Page 49 6. Preset either instrument. Presetting one of the instruments should automatically preset the other as well. If both instruments do not preset, check the GPIB connection, GPIB addresses, and ensure the 8757D is set to system interface SYSINTF mode ( set to ON).
  • Page 50 Basic Operation Configuring the RF Output Figure 2-3 Bandpass Filter Response on 8757D Using Markers Markers 1. Press This opens a table editor and associated marker control softkeys. You can use up to 10 different markers, labeled 0 through 9. Marker Freq 2.
  • Page 51 4. Move the cursor back to marker 0 and press In the table editor, notice that the frequency values for each marker are now relative to marker 0. Ref appears in the far right column (also labeled Ref) to indicate which marker is the reference. Refer to Figure 2-4.
  • Page 52 Basic Operation Configuring the RF Output Figure 2-5 Delta Markers on 8757D Turn Off Markers 6. Press All active markers turn off. Refer to the Key Reference for information on other marker softkey functions. Adjusting Sweep Time Sweep/List 1. Press This opens a menu of sweep control softkeys and displays a status screen summarizing all the current sweep settings.
  • Page 53 Sweep Time 3. Press to Manual > In auto mode, the sweep time automatically sets to the fastest allowable value. In manual mode, you can select any sweep time slower than the fastest allowable. The fastest allowable sweep time is dependent on the number of trace points and channels being used on the 8757D and the frequency span.
  • Page 54 Basic Operation Configuring the RF Output Figure 2-6 Alternating Sweeps on 8757D Configuring an Amplitude Sweep Return Sweep 1. Press > > This turns off both the current sweep and the alternate sweep from the previous task. The current CW settings now control the RF output.
  • Page 55 Figure 2-8 on page 46 You can also order the cable (part number 8120-8806) from Agilent Technologies. By connecting the master PSG’s 10 MHz reference standard to the slave PSG’s 10 MHz reference input, the master’s timebase supplies the frequency reference for both PSGs.
  • Page 56 Basic Operation Configuring the RF Output Figure 2-8 RS-232 Pin Configuration 2. Set up the slave PSG’s frequency and power settings. By setting up the slave first, you avoid synchronization problems. 3. Set up the master PSG’s frequency, power, and sweep time settings. The two PSGs can have different frequency and power settings for ramp sweep.

  • Page 57: Extending The Frequency Range With A Mm-Wave Source Module

    Extending the Frequency Range with a mm-Wave Source Module The RF output frequency of the signal generator can be multiplied using an Agilent 83550 Series millimeter-wave source module. The signal generator/mm-wave source module’s output is automatically leveled when the instruments are connected. The output frequency range depends on the specific mm-wave source module.
  • Page 58 Basic Operation Configuring the RF Output Figure 2-9 Setup for E8247C PSG and E8257C PSG without Option 1EA Setting the Signal Generator 1. Turn on the signal generator’s line power. Upon power-up, the signal generator automatically: • senses the mm-wave source module, •...
  • Page 59 Figure 2-10 Setup for E8267C PSG or E8247C PSG and E8257C PSG with Option 1EA The MMMOD indicator in the FREQUENCY area and the MM indicator in the AMPLITUDE area of the signal generator’s display indicate that the mm-wave source module is active. NOTE Refer to the mm-wave source module specifications for the specific frequency and amplitude ranges.

  • Page 60: Modulating A Signal

    Basic Operation Modulating a Signal Modulating a Signal This section describes how to turn on a modulation format, and how to apply it to the RF output. Turning On a Modulation Format A modulation format can be turned on prior to or after setting the signal parameters. 1.

  • Page 61: Applying A Modulation Format To The Rf Output

    Applying a Modulation Format to the RF Output The carrier signal is modulated when the active. Mod On/Off When the key is set to Off, the MOD OFF annunciator appears on the display.When the key is set to On, the MOD ON annunciator shows in the display, whether or not there is an active modulation format. The annunciators simply indicate whether the carrier signal will be modulated when a modulation format is turned on.

  • Page 62: Using Data Storage Functions

    Basic Operation Using Data Storage Functions Using Data Storage Functions This section explains how to use the two forms of signal generator data storage: the memory catalog and the instrument state register. Using the Memory Catalog The Memory Catalog is the signal generator’s interface for viewing, storing, and saving files; it can be accessed through the signal generator’s front panel or a remote controller.
  • Page 63 Storing Files to the Memory Catalog To store a file to the memory catalog, first create a file. For this example, use the default list sweep table. Preset 1. Press Sweep/List Configure List Sweep 2. Press > This opens the “Catalog of List Files”. Store to File 3.

  • Page 64: Using The Instrument State Register

    Basic Operation Using Data Storage Functions Using the Instrument State Register The instrument state register is a section of memory divided into 10 sequences (numbered 0 through 9) each containing 100 registers (numbered 00 through 99). It is used to store and recall instrument settings. It provides a quick way to reconfigure the signal generator when switching between different signal configurations.
  • Page 65 Recalling an Instrument State Using this procedure, you will learn how to recall instrument settings saved to an instrument state register. Preset 1. Press Recall 2. Press the hardkey. Select Seq Notice that the softkey shows sequence 1. (This is the last sequence that you used.) RECALL Reg 3.
  • Page 66 Basic Operation Using Data Storage Functions Deleting All Registers within a Sequence Preset 1. Press Recall Save 2. Press the hardkey. Select Seq Notice that the softkey shows the last sequence that you used. Select Seq 3. Press and enter the sequence number containing the registers you want to delete. Delete all Regs in Seq[n] 4.

  • Page 67: Enabling Options

    Enabling Options You can retrofit your signal generator after purchase to add new capabilities. Some new optional features are implemented in hardware that you must install. Some options are implemented in software, but require the presence of optional hardware in the instrument. This example shows you how to enable software options. Enabling a Software Option A license key (provided on the license key certificate) is required to enable each software option.
  • Page 68 Basic Operation Enabling Options 4. Enable the software option: a. Highlight the desired option. Modify License Key b. Press , and enter the 12-character license key (from the license key certificate). c. Verify that you want to reconfigure the signal generator with the new option: Proceed With Reconfiguration The instrument enables the option and reboots.

  • Page 69: Optimizing Performance

    Optimizing Performance In the following sections, this chapter describes procedures that improve the performance of the Agilent PSG signal generator. • Selecting ALC Bandwidth (below) • “Using External Leveling” on page 60 • “Creating and Applying User Flatness Correction” on page 64 •...

  • Page 70: Using External Leveling

    Optimizing Performance Using External Leveling Using External Leveling The PSG signal generator can be externally leveled by connecting an external sensor at the point where leveled RF output power is desired. This sensor detects changes in RF output power and returns a compensating voltage to the signal generator’s ALC input.
  • Page 71 Configure the Signal Generator Preset 1. Press Frequency 2. Press > > Amplitude 3. Press > > RF On/Off 4. Press Leveling Mode Ext Detector 5. Press > This deactivates the internal ALC detector and switches the ALC input path to the front panel ALC INPUT connector.
  • Page 72 Determining the Leveled Output Power Figure 3-3 shows the input power versus output voltage characteristics for typical Agilent Technologies diode detectors. Using this chart, you can determine the leveled power at the diode detector input by measuring the external detector output voltage. You must then add the coupling factor to determine the leveled output power.

  • Page 73: To Level With A Mm-Wave Source Module

    External Leveling with Option 1E1 Signal Generators Signal generators with Option 1E1 contain a step attenuator prior to the RF output connector. During external leveling, the signal generator automatically holds the present attenuator setting (to avoid power transients that may occur during attenuator switching) as the RF amplitude is changed. A balance must be maintained between the amount of attenuation and the optimum ALC level to achieve the required RF output amplitude.

  • Page 74: Creating And Applying User Flatness Correction

    Optimizing Performance Creating and Applying User Flatness Correction Creating and Applying User Flatness Correction User flatness correction allows the digital adjustment of RF output amplitude for up to 1601 frequency points in any frequency or sweep mode. Using an Agilent E4416A/17A or E4418B/19B power meter (controlled by the signal generator through GPIB) to calibrate the measurement system, a table of power level corrections is created for frequencies where power level variations or losses occur.
  • Page 75 Configure the Power Meter 1. Select SCPI as the remote language for the power meter. 2. Zero and calibrate the power sensor to the power meter. 3. Enter the appropriate power sensor calibration factors into the power meter as appropriate. 4.
  • Page 76 Optimizing Performance Creating and Applying User Flatness Correction Configure the Signal Generator Preset 1. Press 2. Configure the signal generator to interface with the power meter. Amplitude More (1 of 2) a. Press > E4419B Meter Address b. Press > enter the power meter’s GPIB address > c.
  • Page 77 Perform the User Flatness Correction NOTE If you are not using an Agilent E4416A/17A/18B/19B power meter, or if your power meter does not have a GPIB interface, you can perform the user flatness correction manually. For instructions, see More (1 of 2) User Flatness 1.
  • Page 78 Optimizing Performance Creating and Applying User Flatness Correction Save the User Flatness Correction Data to the Memory Catalog This process allows you to save the user flatness correction data as in the signal generator’s memory catalog. With several user flatness correction files saved to the memory catalog, any file can be recalled, loaded into the correction array, and applied to the RF output to satisfy specific RF output flatness requirements.

  • Page 79: Creating A User Flatness Correction Array With A Mm-Wave Source Module

    Returning the Signal Generator to GPIB Listener Mode During the user flatness correction process, the power meter is slaved to the signal generator via GPIB, and no other controllers are allowed on the GPIB interface. The signal generator operates in GPIB talker mode, as a device controller for the power meter.
  • Page 80 Optimizing Performance Creating and Applying User Flatness Correction Required Equipment • Agilent 83554A millimeter-wave source module • Agilent E4416A/17A/18B/19B power meter • Agilent R8486A power sensor • Agilent 8349B microwave amplifier (required for signal generators without Option 1EA) • GPIB interface cable •...
  • Page 81 Connect the Equipment CAUTION To prevent damage to the signal generator, turn off the line power to the signal generator before connecting the source module interface cable to the rear panel SOURCE MODULE interface connector. 1. Turn off the line power to the signal generator. 2.
  • Page 82 Optimizing Performance Creating and Applying User Flatness Correction Figure 3-6 User Flatness with mm-Wave Source Module and Option 1EA Signal Generator NOTE To ensure adequate RF amplitude at the mm-wave source module RF input when using Option 1EA signal generators, maximum amplitude loss through the adapters and cables connected between the signal generator’s RF output and the mm-wave source module’s RF input should be less than 1.5 dB.
  • Page 83 2. Configure the signal generator to interface with the power meter. Amplitude More (1 of 2) a. Press > E4419B Meter Address b. Press > enter the power meter’s GPIB address > c. For E4417A and E4419B models, press Meter Timeout d.
  • Page 84 Optimizing Performance Creating and Applying User Flatness Correction Done 2. When prompted, press This loads the amplitude correction values into the user flatness correction array. Configure Cal Array If desired, press This opens the user flatness correction array, where you can view the list of defined frequencies and their calculated amplitude correction values.
  • Page 85 Save the User Flatness Correction Data to the Memory Catalog This process allows you to save the user flatness correction data as a file in the signal generator’s memory catalog. With several user flatness correction files saved to the memory catalog, specific files can be recalled, loaded into the correction array, and applied to the RF output to satisfy various RF output flatness requirements.

  • Page 86: Adjusting Reference Oscillator Bandwidth (Option Unr)

    Optimizing Performance Adjusting Reference Oscillator Bandwidth (Option UNR) Adjusting Reference Oscillator Bandwidth (Option UNR) The reference oscillator bandwidth (sometimes referred to as loop bandwidth) in signal generators with Option UNR (improved close-in phase noise) is adjustable in fixed steps for either an internal or external 10 MHz frequency reference.

  • Page 87: Analog Modulation

    Analog Modulation In the following sections, this chapter describes the analog modulation capability in Agilent E8257C PSG Analog and E8267C PSG Vector Signal Generators. • “Analog Modulation Waveforms” on page 78 • “Configuring AM” on page 79 • “Configuring FM” on page 80 •...

  • Page 88: Analog Modulation Waveforms

    Analog Modulation Analog Modulation Waveforms Analog Modulation Waveforms The signal generator can modulate the RF carrier with four types of analog modulation: • amplitude, • frequency, • phase, and • pulse. Available internal waveforms include: Sine sine wave with adjustable amplitude and frequency Dual-Sine dual-sine waves with individually adjustable frequencies and a percent-of- peak-amplitude setting for the second tone (available from function generator only)

  • Page 89: Configuring Am

    Configuring AM In this example, you will learn how to generate an amplitude-modulated RF carrier. To Set the Carrier Frequency Preset 1. Press Frequency 1340 2. Press > > To Set the RF Output Amplitude Amplitude Press > > To Set the AM Depth and Rate 1.

  • Page 90: Configuring Fm

    Analog Modulation Configuring FM Configuring FM In this example, you will learn how to create a frequency-modulated RF carrier. To Set the RF Output Frequency Preset 1. Press Frequency 2. Press > > To Set the RF Output Amplitude Amplitude dBm.

  • Page 91: Configuring M

    Configuring M In this example, you will learn how to create a phase-modulated RF carrier. To Set the RF Output Frequency Preset 1. Press Frequency 2. Press > > To Set the RF Output Amplitude Amplitude Press > > To Set the FM Deviation and Rate FM/ M 1.

  • Page 92: Configuring Pulse Modulation

    Analog Modulation Configuring Pulse Modulation Configuring Pulse Modulation In this example, you will learn how to create a pulse-modulated RF carrier. To Set the RF Output Frequency Preset 1. Press Frequency 2. Press > > To Set the RF Output Amplitude Amplitude Press >...

  • Page 93: Configuring The Lf Output

    Configuring the LF Output The signal generator has a low frequency (LF) output (described on switched between Internal 1 Monitor Internal 1 Monitor Internal 2 Monitor Using signal from the internal source that is being used to modulate the RF output. The specific modulation parameters for this signal are configured through the AM, FM, or FM menus.

  • Page 94: To Configure The Lf Output With An Internal Modulation Source

    Analog Modulation Configuring the LF Output To Configure the LF Output with an Internal Modulation Source In this example, the internal FM modulation is the LF output source. NOTE Internal modulation ( Configuring the Internal Modulation as the LF Output Source Preset 1.

  • Page 95: To Configure The Lf Output With A Function Generator Source

    To Configure the LF Output with a Function Generator Source In this example, the function generator is the LF output source. Configuring the Function Generator as the LF Output Source Preset 1. Press LF Out 2. Press the hardkey. LF Out Source Function Generator 1 3.
  • Page 96 Analog Modulation Configuring the LF Output Chapter 4...

  • Page 97: Dual Arbitrary Waveform Generator

    Dual Arbitrary Waveform Generator In the following sections, this chapter describes the Dual Arb mode, which is available only in E8267C PSG vector signal generators with Option 002/602: • “Arbitrary (ARB) Waveform File Headers” on page 88 • “Using the Dual ARB Waveform Player” on page 99 •...

  • Page 98: Arbitrary (Arb) Waveform File Headers

    Dual Arbitrary Waveform Generator Arbitrary (ARB) Waveform File Headers Arbitrary (ARB) Waveform File Headers An ARB waveform file header enables you to save instrument setup information (key format settings) along with a waveform. When you retrieve a stored waveform, the header information is applied so that when the waveform starts playing, the dual ARB player is set up the same way each time.

  • Page 99: Creating A File Header For A Modulation Format Waveform

    Creating a File Header for a Modulation Format Waveform When you turn on a modulation format, the PSG generates a temporary waveform file (AUTOGEN_WAVEFORM), with a default file header. The default header has no signal generator settings saved to it. This procedure, which is the same for all ARB formats, demonstrates how to create a file header for a Custom digital modulation format.

  • Page 100: Modifying Header Information In A Modulation Format

    Dual Arbitrary Waveform Generator Arbitrary (ARB) Waveform File Headers Modifying Header Information in a Modulation Format This procedure builds on the previous procedure, explaining the different areas of a file header, and showing how to access, modify, and save changes to the information. In a modulation format, you can access a file header only while the modulation format is active (on).
  • Page 101 2. Save the information in the Current Inst. Settings column to the file header: Save Setup To Header Press The same settings are now displayed in both the Saved Header Settings column and the Current Inst. Settings column. The settings in the Saved Header Settings column are the ones that have been saved in the file header.
  • Page 102 Dual Arbitrary Waveform Generator Arbitrary (ARB) Waveform File Headers 3. Return to the ARB Setup menu: Press This menu lets you change the current instrument settings. menu and the softkey paths used in steps four through nine. 4. Set the ARB sample clock to 5 MHz: Press 5.
  • Page 103 Figure 5-3 ARB Setup Softkey Menu and Marker Utilities Dual ARB Player softkey (it does not appear in the ARB formats) Chapter 5 Dual Arbitrary Waveform Generator Arbitrary (ARB) Waveform File Headers...
  • Page 104 Dual Arbitrary Waveform Generator Arbitrary (ARB) Waveform File Headers Figure 5-4 Differing Values between Header and Current Setting Columns Figure 5-5 Saved File Header Changes Values differ between the two columns Page 1 Values differ between the two columns Page 2 Page 1 Page 2 Chapter 5...

  • Page 105: Storing Header Information For A Dual Arb Player Waveform Sequence

    Storing Header Information for a Dual ARB Player Waveform Sequence When you create a waveform sequence (described on header, which takes priority over the headers for the waveform segments that compose the waveform sequence. During a waveform sequence playback, the waveform segment headers are ignored (except to verify that all required options are installed).
  • Page 106 Dual Arbitrary Waveform Generator Arbitrary (ARB) Waveform File Headers Viewing Header Information with the Dual ARB Player Off One of the differences between a modulation format and the dual ARB player is that even when the dual ARB player is off, you can view a file header. You cannot, however, modify the displayed file header unless the dual ARB player is on, and the displayed header is selected for playback.
  • Page 107 Viewing Header Information for a Different Waveform File While a waveform is playing in the dual ARB player, you can view the header information of a different waveform file, but you can modify the header information only for the waveform that is currently playing. When you select another waveform file, the header editing softkeys are grayed-out (see task guides you through the available viewing choices.

  • Page 108: Playing A Waveform File That Contains A Header

    Dual Arbitrary Waveform Generator Arbitrary (ARB) Waveform File Headers Playing a Waveform File that Contains a Header After a waveform file (AUTOGEN_WAVEFORM) is generated in a modulation format and the format is turned off, the file becomes accessible to and can be played back in only the dual ARB player. This is also true for downloaded waveform files (downloading files is described in the Programming Guide).

  • Page 109: Using The Dual Arb Waveform Player

    Dual Arbitrary Waveform Generator Using the Dual ARB Waveform Player Using the Dual ARB Waveform Player The dual arbitrary (ARB) waveform player is used to edit and play waveform files. There are two types of waveform files: segments (WFM1) and sequences (SEQ). A segments is an individual waveform that is defined using an installed ARB format, such as Two Tone, and created using the internal arbitrary waveform generator.

  • Page 110: Creating Waveform Segments

    Dual Arbitrary Waveform Generator Using the Dual ARB Waveform Player Creating Waveform Segments There are two ways to provide waveform segments for use by the waveform sequencer. You can either download a waveform via remote interface or generate a waveform using one of the ARB modulation formats.

  • Page 111: Building And Storing A Waveform Sequence

    Generating the Second Waveform Use the following steps to generate a new multitone waveform with nine tones. During waveform generation, the M-TONE and I/Q annunciators activate. The waveform is stored in volatile memory with the default file name AUTOGEN_WAVEFORM. Mode Multitone Initialize Table 1.

  • Page 112: Playing A Waveform

    Dual Arbitrary Waveform Generator Using the Dual ARB Waveform Player Playing a Waveform You can play a waveform sequence or a waveform segment using this procedure. Both waveform types follow the same process. This example plays a waveform sequence. If you have not created waveform segments and used them to build and store a waveform sequence, complete the steps in the previous procedures, Segments”...

  • Page 113: Storing And Loading Waveform Segments

    You have now changed the number of repetitions for each waveform segment entry from 1 to 100 and 200, respectively. The sequence has been stored under a new name to the Catalog of Seq Files in the signal generator’s memory catalog. To play the waveform sequence, refer to Storing and Loading Waveform Segments Waveform segments can reside in volatile memory as WFM1 files, or they can be stored to non-volatile...

  • Page 114: Using Waveform Markers

    Dual Arbitrary Waveform Generator Using Waveform Markers Using Waveform Markers Waveform markers provide auxiliary output signals that are synchronized with a waveform segment. You can place up to four markers on a waveform segment. However, only Marker 1 and Marker 2 can be placed using the waveform player’s user interface (for more information, refer to page 108).

  • Page 115: To Place Repetitively Spaced Markers Within A Waveform Segment

    To Place Repetitively Spaced Markers within a Waveform Segment If you have not created a waveform segment, complete the steps in the previous sections, First Waveform” on page 100 Mode Dual ARB Waveform Segments 1. Press > > Load Store 2.

  • Page 116: To Toggle Markers In An Existing Waveform Sequence

    Dual Arbitrary Waveform Generator Using Waveform Markers To Toggle Markers in an Existing Waveform Sequence In a waveform sequence, you can independently toggle the operating state of the markers on each waveform segment. When you build a waveform sequence, the markers on each segment are toggled to the last marker operating state that was used.

  • Page 117: To Toggle Markers As You Create A Waveform Sequence

    To Toggle Markers As You Create a Waveform Sequence You can combine waveform segments to create a waveform sequence while independently toggling the markers of each waveform segment. In this example, you learn how to toggle markers while building a waveform sequence. If you have not created waveform segments, complete the steps in the previous section, page 100.

  • Page 118: Waveform Marker Concepts

    Dual Arbitrary Waveform Generator Using Waveform Markers Waveform Marker Concepts The Dual Arb mode of the signal generator has four markers that you can place on a waveform segment. Marker 1 and Marker 2 provide auxiliary output signals to the rear-panel EVENT 1 and EVENT 2 connectors, respectively.
  • Page 119 Table 5-2 Marker 2 and EVENT 2 Marker File Bit 2 Waveform point Signal At For Marker Polarity = Positive EVENT 2 Connector For Marker Polarity = Negative RF Output Mkr 2 to RF Blank = Off RF Output RF Blanked Mkr 2 to RF Blank = On Marker Polarity = Positive RF Output...
  • Page 120 Dual Arbitrary Waveform Generator Using Waveform Markers Marker File Bit 2 A waveform sequence comprises waveform segments. When you combine segments to form a sequence, you can enable or disable Marker 1 and/or Marker 2 on a segment-by-segment basis. When you select a sequence to output, the markers embedded in any one segment of that sequence are output only if the sequence marker for that segment is enabled (toggled on).

  • Page 121: Using Waveform Triggers

    Using Waveform Triggers The dual arbitrary waveform generator includes several different triggering options: single, gated, segment advance, and continuous. The trigger source can be the interface, or an external signal applied to the TRIGGER IN rear panel connector. To Use Segment Advance Triggering Using this procedure, you learn how to control sequence playback of two waveform segments using segment advance triggering.

  • Page 122: Using Waveform Clipping

    Dual Arbitrary Waveform Generator Using Waveform Clipping Using Waveform Clipping Clipping limits power peaks in waveform segments by clipping the I and Q data to a selected percentage of its highest peak. Circular clipping is defined as clipping the composite I/Q data (I and Q data are equally clipped).

  • Page 123: Waveform Clipping Concepts

    Dual Arbitrary Waveform Generator Using Waveform Clipping Waveform Clipping Concepts Waveforms with high power peaks can cause intermodulation distortion, which generates spectral regrowth (a condition that interferes with signals in adjacent frequency bands). The clipping function allows you to reduce high power peaks. The clipping feature is available only with the Dual Arb mode.
  • Page 124 Dual Arbitrary Waveform Generator Using Waveform Clipping As shown in Figure 5-12., simultaneous positive and negative peaks in the I and Q waveforms do not cancel each other, but combine to create an even greater peak. Figure 5-12 Combining the I and Q Waveforms Chapter 5...
  • Page 125 How Peaks Cause Spectral Regrowth Because of the relative infrequency of high power peaks, a waveform will have a high peak-to-average power ratio (see Figure 5-13). Because a transmitter’s power amplifier gain is set to provide a specific average power, high peaks can cause the power amplifier to move toward saturation. This causes intermodulation distortion, which generates spectral regrowth.
  • Page 126 Dual Arbitrary Waveform Generator Using Waveform Clipping How Clipping Reduces Peak-to-Average Power You can reduce peak-to-average power, and consequently spectral regrowth, by clipping the waveform to a selected percentage of its peak power. The PSG vector signal generator provides two different methods of clipping: circular and rectangular.
  • Page 127 Dual Arbitrary Waveform Generator Using Waveform Clipping Figure 5-16 Rectangular Clipping Chapter 5...
  • Page 128 Dual Arbitrary Waveform Generator Using Waveform Clipping Figure 5-17 Reduction of Peak-to-Average Power Chapter 5...

  • Page 129: Custom Arb Waveform Generator

    Custom Arb Waveform Generator This chapter describes the Custom Arb Waveform Generator mode which is available only in E8267C PSG vector signal generators. This chapter includes the following major sections: • “Overview” on page 120 • “Working with Predefined Setups (Modes)” on page 121 •...

  • Page 130: Overview

    Custom Arb Waveform Generator Overview Overview Custom Arb Waveform Generator mode can produce a single modulated carrier or multiple modulated carriers. Each modulated carrier waveform must be calculated and generated before it can be output; this signal generation occurs on the internal baseband generator (Option 002/602). Once a waveform has been created, it can be stored and recalled which enables repeatable playback of test signals.

  • Page 131: Working With Predefined Setups (Modes)

    Working with Predefined Setups (Modes) When you select a predefined mode, default values for components of the setup (including the filter, symbol rate, and modulation type) are automatically specified. Selecting a Custom ARB Setup or a Custom Digital Modulation State 1.

  • Page 132: Working With User-Defined Setups (Modes)-Custom Arb Only

    Custom Arb Waveform Generator Working with User-Defined Setups (Modes)-Custom Arb Only Working with User-Defined Setups (Modes) Custom Arb Only Modifying a Single-Carrier NADC Setup In this procedure, you learn how to start with a single-carrier NADC digital modulation and modify it to a custom waveform with customized modulation type, symbol rate, and filtering.

  • Page 133: Customizing A Multicarrier Setup

    Customizing a Multicarrier Setup In this procedure, you learn how to customize a predefined multicarrier digital modulation setup by creating a custom 3-carrier EDGE digital modulation state. Preset 1. Press Mode Custom Arb Waveform Generator 2. Press > > Multicarrier Define Initialize Table 3.

  • Page 134: Recalling A User-Defined Custom Digital Modulation State

    Custom Arb Waveform Generator Working with User-Defined Setups (Modes)-Custom Arb Only Recalling a User-Defined Custom Digital Modulation State In this procedure, you learn how to select (recall) a previously stored custom digital modulation state from the Memory Catalog (the Catalog of DMOD Files). Preset 1.

  • Page 135: Working With Filters

    Working with Filters This section provides information on using predefined NOTE The procedures in this section apply only to filters created in either the Custom Arb Waveform Generator or Custom Real Time I/Q Baseband mode; they do not work with downloaded files, such as those created in Matlab.

  • Page 136: Using A Predefined Fir Filter

    Custom Arb Waveform Generator Working with Filters Filter Alpha • enables you to adjust the filter alpha for a Nyquist or root Nyquist filter. If a Gaussian filter is used, you will see Filter BbT; this softkey is grayed out when any other filter is selected. •...

  • Page 137: Using A User-Defined Fir Filter

    Restoring Default FIR Filter Parameters 1. Preset the instrument: Press Mode Custom ARB Waveform Generator 2. Press > > This replaces the current FIR filter with the default filter for the selected modulation format. Using a User-Defined FIR Filter FIR filters can be created and modified by defining the FIR coefficients or by defining the oversample ratio (number of filter coefficients per symbol) to be applied to your own custom FIR filter.
  • Page 138 Custom Arb Waveform Generator Working with Filters Display Impulse Response 7. Press Return 8. Press 9. Highlight coefficient 15. Enter 10. Press > Display Impulse Response 11. Press The graphic display can provide a useful troubleshooting tool (in this case, it indicates that a coefficient value is set incorrectly, resulting in an improper Gaussian response).
  • Page 139 To Create a User-Defined FIR Filter with the FIR Values Editor In this procedure, you use the FIR Values editor to create and store an 8-symbol, windowed, sinc function filter with an oversample ratio of 4. The Oversample Ratio (OSR) is the number of filter coefficients per symbol.
  • Page 140 Custom Arb Waveform Generator Working with Filters 6. Use the numeric keypad to type the first value ( 0.000076) from the following table and press you press the numeric keys, the numbers are displayed in the active entry area. (If you make a mistake, you can correct it using the backspace key.) Continue entering the coefficient values from the table until all 16 values have been entered.
  • Page 141 real-time waveform generation, and 512 symbols for arbitrary waveform generation. The number of symbols equals the number of coefficients divided by the oversample ratio. More (1 of 2) Display FFT 9. Press > A graph displays the fast Fourier transform of the current set of FIR coefficients. The signal generator has the capability of graphically displaying the filter in both time and frequency dimensions.
  • Page 142 Custom Arb Waveform Generator Working with Filters Chapter 6...

  • Page 143: Working With Symbol Rates

    Working with Symbol Rates The Symbol Rate menu enables you to set the rate at which I/Q symbols are fed to the I/Q modulator. The default transmission symbol rate can also be restored in this menu. • Symbol Rate (displayed as Sym Rate) is the number of symbols per second that are transmitted using the modulation (displayed as Mod Type) along with the filter and filter alpha (displayed as Filter).
  • Page 144 Modulation Type QPSK and OQPSK (quadrature phase shift keying and Phase offset quadrature phase shift keying) Shift Includes: QPSK, IS95 QPSK, Keying Gray Coded QPSK, OQPSK, IS95 OQPSK BPSK (binary phase shift keying) /4 DQPSK 8PSK (eight phase state shift keying) 16PSK (sixteen phase state shift keying) D8PSK...
  • Page 145 Modulation Type 4QAM 16QAM Quadrature Amplitude 32QAM Modulation 64QAM 128QAM There is no preset value for this modulation, it must be user defined. 256QAM Bits Bit Rate = Symbol Symbols/s x Number of Bits/Symbol 90 bps 100 Mbps 180 bps 200 Mbps 225 bps 250 Mbps...

  • Page 146: Working With Modulation Types

    Custom Arb Waveform Generator Working with Modulation Types Working with Modulation Types The Modulation Type menu enables you to specify the type of modulation applied to the carrier signal when Mod On Off hardkey is on. Custom Off On When the softkey is on: •...

  • Page 147: To Use A User-Defined Modulation Type (Real Time I/Q Only)

    To Use a User-Defined Modulation Type (Real Time I/Q Only) Creating a 128QAM I/Q Modulation Type User File with the I/Q Values Editor In I/Q modulation schemes, symbols appear in default positions in the I/Q plane. Using the I/Q Values editor, you can define your own symbol map by changing the position of one or more symbols.
  • Page 148 Custom Arb Waveform Generator Working with Modulation Types Return Goto Row 0011 0000 4. Press > > Delete Row 5. Press the softkey 16 times. Repeat this pattern of steps using the following table: Goto Row 0110 0000 (96) 1001 0000 (144) 1100 0000 (192) 0001 0000 (16) (20)
  • Page 149 Creating a QPSK I/Q Modulation Type User File with the I/Q Values Editor In I/Q modulation schemes, symbols appear in default positions in the I/Q plane. Using the I/Q Values editor, you can define your own symbol map by changing the position of one or more symbols. Use the following procedure to create and store a 4-symbol unbalanced QPSK modulation.
  • Page 150 Custom Arb Waveform Generator Working with Modulation Types More (1 of 2) Load/Store 6. Press > If there is already a file name from the Catalog of IQ Files occupying the active entry area, press Editing Keys the following keys: 7.
  • Page 151 Creating an FSK Modulation Type User File with the Frequency Values Editor Use this procedure to set the frequency deviation for data 00, 01, 10, and 11 to configure a user-defined FSK modulation. Preset 1. Press Mode Custom Real Time I/Q Baseband 2.
  • Page 152 Custom Arb Waveform Generator Working with Modulation Types Modifying a Predefined FSK Modulation Type User File with the Frequency Values Editor Using the Frequency Values editor, you can define, modify, and store user-defined frequency shift keying modulation. The Frequency Values editor is available for custom Real-Time I/Q Baseband mode, but is not available for waveforms generated in custom Arb Waveform Generator mode.

  • Page 153: Configuring Hardware

    Configuring Hardware • “To Set the ARB Reference” To Set a Delayed, Positive Polarity, External Single Trigger Using this procedure, you learn how to utilize an external function generator to apply a delayed single-trigger to a custom multicarrier waveform. 1. Connect an Agilent 33120A function generator or equivalent to the signal generator PATT TRIGGER IN port, as shown in Figure 6-1.

  • Page 154: To Set The Arb Reference

    Custom Arb Waveform Generator Configuring Hardware 11. On the signal generator, press On is highlighted. This generates a waveform with the custom multicarrier state and the display changes to Dig Mod Setup: Multicarrier. During waveform generation, the DIGMOD and I/Q annunciators activate and the new custom multicarrier state is stored in volatile ARB memory.

  • Page 155: Custom Real Time I/Q Baseband

    Custom Real Time I/Q Baseband This chapter describes the Custom Real Time I/Q Baseband mode which is available only in E8267C PSG vector signal generators. This chapter includes the following major sections: • “Overview” on page 146 • “Working with Predefined Setups (Modes)” on page 146 •...

  • Page 156: Overview

    Custom Real Time I/Q Baseband Overview Overview Custom Real Time I/Q Baseband mode can produce a single carrier, but it can be modulated with real time data that allows real time control over all of the parameters that affect the signal. The single carrier signal that is produced can be modified by applying various data patterns, filters, symbol rates, modulation types, and burst shapes.

  • Page 157: Working With Data Patterns

    Working with Data Patterns This section provides information on the following: • “Using a Predefined Data Pattern” on page 148 • “Using a User-Defined Data Pattern” on page 149 • “Using an Externally Supplied Data Pattern” on page 152 The Data menu enables you to select from predefined and user defined data patterns. Data Patterns are used for transmitting continuous streams of unframed data.

  • Page 158: Using A Predefined Data Pattern

    Custom Real Time I/Q Baseband Working with Data Patterns Using a Predefined Data Pattern Selecting a Predefined PN Sequence Data Pattern Preset 1. Press Mode Custom Real Time I/Q Baseband 2. Press > > 3. Press one of the following: Selecting a Predefined Fixed 4-bit Data Pattern Preset 1.

  • Page 159: Using A User-Defined Data Pattern

    Using a User-Defined Data Pattern User Files (user-defined data pattern files) can be created and modified using the signal generator’s Bit File Editor or they can be created on a remote computer and moved to the signal generator for direct use;...
  • Page 160 Custom Real Time I/Q Baseband Working with Data Patterns 3. Enter the 32 bit values shown using the numeric keypad. Bit data is entered into the Bit File Editor in 1-bit format. The current hexadecimal value of the binary data is shown in the Hex Data column and the cursor position (in hexadecimal) is shown in the Position indicator.
  • Page 161 Custom Real Time I/Q Baseband Working with Data Patterns Modifying an Existing Data Pattern User File In this example, you learn how to modify an existing data pattern user file by navigating to a particular bit position and changing its value. Next, you will learn how to invert the bit values of an existing data pattern user file.

  • Page 162: Using An Externally Supplied Data Pattern

    Custom Real Time I/Q Baseband Working with Data Patterns Inverting the Bit Values of an Existing Data Pattern User File 1011. 1. Press This inverts the bit values that are positioned 4C through 4F. Notice that hex data in this row has now changed to 76DB6DB6, as shown in the following figure.

  • Page 163: Working With Burst Shapes

    Working with Burst Shapes • “Configuring the Burst Rise and Fall Parameters” on page 154 • “Using User-Defined Burst Shape Curves” on page 155 The Burst Shape menu enables you to modify the rise and fall time, rise and fall delay, and the burst shape (either sine or user file defined).

  • Page 164: Configuring The Burst Rise And Fall Parameters

    Custom Real Time I/Q Baseband Working with Burst Shapes Burst shape maximum rise and fall time values are affected by the following factors: • the symbol rate • the modulation type When the rise and fall delays equal 0, the burst shape attempts to synchronize the maximum burst shape power to the beginning of the first valid symbol and the ending of the last valid symbol.

  • Page 165: Using User-Defined Burst Shape Curves

    Using User-Defined Burst Shape Curves You can adjust the shape of the rise time curve and the fall time curve using the Rise Shape and Fall Shape editors. Each editor enables you to enter up to 256 values, equidistant in time, to define the shape of the curve.
  • Page 166 Custom Real Time I/Q Baseband Working with Burst Shapes Figure 7-1 More (1 of 2) Display Burst Shape 5. Press > This displays a graphical representation of the waveform’s rise and fall characteristics. Figure 7-2 NOTE To return the burst shape to the default conditions, press Confirm Exit From Table Without Saving Return Load/Store...
  • Page 167 7. Enter a file name (for example, NEWBURST) using the alpha keys and the numeric keypad. Enter 8. Press The contents of the current Rise Shape and Fall Shape editors are stored to the Catalog of SHAPE Files. This burst shape can now be used to customize a modulation or as a basis for a new burst shape design.

  • Page 168: Configuring Hardware

    Custom Real Time I/Q Baseband Configuring Hardware Configuring Hardware • “To Set the BBG Reference” on page 158 • “To Set the External DATA CLOCK to Receive Input as Either Normal or Symbol” on page 159 • “To Set the BBG DATA CLOCK to External or Internal” on page 159 •...

  • Page 169: To Set The External Data Clock To Receive Input As Either Normal Or Symbol

    To Set the External DATA CLOCK to Receive Input as Either Normal or Symbol Mode Custom Real Time I/Q Baseband 1. Press > > Configure Hardware allows you to access a menu from which you can set the external DATA CLOCK to receive input as either Normal or Symbol.

  • Page 170: Working With Phase Polarity

    Custom Real Time I/Q Baseband Working with Phase Polarity Working with Phase Polarity To Set Phase Polarity to Normal or Inverted Mode Custom Real Time I/Q Baseband 1. Press > > Phase Polarity Normal Invert enables you to either leave the selection as Normal (so that the phase relationship between the I and Q signals is not altered by the phase polarity function), or set to Invert and invert the internal Q signal, reversing the rotation direction of the phase modulation vector.
  • Page 171 symbols can be differentially encoded during the modulation process by assigning symbol table offset values associated with each data value. Figure 7-3 NOTE The number of bits per symbol can be expressed using the following formula. Because the equation is a ceiling function, if the value of x contains a fraction, x is rounded up to the next whole number.
  • Page 172 Custom Real Time I/Q Baseband Working with Differential Data Encoding Differential Data Encoding In real-time I/Q baseband digital modulation waveforms, data (1’s and 0’s) are encoded, modulated onto a carrier frequency and subsequently transmitted to a receiver. In contrast to differential encoding, differential data encoding modifies the data stream prior to I/Q mapping.
  • Page 173 How Differential Encoding Works Differential encoding employs offsets in the symbol table to encode user-defined modulation schemes. The Differential State Map editor is used to introduce symbol table offset values, which in turn cause transitions through the I/Q State Map based on their associated data value. Whenever a data value is modulated, the offset value stored in the Differential State Map is used to encode the data by transitioning through the I/Q State Map in a direction and distance defined by the symbol table offset value.
  • Page 174 Custom Real Time I/Q Baseband Working with Differential Data Encoding When applied to the user-defined default 4QAM I/Q map, starting from the 1st symbol (data 00), the differential encoding transitions for the data stream (in 2-bit symbols) 0011100001 appear in the previous illustration.

  • Page 175: Using Differential Encoding

    Using Differential Encoding Differential encoding is a digital-encoding technique that denotes a binary value by a signal change rather than a particular signal state. It is available for Custom Real Time I/Q Baseband mode. It is not available for waveforms generated by Arb Waveform Generator mode. The signal generator’s Differential State Map editor enables you to modify the differential state map associated with user-defined I/Q and user-defined FSK modulations.
  • Page 176 Custom Real Time I/Q Baseband Working with Differential Data Encoding Accessing the Differential State Map Editor Configure Differential Encoding • Press This opens the Differential State Map editor. At this point, you see the data for the 1st symbol (00000000) and the cursor prepared to accept an offset value.You are now prepared to create a custom differential encoding for the user-defined default 4QAM I/Q modulation.
  • Page 177 Enter 4. Press > This encodes the fourth symbol by adding a symbol table offset of 0. The symbol does not rotate through the state map when a data value of 11 is modulated. NOTE At this point, the modulation has two bits per symbol. For the data values 00000000, 00000001, 00000010, 00000011, the symbol values are 00, 01, 10, and 11 respectively.
  • Page 178 Custom Real Time I/Q Baseband Working with Differential Data Encoding Chapter 7...

  • Page 179: Multitone Waveform Generator

    Multitone Waveform Generator This chapter describes the Multitone mode, which is available only in E8267C PSG vector signal generators. This chapter includes the following major sections: • “Overview” on page 170 • “Creating, Viewing, and Optimizing Multitone Waveforms” on page 171...

  • Page 180: Overview

    I and Q offsets while observing the center carrier frequency with a spectrum analyzer. For measurements that require more than 64 tones or the absence of IMD and carrier feedthrough, you can create up to 1024 distortion-free multitone signals using Agilent Technologies Signal Studio software Option 408.

  • Page 181: Creating, Viewing, And Optimizing Multitone Waveforms

    Although you can view a generated multitone signal using any spectrum analyzer that has sufficient frequency range, an Agilent Technologies PSA high-performance spectrum analyzer was used for this demonstration. Before generating your signal, connect the spectrum analyzer to the signal generator...

  • Page 182: To View A Multitone Waveform

    Multitone Waveform Generator Creating, Viewing, and Optimizing Multitone Waveforms The multitone signal should be available at the signal generator RF OUTPUT connector. Figure 8-2 on page 172 shows what the signal generator display should look like after all steps have been completed.

  • Page 183: To Edit The Multitone Setup Table

    7. Set the attenuation to 14 dB, so you’re not overdriving the input mixer on the spectrum analyzer. You should now see a waveform with nine tones and a 20 GHz center carrier frequency that is similar to the one shown in Figure 8-3 on page the highest and lowest tones.
  • Page 184 Multitone Waveform Generator Creating, Viewing, and Optimizing Multitone Waveforms Edit Item 6. Press > > 7. Highlight the value (0) in the Phase column for the tone in row 4. Edit Item 8. Press > > Apply Multitone 9. Press NOTE Whenever a change is made to a setting while the multitone generator is operating ( Off On...

  • Page 185: To Minimize Carrier Feedthrough

    Figure 8-5 Tone 1 Intermodulation Distortion To Minimize Carrier Feedthrough This procedure describes how to minimize carrier feedthrough and measure the difference in power between the tones and their intermodulation distortion products. Carrier feedthrough can only be observed with even-numbered multitone waveforms. This procedure builds upon the previous procedure.
  • Page 186 Multitone Waveform Generator Creating, Viewing, and Optimizing Multitone Waveforms 4. Press Q Offset and turn the rotary knob to further reduce the carrier feedthrough level. 5. Repeat steps 3 and 4 until you have reached the lowest possible carrier feedthrough level. 6.

  • Page 187: To Determine Peak To Average Characteristics

    To Determine Peak to Average Characteristics This procedure describes how to set the phases of the tones in a multitone waveform and determine the peak to average characteristics by plotting the complementary cumulative distribution function (CCDF). Mode > Multitone > Initialize Table 1.
  • Page 188 Multitone Waveform Generator Creating, Viewing, and Optimizing Multitone Waveforms Done 10. Press Apply Multitone 11. Press More (1 of 2) > Waveform Statistics > Plot CCDF 12. Press You should now see a display that is similar to the one shown in peak to average characteristics of the waveform with randomly generated phases and a random seed.

  • Page 189: Two-Tone Waveform Generator

    Two-Tone Waveform Generator In the following sections, this chapter describes the Two Tone mode, which is available only in E8267C PSG vector signal generators. • “Overview” on page 180 • “Creating, Viewing, and Modifying Two-Tone Waveforms” on page 181...

  • Page 190: Overview

    I and Q offsets while observing the center carrier frequency with a spectrum analyzer. For measurements that require the absence of IMD and carrier feedthrough, you can create distortion-free multitone signals using Agilent Technologies’ Signal Studio software Option 408. NOTE...

  • Page 191: Creating, Viewing, And Modifying Two-Tone Waveforms

    Although you can view a generated two-tone signal using any spectrum analyzer that has sufficient frequency range, an Agilent Technologies PSA Series High-Performance Spectrum Analyzer was used for this demonstration. Before generating your signal, connect the spectrum analyzer to the signal...

  • Page 192: To View A Two-Tone Waveform

    Two-Tone Waveform Generator Creating, Viewing, and Modifying Two-Tone Waveforms Figure 9-2 To View a Two-Tone Waveform This procedure describes how to configure the spectrum analyzer to view a two-tone waveform and its IMD products. Actual key presses will vary, depending on the model of spectrum analyzer you are using. 1.
  • Page 193 Figure 9-3 Two-Tone Channels Intermodulation Distortion Chapter 9 Two-Tone Waveform Generator Creating, Viewing, and Modifying Two-Tone Waveforms Carrier Feedthrough Carrier Feedthrough Distortion...

  • Page 194: To Minimize Carrier Feedthrough

    Two-Tone Waveform Generator Creating, Viewing, and Modifying Two-Tone Waveforms To Minimize Carrier Feedthrough This procedure describes how to minimize carrier feedthrough and measure the difference in power between the tones and their intermodulation distortion products. Carrier feedthrough only occurs with center-aligned two-tone waveforms.
  • Page 195 Figure 9-4 Chapter 9 Two-Tone Waveform Generator Creating, Viewing, and Modifying Two-Tone Waveforms Main Marker Minimized Carrier Feedthrough Delta Marker...

  • Page 196: To Change The Alignment Of A Two-Tone Waveform

    Two-Tone Waveform Generator Creating, Viewing, and Modifying Two-Tone Waveforms To Change the Alignment of a Two-Tone Waveform This procedure describes how to align a two-tone waveform left or right, relative to the center carrier frequency. Because the frequency of one of the tones is the same as the carrier frequency, this alignment eliminates carrier feedthrough.

  • Page 197: Troubleshooting

    “Data Storage Problems” on page 196 • “Cannot Turn Off Help Mode” on page 197 • “Signal Generator Locks Up” on page 198 • “Error Messages” on page 200 • “Returning a Signal Generator to Agilent Technologies” on page 203...
  • Page 198 Troubleshooting Chapter 10...

  • Page 199: Rf Output Power Problems

    RF Output Power Problems Check the RF ON/OFF annunciator on the display. If it reads RF OFF, press output on. RF Output Power too Low 1. Look for an OFFS or REF indicator in the AMPLITUDE area of the display. OFFS tells you that an amplitude offset has been set.

  • Page 200: Signal Loss While Working With A Mixer

    Troubleshooting RF Output Power Problems Signal Loss While Working with a Mixer If you experience signal loss at the signal generator’s RF output during low-amplitude coupled operation with a mixer, you can solve the problem by adding attenuation and increasing the RF output amplitude of the signal generator.
  • Page 201 Figure 10-2 Reverse Power Solution SIGNAL GENERATOR OUTPUT CONTROL RF LEVEL CONTROL DETECTOR MEASURES +2 dBm ALC LEVEL Compared to the original configuration, the ALC level is 10 dB higher while the attenuator reduces the LO feedthrough (and the RF output of the signal generator) by 10 dB. Using the attenuated configuration, the detector is exposed to a +2 dBm desired signal versus the -15 dBm undesired LO feedthrough.

  • Page 202: Signal Loss While Working With A Spectrum Analyzer

    Troubleshooting RF Output Power Problems Signal Loss While Working with a Spectrum Analyzer The effects of reverse power can cause problems with the signal generator’s RF output when the signal generator is used with a spectrum analyzer that does not have preselection capability. Some spectrum analyzers have as much as +5 dBm LO feedthrough at their RF input port at some frequencies.

  • Page 203: No Modulation At The Rf Output

    There are three power search modes: manual, automatic, and span. Power Search When is set to Manual, pressing for the current RF frequency and amplitude. In this mode, if there is a change in RF frequency or amplitude, Do Power Search you will need to press Power Search When...

  • Page 204: Sweep Problems

    Troubleshooting Sweep Problems Sweep Problems Sweep Appears to be Stalled The current status of the sweep is indicated as a shaded rectangle in the progress bar. You can observe the progress bar to determine if the sweep is progressing. If the sweep appears to have stalled, check the following: Have you turned on the sweep by pressing any of the following key sequences? Sweep/List...

  • Page 205: Incorrect List Sweep Dwell Time

    Incorrect List Sweep Dwell Time If the signal generator does not dwell for the correct period of time at each sweep list point, follow these steps: Sweep/List Configure List Sweep 1. Press > This displays the sweep list values. 2. Check the sweep list dwell values for accuracy. 3.

  • Page 206: Data Storage Problems

    Troubleshooting Data Storage Problems Data Storage Problems Registers With Previously Stored Instrument States are Empty The save/recall registers are backed-up by a battery when line power to the signal generator is not connected. The battery may need to be replaced. To verify that the battery has failed: 1.

  • Page 207: Cannot Turn Off Help Mode

    Cannot Turn Off Help Mode Utility Instrument Info/Help Mode 1. Press > Help Mode Single Cont 2. Press until Single is highlighted. The signal generator has two help modes; single and continuous. Help When you press in single mode (the factory preset condition), help text is provided for the next key you press.

  • Page 208: Signal Generator Locks Up

    Troubleshooting Signal Generator Locks Up Signal Generator Locks Up If the signal generator is locked up, check the following: • Make sure that the signal generator is not in remote mode (in remote mode, the R annunciator appears on the display). To exit remote mode and unlock the front panel keypad, press •...
  • Page 209 DCFM/DC M Cal Refer to the c. Agilent Technologies is interested in the circumstances that made it necessary for you to initiate this procedure. Please contact us at the appropriate telephone number listed in We would like to help you eliminate any repeat occurrences.

  • Page 210: Error Messages

    Troubleshooting Error Messages Error Messages If an error condition occurs in the signal generator, it is reported to both the front panel display error queue and the SCPI (remote interface) error queue. These two queues are viewed and managed separately; for information on the SCPI error queue, refer to the Programming Guide.

  • Page 211: Error Message Format

    Troubleshooting Error Messages Error Message Format When accessing error messages through the front panel display error queue, the error numbers, messages and descriptions are displayed on an enumerated (“1 of N”) basis. Error messages appear in the lower-left corner of the display as they occur. Explanation provided in the Error Message List (This is not displayed on the instrument) Chapter 10...

  • Page 212: Error Message Types

    Troubleshooting Error Messages Error Message Types Events do not generate more than one type of error. For example, an event that generates a query error will not generate a device-specific, execution, or command error. Query Errors (–499 to –400) indicate that the instrument’s output queue control has detected a problem with the message exchange protocol described in IEEE 488.2, Chapter 6.

  • Page 213: Returning A Signal Generator To Agilent Technologies

    Returning a Signal Generator to Agilent Technologies To return your signal generator to Agilent Technologies, follow these steps: 1. Be prepared to give your service representative as much information as possible regarding the signal generator’s problem. 2. Call the phone number listed in information regarding the signal generator and its condition, you will receive information regarding where to ship your instrument for repair.
  • Page 214 Troubleshooting Returning a Signal Generator to Agilent Technologies Chapter 10...
  • Page 215 10 MHz connectors, 128QAM I/Q modulation, creating, 1410, application note, 170, AC power receptacle, ACP, 126, active entry area (display), adjustments, display, Agilent Technologies, annunciator, bandwidth selection, input connector, limitations, amplitude, off mode, setting, with attenuator option, Alpha adjustment (filter),...
  • Page 216 Index continuous list sweep, step sweep, wave RF output, contrast adjustments (display), correction array (user flatness) configuration, load from step array, viewing, See also user flatness correction couplers/splitters, using, Custom Arb waveform generator, Custom Real Time I/Q baseband, CW PSG features, data, clock, 12, fields, editing,...
  • Page 217 front panel description, 6–16 files, modulation, 136, 141, GATE/PULSE/TRIGGER INPUT connector, Gaussian filter, selecting, Goto Row softkey, GPIB, 18, hardkeys, 6–11 hardware, configuring, 143, header files (ARB waveform), 88–98 Help hardkey, help mode troubleshooting, Hold hardkey, I OUT connector, I/O connector, auxiliary, 4QAM state map, annunciator, files,...
  • Page 218 Index microwave amplifier, mixer, signal loss while using, mm-wave source module extending frequency range with, leveling with, user flatness correction array, creating, mod on/off, 9, models, signal generator, modes of operation, modulation amplitude. See AM analog, annunciators, 14–16 applying, file catalogs, frequency.
  • Page 219 rectangular clipping, reference amplitude, setting, frequency, setting, oscillator bandwidth, adjusting, registers, 54, remote control, remote operation annunciator, repair, return instructions, Return hardkey, RF output annunciator, configuring, 28–49 connector, leveling, external, 60–63 mm-wave source module, using, On/Off hardkey, sweeping, troubleshooting, user flatness correction, 64–75 rise delay, burst shape, rise time, burst shape,...
  • Page 220 Index user-defined burst shape curves, data patterns, files, filters, 127, modulation type custom arb, real time I/Q, 137, vector PSG features, VIDEO OUT connector, waveforms analog modulation, ARB header files, 88–98 clipping, 112–118 custom, 119–144 Custom Real Time I/Q baseband, dual arb, 87–118 file catalogs,...

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