Thames & Kosmos Architectural Engineering Experiment Manual
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Thames & Kosmos Architectural Engineering Experiment Manual

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E X PE R I M E NT M A N UA L
Franckh-Kosmos Verlags-GmbH & Co. KG, Pfizerstr. 5-7, 70184 Stuttgart, Germany | +49 (0) 711 2191-0 | www.kosmos.de
Thames & Kosmos, 301 Friendship St., Providence, RI, 02903, USA | 1-800-587-2872 | www.thamesandkosmos.com
Thames & Kosmos UK LP, 20 Stone Street, Cranbrook, Kent, TN17 3HE , UK | 01580 713000 | www.thamesandkosmos.co.uk

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  • Page 1 E X PE R I M E NT M A N UA L Franckh-Kosmos Verlags-GmbH & Co. KG, Pfizerstr. 5-7, 70184 Stuttgart, Germany | +49 (0) 711 2191-0 | www.kosmos.de Thames & Kosmos, 301 Friendship St., Providence, RI, 02903, USA | 1-800-587-2872 | www.thamesandkosmos.com Thames &...
  • Page 2 › › › IMPORTANT INFORMATION Safety Information Dear Parents and Supervising Adults, Warning! Not suitable for children under 3 years. Choking hazard Before starting the experiments, read through the instruction — small parts may be swallowed or inhaled. Strangulation manual together with your child and discuss the safety hazard —...

  • Page 3: Kit Contents

    › › › KIT CONTENTS What’s inside your experiment kit: Checklist: Find – Inspect – Check off No. Description Qty. Item No. Short anchor pin, gray 7344-W10-C2S Long anchor pin, gray 7061-W10-C1S Two-to-one converter, white 7061-W10-G1W 1-hole connector, white 7430-W10-B1W 90-degree converter Y, white 7061-W10-Y1W Button pin, white...

  • Page 4: Table Of Contents

    Important Information and Assembly Tips ....Inside front cover Kit Contents ....................... 1 Table of Contents ..................... 2 What Is Architectural Engineering? ............. 3 Models of Basic Architectural Elements: Square and braced square .................. 4 Cylinder and braced cylinder ................5 Flexed triangle and convex polyhedron ............

  • Page 5: What Is Architectural Engineering

    Architecture is the art and science of designing buildings and spaces that humans use. Engineering is the application of science and math to the design, creation, and use of just about anything humans make. Architectural engineering refers to the engineering aspects of architecture. An architectural engineer uses engineering principles to design buildings.

  • Page 6: Models Of Basic Architectural Elements: Square And Braced Square

    SQUARE Done! EXPERIMENT WHAT’S HAPPENING Stability of a square When you are pushing or pulling on the corner of the square, you are applying a force, or load, to the structure. A goal of architectural engineering is to achieve the stability of a structure under different HERE’S HOW loads.

  • Page 7: Cylinder And Braced Cylinder

    Architectural Engineering CYLINDER Done! BRACED CYLINDER EXPERIMENT Reinforced structures HERE’S HOW WHAT’S HAPPENING Build the cylinder When you added the braces, you and then the made the cylinder much more braced cylinder. resistant to deformation. Even the flexible plastic rods become...

  • Page 8: Flexed Triangle And Convex Polyhedron

    FLEXED TRIANGLE Done! CONVEX POLYHEDRON Done! EXPERIMENT WHAT’S HAPPENING Rigid polyhedron A polyhedron is a three-dimensional shape with many sides. Here, you made a six-sided polyhedron out of the flexed triangles. Because it HERE’S HOW is made up of triangles, this shape is very rigid and hard to deform.

  • Page 9: Forces And Loads

    Architectural Engineering CHECK IT OUT FORCES AND LOADS A force is an interaction between objects. You can think of a force as a push or pull on an object that changes the motion of that object. If the object resists that motion, the object might deform —...

  • Page 10: Triangle And Triangular Prism

    TRIANGLE Done! TRIANGULAR PRISM Done! EXPERIMENT WHAT’S HAPPENING Prisms You made two triangles into a prism. A prism is a 3D geometric figure whose two end faces are similar, equal, and parallel HERE’S HOW shapes, and whose sides are parallelograms — in other words, sides formed with parallel lines.

  • Page 11: Square And Rectangular Prism

    Architectural Engineering SQUARE Done! RECTANGULAR PRISM Done! EXPERIMENT WHAT’S HAPPENING More prisms There are no triangles in the square prism at all. Therefore, it can twist, bend, and deform more than the triangular prism. However, you can see that even the square prism is strong HERE’S HOW...

  • Page 12: Flat Pentagon

    FLAT PENTAGON Done! EXPERIMENT WHAT’S HAPPENING Five lines in one plane You made a flat pentagon. A pentagon is a shape with five sides. All five rods are in the same plane. In geometry, a plane is a flat, two-dimensional surface that extends infinitely far. Three HERE’S HOW points always define a plane.

  • Page 13: Dome Made Of Pentagons

    Architectural Engineering DOME MADE OF PENTAGONS Done! Perform this step five times, attaching the X shapes to each set of two gray pins around the ring and the top of the dome. EXPERIMENT WHAT’S HAPPENING Dome of pentagons You made a dome using the flexible rods. The dome is supported by five arcs.

  • Page 14: Flat And Bowed Triangles, And Simple Arch

    FLAT TRIANGLE Done! BOWED TRIANGLE Done! SIMPLE ARCH Done! EXPERIMENT WHAT’S HAPPENING Forces in the arch When you push down on the top of the arch, the sides of the arch bow outward. Imagine you had forces pushing downward and inward along the entire length of the arch.

  • Page 15: Form And Function

    Architectural Engineering Load CHECK IT OUT Form and Function Architects design buildings and spaces for people to use. From the simplest house to the most complex skyscraper, buildings must serve the needs of the people who inhabit them. In architecture, it is often said that “form follows function.” This means that the form, or shape, of a building and the spaces in and around it depends on what the building is used for.

  • Page 16: Intersecting Arches

    INTERSECTING ARCHES Done! EXPERIMENT WHAT’S HAPPENING Arches and domes In this experiment, you can see how a dome is like a combination of multiple arches. You built a structure with two arches in different planes. The arches are called concave arches or HERE’S HOW reverse ogee arches based on their shape.

  • Page 17: Shell

    Architectural Engineering SHELL WHAT’S HAPPENING Imagine a curved surface covering the outside of this model. In architecture, a shell is a structural element that is defined by its shape. It is a curved three-dimensional shape that is very thin in one dimension compared to the other two dimensions.

  • Page 18: Roman Arch

    ROMAN ARCH Done! EXPERIMENT WHAT’S HAPPENING Tension The five 5-hole rods splay outward. They get farther apart from one another. In this way, you can see how the HERE’S HOW outer surface of the arch is being pulled apart — it is under tension.

  • Page 19: Wrought-Iron Lattice Tower

    Architectural Engineering WROUGHT-IRON TOWER In architecture, a plan is a diagram of a building shown from above, looking down Plan on the building. A plan diagram shows everything below a certain cross-section sliced horizontally through the building. Plan Note: Steps 1 and 2 are slightly different!
  • Page 20 WROUGHT-IRON TOWER Plan Plan...
  • Page 21 Architectural Engineering WROUGHT-IRON TOWER Plan...
  • Page 22 WROUGHT-IRON TOWER Keep horizontally aligned Keep horizontally aligned Keep horizontally aligned Keep horizontally aligned Keep horizontally aligned Keep horizontally aligned Elevation In architecture, an elevation is a diagram of a building shown directly from the side. A plan diagram shows everything behind a certain cross-section sliced vertically through the building.

  • Page 23: Giant Catenary Arch

    Architectural Engineering CATENARY ARCH...
  • Page 24 CATENARY ARCH Connect at the middle holes. Connect at the middle holes. Done! Adjust the rods so that the three arcs of the arch follow a smooth curve, removing spots where they are twisted, buckled, or crooked. Follow the general tips for model refinements on the inside back cover to finish your model.

  • Page 25: Ferris Wheel

    Architectural Engineering FERRIS WHEEL...
  • Page 26 FERRIS WHEEL Make sure the two-in-one converters and 1-hole connectors are lined up with each other on the two rings.
  • Page 27 Architectural Engineering FERRIS WHEEL Perform step 15 a total of six times, until six of the passenger cars are attached to the wheel at the ends of each of the six spokes.
  • Page 28 FERRIS WHEEL Done! Perform step 18 a total of twelve times, until a total of 18 passenger cars are attached to the wheel as shown. Follow the general tips for model refinements on the inside back cover to finish your model. EXPERIMENT WHAT’S HAPPENING When you remove the passenger cars from half of the wheel, the wheel is...

  • Page 29: About The Eiffel Tower, Gateway Arch, And High Roller

    Architectural Engineering CHECK IT OUT Location: Las Vegas, Nevada Year Completed: 2014 Diameter: 520 ft. Height: 550 ft. Location: Paris, France Material: Steel plate Year Completed: 1889 and steel cables Height (to Tip): 1,063 ft. Material: Wrought iron with concrete and stone...

  • Page 30: Giant Dome

    GIANT DOME Repeat steps 2–7 two times.
  • Page 31 Architectural Engineering GIANT DOME Attach five X shapes: Attach Attach the five remaining X the bottom of each X shape to shapes: Attach the bottom of each alternating pair of each X shape to each alternating anchor pins and two-to-one pair of anchor pins and two-to- converters.

  • Page 32: Olympic Stadium

    OLYMPIC STADIUM...
  • Page 33 Architectural Engineering OLYMPIC STADIUM Rotate the model to work on the other end.
  • Page 34 OLYMPIC STADIUM...
  • Page 35 Architectural Engineering OLYMPIC STADIUM Rotate the model 180 degrees to work on the other end. Reference Reference Reference assembly assembly Reference assembly step step assembly step step Done! Follow the general tips for model refinements on the inside back cover to finish your model.

  • Page 36: Neo-Futuristic Skyscraper

    NEO-FUTURISTIC SKYSCRAPER...
  • Page 37 Architectural Engineering NEO-FUTURISTIC SKYSCRAPER...
  • Page 38 NEO-FUTURISTIC SKYSCRAPER Attach the rods at the spots marked by the red and blue circles. Done! Follow the general tips for model refinements on the inside back cover to finish your model. Plan EXPERIMENT WHAT’S HAPPENING Curvy skyscraper There are eight strips of connected flexible rods that extend from the base up to the top of the model.

  • Page 39: About The Riechstag Dome, 30 St Mary Axe, And Beijing National Stadium

    Architectural Engineering CHECK IT OUT The Reichstag dome sits atop the rebuilt Reichstag building, which is This iconic building the home of the German parliament. earned the nickname the The dome lets light into the main Gherkin even before it was chamber.

  • Page 40: High-Tech Hotel

    HIGH-TECH HOTEL...
  • Page 41 Architectural Engineering HIGH-TECH HOTEL...
  • Page 42 HIGH-TECH HOTEL Done! Adjust the rods so that the two arcs of the tower follow a smooth curve, removing spots where they are twisted, buckled, or crooked. Follow the general tips for model refinements on the inside back cover to finish your model. WHAT’S HAPPENING You built a model of a hotel tower in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, called Burj Al Arab, or Tower of the Arabs.

  • Page 43: Concrete Shell Performance Center

    Architectural Engineering CONCRETE SHELL PERFORMANCE CENTER Repeat steps 8–12 two times.
  • Page 44 CONCRETE SHELL PERFORMANCE CENTER...
  • Page 45 Architectural Engineering CONCRETE SHELL PERFORMANCE CENTER Align Align Align Align Align Align Align Align Align WHAT’S HAPPENING You built a simple model that looks like the Sydney Opera House. Your model is made of flexible plastic rods, but the real opera house is made of cast concrete shells covered in ceramic tiles.

  • Page 46: About The Sydney Opera House And Burj Al Arab

    CHECK IT OUT The Sydney Opera House actually houses six different performance spaces. It is home to a theatre company, a symphony orchestra, and, of course, an opera company. It was constructed in three phases over a period of more than ten years. Each shell is a section of a perfect sphere.

  • Page 47: More Assembly Tips

    If the “FLEXIBLE ROD” is deformed after used, it is possible to repair the form by dipping the piece in hot water at 50-60℃ for 15 minutes. *The maximum heat resistant is 70℃. WARNING! Be careful when *If the form is not repaired completely or not flat enough, please adjust it with your hands. working with hot water.
  • Page 48 Kosmos Quality and Safety More than one hundred years of expertise in publishing science experiment kits stand behind every product that bears the Kosmos name. Kosmos experiment kits are designed by an experienced team of specialists and tested with the utmost care during development and production.

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