Wartsila ?31DF Series Product Manual
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Wartsila ?31DF Series Product Manual

4-stroke, non-reversible, turbocharged and intercooled diesel engine with direct fuel injection
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Wärtsilä 31DF
PRODUCT GUIDE

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Summary of Contents for Wartsila ?31DF Series

  • Page 1 Wärtsilä 31DF PRODUCT GUIDE...
  • Page 2 © Copyright by WÄRTSILÄ FINLAND Oy All rights reserved. No part of this booklet may be reproduced or copied in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, graphic, photocopying, recording, taping or other information retrieval systems) without the prior written permission of the copyright owner.
  • Page 3 Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide Introduction Introduction This Product Guide provides data and system proposals for the early design phase of marine engine installations. For contracted projects specific instructions for planning the installation are always delivered. Any data and information herein is subject to revision without notice. This 01/2019 issue replaces all previous issues of the Wärtsilä...
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  • Page 5: Table Of Contents

    Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide Table of contents Table of contents 1. Main Data and Outputs ..........................1.1 Maximum continuous output ....................... 1.2 Reference conditions ........................... 1.3 Operation in inclined position (only for Marine Solutions engines) ............1.4 Dimensions and weights ........................2.
  • Page 6 Table of contents Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide 9. Cooling Water System ..........................9.1 Water quality ............................9.2 External cooling water system ......................10. Combustion Air System ......................... 10-1 10.1 Engine room ventilation ........................10-1 10.2 Combustion air system design ......................10-2 11.
  • Page 7 Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide Table of contents 20. Product Guide Attachments ........................20-1 21. ANNEX ..............................21-1 21.1 Unit conversion tables ........................21-1 21.2 Collection of drawing symbols used in drawings ................21-2 DBAE248994...
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  • Page 9: Main Data And Outputs

    Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide 1. Main Data and Outputs Main Data and Outputs The Wärtsilä 31DF is a 4-stroke, non-reversible, turbocharged and intercooled diesel engine with direct fuel injection. Cylinder bore ......310 mm Stroke ........430 mm Number of valves ....2 inlet valves, 2 exhaust valves Cylinder configuration ..

  • Page 10: Reference Conditions

    1. Main Data and Outputs Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide Reference conditions The output is available within a range of ambient conditions and coolant temperatures specified in the chapter Technical Data. The required fuel quality for maximum output is specified in the section Fuel characteristics.

  • Page 11: Dimensions And Weights

    Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide 1. Main Data and Outputs Dimensions and weights 1.4.1 Main engines Fig 1-1 W8V31 & W10V31 Main engine dimensions Engine W8V31 6087 6196 3560 1650 1650 W10V31 6727 6836 4200 1650 1650 Engine Weight Weight Engine Liquids W8V31 3205...
  • Page 12 1. Main Data and Outputs Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide Fig 1-2 W12V31, W14V31 & W16V31 Main engine dimensions Engine W12V31 7840 8090 4840 2000 2000 1000 1250 W14V31 8480 8730 5480 2000 2000 1000 1250 W16V31 9120 9370 6120 2000 2000 1000 1250...
  • Page 13 Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide 1. Main Data and Outputs Total length of engine Length of the engine block Length from the engine block to the outer most point in turbocharger end Length from the engine block to the outer most point in non-turbocharger end Length from engine block to crankshaft flange Length from engine block to center of exhaust gas outlet Height from the crankshaft centerline to center of exhaust gas outlet...
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  • Page 15: Operating Ranges

    Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide 2. Operating Ranges Operating Ranges Engine operating range Running below nominal speed the load must be limited according to the diagrams in this chapter in order to maintain engine operating parameters within acceptable limits. Operation in the shaded area is permitted only temporarily during transients. Minimum speed is indicated in the diagram, but project specific limitations may apply.

  • Page 16: Loading Capacity

    2. Operating Ranges Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide NOTE 1) Valid for both gas operation and diesel operation. 2) Minimum engine speed is restricted to 472rpm with engine driven oil pump. 3) Additional restrictions apply to low load operation. 4) Project specific idling and clutch in speed depends on clutch, gearbox and the Torsional Vibration Calculations.
  • Page 17 Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide 2. Operating Ranges 2.2.1 Mechanical propulsion 2.2.1.1 Loading Rates Variable speed engines (CPP) Normal loading rate, variable speed engines, 750 rpm Table 2-1 Loading rate Engine load Nominal Fast loading Emergency, [% of MCR] loading diesel opera- tion only Fig 2-2 Normal Loading rate, variable speed engines, 750 rpm...
  • Page 18 2. Operating Ranges Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide Unloading rate, variable speed engines, 750 rpm Table 2-2 Unloading rate Engine load Fast loading Emergency, Nominal [% of MCR] diesel opera- loading tion only Fig 2-3 Unloading rate, variable speed engines, 750 rpm The propulsion control must include automatic limitation of the load increase rate.
  • Page 19 Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide 2. Operating Ranges 2.2.2 Diesel electric propulsion and auxiliary engines 2.2.2.1 Loading rates Constant speed engines (DE / Aux / CPP) Normal loading rate, constant speed engines, 720/750 rpm (DE / Aux / CPP) Table 2-3 Normal Loading rate Engine load Nominal...
  • Page 20 2. Operating Ranges Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide Unloading rate, constant speed engines, 720/750 rpm (DE / Aux / CPP) Table 2-4 Unloading rate Engine load Fast loading Emergency, Nominal [% of MCR] diesel opera- loading tion only Fig 2-5 Unloading rate, constant speed engines, 720/750 rpm (DE / Aux / CPP) In diesel electric installations loading ramps are implemented both in the propulsion control and in the power management system, or in the engine speed control in case isochronous load sharing is applied.
  • Page 21 Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide 2. Operating Ranges 2.2.2.2 Instant Load Application The maximum permissible load step which may be applied at any given load can be read from the figure below. The values are valid for engines operating in island mode (speed control). Furthermore the stated values are limited to a running engine that has reached nominal operating temperatures, or for an engine which has been operated at above 30% load within the last 30 minutes.

  • Page 22: Low Load Operation

    2. Operating Ranges Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide Low load operation 2.3.1 Normal Low load operation - Normal load acceptance In order to avoid fouling of the engine, recommended limits to the low load operation are given. Low load operation is all loads below 20% load. Cumulative low load operation should not exceed the recommended values given in the chart and table.
  • Page 23 Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide 2. Operating Ranges Table 2-5 Max continous low load operation time for load acceptance according to Normal Load acceptance chapter Load 17.5 W31DF on Gas, LFO pi- lot, 550kW/cyl W31DF on Diesel, 550kW/cyl Fig 2-8 Low load operating restrictions NOTE Black line is intended for diesel mode operation and blue line is intended for gas mode operation.

  • Page 24: Low Air Temperature

    2. Operating Ranges Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide Low air temperature In standard conditions the following minimum inlet air temperatures apply: Gas mode: ● Low load + 5ºC ● High load -10ºC Diesel mode: ● Starting + 5ºC ● Idling - 5ºC ●...

  • Page 25: Technical Data

    Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide 3. Technical Data Technical Data Introduction This chapter contains technical data of the engine (heat balance, flows, pressures etc.) for design of auxiliary systems. Further design criteria for external equipment and system layouts are presented in the respective chapter. 3.1.1 Engine driven pumps The fuel consumption stated in the technical data tables is with engine driven pumps.
  • Page 26 3. Technical Data Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide Table 3-4 Variable speed engines (CPP), 750rpm, MDF/HFO Engine driven Engine load [%] pumps Lube oil -57.1 -57.1 -57.1 -58.1 LT Water -21.0 -21.0 -21.0 -21.0 HT Water -21.0 -21.0 -21.0 -21.0 DBAE248994...

  • Page 27: Wärtsilä 8V31Df

    Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide 3. Technical Data Wärtsilä 8V31DF Wärtsilä 8V31DF Diesel Diesel Diesel Diesel Diesel mode mode mode mode mode mode mode mode mode mode Engine speed Cylinder output Speed mode Constant Constant Constant Constant Variable Engine output 4240 4400 4240 4400...
  • Page 28 3. Technical Data Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide Wärtsilä 8V31DF Diesel Diesel Diesel Diesel Diesel mode mode mode mode mode mode mode mode mode mode Engine speed Cylinder output Speed mode Constant Constant Constant Constant Variable Fuel gas consumption at 85% kJ/kWh 7121 7171...
  • Page 29 Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide 3. Technical Data Wärtsilä 8V31DF Diesel Diesel Diesel Diesel Diesel mode mode mode mode mode mode mode mode mode mode Engine speed Cylinder output Speed mode Constant Constant Constant Constant Variable Oil volume, wet sump, nom. Oil volume in separate system oil tank Oil consumption at 100% load,...
  • Page 30 3. Technical Data Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide Notes: Note 1 At ISO 15550 conditions (ambient air temperature 25°C, LT-water 25°C) and 100% load. Flow tolerance 9%. Note 2 At ISO 15550 conditions (ambient air temperature 25°C, LT-water 25°C) and 100% load. Flow tolerance 9% and temper- ature tolerance 10°C in gas mode operation.
  • Page 31 Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide 3. Technical Data Wärtsilä 8V31DF Diesel Diesel Diesel Diesel Diesel mode mode mode mode mode mode mode mode mode mode Engine speed Cylinder output Speed mode Constant Constant Constant Constant Variable Engine output 4240 4400 4240 4400 4400 Mean effective pressure...
  • Page 32 3. Technical Data Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide Wärtsilä 8V31DF Diesel Diesel Diesel Diesel Diesel mode mode mode mode mode mode mode mode mode mode Engine speed Cylinder output Speed mode Constant Constant Constant Constant Variable Fuel gas consumption at 75% kJ/kWh 7226 7294...
  • Page 33 Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide 3. Technical Data Wärtsilä 8V31DF Diesel Diesel Diesel Diesel Diesel mode mode mode mode mode mode mode mode mode mode Engine speed Cylinder output Speed mode Constant Constant Constant Constant Variable Oil volume in separate system oil tank Oil consumption at 100% load, g/kWh...
  • Page 34 3. Technical Data Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide Note 1 At ISO 15550 conditions (ambient air temperature 25°C, LT-water 25°C) and 100% load. Flow tolerance 9%. Note 2 At ISO 15550 conditions (ambient air temperature 25°C, LT-water 25°C) and 100% load. Flow tolerance 9% and temper- ature tolerance 10°C in gas mode operation.

  • Page 35: Wärtsilä 10V31Df

    Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide 3. Technical Data Wärtsilä 10V31DF Wärtsilä 10V31DF Diesel Diesel Diesel Diesel Diesel mode mode mode mode mode mode mode mode mode mode Engine speed Cylinder output Speed mode Constant Constant Constant Constant Variable Engine output 5300 5500 5300 5500...
  • Page 36 3. Technical Data Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide Wärtsilä 10V31DF Diesel Diesel Diesel Diesel Diesel mode mode mode mode mode mode mode mode mode mode Engine speed Cylinder output Speed mode Constant Constant Constant Constant Variable Fuel gas consumption at 85% kJ/kWh 7121 7171...
  • Page 37 Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide 3. Technical Data Wärtsilä 10V31DF Diesel Diesel Diesel Diesel Diesel mode mode mode mode mode mode mode mode mode mode Engine speed Cylinder output Speed mode Constant Constant Constant Constant Variable Oil volume, wet sump, nom. Oil volume in separate system oil tank Oil consumption at 100% load,...
  • Page 38 3. Technical Data Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide Notes: Note 1 At ISO 15550 conditions (ambient air temperature 25°C, LT-water 25°C) and 100% load. Flow tolerance 9%. Note 2 At ISO 15550 conditions (ambient air temperature 25°C, LT-water 25°C) and 100% load. Flow tolerance 9% and temper- ature tolerance 10°C in gas mode operation.
  • Page 39 Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide 3. Technical Data Wärtsilä 10V31DF Diesel Diesel Diesel Diesel Diesel mode mode mode mode mode mode mode mode mode mode Engine speed Cylinder output Speed mode Constant Constant Constant Constant Variable Engine output 5300 5500 5300 5500 5500 Mean effective pressure...
  • Page 40 3. Technical Data Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide Wärtsilä 10V31DF Diesel Diesel Diesel Diesel Diesel mode mode mode mode mode mode mode mode mode mode Engine speed Cylinder output Speed mode Constant Constant Constant Constant Variable Fuel gas consumption at 75% kJ/kWh 7226 7294...
  • Page 41 Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide 3. Technical Data Wärtsilä 10V31DF Diesel Diesel Diesel Diesel Diesel mode mode mode mode mode mode mode mode mode mode Engine speed Cylinder output Speed mode Constant Constant Constant Constant Variable Oil volume in separate system oil tank Oil consumption at 100% load, g/kWh...
  • Page 42 3. Technical Data Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide Note 1 At ISO 15550 conditions (ambient air temperature 25°C, LT-water 25°C) and 100% load. Flow tolerance 9%. Note 2 At ISO 15550 conditions (ambient air temperature 25°C, LT-water 25°C) and 100% load. Flow tolerance 9% and temper- ature tolerance 10°C in gas mode operation.

  • Page 43: Wärtsilä 12V31Df

    Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide 3. Technical Data Wärtsilä 12V31DF Wärtsilä 12V31DF Diesel Diesel Diesel Diesel Diesel mode mode mode mode mode mode mode mode mode mode Engine speed Cylinder output Speed mode Constant Constant Constant Constant Variable Engine output 6360 6600 6360 6600...
  • Page 44 3. Technical Data Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide Wärtsilä 12V31DF Diesel Diesel Diesel Diesel Diesel mode mode mode mode mode mode mode mode mode mode Engine speed Cylinder output Speed mode Constant Constant Constant Constant Variable Fuel gas consumption at 85% kJ/kWh 7121 7171...
  • Page 45 Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide 3. Technical Data Wärtsilä 12V31DF Diesel Diesel Diesel Diesel Diesel mode mode mode mode mode mode mode mode mode mode Engine speed Cylinder output Speed mode Constant Constant Constant Constant Variable Oil volume, wet sump, nom. Oil volume in separate system oil tank Oil consumption at 100% load,...
  • Page 46 3. Technical Data Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide Notes: Note 1 At ISO 15550 conditions (ambient air temperature 25°C, LT-water 25°C) and 100% load. Flow tolerance 9%. Note 2 At ISO 15550 conditions (ambient air temperature 25°C, LT-water 25°C) and 100% load. Flow tolerance 9% and temper- ature tolerance 10°C in gas mode operation.
  • Page 47 Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide 3. Technical Data Wärtsilä 12V31DF Diesel Diesel Diesel Diesel Diesel mode mode mode mode mode mode mode mode mode mode Engine speed Cylinder output Speed mode Constant Constant Constant Constant Variable Engine output 6360 6600 6360 6600 6600 Mean effective pressure...
  • Page 48 3. Technical Data Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide Wärtsilä 12V31DF Diesel Diesel Diesel Diesel Diesel mode mode mode mode mode mode mode mode mode mode Engine speed Cylinder output Speed mode Constant Constant Constant Constant Variable Fuel gas consumption at 75% kJ/kWh 7226 7294...
  • Page 49 Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide 3. Technical Data Wärtsilä 12V31DF Diesel Diesel Diesel Diesel Diesel mode mode mode mode mode mode mode mode mode mode Engine speed Cylinder output Speed mode Constant Constant Constant Constant Variable Oil volume in separate system oil tank Oil consumption at 100% load, g/kWh...
  • Page 50 3. Technical Data Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide Note 1 At ISO 15550 conditions (ambient air temperature 25°C, LT-water 25°C) and 100% load. Flow tolerance 9%. Note 2 At ISO 15550 conditions (ambient air temperature 25°C, LT-water 25°C) and 100% load. Flow tolerance 9% and temper- ature tolerance 10°C in gas mode operation.

  • Page 51: Wärtsilä 14V31Df

    Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide 3. Technical Data Wärtsilä 14V31DF Wärtsilä 14V31DF Diesel Diesel Diesel Diesel Diesel mode mode mode mode mode mode mode mode mode mode Engine speed Cylinder output Speed mode Constant Constant Constant Constant Variable Engine output 7420 7700 7420 7700...
  • Page 52 3. Technical Data Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide Wärtsilä 14V31DF Diesel Diesel Diesel Diesel Diesel mode mode mode mode mode mode mode mode mode mode Engine speed Cylinder output Speed mode Constant Constant Constant Constant Variable Fuel gas consumption at 85% kJ/kWh 7121 7171...
  • Page 53 Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide 3. Technical Data Wärtsilä 14V31DF Diesel Diesel Diesel Diesel Diesel mode mode mode mode mode mode mode mode mode mode Engine speed Cylinder output Speed mode Constant Constant Constant Constant Variable Oil volume, wet sump, nom. Oil volume in separate system oil tank Oil consumption at 100% load,...
  • Page 54 3. Technical Data Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide Notes: Note 1 At ISO 15550 conditions (ambient air temperature 25°C, LT-water 25°C) and 100% load. Flow tolerance 9%. Note 2 At ISO 15550 conditions (ambient air temperature 25°C, LT-water 25°C) and 100% load. Flow tolerance 9% and temper- ature tolerance 10°C in gas mode operation.
  • Page 55 Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide 3. Technical Data Wärtsilä 14V31DF Diesel Diesel Diesel Diesel Diesel mode mode mode mode mode mode mode mode mode mode Engine speed Cylinder output Speed mode Constant Constant Constant Constant Variable Engine output 7420 7700 7420 7700 7700 Mean effective pressure...
  • Page 56 3. Technical Data Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide Wärtsilä 14V31DF Diesel Diesel Diesel Diesel Diesel mode mode mode mode mode mode mode mode mode mode Engine speed Cylinder output Speed mode Constant Constant Constant Constant Variable Fuel gas consumption at 75% kJ/kWh 7226 7294...
  • Page 57 Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide 3. Technical Data Wärtsilä 14V31DF Diesel Diesel Diesel Diesel Diesel mode mode mode mode mode mode mode mode mode mode Engine speed Cylinder output Speed mode Constant Constant Constant Constant Variable Oil volume in separate system oil tank Oil consumption at 100% load, g/kWh...
  • Page 58 3. Technical Data Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide Note 1 At ISO 15550 conditions (ambient air temperature 25°C, LT-water 25°C) and 100% load. Flow tolerance 9%. Note 2 At ISO 15550 conditions (ambient air temperature 25°C, LT-water 25°C) and 100% load. Flow tolerance 9% and temper- ature tolerance 10°C in gas mode operation.

  • Page 59: Wärtsilä 16V31Df

    Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide 3. Technical Data Wärtsilä 16V31DF Wärtsilä 16V31DF Diesel Diesel Diesel Diesel Diesel mode mode mode mode mode mode mode mode mode mode Engine speed Cylinder output Speed mode Constant Constant Constant Constant Variable Engine output 8480 8800 8480 8800...
  • Page 60 3. Technical Data Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide Wärtsilä 16V31DF Diesel Diesel Diesel Diesel Diesel mode mode mode mode mode mode mode mode mode mode Engine speed Cylinder output Speed mode Constant Constant Constant Constant Variable Fuel gas consumption at 85% kJ/kWh 7121 7171...
  • Page 61 Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide 3. Technical Data Wärtsilä 16V31DF Diesel Diesel Diesel Diesel Diesel mode mode mode mode mode mode mode mode mode mode Engine speed Cylinder output Speed mode Constant Constant Constant Constant Variable Oil volume, wet sump, nom. Oil volume in separate system oil tank Oil consumption at 100% load,...
  • Page 62 3. Technical Data Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide Notes: Note 1 At ISO 15550 conditions (ambient air temperature 25°C, LT-water 25°C) and 100% load. Flow tolerance 9%. Note 2 At ISO 15550 conditions (ambient air temperature 25°C, LT-water 25°C) and 100% load. Flow tolerance 9% and temper- ature tolerance 10°C in gas mode operation.
  • Page 63 Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide 3. Technical Data Wärtsilä 16V31DF Diesel Diesel Diesel Diesel Diesel mode mode mode mode mode mode mode mode mode mode Engine speed Cylinder output Speed mode Constant Constant Constant Constant Variable Engine output 8480 8800 8480 8800 8800 Mean effective pressure...
  • Page 64 3. Technical Data Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide Wärtsilä 16V31DF Diesel Diesel Diesel Diesel Diesel mode mode mode mode mode mode mode mode mode mode Engine speed Cylinder output Speed mode Constant Constant Constant Constant Variable Fuel gas consumption at 75% kJ/kWh 7226 7294...
  • Page 65 Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide 3. Technical Data Wärtsilä 16V31DF Diesel Diesel Diesel Diesel Diesel mode mode mode mode mode mode mode mode mode mode Engine speed Cylinder output Speed mode Constant Constant Constant Constant Variable Oil volume in separate system oil tank Oil consumption at 100% load, g/kWh...
  • Page 66 3. Technical Data Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide Note 1 At ISO 15550 conditions (ambient air temperature 25°C, LT-water 25°C) and 100% load. Flow tolerance 9%. Note 2 At ISO 15550 conditions (ambient air temperature 25°C, LT-water 25°C) and 100% load. Flow tolerance 9% and temper- ature tolerance 10°C in gas mode operation.

  • Page 67: Description Of The Engine

    Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide 4. Description of the Engine Description of the Engine Definitions Fig 4-1 Engine definitions (V93C0028) Main components and systems 4.2.1 Engine block The engine block, made of nodular cast iron, is cast in one piece for all cylinder numbers and it supports the underslung crankshaft.
  • Page 68 4. Description of the Engine Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide Crankshaft itself is forged in one piece. Both main bearings and big end bearings temperatures are continuously monitored. Counterweights are fitted on every web. High degree of balancing results in an even and thick oil film for all bearings.
  • Page 69 Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide 4. Description of the Engine A small side air receiver is located in the hot box, including charge air bends with integrated hydraulics and charge air riser pipes. Following components are connected to the cylinder head: ●...
  • Page 70 4. Description of the Engine Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide See chapter Exhaust gas & charge air systems for more information. 4.2.12 Fuel injection equipment The fuel injection equipment and system piping are located in a hotbox, providing maximum reliability and safety when using preheated heavy fuels. In the Wärtsilä electronic fuel injection system, the fuel is pressurized in the high pressure HP-pumps from where the fuel is fed to the injection valves which are rate optimized.
  • Page 71 Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide 4. Description of the Engine monitoring. Additionally UNIC includes fuel injection control for engines with electronic fuel injection rate optimized nozzles. For more information, see chapter Automation system. DBAE248994...

  • Page 72: Time Between Inspection Or Overhaul & Expected Life Time

    4. Description of the Engine Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide Time between Inspection or Overhaul & Expected Life Time NOTE ● Time Between Overhaul data can be found in Services Engine Operation and Maintenance Manual (O&MM) ● Expected lifetime values may differ from values found in Services O&MM manual ●...

  • Page 73: Engine Storage

    Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide 4. Description of the Engine Engine storage At delivery the engine is provided with VCI coating and a tarpaulin. For storage longer than 3 months please contact Wärtsilä Finland Oy. DBAE248994...
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  • Page 75: Piping Design, Treatment And Installation

    Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide 5. Piping Design, Treatment and Installation Piping Design, Treatment and Installation This chapter provides general guidelines for the design, construction and planning of piping systems, however, not excluding other solutions of at least equal standard. Installation related instructions are included in the project specific instructions delivered for each installation.

  • Page 76: Trace Heating

    5. Piping Design, Treatment and Installation Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide Table 5-1 Recommended maximum velocities on pump delivery side for guidance Piping Pipe material Max velocity [m/s] LNG piping Stainless steel Fuel gas piping Stainless steel / Carbon steel Fuel oil piping (MDF and HFO) Black steel Lubricating oil piping Black steel...

  • Page 77: Pipe Class

    Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide 5. Piping Design, Treatment and Installation The pressure in the system can: ● Originate from a positive displacement pump ● Be a combination of the static pressure and the pressure on the highest point of the pump curve for a centrifugal pump ●...

  • Page 78: Insulation

    5. Piping Design, Treatment and Installation Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide ● Ship Rules Part 6 Chapter 13, Gas Fuelled Engine Installations Table 5-2 Classes of piping systems as per DNV rules Media Class I Class II Class III MPa (bar) °C MPa (bar) °C...
  • Page 79 Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide 5. Piping Design, Treatment and Installation System Methods Starting air A,B,C Cooling water A,B,C Exhaust gas A,B,C Charge air A,B,C In case of carbon steel pipes Methods applied during prefabrication of pipe spools A = Washing with alkaline solution in hot water at 80°C for degreasing (only if pipes have been greased) B = Removal of rust and scale with steel brush (not required for seamless precision tubes) D = Pickling (not required for seamless precision tubes) Methods applied after installation onboard...

  • Page 80: Flexible Pipe Connections

    5. Piping Design, Treatment and Installation Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide Pipes are pickled in an acid solution of 10% hydrochloric acid and 10% formaline inhibitor for 4-5 hours, rinsed with hot water and blown dry with compressed air. After acid treatment the pipes are treated with a neutralizing solution of 10% caustic soda and 50 grams of trisodiumphosphate per litre of water for 20 minutes at 40...50°C, rinsed with hot water and blown dry with compressed air.
  • Page 81 Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide 5. Piping Design, Treatment and Installation Fig 5-1 Flexible hoses Drawing V60L0796 below is showing how pipes shall be clamped. DBAE248994...

  • Page 82: Clamping Of Pipes

    5. Piping Design, Treatment and Installation Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide Fig 5-2 Flexible pipe connections (V60L0796) NOTE Pressurized flexible connections carrying flammable fluids or compressed air have to be type approved. Clamping of pipes It is very important to fix the pipes to rigid structures next to flexible pipe connections in order to prevent damage caused by vibration.
  • Page 83 Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide 5. Piping Design, Treatment and Installation Fig 5-3 Flange supports of flexible pipe connections (4V60L0796) Fig 5-4 Pipe clamp for fixed support (4V61H0842) DBAE248994...
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  • Page 85: Fuel Oil System

    Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide 6. Fuel Oil System Fuel Oil System Acceptable fuel characteristics 6.1.1 Gas fuel specification As a dual fuel engine, the Wärtsilä 31DF engine is designed for continuous operation in gas operating mode or diesel operating mode. For continuous operation in the rated output, the gas used as main fuel in gas operating mode has to fulfill the below mentioned quality requirements.
  • Page 86 6. Fuel Oil System Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide ● DMA: A high quality distillate, generally designated MGO (Marine Gas Oil) in the marine field. ● DFA: A similar quality distillate fuel compared to DMA category fuels but a presence of max.
  • Page 87 Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide 6. Fuel Oil System Category ISO-F Lim- Test method(s) Characteristics Unit and references D M A D M Z D M B winter Pour point °C ISO 3016 (upper) summer Appearance Clear and bright ISO 3733, ASTM Water % v/v 0,30...
  • Page 88 6. Fuel Oil System Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide 6.1.2.2 0,10% m/m sulphur fuels for SECA areas Due to the tightened sulphur emission legislation being valid since 01.01.2015 in the specified SECA areas many new max. 0,10 % m/m sulphur content fuels have entered the market. Some of these fuels are not pure distillate fuels, but contain new refinery streams, like hydrocracker bottoms or can also be blends of distillate and residual fuels.
  • Page 89 Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide 6. Fuel Oil System Test method Characteristics Unit reference IP 501, IP 470 or Vanadium, max. mg/kg ISO 14597 Sodium, max. mg/kg IP 501 or IP 470 c, f) Sodium bef. engine, max. mg/kg IP 501 or IP 470 IP 501, IP 470 or Aluminium + Silicon, max.
  • Page 90 6. Fuel Oil System Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide 6.1.2.3 Heavy fuel oil operation (residual) The fuel specification “HFO 2” is based on the ISO 8217:2017(E) standard and covers the fuel categories ISO-F-RMA 10 – RMK 700. Additionally, the engine manufacturer has specified the fuel specification “HFO 1”.
  • Page 91 Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide 6. Fuel Oil System Limit Limit Characteristics Unit Test method reference HFO 1 HFO 2 Used lubricating oil: mg/kg IP 501 or IP 470 - Calcium, max. mg/kg IP 501 or IP 470 - Zinc, max. mg/kg IP 501 or IP 500 - Phosphorus, max.
  • Page 92 6. Fuel Oil System Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide Table 6-4 Crude oils Property Unit Limit Test method reference Kinematic viscosity before main injection mm²/s pumps, min. Kinematic viscosity before main injection mm²/s pumps, max. mm²/s Kinematic viscosity at 50 °C, max. 700,0 ISO 3104 991,0 / 1010,0...

  • Page 93: Operating Principles

    Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide 6. Fuel Oil System NOTE a) 1 mm²/s = 1 cSt b) Max. 1010 kg/m³ at 15 °C, provided the fuel treatment system can reduce water and solids (sediment, sodium, aluminium, silicon, calcium, potassium, magnesium) before engine to the specified levels. c) Notwithstanding the limits given, the purchaser shall define the maximum sulphur content in accordance with relevant statutory limitations.

  • Page 94: Fuel Gas System

    6. Fuel Oil System Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide 6.2.1 Gas mode operation In gas operating mode the main fuel is natural gas which is injected into the engine at a low pressure. The gas is ignited by injecting a small amount of pilot diesel fuel (MDF). Gas and pilot fuel injection are solenoid operated and electronically controlled common rail systems.
  • Page 95 Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide 6. Fuel Oil System 6.3.1.2 Fuel gas system, with enclosed GVU Fig 6-2 Example of fuel gas system with enclosed GVU (DAAF077105B) System components Supplier Gas detector Gas double wall system ventilation fan 10N05 Gas valve unit Wärtsilä...
  • Page 96 6. Fuel Oil System Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide The fuel gas can typically be contained as CNG, LNG at atmospheric pressure, or pressurized LNG. The design of the external fuel gas feed system may vary, but every system should provide natural gas with the correct temperature and pressure to each engine. 6.3.1.3 Double wall gas piping and the ventilation of the piping The annular space in double wall piping is ventilated artificially by underpressure created by...
  • Page 97 Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide 6. Fuel Oil System 6.3.1.4 Gas valve unit (10N05) Before the gas is supplied to the engine it passes through a Gas Valve Unit (GVU). The GVU include a gas pressure control valve and a series of block and bleed valves to ensure reliable and safe operation on gas.
  • Page 98 6. Fuel Oil System Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide Fig 6-4 Gas valve unit P&I diagram (DAAF051037D) Unit components: Gas filter First block valve Shut off valve Control air filter Vent valve Shut off valve Inert gas filter Second block valve Pressure regulator Manual shut off valve Gas control valve...
  • Page 99 Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide 6. Fuel Oil System Fig 6-5 Main dimensions of the enclosed GVU (DAAF060741A) Fig 6-6 Main dimensions of the open GVU (DAAW010186A) Height 1266 Width 2000 Depth DBAE248994 6-15...
  • Page 100 6. Fuel Oil System Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide Fig 6-7 Gas valve unit P&I diagram, open type (DAAF085795A) System components: Gas filter Pressure transmitter Vent valve Air filter with water drain Pressure transmitter Second block valve Inert gas filter Mass flow meter Gas control valve Pressure transmitter Temperature transmitter...
  • Page 101 Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide 6. Fuel Oil System Pipe DN50 DN80 DN100 size OD18 OD28 OD42 OD22 OD28 OD28 10mm 10mm 10mm 6.3.1.5 Master fuel gas valve For LNG carriers, IMO IGC code requires a master gas fuel valve to be installed in the fuel gas feed system.

  • Page 102: External Fuel Oil System

    6. Fuel Oil System Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide Property Unit Value Pressure before 8 ± 1.75 Bar(g) purging value The following guidelines apply for purging the fuel gas pipe between GVU and engine: Required inert gas amount: 5 times the total volume of gas pipes that are to be purged Flow: Standard purging time is 20 seconds;...
  • Page 103 Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide 6. Fuel Oil System NOTE In multiple engine installations, where several engines are connected to the same fuel feed circuit, it must be possible to close the fuel supply and return lines connected to the engine individually. This is a SOLAS requirement. It is further stipulated that the means of isolation shall not affect the operation of the other engines, and it shall be possible to close the fuel lines from a position that is not rendered inaccessible due to fire on any of the engines.
  • Page 104 6. Fuel Oil System Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide Fig 6-8 Fuel oil viscosity-temperature diagram for determining the pre-heating temperatures of fuel oils (4V92G0071b) Example 1: A fuel oil with a viscosity of 380 cSt (A) at 50°C (B) or 80 cSt at 80°C (C) must be pre-heated to 115 - 130°C (D-E) before the fuel high pressure pumps, to 98°C (F) at the separator and to minimum 40°C (G) in the bunker tanks.
  • Page 105 Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide 6. Fuel Oil System To ensure sufficient time for settling (water and sediment separation), the capacity of each tank should be sufficient for min. 24 hours operation at maximum fuel consumption. The tanks should be provided with internal baffles to achieve efficient settling and have a sloped bottom for proper draining.
  • Page 106 6. Fuel Oil System Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide Classification rules require the separator arrangement to be redundant so that required capacity is maintained with any one unit out of operation. All recommendations from the separator manufacturer must be closely followed. Centrifugal disc stack separators are recommended also for installations operating on MDF only, to remove water and possible contaminants.
  • Page 107 Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide 6. Fuel Oil System ● Sludge pump ● Control cabinets including motor starters and monitoring Fig 6-9 Fuel transfer and separating system (V76F6626G) 6.4.4.3 Separator feed pumps (1P02) Feed pumps should be dimensioned for the actual fuel quality and recommended throughput of the separator.
  • Page 108 6. Fuel Oil System Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide 6.4.4.4 Separator pre-heater (1E01) The pre-heater is dimensioned according to the feed pump capacity and a given settling tank temperature. The surface temperature in the heater must not be too high in order to avoid cracking of the fuel.
  • Page 109 Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide 6. Fuel Oil System 6.4.4.7 Sludge tank (1T05) The sludge tank should be located directly beneath the separators, or as close as possible below the separators, unless it is integrated in the separator unit. The sludge pipe must be continuously falling.
  • Page 110 6. Fuel Oil System Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide 6.4.5 Fuel feed system - MDF installations Fig 6-10 MDF fuel oil system, single main engine (DAAF314554B) System components Pipe connections Size 1E04 Cooler (MDF) Fuel inlet DN25 1F04 Automatic filter (MDF) Fuel outlet DN25 1F05...
  • Page 111 Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide 6. Fuel Oil System Fig 6-11 MDF fuel oil system, single main engine with engine driven fuel feed pump (DAAF301495B) System components Pipe connections Size 1E04 Cooler (MDF) Fuel inlet DN40 1F04 Automatic filter (MDF) Fuel outlet DN25 1F05 Fine filter (MDF)
  • Page 112 6. Fuel Oil System Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide Fig 6-12 MDF fuel oil system, multiple engines (DAAF301496B) System components Pipe connections Size 1E04 Cooler (MDF) Fuel inlet DN25 1F04 Automatic filter (MDF) Fuel outlet DN25 1F05 Fine filter (MDF) 1033 Leak fuel drain, clean fuel OD28 1F07...
  • Page 113 Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide 6. Fuel Oil System If the engines are to be operated on MDF only, heating of the fuel is normally not necessary. In such case it is sufficient to install the equipment listed below. Some of the equipment listed below is also to be installed in the MDF part of a HFO fuel oil system.
  • Page 114 6. Fuel Oil System Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide Fuel viscosity According to fuel specification Design temperature 50°C Design flow Equal to feed pump capacity Design pressure 1.6 MPa (16 bar) Fineness: 6 μm (absolute mesh size) - automatic filter (ß = 75, ISO16889) 25 μm (absolute mesh size) - by-pass filter...
  • Page 115 Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide 6. Fuel Oil System Max. pressure drop, fuel oil 80 kPa (0.8 bar) Max. pressure drop, water 60 kPa (0.6 bar) Margin (heat rate, fouling) min. 15% Design temperature MDF/HFO installa- 50/150°C tion DBAE248994 6-31...
  • Page 116 6. Fuel Oil System Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide 6.4.6 Fuel feed system - HFO installations Fig 6-13 HFO fuel oil system, single engine installation (DAAF301497B) System components: 1E02 Heater (booster unit) 1P04 Fuel feed pump (booster unit) 1E03 Cooler (booster unit) 1P06 Circulation pump (booster unit) 1E04...
  • Page 117 Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide 6. Fuel Oil System Fig 6-14 HFO fuel oil system, multiple engine installation (DAAF301498B) System components: 1E02 Heater (booster unit) 1P04 Fuel feed pump (booster unit) 1E03 Cooler (booster unit) 1P06 Circulation pump (booster unit) 1E04 Cooler (MDF) 1P12 Circulation pump (HFO/MDF)
  • Page 118 6. Fuel Oil System Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide HFO pipes shall be properly insulated. If the viscosity of the fuel is 180 cSt/50°C or higher, the pipes must be equipped with trace heating. It shall be possible to shut off the heating of the pipes when operating on MDF (trace heating to be grouped logically).
  • Page 119 Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide 6. Fuel Oil System Design data: Total consumption of the connected engines added with Capacity the flush quantity of the automatic filter (1F08) and 15% margin. Design pressure 1.6 MPa (16 bar) Max. total pressure (safety valve) 0.7 MPa (7 bar) Design temperature 100°C...
  • Page 120 6. Fuel Oil System Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide Flow meter, booster unit (1I01) If a fuel consumption meter is required, it should be fitted between the feed pumps and the de-aeration tank. When it is desired to monitor the fuel consumption of individual engines in a multiple engine installation, two flow meters per engine are to be installed: one in the feed line and one in the return line of each engine.
  • Page 121 Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide 6. Fuel Oil System 6.4.6.4 Safety filter, HFO (1F03) The safety filter is a full flow duplex type filter with steel net. The filter should be equipped with a heating jacket. The safety filter or pump and filter unit shall be installed as close as possible to the engine.
  • Page 122 6. Fuel Oil System Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide 6.4.7 Flushing The external piping system must be thoroughly flushed before the engines are connected and fuel is circulated through the engines. The piping system must have provisions for installation of a temporary flushing filter. The fuel pipes at the engine (connections 101 and 102) are disconnected and the supply and return lines are connected with a temporary pipe or hose on the installation side.

  • Page 123: Lubricating Oil System

    Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide 7. Lubricating Oil System Lubricating Oil System Lubricating oil requirements 7.1.1 Engine lubricating oil The lubricating oil must be of viscosity class SAE 40 and have a viscosity index (VI) of minimum 95. The lubricating oil alkalinity (BN) is tied to the fuel grade, as shown in the table below. BN is an abbreviation of Base Number.

  • Page 124: External Lubricating Oil System

    7. Lubricating Oil System Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide External lubricating oil system Fig 7-1 Lubricating oil system, main engines with dry sump (DAAF301499A) System components: 2E02 Heater (separator unit) 2P03 Separator pump (separator unit) 2F01 Suction strainer (main lubricating oil pump) 2P04 Stand-by pump 2F03...
  • Page 125 Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide 7. Lubricating Oil System Fig 7-2 Lubricating oil system, single engine & wet sump (DAAF301501B) System components: 2E02 Heater (separator unit) 2S02 Condensate trap 2F03 Suction filter (separator unit) 2T03 New oil tank 2N01 Separator unit 2T04 Renovating oil tank 2P03...
  • Page 126 7. Lubricating Oil System Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide Fig 7-3 Lubricating oil system (MDF), multiple engines & wet sump (DAAF301500A) System components: 2E02 Heater (separator unit) 2S02 Condensate trap 2F03 Suction filter (separator unit) 2T03 New oil tank 2N01 Separator unit 2T04 Renovating oil tank 2P03...
  • Page 127 Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide 7. Lubricating Oil System 7.2.1 Separation system 7.2.1.1 Separator unit (2N01) Each main engine must have a dedicated lubricating oil separator and the separators shall be dimensioned for continuous separating. If the installation is designed to operate on gas/MDF only, then intermittent separating might be sufficient.
  • Page 128 7. Lubricating Oil System Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide volume flow [l/h] engine output [kW] 5 for HFO, 4 for MDF operating time [h/day]: 24 for continuous separator operation, 23 for normal dimensioning Sludge tank (2T06) The sludge tank should be located directly beneath the separators, or as close as possible below the separators, unless it is integrated in the separator unit.
  • Page 129 Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide 7. Lubricating Oil System Fig 7-4 Example of system oil tank arrangement (DAAE007020e) Design data: Oil tank volume 1.2...1.5 l/kW, see also Technical data Oil level at service 75...80% of tank volume Oil level alarm 60% of tank volume 7.2.3 Suction strainers (2F01, 2F04, 2F06) It is recommended to install a suction strainer before each pump to protect the pump from...

  • Page 130: Crankcase Ventilation System

    7. Lubricating Oil System Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide 7.2.4 Pre-lubricating oil pump (2P02) The pre-lubricating oil pump is a scew or gear pump, which is to be equipped with a safety valve. The installation of a pre-lubricating pump is mandatory. An electrically driven main pump or standby pump (with full pressure) may not be used instead of a dedicated pre-lubricating pump, as the maximum permitted pressure is 200 kPa (2 bar) to avoid leakage through the labyrinth seal in the turbocharger (not a problem when the engine is running).
  • Page 131 Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide 7. Lubricating Oil System Each engine must have its own vent pipe into open air. The crankcase ventilation pipes may not be combined with other ventilation pipes, e.g. vent pipes from the system oil tank. The diameter of the pipe shall be large enough to avoid excessive back pressure. Other possible equipment in the piping must also be designed and dimensioned to avoid excessive flow resistance.

  • Page 132: Flushing Instructions

    7. Lubricating Oil System Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide Flushing instructions Flushing instructions in this Product Guide are for guidance only. For contracted projects, read the specific instructions included in the installation planning instructions (IPI). The fineness of the flushing filter and further instructions are found from installation planning instructions (IPI).
  • Page 133 Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide 7. Lubricating Oil System pockets and bottom of tanks so that flushing oil remaining in the system will not compromise the viscosity of the actual engine oil. 7.4.3.4 Lubricating oil sample To verify the cleanliness a LO sample shall be taken by the shipyard after the flushing is completed.
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  • Page 135: Compressed Air System

    Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide 8. Compressed Air System Compressed Air System Compressed air is used to start engines and to provide actuating energy for safety and control devices. The use of starting air for other purposes is limited by the classification regulations. To ensure the functionality of the components in the compressed air system, the compressed air has to be free from solid particles and oil.
  • Page 136 8. Compressed Air System Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide Fig 8-1 External starting air system (DAAF301502) System components: Pipe connections: Size 3E01 Cooler (Starting air compressor unit) Starting air inlet DN32 3F02 Air filter (starting air inlet) Instrument air inlet OD12 3N02 Starting air compressor unit 3N06...
  • Page 137 Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide 8. Compressed Air System The starting air vessels are to be equipped with at least a manual valve for condensate drain. If the air vessels are mounted horizontally, there must be an inclination of 3...5° towards the drain valve to ensure efficient draining.
  • Page 138 8. Compressed Air System Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide NOTE The total vessel volume shall be divided into at least two equally sized starting air vessels. 8.2.4 Air filter, starting air inlet (3F02) Condense formation after the water separator (between starting air compressor and starting air vessels) create and loosen abrasive rust from the piping, fittings and receivers.

  • Page 139: Cooling Water System

    Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide 9. Cooling Water System Cooling Water System Water quality The fresh water in the cooling water system of the engine must fulfil the following requirements: p H ....... min. 6.5...8.5 Hardness ..... max. 10 °dH Chlorides ..... max.

  • Page 140: External Cooling Water System

    9. Cooling Water System Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide External cooling water system It is recommended to divide the engines into several circuits in multi-engine installations. One reason is of course redundancy, but it is also easier to tune the individual flows in a smaller system.
  • Page 141 Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide 9. Cooling Water System Pipe connections: 8V - 10V 12V - 14V HT-water DN100 DN125 DN150 HT-water air vent OD12 OD12 OD12 Water from preheater to HT-circuit DN100 DN125 DN150 HT-water from stand-by pump DN100 DN125 DN150 HT-water airvent from air cooler OD12...
  • Page 142 9. Cooling Water System Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide Fig 9-2 Example diagram for multiple main engines (DAAF301505A) System components: 1E04 Cooler (MDF) 4P15 Circulating pump (LT) 4E03 Heat recovery (evaporator) 4P19 Circulating pump (evaporator) 4E05 Heater (preheater) 4S01 Air venting 4E08 Central cooler 4T04...
  • Page 143 Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide 9. Cooling Water System Fig 9-3 Cooling water system, arctic solution for single main engines (DAAF320499A) System components: 1E04 Cooler (MDF) 4P05 Stand-by pump (LT) 4E05 Heater (preheater) 4P15 Circulating pump (LT) 4E08 Central cooler 4S01 Air venting 4E10 Cooler (reduction gear)
  • Page 144 9. Cooling Water System Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide Fig 9-4 Cooling water system, arctic solution for multiple engines (DAAF320500A) System components: 1E04 Cooler (MDF) 4P15 Circulating pump (LT) 4E03 Heat recovery (evaporator) 4P19 Transfer pump 4E05 Heater (preheater) 4S01 Air venting 4E08 Central cooler 4T04...
  • Page 145 Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide 9. Cooling Water System 9.2.1 Cooling water system for arctic conditions At low engine loads the combustion air can be below zero degrees Celsius after the compressor stage, it cools down the cooling water and the engine instead of releasing heat to the cooling water in the charge air cooler.
  • Page 146 9. Cooling Water System Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide 9.2.4 Temperature control valve for central cooler (4V08) When external equipment (e.g. a reduction gear, generator or MDO cooler) are installed in the same cooling water circuit, there must be a common LT temperature control valve and separate pump 4P15 in the external system.
  • Page 147 Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide 9. Cooling Water System HT water temperature after cooler (38°C) 9.2.9 Waste heat recovery The waste heat in the HT cooling water can be used for fresh water production, central heating, tank heating etc. The system should in such case be provided with a temperature control valve to avoid unnecessary cooling, as shown in the example diagrams.
  • Page 148 9. Cooling Water System Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide The structure and arrangement of cooling water expansion tank may need to be approved by Classification Society project-specifically. The balance pipe down from the expansion tank must be dimensioned for a flow velocity not exceeding 1.0...1.5 m/s in order to ensure the required pressure at the pump inlet with engines running.
  • Page 149 Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide 9. Cooling Water System Required heating power to heat up the engine, see formula below: where: Preheater output [kW] Preheating temperature = 60...70 °C Ambient temperature [°C] Engine weight [tonne] Lubricating oil volume [m ] (wet sump engines only) HT water volume [m Preheating time [h] Engine specific coefficient = 1 kW...
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  • Page 151: Combustion Air System

    Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide 10. Combustion Air System Combustion Air System 10.1 Engine room ventilation To maintain acceptable operating conditions for the engines and to ensure trouble free operation of all equipment, attention to shall be paid to the engine room ventilation and the supply of combustion air.

  • Page 152: Combustion Air System Design

    10. Combustion Air System Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide Under-cooling of the engine room should be avoided during all conditions (service conditions, slow steaming and in port). Cold draft in the engine room should also be avoided, especially in areas of frequent maintenance activities. For very cold conditions a pre-heater in the system should be considered.
  • Page 153 Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide 10. Combustion Air System data is defined for an ambient air temperature of 25°C. Calculate with an air density corresponding to 30°C or more when translating the mass flow into volume flow. The expression below can be used to calculate the volume flow. where: combustion air volume flow [m³/s] m' =...
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  • Page 155: Exhaust Gas System

    Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide 11. Exhaust Gas System Exhaust Gas System 11.1 Exhaust gas outlet TC location Engine Free end Driving end W 8V31DF 0º, 45º, 90º 0º, 45º, 90º W 10V31DF Fig 11-1 Exhaust pipe connections, W8V31 & W10V31 (DAAF343596A) TC location Engine Free end...
  • Page 156 11. Exhaust Gas System Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide Engine A [mm] ØB [mm] W 8V31DF DN550 W 10V31DF DN550 Fig 11-3 Exhaust pipe, diameters and support (DAAF351047) Engine A [mm] ØB [mm] W 12V31DF DN450 W 14V31DF DN450 W 16V31DF DN450 1000 Fig 11-4...

  • Page 157: External Exhaust Gas System

    Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide 11. Exhaust Gas System 11.2 External exhaust gas system Each engine should have its own exhaust pipe into open air. Backpressure, thermal expansion and supporting are some of the decisive design factors. Flexible bellows must be installed directly on the turbocharger outlet, to compensate for thermal expansion and prevent damages to the turbocharger due to vibrations.
  • Page 158 11. Exhaust Gas System Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide ● During the start sequence, before activating the gas admission to the engine, an automatic combustion check is performed to ensure that the pilot fuel injection system is working correctly. ● The combustion in all cylinders is continuously monitored and should it be detected that all cylinders are not firing reliably, then the engine will automatically trip to diesel mode.
  • Page 159 Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide 11. Exhaust Gas System 11.2.4 Piping The piping should be as short and straight as possible. Pipe bends and expansions should be smooth to minimise the backpressure. The diameter of the exhaust pipe should be increased directly after the bellows on the turbocharger.
  • Page 160 11. Exhaust Gas System Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide After the first fixing point resilient mounts are recommended. The mounting supports should be positioned at stiffened locations within the ship’s structure, e.g. deck levels, frame webs or specially constructed supports. The supporting must allow thermal expansion and ship’s structural deflections. 11.2.6 Back pressure The maximum permissible exhaust gas back pressure is stated in chapter Technical Data.
  • Page 161 Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide 11. Exhaust Gas System 11.2.10 Exhaust gas silencers The exhaust gas silencing can be accomplished either by the patented Compact Silencer System (CSS) technology or by the conventional exhaust gas silencer. 11.2.10.1 Exhaust noise The unattenuated exhaust noise is typically measured in the exhaust duct. The in-duct measurement is transformed into free field sound power through a number of correction factors.
  • Page 162 11. Exhaust Gas System Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide 11.2.10.2 Silencer system comparison With a conventional silencer system, the design of the noise reduction system usually starts from the engine. With the CSS, the design is reversed, meaning that the noise level acceptability at a certain distance from the ship's exhaust gas pipe outlet, is used to dimension the noise reduction system.
  • Page 163 Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide 11. Exhaust Gas System 11.2.10.4 Conventional exhaust gas silencer (5R02) Yard/designer should take into account that unfavourable layout of the exhaust system (length of straight parts in the exhaust system) might cause amplification of the exhaust noise between engine outlet and the silencer.
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  • Page 165: Turbocharger Cleaning

    Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide 12. Turbocharger Cleaning Turbocharger Cleaning Regular water cleaning of the turbine and the compressor reduces the formation of deposits and extends the time between overhauls. Fresh water is injected into the turbocharger during operation. Additives, solvents or salt water must not be used and the cleaning instructions in the operation manual must be carefully followed.

  • Page 166: Compressor Cleaning System

    12. Turbocharger Cleaning Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide 12.2 Compressor cleaning system The compressor side of the turbocharger is cleaned with the same equipment as the turbine. NOTE If the turbocharger suction air is below +5 ºC, washing is not possible. 12-2 DBAE248994...

  • Page 167: Exhaust Emissions

    Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide 13. Exhaust Emissions Exhaust Emissions Exhaust emissions from the dual fuel engine mainly consist of nitrogen, carbon dioxide (CO2) and water vapour with smaller quantities of carbon monoxide (CO), sulphur oxides (SOx) and nitrogen oxides (NOx), partially reacted and non-combusted hydrocarbons and particulates. 13.1 Dual fuel engine exhaust components Due to the high efficiency and the clean fuel used in a dual fuel engine in gas mode, the exhaust...
  • Page 168 13. Exhaust Emissions Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide The secondary methods reduce emission components after formation as they pass through the exhaust gas system. For dual fuel engines same methods as mentioned above can be used to reduce exhaust emissions when running in diesel mode. In gas mode there is no need for scrubber or SCR. Refer to the "Wärtsilä...

  • Page 169: Automation System

    Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide 14. Automation System Automation System Wärtsilä Unified Controls - UNIC is a fully embedded and distributed engine management system, which handles all control functions on the engine; for example start sequencing, start blocking, fuel injection, cylinder balancing, knock control, speed control, load sharing, normal stops and safety shutdowns.
  • Page 170 14. Automation System Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide The LOP (local operator panel) shows all engine measurements (e.g. temperatures and pressures) and provides various engine status indications as well as an event history. Input/Output Module handles measurements and limited control functions in a specific area on the engine.
  • Page 171 Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide 14. Automation System 14.1.4 Engine safety system The engine safety module handles fundamental safety functions, for example overspeed protection. Main features: ● Redundant design for power supply, speed inputs and stop solenoid control ● Fault detection on sensors, solenoids and wires ●...
  • Page 172 14. Automation System Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide 14.1.7 Cabling and system overview Fig 14-3 UNIC overview Table 14-1 Typical amount of cables Cable From <=> To Cable types (typical) Engine <=> Power Unit 2 x 4 mm (power supply) * 2 x 4 mm (power supply) * 2 x 4 mm...
  • Page 173 Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide 14. Automation System Cable From <=> To Cable types (typical) Gas Valve Unit <=> Integrated Automation System 2 x 2 x 0.75 mm 1 x Ethernet CAT5 Engine <=> Gas Valve Unit 4 x 2 x 0.75 mm 2 x 2 x 0.75 mm 3 x 2 x 0.75 mm Gas Valve Unit <=>...
  • Page 174 14. Automation System Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide Fig 14-4 Typical signal overview (Main engine) 14-6 DBAE248994...

  • Page 175: Functions

    Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide 14. Automation System Fig 14-5 Typical signal overview (Generating set) 14.2 Functions 14.2.1 Start 14.2.1.1 Start blocking Starting is inhibited by the following functions: ● Turning device engaged ● Pre-lubricating pressure low (override if black-out input is high and within last 30 minutes after the pressure has dropped below the set point of 0.8 bar) ●...
  • Page 176 14. Automation System Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide ● Exhaust gas ventilation not performed ● HFO selected or fuel oil temperature > 70°C (Gas mode only) ● Charge air shut-off valve closed (optional device) 14.2.1.2 Start in gas operating mode If the engine is ready to start in gas operating mode the output signals "engine ready for gas operation"...
  • Page 177 Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide 14. Automation System The engine can run in backup operating mode in case the engine has been started with the blackout start input active or a pilot trip has occurred. A transfer to gas operating mode can only be done after a combustion check, which is done by restarting the engine.
  • Page 178 14. Automation System Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide Immediately after the engine stop signal is activated in gas operating mode, the GVU performs gas shut-off and ventilation. The pilot injection is active during the first part of the deceleration in order to ensure that all gas remaining in engine is burned. In case the engine has been running on gas within two minutes prior to the stop the exhaust gas system is ventilated to discharge any unburned gas.

  • Page 179: Alarm And Monitoring Signals

    Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide 14. Automation System with tie breakers between the different sections, then the status of each tie breaker is required for control of the load sharing in isochronous mode. 14.3 Alarm and monitoring signals Regarding sensors on the engine, the actual configuration of signals and the alarm levels are found in the project specific documentation supplied for all contracted projects.
  • Page 180 14. Automation System Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide 14.4.1.5 Stand-by pump, lubricating oil (if applicable) (2P04) The engine control system starts the pump automatically via a motor starter, if the lubricating oil pressure drops below a preset level when the engine is running. The pump must not be running when the engine is stopped, nor may it be used for pre-lubricating purposes.

  • Page 181: System Requirements And Guidelines For Diesel-Electric Propulsion

    Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide 14. Automation System 14.5 System requirements and guidelines for diesel-electric propulsion Typical features to be incorporated in the propulsion control and power management systems in a diesel-electric ship: 1. The load increase program must limit the load increase rate during ship acceleration and load transfer between generators according to the curves in chapter 2.2 Loading Capacity.
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  • Page 183: Foundation

    Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide 15. Foundation Foundation Engines can be either rigidly mounted on chocks, or resiliently mounted on rubber elements. If resilient mounting is considered, Wärtsilä must be informed about existing excitations such as propeller blade passing frequency. Dynamic forces caused by the engine are listed in the chapter Vibration and noise.
  • Page 184 15. Foundation Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide type of resin and the requirements of the classification society. It is recommended to select a resin type that is approved by the relevant classification society for a total surface pressure of 5 N/mm .
  • Page 185 Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide 15. Foundation 15.2.2 Resilient mounting In order to reduce vibrations and structure borne noise, main engines can be resiliently mounted on rubber elements. The transmission of forces emitted by the engine is 10-20% when using resilient mounting. For resiliently mounted engines a speed range of 500-750 rpm is generally available.

  • Page 186: Mounting Of Generating Sets

    15. Foundation Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide 15.3 Mounting of generating sets 15.3.1 Resilient mounting Generating sets, comprising engine and generator mounted on a common base frame, are usually installed on resilient mounts on the foundation in the ship. The resilient mounts reduce the structure borne noise transmitted to the ship and also serve to protect the generating set bearings from possible fretting caused by hull vibration.

  • Page 187: Flexible Pipe Connections

    Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide 15. Foundation chocks or shims should be used to compensate for local tolerances. Only one shim is permitted under each mount. The transmission of forces emitted by the engine is 10 -20% when using conical mounts. For the foundation design, see drawing 3V46L0294.
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  • Page 189: Vibration And Noise

    Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide 16. Vibration and Noise Vibration and Noise Generating sets comply with vibration levels according to ISO 8528-9. Main engines comply with vibration levels according to ISO 10816-6 Class 5. 16.1 External forces & couples Some cylinder configurations produce external forces and couples. These are listed in the tables below.
  • Page 190 16. Vibration and Noise Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide --- couples and forces = zero or insignificant. 16-2 DBAE248994...
  • Page 191 Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide 16. Vibration and Noise Table 16-2 External couples Engine Speed Freq. Freq. Freq. [RPM] [Hz] [Hz] [Hz] [kNm] [kNm] [kNm] [kNm] [kNm] [kNm] 8V31DF 10V31DF 12.5 12V31DF 14V31DF 12.5 16V31DF --- couples and forces = zero or insignificant. Table 16-3 Torque variations Engine Speed...

  • Page 192: Mass Moments Of Inertia

    16. Vibration and Noise Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide 16.2 Mass moments of inertia The mass-moments of inertia of the main engines (including flywheel) are typically as follows: Engine J (kg m Engine J (kg m 8V31 640 – 740 14V31 890 –...

  • Page 193: Power Transmission

    Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide 17. Power Transmission Power Transmission 17.1 Flexible coupling The power transmission of propulsion engines is accomplished through a flexible coupling or a combined flexible coupling and clutch mounted on the flywheel. The crankshaft is equipped with an additional shield bearing at the flywheel end. Therefore also a rather heavy coupling can be mounted on the flywheel without intermediate bearings.

  • Page 194: Input Data For Torsional Vibration Calculations

    17. Power Transmission Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide Fig 17-1 Shaft locking device and brake disc with calipers 17.5 Input data for torsional vibration calculations A torsional vibration calculation is made for each installation. For this purpose exact data of all components included in the shaft system are required. See list below. Installation ●...

  • Page 195: Turning Gear

    Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide 17. Power Transmission ● Generator output, speed and sense of rotation ● Mass moment of inertia of all rotating parts or a total inertia value of the rotor, including the shaft ● Torsional stiffness or dimensions of the shaft ●...
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  • Page 197: Engine Room Layout

    Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide 18. Engine Room Layout Engine Room Layout 18.1 Crankshaft distances Minimum crankshaft distances are to be arranged in order to provide sufficient space between engines for maintenance and operation. 18.1.1 Main engines Fig 18-1 W8V31 & W10V31, turbocharger in free end (DAAF324239A) DBAE248994 18-1...
  • Page 198 18. Engine Room Layout Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide Fig 18-2 W8V31 & W10V31, turbocharger in driving end (DAAF353762A) Fig 18-3 W12V31, W14V31 & W16V31, turbocharger in free end (DAAF392987) 18-2 DBAE248994...
  • Page 199 Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide 18. Engine Room Layout Fig 18-4 W12V31, W14V31 & W16V31, turbocharger in driving end (DAAF393139) All dimensions in mm. DBAE248994 18-3...
  • Page 200 18. Engine Room Layout Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide 18.1.2 Generating sets Fig 18-5 V-engines, turbocharger in free end (DAAF363645) Engine W 8V31DF 2200 2620 3800 2300 All dimensions in mm. 18-4 DBAE248994...

  • Page 201: Space Requirements For Maintenance

    Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide 18. Engine Room Layout 18.2 Space requirements for maintenance 18.2.1 Working space around the engine The required working space around the engine is mainly determined by the dismounting dimensions of engine components, and space requirement of some special tools. It is especially important that no obstructive structures are built next to engine driven pumps, as well as camshaft and crankcase doors.
  • Page 202 18. Engine Room Layout Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide 18.4.1 Service space requirement 18.4.1.1 Service space requirement, main engine Fig 18-6 Service space requirement, Main engine W8V31 & W10V31 (DAAF443904) 18-6 DBAE248994...
  • Page 203 Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide 18. Engine Room Layout Fig 18-7 Service space requirement, Main engine W12V31, W14V31 & W14V31 (DAAF438352) DBAE248994 18-7...
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  • Page 205: Transport Dimensions And Weights

    Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide 19. Transport Dimensions and Weights Transport Dimensions and Weights 19.1 Lifting of main engines Fig 19-1 Lifting of main engines (DAAF336773C) All dimensions in mm. DBAE248994 19-1...

  • Page 206: Lifting Of Generating Sets

    19. Transport Dimensions and Weights Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide 19.2 Lifting of generating sets Fig 19-2 Lifting of generating sets (DAAF341224) 19-2 DBAE248994...

  • Page 207: Engine Components

    Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide 19. Transport Dimensions and Weights 19.3 Engine components Table 19-1 Turbocharger and cooler inserts Dimensions [mm] Weight Engine [kg] W 8V31DF W 10V31DF W 12V31DF Fig 19-3 Lube oil cooler W 14V31DF W 16V31DF Dimensions [mm] Weight Engine [kg]...
  • Page 208 19. Transport Dimensions and Weights Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide Dimensions [mm] Weight Engine [kg] 1633 (with filter) or W 8V31DF 1568 2160 (with suction 1030 branch) 1633 (with filter) or W 10V31DF 1568 2160 (with suction 1030 branch) 1411 (with filter) or W 12V31DF 1020 1861 (with suction...
  • Page 209 Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide 19. Transport Dimensions and Weights Fig 19-8 Major spare parts (DAAF337022) Table 19-2 Weights Item Description Weight [kg] Item Description Weight [kg] Connecting rod Starting valve Piston 72.4 Main bearing shell Cylinder liner Split gear wheel 94.7 Cylinder head Small intermediate gear...
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  • Page 211: Product Guide Attachments

    20. Product Guide Attachments Product Guide Attachments This and all other product guides can be accessed on the internet, at www.wartsila.com. Product guides are available both in web and PDF format. Engine outline drawings are available not only in 2D drawings (in PDF, DXF format), but also in 3D models in near future. Please consult your sales contact at Wärtsilä...
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  • Page 213: Annex

    Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide 21. ANNEX ANNEX 21.1 Unit conversion tables The tables below will help you to convert units used in this product guide to other units. Where the conversion factor is not accurate a suitable number of decimals have been used. Length conversion factors Mass conversion factors Convert from...

  • Page 214: Collection Of Drawing Symbols Used In Drawings

    21. ANNEX Wärtsilä 31DF Product Guide 21.2 Collection of drawing symbols used in drawings Fig 21-1 List of symbols (DAAE000806D) 21-2 DBAE248994...
  • Page 216 Wärtsilä is a global leader in complete lifecycle power solutions for the marine and energy markets. By emphasising technological innovation and total e ciency, Wärtsilä maximises the environmental and economic performance of the vessels and power plants of its customers. www.wartsila.com...

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