Page 1 Theory and Operation Part Number 2500-0157 Rev D March 2005 Printed in USA Copyright 2005 Axon Instruments / Molecular Devices Corp. No part of this manual may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from Molecular Devices Corp.
Page 3 !!!!! SAFETY LEASE READ There are important safety issues that you must take into account when using this instrument. Please carefully read the safety warnings starting on page 159 before you use this instrument. VERIFICATION This instrument is extensively tested and thoroughly calibrated before leaving the factory.
Page 5: Table Of Contents
Table of Contents • iii Table of Contents Chapter 1 Introduction ..................1 Chapter 2 Installation and Basic Operation ............3 Installation......................3 Check List ......................3 Installing Hardware ................... 4 Installing the MultiClamp 700B Commander ........... 4 Functional Checkout ..................... 6 Communication with the MultiClamp 700B .............
Page 6 Bridge Balance ....................75 Bridge Balance in the Bath................76 Bridge Balance in the Cell................77 Buzz........................78 Capacitance Compensation ................. 78 Electrode Capacitance Compensation ............. 79 Whole-Cell Capacitance Compensation............80 MultiClamp 700B Theory and Operation, Copyright 2005 Axon Instruments / Molecular Devices...
Page 7 Table of Contents • v Auto Button..................... 83 Manual Adjustment of Capacitance Compensation ........83 Filtering the Command Stimulus ..............84 Capacitance Neutralization ................. 84 Input Capacitance.................... 84 Adjusting Capacitance Neutralization............. 86 Limitations of Capacitance Neutralization............86 Clear ........................87 Electrochemistry....................
Page 8 Changing the Fuse ..................121 Glitches......................121 Select Device..................... 122 Series Resistance Compensation ............... 122 Introduction to R Compensation ..............122 Is R Compensation Necessary? ..............124 Adjusting R Compensation ................125 MultiClamp 700B Theory and Operation, Copyright 2005 Axon Instruments / Molecular Devices...
Page 9 Table of Contents • vii Theory of R Compensation ................129 The ‘Prediction’ Control ................130 The ‘Prediction’ Control ................131 Saturation Effects ..................132 Readjustment of Whole Cell Compensation with ‘Prediction’ ..... 133 The ‘Correction’ Control................134 Readjustment of Whole Cell Compensation with ‘Correction’ ....135 Setting ‘Prediction’...
Page 11: Chapter 1 Introduction
The MultiClamp 700B is essentially an analog input / output instrument, similar to conventional amplifiers by Axon Instruments. Thus, BNC-type input and output connections are necessary to communicate with a digitizing interface, oscilloscope or other recording device. The MultiClamp 700B contains no front panel knobs and switches.
Page 12 MultiClamp 700B will be much appreciated. We welcome reprints of papers describing work performed with the MultiClamp 700B. Keeping abreast of your research helps us to design our instruments for maximum usefulness. MultiClamp 700B Theory and Operation, Copyright 2005 Axon Instruments / Molecular Devices...
Page 13: Chapter 2 Installation And Basic Operation
Installation and Basic Operation • 3 Chapter 2 Installation and Basic Operation Installation Carefully unpack all parts, and use the enclosed shipping list to verify that all parts have been received. Retain packing materials in case the instrument needs to be returned to the factory at a later date.
Page 14: Installing Hardware
1. Run the MultiClamp 700B Commander installer from the enclosed CD, or from the installation file downloaded from the Axon website. This will install all necessary files and generate a shortcut for MultiClamp 700B on your desktop. MultiClamp 700B Theory and Operation, Copyright 2005 Axon Instruments / Molecular Devices...
Page 15 700B desktop icon. The first time the program is run, you will be asked to update MultiClamp 700B Commander. If you’ve just installed the software from the CD, we suggest that you download the latest update. Axon Instruments is very responsive to customer feedback, thus the website will likely contain a newer, updated version.
Page 16: Functional Checkout
Also, the VOLTAGE CLAMP (blue) and CURRENT CLAMP (green) indicator lights on the front panel of the MultiClamp 700B should also confirm that the amplifier is changing modes. MultiClamp 700B Theory and Operation, Copyright 2005 Axon Instruments / Molecular Devices...
Page 17: Setting Parameters In The Multiclamp 700B Commander
Installation and Basic Operation • 7 Setting Parameters in the MultiClamp 700B Commander Many parameter fields in the MultiClamp 700B Commander can be set in three different ways. To demonstrate this, press the V-Clamp 1 tab and try the following. 1.
Page 18 For example, right-click the mouse while over the Holding glider, and you will see the following menu. Figure 2.6 MultiClamp 700B Theory and Operation, Copyright 2005 Axon Instruments / Molecular Devices...
Page 19: Toolbar Buttons In The Multiclamp 700B Commander
Installation and Basic Operation • 9 Toolbar Buttons in the MultiClamp 700B Commander At the top of the MultiClamp 700B Commander main window is a row of toolbar buttons that provide access to a number of special features. Figure 2.7 Positioning the mouse cursor over each button will, after a short delay, display a Tool Tip for the button.
Page 20: Test The Noise
1 mm input at the rear of the headstage case. Connect the other end of the ground wire to the foil or metal container using an “alligator” clip or other appropriate connection. MultiClamp 700B Theory and Operation, Copyright 2005 Axon Instruments / Molecular Devices...
Page 21: Calibration
Installation and Basic Operation • 11 4. In the MultiClamp 700B Commander, check the “Irms” box beneath the corresponding Channel meter for the CV-7 headstage (test one headstage at a time). Compare the value indicated by the meter to that listed in the table below (*5 kHz, 4-pole Butterworth measurement).
Page 22 3. Plug the CELL connector of the PATCH-1U model cell into the CV-7 headstage. 4. Press the Auto Whole Cell button. 5. Press Auto Cp Fast button. 6. The step response should be ~25 mV MultiClamp 700B Theory and Operation, Copyright 2005 Axon Instruments / Molecular Devices...
Page 23: Getting Help In The Multiclamp 700B Commander
MultiClamp 700B amplifier as a whole. Therefore, the On-line Help and this manual complement each other. If you have suggestions for improving this manual or On-line Help, we encourage you to submit them to Axon Technical Support. Chapter 2...
Page 25: Chapter 3 Tutorials
Tutorials • 15 Chapter 3 Tutorials The purpose of this chapter is to lead the user through the basics of patch clamping and ‘sharp’ microelectrode recording, using the PATCH-1U model cell that comes with the MultiClamp 700B. The tutorials are designed to illustrate the operation of the MultiClamp 700B and associated Commander control software.
Page 26: Model Cell
Approximately 5 pF stray capacitance to ground. CELL: 10 MΩ "pipette" resistor. 500 MΩ "cell membrane" resistor in parallel with 33 pF cell membrane capacitor. Approximately 5 pF stray capacitance to ground. MultiClamp 700B Theory and Operation, Copyright 2005 Axon Instruments / Molecular Devices...
Page 27: Tutorial 1 - Electrode In The Bath: Voltage Clamp
Tutorials • 17 Tutorial 1 – Electrode in the Bath: Voltage Clamp 1. Switch on the MultiClamp 700B and run the MultiClamp 700B Commander by double-clicking on the shortcut icon on the desktop of the PC. Press the Reset to Program Defaults toolbar button, or press the F6 key. Figure 3.1 This puts the MultiClamp 700B in V-Clamp mode and directs the Membrane Current (0.5V/nA) signal to the Primary Output BNC connector on the front...
Page 28 10 mV. The amplitude of the Membrane Current output pulse is 0.5 V, which corresponds to 1 nA at the default gain of 0.5 V/nA (shown under Primary Output section). Figure 3.4 MultiClamp 700B Theory and Operation, Copyright 2005 Axon Instruments / Molecular Devices...
Page 29: Tutorial 2 - Electrode In The Bath: Current Clamp
Tutorials • 19 Therefore, the resistance of the model electrode is calculated from Ohm’s Law to be R = V/I = 10 mV/1 nA = 10 MΩ. Alternatively, check the Resistance checkbox under the Channel 1 meters. Figure 3.5 The resistance is displayed on the meter. Uncheck the box when done. (DC fluctuations in the signal are due to pulses from the MultiClamp 700B Commander for calculating meter resistance values.) 6.
Page 30 R = V/I = 10 mV/1 nA = 10 MΩ. Alternatively, the resistance can be directly displayed by checking the Resistance checkbox under the Channel 1 meters. MultiClamp 700B Theory and Operation, Copyright 2005 Axon Instruments / Molecular Devices...
Page 31: Tutorial 3 - Giga Seal Configuration
Tutorials • 21 5. Try changing the Tuning amplitude and frequency by using the glider control with the mouse. Tutorial 3 – Giga Seal Configuration 1. Set up the MultiClamp 700B and the MultiClamp 700B Commander as in Steps 1-3 of Tutorial 1, except that the PATCH connector on the model cell should be plugged into the headstage of the MultiClamp 700B.
Page 32 Note that with a filter setting of 2 kHz the peak-to-peak noise on Primary Output is about 0.5 pA, which is adequate for most single-channel recording. (See Chapter 4 for practical hints on how to reduce the noise further.) MultiClamp 700B Theory and Operation, Copyright 2005 Axon Instruments / Molecular Devices...
Page 33 Tutorials • 23 6. This section of the MultiClamp 700B Commander displays three other adjustable parameters: Output Gain, AC and Scope. • Use the glider to adjust Output Gain. Note the changes in the scaling factor at Primary Output: Membrane Current, as well as the change in signal amplitude on the oscilloscope.
Page 34 They can be eliminated by using the Cp Fast and Cp Slow controls in the main window of the MultiClamp 700B Commander. MultiClamp 700B Theory and Operation, Copyright 2005 Axon Instruments / Molecular Devices...
Page 35 Tutorials • 25 8. Place the mouse cursor over the button (dual control) opposite Cp Fast. The cursor changes to crossed arrows. (See the figure below.) While holding down the Shift key (to magnify the movement; see Chapter 2) use the glider, sliding the mouse horizontally and vertically, to change the values of the time constant and capacitance, respectively.
Page 36: Tutorial 4 - Whole-Cell Configuration: Voltage Clamp
Tutorial 4 – Whole-Cell Configuration: Voltage Clamp 1. Reset to Program Defaults and set Seal Test frequency to 200 Hz. Plug the CELL connector on the model cell into the CV-7 headstage. MultiClamp 700B Theory and Operation, Copyright 2005 Axon Instruments / Molecular Devices...
Page 37 Tutorials • 27 2. Check the Seal Test checkbox; a train of ~0.5 Volt transients decaying over ~2 ms will appear on the Primary Output trace. (These are more easily seen if the oscilloscope is triggered using the SYNC output of the MultiClamp 700B.) Figure 3.15 The fast component of the transients reflects the simulated electrode capacitance (5 pF), while the slow component reflects the capacitance of the...
Page 38 Leak Subtraction feature of the MultiClamp 700B. This subtracts from Primary Output a current that is scaled linearly from the voltage command. (See Chapter 5, LEAK MultiClamp 700B Theory and Operation, Copyright 2005 Axon Instruments / Molecular Devices...
Page 39 Tutorials • 29 SUBTRACTION). Check the Leak Subtraction checkbox and press the button (or use the glider to obtain a flat trace). Figure 3.18 The optimum value is about 500 MΩ, the “input resistance” of the model cell. Manual adjustments of Whole Cell and Cp Fast may be necessary to perfectly compensate the response.
Page 40 Pulse button. Note that only a discrete list of pulse durations is allowed (seen by positioning the mouse over the duration field and clicking the right button). MultiClamp 700B Theory and Operation, Copyright 2005 Axon Instruments / Molecular Devices...
Page 41: Tutorial 5 - Whole-Cell Configuration: Current Clamp
Tutorials • 31 Tutorial 5 – Whole-Cell Configuration: Current Clamp 1. Reset to Program Defaults. In the Gains tab of the Options menu, select the 50 MΩ range in the Current Clamp section. 2. With the model cell in the CELL position, click Auto Pipette Offset. 3.
Page 42 10 MΩ, but in the CELL position you may record slightly higher values (near 14 MΩ) because the electrode resistance is mixed with the cell capacitance and resistance components. MultiClamp 700B Theory and Operation, Copyright 2005 Axon Instruments / Molecular Devices...
Page 43 Tutorials • 33 To the left of Bridge Balance is the Output Zero button. This works exactly like the corresponding button in voltage clamp, removing constant DC offsets. 7. In current-clamp mode the stray electrode capacitance can cause additional errors, acting to filter the membrane potential signal. This error can be reduced by using electronic compensation of the pipette capacitance.
Page 44 • The Pipette Capacitance Neutralization feature will be disabled (box will become unchecked). • You will hear an audible tone. MultiClamp 700B Theory and Operation, Copyright 2005 Axon Instruments / Molecular Devices...
Page 45 Tutorials • 35 • A warning message will appear to indicate the detection of oscillations and the disabling of Pipette Capacitance Neutralization. Figure 3.28 10. You can choose to prevent the warning message from appearing. Go to the Options / Auto menu, and disable (uncheck) the “Display warning” feature. Figure 3.29 Also in the Options / Auto menu, you can alternatively choose to reduce instead of disable Pipette Capacitance Neutralization in IC mode.
Page 46 Figure 3.31 The time required to reach the selected voltage depends upon the feedback resistor and headstage load. See the MultiClamp 700B Commander on-line Help for more detail. MultiClamp 700B Theory and Operation, Copyright 2005 Axon Instruments / Molecular Devices...
Page 47: Tutorial 6 - Whole-Cell Configuration: Automatic Mode Switching
Tutorials • 37 15. The Pulse button in current clamp allows you to apply single current steps of variable amplitude and duration. Experiment with different settings for Pulse amplitude and duration while monitoring the effect on Primary Output. Figure 3.32 16.
Page 48 = 20 mV. Next, click the radio button for Return to current clamp: After:, and set this value to 500 ms. Close the Options menu to return to the main IC window. Figure 3.34 MultiClamp 700B Theory and Operation, Copyright 2005 Axon Instruments / Molecular Devices...
Page 49 Tutorials • 39 5. Monitor Primary Output on external oscilloscope. Set display for at least 2 full seconds per sweep. You should observe a slowly charging and discharging voltage response to the Tune current step. Figure 3.35 6. Now check the Auto checkbox next to the Mode buttons. Note that the VC, I=0 and IC buttons are now greyed out, since they are under automatic control.
Page 50 9. Note: During a real experiment, if you are using an external command input to the MultiClamp 700B (such as the output of a Digidata), then you must be MultiClamp 700B Theory and Operation, Copyright 2005 Axon Instruments / Molecular Devices...
Page 51 Tutorials • 41 careful to turn OFF this external command during the Auto Mode switch. If you do not, then the incoming command will conflict with the Auto Mode switch settings. To disable the external commands, go to the Options / Gains tab, and click the OFF radio button in the VC and IC External Command Sensitivity sections.
Page 53: Chapter 4 Guide To Electrophysiological Recording
Guide to Electrophysiological Recording • 43 Chapter 4 Guide to Electrophysiological Recording The purpose of this chapter is to provide practical advice on patch clamping and sharp microelectrode recording, both of which are possible using the MultiClamp 700B. It includes both tutorial-style guidance and technical details for reference. This information has been distilled from textbooks on the subject (see References at the end of this manual) and from experienced researchers working in laboratories around the world.
Page 54: General Advice
Tissue slices are MultiClamp 700B Theory and Operation, Copyright 2005 Axon Instruments / Molecular Devices...
Page 55: Optics
Guide to Electrophysiological Recording • 45 commonly held in place in the chamber by a weighted “net” or “grid” of fine threads. A grid is easily made as follows. Bend a piece of 0.2-0.4 mm diameter platinum wire into a ring small enough to fit in the bottom of your chamber, then flatten the wire in a vise.
Page 56: Interfacing A Computer
Any PC-based software that is able to control the digitizing interface is acceptable, while the MultiClamp 700B Commander runs in the background controlling the MultiClamp 700B. MultiClamp 700B Theory and Operation, Copyright 2005 Axon Instruments / Molecular Devices...
Page 57: Computer Noise
Guide to Electrophysiological Recording • 47 Computer Noise Digital computers can generate considerable electrical noise, both via the power ground and via radiative interference from the monitor. For optimal noise performance of the MultiClamp 700B, careful attention should be paid to the placement of the computer.
Page 58 Further details are given under “Low Noise Techniques”, below. MultiClamp 700B Theory and Operation, Copyright 2005 Axon Instruments / Molecular Devices...
Page 59: Forming A Gigaseal
Guide to Electrophysiological Recording • 49 Forming a Gigaseal Start with the MultiClamp 700B in voltage clamp mode (VC). Fill a patch pipette with internal solution and secure it firmly in the pipette holder (fill the patch pipette with external solution if cell-attached recording is the goal). Be sure to support the headstage with your other hand so that the micromanipulator will not have to absorb your force.
Page 60 At the same time, steadily increase the holding potential towards –60 or –70 mV; doing this usually helps seal formation. There should be a rapid increase in the resistance. Release the suction when the resistance MultiClamp 700B Theory and Operation, Copyright 2005 Axon Instruments / Molecular Devices...
Page 61: Whole-Cell Voltage Clamp Recording
Guide to Electrophysiological Recording • 51 reaches a gigohm. The resistance often continues to increase slowly over the next several minutes. The best gigaseals are those that form nearly instantaneously. If a seal does not form within about a minute, continued suction is usually pointless. It is best to change electrodes and try again.
Page 62 It is not unusual for small cells to have an input resistance of several gigohms but with active conductances it might be as low as a few tens of megohms. MultiClamp 700B Theory and Operation, Copyright 2005 Axon Instruments / Molecular Devices...
Page 63 Guide to Electrophysiological Recording • 53 S EAL ADJU S T FAS T MAG τ AND FAS T GO WHOL E CEL L 300 pA 2 ms Figure 4.2. Going whole-cell: capacity transients observed when rupturing the patch. After achieving stable whole-cell access, press the Auto button in the Whole Cell section of the MultiClamp 700B Commander to compensate the whole-cell capacitance transient.
Page 64: Perforated-Patch Recording
This is an advantage or a disadvantage, depending on the experiment. A distinct advantage is the maintenance of the intracellular environment that might influence conductances. With the perforated MultiClamp 700B Theory and Operation, Copyright 2005 Axon Instruments / Molecular Devices...
Page 65: Low Noise Techniques
Guide to Electrophysiological Recording • 55 patch technique, a rise in whole-cell capacity transients will be observed as the compound partitions into the cell, as shown in Figure 4.3. The Membrane Test feature of Clampex (v. 7 and higher) allows graphically monitoring the gradual rise in capacitance (and decrease in Rs) as pores are formed in the patch membrane.
Page 66 90° is the "loss factor". The loss factor is related to the power dissipated in the dielectric. Since energy is lost in the e.g. dielectric, dielectrics ( , glasses) are commonly referred to as "lossy". MultiClamp 700B Theory and Operation, Copyright 2005 Axon Instruments / Molecular Devices...
Page 67 Guide to Electrophysiological Recording • 57 softening temperature. High lead glasses are easier to pull, but have been reported to modify channel currents (e.g. see Cota and Armstrong, Furman and Tanaka, Biophysical J. 53:107-109, 1988; Furman and Tanaka, Biophysical J. 53:287-292, 1988).
Page 68 Polycarbonate was experimentally found to produce the lowest noise among ten substances tested. It was only slightly better than polyethylene, polypropylene, and Teflon, but was much better than nylon, Plexiglass, and Delrin. Axon holders avoid metal and shielding, which are noise sources. Holders, however, do become a significant noise source if fluid gets into them.
Page 69: Sharp Microelectrode Recording
Guide to Electrophysiological Recording • 59 disassembled and sonicated in ethanol or pure deionized water, and allowed to dry thoroughly before being used again. It is also a good idea to periodically clean the holders by sonication even if no fluid has been observed in them. Seal The seal will usually be the dominant noise source if it is only a few gigohms.
Page 70: Sharp Microelectrode Or Patch Electrode
Microelectrode Properties Users of sharp microelectrodes spend far more time than patch clampers worrying about the properties of their electrodes. This is because the higher resistance of MultiClamp 700B Theory and Operation, Copyright 2005 Axon Instruments / Molecular Devices...
Page 71 Guide to Electrophysiological Recording • 61 sharp microelectrodes may introduce a number of undesirable properties. For best results, the microelectrode voltage must settle rapidly after a current pulse, and the microelectrode must be able to pass current without large changes in resistance. The important factors that need to be considered are discussed below.
Page 72 Another method is to coat the microelectrode with Sylgard #184 or Q-dope (model airplane glue). The selected material should be painted onto the electrode to within 100 µm of the tip. MultiClamp 700B Theory and Operation, Copyright 2005 Axon Instruments / Molecular Devices...
Page 73 Guide to Electrophysiological Recording • 63 Tip Potentials During the passage of current, a slowly changing voltage may be generated at the tip of a microelectrode. Changes in this tip potential are indistinguishable from changes in the membrane potential and can therefore be a serious source of error. Identifying Tip Potentials •...
Page 74: Filling Solutions
Primary output: Membrane Potential indicates that the electrode wires probably need to be rechlorided. Also check for a changing tip potential by passing a steady current, as described above. MultiClamp 700B Theory and Operation, Copyright 2005 Axon Instruments / Molecular Devices...
Page 75 Guide to Electrophysiological Recording • 65 Check the Tuning checkbox and observe the Primary Output: Membrane Potential on a scope. Move the electrode tip close to where cells are likely to be encountered, and then increase Pipette Capacitance Neutralization in the MultiClamp 700B Commander to give the fastest step response.
Page 77: Chapter 5 Reference Section
Please consult the Index if you are having trouble locating a particular item. Note: Before using this chapter, it may be helpful to first read the entry under “Polarity Conventions”. This summarizes the conventions used for the polarities of currents and voltages in all amplifiers manufactured by Axon Instruments. Chapter 5...
Page 78: Audio Monitor
DC signal, e.g. the membrane potential. The default setting for the VCO is 2200 Hz at 0 V ranging to 300 Hz at -100 mV. MultiClamp 700B Theory and Operation, Copyright 2005 Axon Instruments / Molecular Devices...
Page 79 Reference Section • 69 Audio output can be monitored by making connections to the MultiClamp 700B in one of three different ways: 1. Connect the rear panel AUDIO OUTPUT to the Line IN connector of your computer sound card. This allows the MultiClamp 700B to use the computer’s speaker.
Page 80 2. Connect headphones or remote powered speakers to the front panel PHONES output or the rear panel AUDIO OUTPUT. This allows dedicated use of the headphones or external speakers by the MultiClamp 700B. Figure 5.2. Possible Audio configuration #2. MultiClamp 700B Theory and Operation, Copyright 2005 Axon Instruments / Molecular Devices...
Page 81 Reference Section • 71 3. Connect the Line OUT of your computer sound card to the rear panel AUDIO INPUT of the MultiClamp 700B, and the rear panel AUDIO OUTPUT to external powered speakers. This is the same as option 2, except that now the MultiClamp 700B audio output is mixed with the computer’s audio output to external speakers.
Page 82: Bath Headstage And Electrodes
Minimization There are three main contributors to R • The cell access resistance from the membrane surface to the bath • The resistance of the grounding pellet MultiClamp 700B Theory and Operation, Copyright 2005 Axon Instruments / Molecular Devices...
Page 83 Reference Section • 73 • The resistance of the agar bridge (if used) Typical values of the access resistance of a 1 mm diameter sphere in Ringer's solution (such as an oocyte) are on the order of 150-200 Ω. This is a given, and no amount of manipulation can alter this for a given set of experimental conditions;...
Page 84: Use Of A Bath Headstage
SENSE electrode is equal to the potential at the positive input, i.e. 0 mV, irrespective of the voltage drop across R MultiClamp 700B Theory and Operation, Copyright 2005 Axon Instruments / Molecular Devices...
Page 85: Bridge Balance
Reference Section • 75 Bridge Balance • Used to subtract voltage drops across the microelectrode when in I-Clamp mode. • Bridge balance is activated by pressing the button in the Bridge Balance box in the I-Clamp pane or by checking the checkbox and using manual glider control.
Page 86: Bridge Balance In The Bath
Membrane Potential on Primary Output. Press the Auto Bridge Balance button; the fast voltage steps seen at the start and finish of the current step should be MultiClamp 700B Theory and Operation, Copyright 2005 Axon Instruments / Molecular Devices...
Page 87: Bridge Balance In The Cell
Reference Section • 77 eliminated. You may need to manually adjust the Bridge Balance MΩ value for optimum balance. The MΩ value is the resistance of the electrode. Bridge Balance in the Cell The Bridge Balance should be frequently checked when inside a cell, because the electrode resistance can drift.
Page 88: Buzz
V-Clamp pane. • Cell capacitance is compensated by checking the checkbox and using the associated controls in the V-Clamp pane. • See also External Command Inputs, Series Resistance Compensation. MultiClamp 700B Theory and Operation, Copyright 2005 Axon Instruments / Molecular Devices...
Page 89: Electrode Capacitance Compensation
Reference Section • 79 Electrode Capacitance Compensation When a voltage-clamp step is applied to an electrode, the clamp must provide a spike of current at the start (and finish) of the step to charge (and discharge) the capacitance of the electrode (C ).
Page 90: Whole-Cell Capacitance Compensation
MultiClamp 700B or downstream instruments if left uncompensated. Finally, whole-cell capacitance compensation is necessary for series resistance compensation. For all of these reasons, it is desirable to electronically compensate the capacitance of the cell. MultiClamp 700B Theory and Operation, Copyright 2005 Axon Instruments / Molecular Devices...
Page 91 Reference Section • 81 Like electrode capacitance compensation, whole-cell compensation uses a circuit to inject current directly into the input of the headstage. Figure 5.7 shows a simplified schematic of this circuit. Figure 5.7. Whole-cell capacitance compensation circuit. Assume that the fast and slow electrode compensation controls have already been set to compensate for C .
Page 92 I and V traces, respectively (Figure 5.8). It is easy to mistakenly think that the time course for charging the membrane is very fast but MultiClamp 700B Theory and Operation, Copyright 2005 Axon Instruments / Molecular Devices...
Page 93: Auto Button
Reference Section • 83 this is clearly not the case. Use of an independent electrode in the cell would show that the cell charging rate is not affected by these adjustments. The pF and MΩ values found by the MultiClamp 700B Commander for optimal whole cell compensation provide estimates of the cell capacitance and the series resistance, respectively.
Page 94: Filtering The Command Stimulus
Two techniques may be used to increase the recording bandwidth. • Use microelectrodes with the lowest possible resistance compatible with stable recording, and take steps to minimize the contribution to C by the capacitance MultiClamp 700B Theory and Operation, Copyright 2005 Axon Instruments / Molecular Devices...
Page 95 Reference Section • 85 of the microelectrode. In practice, this means using patch electrodes where possible, or using sharp microelectrodes with minimal capacitance. (See Chapter 4, SHARP MICROELECTRODE RECORDING • Electronically neutralize C The second approach has been implemented in the MultiClamp 700B in two ways. Primary Method for Neutralizing C A special technique is used in the CV-7 headstage to keep the contribution to from the input amplifier as small as possible.
Page 96: Adjusting Capacitance Neutralization
Consequently, the amount of C that the circuit must neutralize should be kept as small as possible. (See Chapter 4, SHARP MICROELECTRODE RECORDING MultiClamp 700B Theory and Operation, Copyright 2005 Axon Instruments / Molecular Devices...
Page 97: Clear
Using the MultiClamp 700B for electrochemistry. • See also electrochemistry application notes under ‘Technical Support’ at http://www.axon.com Electrochemistry, with the meaning intended here, is the use of an electrochemical sensor to record signals that reflect the presence of electro-active chemicals in biological tissue.
Page 98 Amperometry is typically used for measuring quantal release of electro-active chemicals from vesicles. The temporal resolution is determined only by the response times of the sensor and the voltage clamp. MultiClamp 700B Theory and Operation, Copyright 2005 Axon Instruments / Molecular Devices...
Page 99: External Command Inputs
Both cyclic voltammetry and amperometry can be performed by the MultiClamp 700B without modifications. Such modifications are necessary for some other Axon amplifiers because electrochemistry typically requires larger voltage commands than is usual for patch or intracellular recording. However, the MultiClamp 700B was designed with these larger commands in mind, providing ±1000 mV range.
Page 100: Additivity Of Commands
Compensation and which still saturates the amplifier. Lightly filtering the command signal solves this problem by slowing down the charging of the cell capacitance. The tradeoff, of course, is that fast kinetic processes in the cell will MultiClamp 700B Theory and Operation, Copyright 2005 Axon Instruments / Molecular Devices...
Page 101: Feedback Resistor
Reference Section • 91 not be so accurately resolved. Another application might be to smooth a sine wave stimulus that is generated by a digital pulse generator. Lower-resolution digital devices may produce an output composed of distinct steps. By using the command filter, these steps can be effectively smoothed before the stimulus is applied to the cell.
Page 102 The OVERLOAD LED on the front panel of the MultiClamp 700B will assist you in judging when saturation has occurred. MultiClamp 700B Theory and Operation, Copyright 2005 Axon Instruments / Molecular Devices...
Page 103: I-Clamp Mode
Reference Section • 93 Note that R can be changed safely “on the fly” with a cell or patch at the end of the electrode. Under some conditions a small switching transient is generated at the input of the headstage, and the cell sees this transient. However, after extensive tests on many types of cells in all recording configurations, we have concluded that these switching transients are too small to cause any damage to the cell membrane.
Page 104: Db Frequency
Figure 5.10. Filter characteristics, illustrated for a single-pole, low-pass filter. The spectrum has been normalized so that the signal magnitude in the pass band is 0 dB. The –3 dB frequency has been normalized to unity. MultiClamp 700B Theory and Operation, Copyright 2005 Axon Instruments / Molecular Devices...
Page 105: Types Of Filters
Reference Section • 95 Types of Filters There are many types of filters, distinguished by their effects on both the amplitude and phase of the signal. The two most common filters used in electrophysiology are the Bessel filter and the Butterworth filter, both of which are implemented in the MultiClamp 700B.
Page 106 For example, if the signal is very noisy you may wish to filter more heavily and accept that the action potential risetime is artifactually slowed. MultiClamp 700B Theory and Operation, Copyright 2005 Axon Instruments / Molecular Devices...
Page 107: High-Pass Filter
Reference Section • 97 High-pass Filter The Primary Output and Scope signals can be high-pass filtered by setting the AC value in the Output Gains and Filters section of the main MultiClamp 700B Commander panel. This is typically done in order to remove a DC component of the signal.
Page 108: Headstage
V-Clamp mode, and a voltage follower used in I-Clamp mode. The I-V converter is similar to that found in an Axopatch-1D headstage, whereas the voltage follower is like that in an Axoclamp 2B headstage. MultiClamp 700B Theory and Operation, Copyright 2005 Axon Instruments / Molecular Devices...
Page 109: Voltage Clamp Circuit
Reference Section • 99 Voltage Clamp Circuit In V-Clamp mode, the goal is to hold the interior of an electrode at a command potential while measuring the currents that flow down the electrode. An I-V converter achieves this by producing a voltage output that is proportional to the current input.
Page 110 (R ). For this reason, it is always important to consider using Rs compensation. (See Chapter 5, SERIES RESISTANCE COMPENSATION MultiClamp 700B Theory and Operation, Copyright 2005 Axon Instruments / Molecular Devices...
Page 111: Current Clamp Circuit
Reference Section • 101 Intrinsic Headstage Noise The intrinsic noise of a resistive-feedback I-V converter (i.e. with an open- circuit input) is determined, in theory, by the resistance of the feedback resistor. The rms current noise is given approximately by ≈...
Page 112: Mounting The Headstage
Acoustic Pick-up Rare cases have been reported in which the headstage was susceptible to low amplitude acoustic pick-up. For example, the audible hum of a nearby isolation MultiClamp 700B Theory and Operation, Copyright 2005 Axon Instruments / Molecular Devices...
Page 113: Help
MultiClamp 700B. The HL-U series holder provides a universal fit for a very wide range of electrode diameters and will fit any of the U-type headstages of Axon amplifiers. Holder Design The barrel of the holder is made of polycarbonate for lowest noise. There are two different barrel lengths (16 mm and 28 mm).
Page 114 (The electrode should always be inserted as far as it will go in the holder.) The holder mates with the threaded Teflon connector on U-type Axon headstages and is secured in place with a threaded collar.
Page 115: Optional Ag/Agcl Pellets
2 mm lengths, the silicone tubing will yield approximately 30 replacement silicone seals. Additional cone washers, silicone tubing, pins and silver wire can be purchased from Axon Instruments, as well as optional Ag/AgCl pellet assemblies. Optional Ag/AgCl Pellets The HL-U holder will accommodate a 1 mm diameter Ag/AgCl pellet that should provide many months of DC-stable recordings.
Page 116 For easy-to-use recipes see Microelectrode Methods for Intracellular Recording and Ionophoresis, by R.D. Purves, London: Academic Press, 1981, p. 51 or The Axon Guide. Foster City, CA: Axon Instruments, Inc., 1993, p. 83. MultiClamp 700B Theory and Operation, Copyright 2005 Axon Instruments / Molecular Devices...
Page 117: Holder Maintenance
Use the HLR-U with the HL-U holder. HLB-U BNC-to-Axon adapter allows conventional BNC-type holders to be used with Axon U-type headstages. Use the HLB-U with all U-type CV and HS headstages. These headstages have a threaded white Teflon collet.
Page 118 Secondary Output section of the main window of the MultiClamp 700B Commander. All signals are identical to the Primary outputs, except that Membrane Potential also includes the commands applied by the Rs Compensation circuitry. MultiClamp 700B Theory and Operation, Copyright 2005 Axon Instruments / Molecular Devices...
Page 119: Rear Panel
Reference Section • 109 Headphone Jack: This will drive headphones or a remote powered speaker if it is desired to monitor the audio output of the MultiClamp 700B. The output is the same as that available at the rear panel AUDIO OUTPUT jack. Rear Panel HEADSTAGE #1 / #2: The CV-7 headstages are plugged into the corresponding 25-pin DB connectors.
Page 120: Leak Subtraction
(This assumes that the capacitance transients at the start and end of the step have already been canceled using Capacitance Compensation. Indeed, Leak Subtraction can be thought of as a kind of capacitance compensation that applies to leak currents.) MultiClamp 700B Theory and Operation, Copyright 2005 Axon Instruments / Molecular Devices...
Page 121: Mode
Reference Section • 111 Leak Subtraction works by scaling the command potential waveform (V (t)) by the seal resistance (R ) to obtain a time-varying estimate of the leak current (I (t)), seal leak which is then subtracted from the membrane current. It differs from Output Zero, which simply subtracts a constant offset without regard to changes in the command potential with time.
Page 122: Model Cell
500 MΩ in parallel with 33 pF (the membrane time constant is 16.5 ms), and a 10 GΩ resistor models the patch. The pipette capacitance is about 4-6 pF. The charging time constant is approximately 330 µs (10 MΩ x 33 pF). MultiClamp 700B Theory and Operation, Copyright 2005 Axon Instruments / Molecular Devices...
Page 123 Reference Section • 113 The PATCH-1U model cell has been made without a switch to change the model between the BATH, PATCH and CELL positions. This is because even the best switches have an enormous amount of leakage resistance and capacitance that increases the noise three to five times beyond what can be achieved with a good seal.
Page 124: Noise
Thus, minimum noise is achieved for an isolated patch (large R, small C) with a high seal resistance (large R). In whole-cell recordings MultiClamp 700B Theory and Operation, Copyright 2005 Axon Instruments / Molecular Devices...
Page 125 Reference Section • 115 from larger cells (smaller R, larger C) the noise of the cell usually dominates, meaning that subsequent noise sources (listed below) become less important. (See Chapter 4, PATCH CLAMPING I-Clamp: The voltage noise is dominated by the load resistance but is also affected by the stray capacitance.
Page 126: Oscilloscope Triggering
GROUNDING AND HUM POWER SUPPLY Oscilloscope Triggering • SYNC output on the rear panel of the MultiClamp 700B provides a signal for triggering an oscilloscope (or for triggering in Clampex). MultiClamp 700B Theory and Operation, Copyright 2005 Axon Instruments / Molecular Devices...
Page 127: Output Zero
Reference Section • 117 • See also Input/Output Connections. The signal available at this BNC connector is intended to be used as an external trigger for an oscilloscope when internal commands (Seal Test), Tuning) or Pulse are activated, or to indicate the Mode state of the amplifier (commanded either externally by the Mode BNC or internally by the Auto Mode switch feature).
Page 128: Overload
Current and voltage sign conventions used in the MultiClamp 700B system. Biological Polarity Conventions Inward Current Current (carried by positive ions) that flows across the cell membrane, from the outside surface to the inside surface. MultiClamp 700B Theory and Operation, Copyright 2005 Axon Instruments / Molecular Devices...
Page 129: Multiclamp Polarity Conventions
To prevent confusion, Axon always uses current and voltage conventions based on the instrument's perspective. That is, the current is defined with respect to the direction of flow into or out of the headstage. Axon amplifiers do not have switches that reverse the current or the voltage command polarities. This prevents forgetting to move the switch to the correct position.
Page 130: Polarity Summary For Different Recording Configurations
Membrane potential = V – V rest Power Supply • Behavior and maintenance of the power supply used in the MultiClamp 700B. • See also Grounding and Hum. MultiClamp 700B Theory and Operation, Copyright 2005 Axon Instruments / Molecular Devices...
Page 131: Supply Voltage Selection
Reference Section • 121 Supply Voltage Selection The MultiClamp 700B can be directly connected to all international supply voltages. The input range is from 85 to 260 V . No range switching is required. Alternatively, a DC voltage of 110 – 340 V can power the instrument.
Page 132: Select Device
Series resistance (R ) is defined as the total resistance that is interposed between the circuitry of the headstage and the membrane of the cell. Contributors to R include: MultiClamp 700B Theory and Operation, Copyright 2005 Axon Instruments / Molecular Devices...
Page 133 Reference Section • 123 • The resistance of the solution inside the electrode, dominated by that at the narrow tip. • The resistance caused by intracellular organelles that partially clog the electrode tip. • The resistance due to glial cells or connective tissue that cover the cell membrane.
Page 134: Is R Compensation Necessary
This is certainly advisable in all whole-cell recordings. Compensation is rarely useful with isolated membrane patches, which typically have small capacitance and MultiClamp 700B Theory and Operation, Copyright 2005 Axon Instruments / Molecular Devices...
Page 135: Adjusting R Compensation
Reference Section • 125 membrane currents. Indeed, the Whole Cell controls (which must be set before using R compensation) are disabled with the 5 and 50 GΩ feedback resistors typically used for isolated patch recordings. An exception is macropatches or nucleated outside-out patches, in which the currents can be quite large and for which R compensation may be necessary.
Page 136 – is the MΩ value displayed under the Whole Cell checkbox. After compensation the trace will look like Figure 5.16. Figure 5.16. Uncompensated response (with saturating transients). Figure 5.17. After compensating transients. MultiClamp 700B Theory and Operation, Copyright 2005 Axon Instruments / Molecular Devices...
Page 137 Reference Section • 127 Figure 5.18. After setting Prediction = 90%, Correction = 0%. Figure 5.19. After setting Prediction = 90%, Correction = 90%. Figure 5.20. After optimizing C and C to minimize transients. Chapter 5...
Page 138 Next, slightly adjust the Cp Fast settings, trying to further minimize any fast leading-edge transients. When this has been done, small adjustments in the Whole Cell capacitance (pF) value should completely eliminate any remaining transients MultiClamp 700B Theory and Operation, Copyright 2005 Axon Instruments / Molecular Devices...
Page 139: Theory Of R Compensation
Reference Section • 129 (Figure 5.20). If this is not possible in the real experiment, iterative fine adjustments of Cp Fast and Whole Cell R may achieve the desired cancellation. If all of this fails and the oscillations are too severe, you may need to go back to the beginning and set the Prediction and Correction controls to lower values.
Page 140 Figure 5.21. Schematic whole-cell compensation circuit. MultiClamp 700B Theory and Operation, Copyright 2005 Axon Instruments / Molecular Devices...
Page 141: The 'Prediction' Control
Reference Section • 131 The ‘Prediction’ Control After switching on R Compensation in the MultiClamp 700B Commander, the Prediction control adds a transient signal to the command potential, speeding the rate at which the true membrane potential will change in response to a step voltage command.
Page 142: Saturation Effects
V / (1 - % Prediction /100). So we may state the limitation on V as a function of % Prediction as: ≤ 1.1(1 - % Prediction /100) MultiClamp 700B Theory and Operation, Copyright 2005 Axon Instruments / Molecular Devices...
Page 143: Readjustment Of Whole Cell Compensation With 'Prediction
Reference Section • 133 or the limitation on % Prediction as a function of V % Prediction ≤ 100(1 - V /1.1) Thus, for example, if it is known that the maximum command step to be used in a particular experiment is 100 mV, Prediction may be set at 91% without fear of saturation of V ;...
Page 144: The 'Correction' Control
6.4 kHz and with 98% it is further increased to 16 kHz (although the effects of the Bandwidth value should not be forgotten). MultiClamp 700B Theory and Operation, Copyright 2005 Axon Instruments / Molecular Devices...
Page 145: Readjustment Of Whole Cell Compensation With 'Correction
Reference Section • 135 Readjustment of Whole Cell Compensation with ‘Correction’ If the capacity transient has been canceled prior to the use of Correction (and for now assume that Prediction has already been set at 95%) then, in principle, there is no capacity current to feed back when Correction is utilized.
Page 146: Limitations Of R Compensation
2. The setting of the Whole Cell compensation controls will become erroneous because it is based on the time constant to charge the membrane MultiClamp 700B Theory and Operation, Copyright 2005 Axon Instruments / Molecular Devices...
Page 147: Softpanel Configuration
Reference Section • 137 capacitance before the change in membrane resistance occurred. Since this time constant depends on the parallel value of membrane resistance and the electrode series resistance, this error could become substantial. If the cell input resistance becomes comparable to, or less than, the electrode resistance, the whole-cell patch clamp technique will probably not work.
Page 148: Status
Membrane Current. Sometimes it helps to apply steady suction while Zapping. Successful break-through is signaled by an increase in the current noise and by large whole-cell capacitance transients. MultiClamp 700B Theory and Operation, Copyright 2005 Axon Instruments / Molecular Devices...
Page 149: Chapter 6 Troubleshooting
Chapter 6 Troubleshooting It has been our experience at Axon Instruments that the majority of troubles reported to us have been caused by faulty equipment connected to our instruments. If you have a problem, please physically disconnect all instruments connected to the MultiClamp 700B except for the oscilloscope.
Page 150 Rechloride the Ag wire. Clean the holder and headstage connectors. If the problem cannot be resolved, please contact Axon Instruments for technical support (1-800-635-5577 or axontech@axon.com). MultiClamp 700B Theory and Operation, Copyright 2005 Axon Instruments / Molecular Devices...
Page 151: Chapter 7 Specifications
Specifications • 141 Chapter 7 Specifications Unless otherwise specified, T = 20 C, 1 hr warm-up time. Main Unit Line Voltage 85 - 260V Line frequency 50 - 60 Hz Fuse 5 mm x 20 mm 2A slow Case 8.89 cm high x 48.26 cm x 30.48 cm deep (3.5˝ x 19˝ x 12˝ deep) rack mountable CV-7 Headstage Dimensions 4.06 x 8.38 x 2.03 cm (1.6˝...
Page 152 Rise time < 30 µs for load of 100 M on 500 M range. Rise time < 150 µs for load of 1 G on 5 G range. MultiClamp 700B Theory and Operation, Copyright 2005 Axon Instruments / Molecular Devices...
Page 153 Specifications • 143 Test Signals Voltage Clamp The available test signals are Seal Test, Pulse and Zap. Seal Test and Pulse amplitudes are selectable from 0 to ±1 V at the electrode. Seal Test frequency is selectable from 2 to 1000 Hz. Pulse duration is selectable from 0.1 to 500 ms.
Page 154 Lowpass two-pole Bessel filter with four –3 dB cutoff frequencies (Hz): 1k, 3k, 10k, Bypass. Command Inputs 20 mV/V or 100 mV/V sensitivity for V-Clamp; 400 pA/V or 2 nA/V sensitivity for I-Clamp. Input impedance is 10 kΩ. MultiClamp 700B Theory and Operation, Copyright 2005 Axon Instruments / Molecular Devices...
Page 155 Specifications • 145 Mode Switching External When enabled in MultiClamp 700B Commander software, 0 V input to MODE BNC selects I-Clamp mode and 5 V input selects V-Clamp mode. This mode can be used in conjunction with Internal Auto Mode switching to return mode to I-Clamp (see Internal Mode Switching).
Page 157: References
References • 147 References Armstrong, C.M. and Chow, R.H. Supercharging: a new method for improving patch-clamp performance. Biophys. J. 52:133-136, 1987. Ebihara, S., Shirato, K., Harata, N. and Akaike, N. Gramicidin-perforated patch recording: GABA response in mammalian neurones with intact intracellular chloride.
Page 158 Laboratory Techniques. Axon Instruments, Foster City, CA. 1993. Available at http://www.axon.com Yawo, H. and Chuhma, N. An improved method for perforated patch recordings using nystatin-fluorescein mixture. Jap. J. Physiol. 43:267-273, 1993. MultiClamp 700B Theory and Operation, Copyright 2005 Axon Instruments / Molecular Devices...
Page 159: Technical Assistance
Technical Assistance • 149 Technical Assistance If you need help to resolve a problem, there are several ways to contact Axon Instruments / Molecular Devices: World Wide Web www.axon.com Phone 1 (800) 635-5577 +1 (510) 675-6300 E-mail axontech@axon.com Questions? See Axon's Knowledge Base: http://support.axon.com...
Page 161: Warranty And Repair Service
The warranty covers the cost of parts and labor to repair the product. Products returned to our factory for repair must be properly packaged with transportation charges prepaid and the shipment fully insured. Axon Instruments / Molecular Devices will pay for the return shipping of the product to the customer.
Page 162 If you need to ship the MultiClamp 700B to another location, or back to the factory, and you do not have a means to adequately package it, Axon Instruments / MultiClamp 700B Theory and Operation, Copyright 2005 Axon Instruments / Molecular Devices...
Page 163 Warranty and Repair Service • 153 Molecular Devices can ship the proper packaging material to you for a small fee. This may seem an expense you would like to avoid, but it is inexpensive compared to the cost of repairing an instrument that has sustained shipping damage. It is your responsibility to package the instrument properly before shipping.
Page 165: Circuit Diagrams Request Form
Should you need the circuit diagrams for the MultiClamp 700B, Axon Instruments / Molecular Devices will be pleased to supply them to you. However, we caution you that the MultiClamp 700B is a sophisticated instrument and that service should only be undertaken by talented electronics experts.
Page 167: Declaration Of Conformity
Declaration of Conformity • 157 Declaration of Conformity Manufacturer: Axon Instruments / Molecular Devices 3280 Whipple Road Union City, CA 94587 Type of Equipment: Computer-Controlled Microelectrode Amplifier Model Number: MultiClamp 700B Year of Manufacture: 2003 Application of Council Directives: EC EMC Directive 89/336/EEC as amended...
Page 169: Important Safety Information
25 pin D-sub connector marked adequately package it, Axon Instruments can ship the proper "Headstage". Power should always be turned OFF when packaging material to you for a small fee. This may seem like connecting headstages to the main unit.
Page 170 Si possible, éviter l'emploi de Fréon, ce produit étant considéré comme nuisible pour l'environnement. Conditions à respecter pour un emploi sans danger 1. Emploi à l'intérieur. MultiClamp 700B Theory and Operation, Copyright 2005 Axon Instruments / Molecular Devices, Corp.
Page 171 3. Montage: Der Vorverstärker (“headstage”) wird über einen mit ans Werk senden müssen und Ihnen kein angemessenes der Aufschrift “Headstage gekennzeichneten 25 Pin D- Verpackungsmaterial zur Verfügung stehen, kann Axon Instruments Unterstecker an der Rückwand des Instrumentes verbunden. Ihnen das geeignete Verpackungsmaterial gegen eine kleine Gebühr 4.
Page 172 En la medida de lo transportista no será responsable ni aceptará su reclamo de posible evite el uso del gas freón, puesto que es dañino indemnización. para el medio ambiente. MultiClamp 700B Theory and Operation, Copyright 2005 Axon Instruments / Molecular Devices, Corp.
Page 173: Index
Index • 163 Index Audio Monitor, 68, 69, 70, 71, 145 Model Cell, 112, 125 Auto Whole-cell, 51, 81 Bridge Balance, 32, 33, 65, 75, 76, 77, 84, 86, 117, 124 Electrochemistry, 87 Leak Subtraction, 28, 29, 51, 54, 110, 111, 117 External Command, 78, 84, 89, 90, 91, 93, 97, 107 Output Zero, 29, 33, 111, 117 External Command Inputs, 78, 84, 89, 91, 93, 97, 107...
Page 174 Tutorials Glitches, 121 Giga Seal Configuration, 21 Voltage Selection, 121, 159 Practical Guide VG-2, 72 Forming a Gigaseal, 49 Interfacing a Computer, 46 Zap, 52, 138, 143 MultiClamp 700B Theory and Operation, Copyright 2005 Axon Instruments / Molecular Devices, Corp.

This manual is also suitable for:

Cv-7b

Axon AutoMate Scientific MultiClamp 700B Manual

Chapter 1 Introduction

Chapter 2 Installation and Basic Operation

Chapter 3 Tutorials

Chapter 4 Guide to Electrophysiological Recording

Chapter 5 Reference Section

Chapter 6 Troubleshooting

Chapter 7 Specifications

Quick Links

Need help?

Questions and answers

Subscribe to Our Youtube Channel

Related Manuals for Axon AutoMate Scientific MultiClamp 700B

Summary of Contents for Axon AutoMate Scientific MultiClamp 700B

This manual is also suitable for:

Table of Contents