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Related Manuals for Thames & Kosmos Electricity and Magnetism 620417
Summary of Contents for Thames & Kosmos Electricity and Magnetism 620417
- Page 1 E X PE R I M E NT M A N UA L TITELSEITE U1...
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Page 2: Safety Information
› › › SAFETY INFORMATION Safety Information for Parents and Children Dear Parents, ››› WARNING! Not appropriate for use by children under 3 years of age. There This experiment kit will teach your children about electricity and magnets in is a danger of suffocation due to the possibility of swallowing or inhaling a simple and safe way. -
Page 3: Table Of Contents
› › › CONTENTS Safety information ........inside front cover Contents ................... 1 Equipment ................2 Tips and tricks for assembly ..........5 Troubleshooting ..............5 EXPERIMENTS Electricity ................6 We can no longer get by without electricity in our homes. In this chapter, you will get to know a few of its basic properties, and you will learn about all the things you can do with switches and lights. -
Page 4: Equipment
› › › EQUIPMENT COMPONENTS Component Description Illustration Battery case This power pack supplies the electricity for the Item No. 704484 experiments. Before starting the experiments, Never directly connect these you will have to install two 1.5-volt AA batter- terminals to each other. The ies (also known as penlight or LR6 batteries) Presenting batteries and wires can heat... - Page 5 Equipment COMPONENTS Component Description Illustration Component Description Illustration Connectors with 4 For connecting components. Red connecting wire For connecting the electronic terminals (X-shaped) The metal prongs of other with plugs components. At the ends, Item No. 705050 components such as the push Item No.
- Page 6 › › › EQUIPMENT COMPONENTS Component Description Illustration Component Description Illustration Blue alligator wire Like the red alligator wire, Small parts in pouch Various metal parts for the Item No. 704487 but in a different color so you Item No. 772180 experiments, such as screws, can tell them apart more eas- nuts, washers, and colored...
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Page 7: Tips And Tricks For Assembly
Equipment TIPS AND TRICKS Additionally required household items Don’t worry: > Two rulers (30 cm), pencil, cardboard, cardboard box, felt-tip pens, scissors, If you start with the first experiments in this manual, you will soon have enough paper, tape, metal prong fasteners from a folder, map of your area, paper clips practice handling the components that everything will become clear to you. -
Page 8: Electricity
Electricity We use electricity every day. We only really tend to notice how much we depend on it when we don’t have it. Electricity gives us light and powers televisions and radios, washing machines and refrigerators, electric ovens and stereo systems. Electricity from batteries powers flashlights, transistor radios, and MP3 players. - Page 9 Electricity EXPERIMENT 1 EXPERIMENT 2 Circulating current Electric roller coaster Your kit contains three different-colored light bulbs. Try lighting them up! The The wires run nice and straight. But will a wire also conduct current if it is battery case will supply the necessary current. tangled up? HERE’S HOW HERE’S HOW...
- Page 10 EXPERIMENT 3 Reversed connections ELECTRONS Electric current is Does it make any difference which direc- invisible. You can only tion the current flows through the light? see it by its effects, You can easily find out. such as a glowing light bulb or a turning HERE’S HOW motor.
- Page 11 Electricity EXPERIMENT 4 EXPERIMENT 5 Prongs instead of alligator clip Green conductor In addition to the wires with alligator clips attached to them, you will also find You will find other green connectors in your kit besides the green X-connectors. some wires in your kit with green cubes at their ends.
- Page 12 EXPERIMENT 6 With half the force Your battery case holds two batteries, ELECTRIC which join forces to power your circuits. VOLTAGE Do you think the bulb will light up if it is supplied with current from just one of The battery pushes them? electrons through your light like a water pump...
- Page 13 Electricity EXPERIMENT 7 Two bulbs, half the brightness CURRENT STRENGTH If one battery does less than two, will it also make a difference if they have to sup- Current strength, or ply two lights with electricity instead of amperage, is a mea- one? surement of how many HERE’S HOW...
- Page 14 EXPERIMENT 8 EXPERIMENT 9 All yoked up Quick switch Do you know another way connect two lights to a battery? Exactly: You can try If you let the bulb shine for a long time, the batteries will get used up. On the other connecting each light directly to the battery terminals.
- Page 15 Electricity EXPERIMENT 10 Switches in SWITCH SETTINGS lockstep Switch 1 Switch 2 Light left left If you can arrange lights in a series, you should also be able to do that with right right lights up switches. See how the current behaves when you do that.
- Page 16 EXPERIMENT 11 One or the other Of course, you can also hook up the two switches in parallel. How does the current SWITCH SETTINGS behave when you do that? HERE’S HOW Assemble the illustrated circuit (figure 1). Switch 1 Switch 2 Light Try all the different switch settings again.
- Page 17 Electricity EXPERIMENT 12 Morse code with light WHAT’S HAPPENING The push button closes the circuit Would you like to send secret messages to so the bulb lights up in matching your brother or sister or a friend next door? rhythm. One way to do that is by Morse code.
- Page 18 EXPERIMENT 13 Choice between red and green You have probably been asking yourself what you can use the switch’s third termi- nal for. Now you’ll find out. HERE’S HOW Try the illustrated circuit. Turn on the switch — what do you see? WHAT’S HAPPENING Depending on the position of the switch, the red or the green bulb will light up.
- Page 19 Electricity EXPERIMENT 14 Your own traffic light Of course, red and green are also the colors that traffic signals use to tell drivers or pedestrians whether they are allowed to proceed through an inter- section or cross the street. Traffic lights also use the color yellow.
- Page 20 EXPERIMENT 15 Light from the end of the hallway In long hallways or in apartment building stairways, you can usually turn the light on or off from two different places. That isn’t as easy to do as you might think. But here’s a trick you can use.
- Page 21 Electricity EXPERIMENT 16 Conductors and insulators CONDUCTORS Up to now, you have used the wires and green connectors to conduct electricity INSULATORS from the battery case to the lights with- out really thinking about it. But what Materials that conduct kinds of materials will conduct electrici- electricity well are ty, anyway? One thing you already know...
- Page 22 EXPERIMENT 17 Red light alarm TIP! Do you know what an alarm system is? It’s a device that sends a signal whenever If you can get a few an intruder opens a door or a window. You meters of dual-cable can build your own simple alarm system wire from an electron- with a red light that comes on if someone...
- Page 23 Electricity EXPERIMENT 18 Alarm when the TIP! windowpane is You can cut this kind of broken thin aluminum strip from the roll, secretly install it and connect it What if an intruder breaks the win- to the alarm system to dow instead of opening it? Or what if he secure your windows, breaks in a plate glass window to steal...
- Page 24 CHECK IT OUT Electrical network Electrical circuit Picture an enclosed water-filled pipe arranged in the shape of a This is what an electrician calls an arrangement of electronic circle. A pump is installed in one part of the pipe. If the pump is components connected together.
- Page 25 Electricity Circuit diagram Important circuit symbols Electrical engineers have developed something known as a circuit diagram, which offers a clear and simple way of repre- senting components and their connections. Each component is shown as a symbol, or circuit symbol. The symbol for an elec- trical wire is particularly easy —...
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Page 26: Electric Motor
Electric Motor In all sorts of places in our homes, in factories, and in vehicles, we use devices that produce rotation from electrical current. These kinds of electric motors provide power and movement wherever and whenever they are needed. They are at work, for example, in mixers and drills, vacuum cleaners and ventilators, CD players and computer hard drives, lathes and countless other machines, and they power subway cars and streetcars, locomotives and submarines. - Page 27 Electric Motor EXPERIMENT 19 EXPERIMENT 20 Sent spinning Opposite direction If it’s called an electric motor, then electrical current should be able to make it It made no difference to the light what direction the current flowed through it. turn. Try it! Does it make a difference to the motor? HERE’S HOW HERE’S HOW...
- Page 28 EXPERIMENT 21 Quick change Changing the direction of rotation by re- BATTERY versing the wire clamps is a little clumsy, of course. It would be great to be able to POLES do it with two simple flicks of a switch. Each of your batter- ies has two different- HERE’S HOW...
- Page 29 Electric Motor EXPERIMENT 19 EXPERIMENT 22 EXPERIMENT 23 Current control Motor or light How can you check and make sure that a certain switch setting won’t result in a You can use the two-way switch to switch the current back and forth between short-circuit —...
- Page 30 EXPERIMENT 24 EXPERIMENT 25 Motor plus light Motor at full brightness You can also supply both the motor and the light with current at the same time. Now the battery really has its work cut out for it. It will have to supply all three lights as You already tried a series connection in Experiment 22 (“Current control”), and well as run the motor.
- Page 31 Electric Motor EXPERIMENT 26 Motor with double switch Sometimes, you might also like to be able to turn a motor on and off from two dif- ferent locations. This circuit can do that. HERE’S HOW Assemble the circuit. Try the different switch settings. Follow the path of the current for each setting.
- Page 32 CHECK IT OUT Electricity in nature are the means by which the excess electrons leave the cloud. Electricity is a fundamental force of nature. Without it, our In the process, the air along the lightning channel gets heated world would not exist at all. After all, the atoms and mole- explosively —...
- Page 33 Electric Motor How does a battery produce electrical current? You have been carrying out your electronic experiments using Why is it that electricity can current from the two batteries in the battery case. But where exactly is the energy in the batteries coming from? be dangerous? If electrical current flows through your body and blood, it de- Over 200 years ago, the physicist Alessandro Volta observed...
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Page 34: Magnetism
Magnetism In the experiments in this section, you will be investigating the mysterious invisible forces emanating from a magnet. And you will learn how seafarers in earlier ages of exploration used these forces to find their way over seemingly endless expanses of ocean. - Page 35 Magnetism EXPERIMENT 27 EXPERIMENT 28 Mysterious force of attraction A love for CAUTION! iron Do not touch diskettes, compact disks, audio See how the magnets in the kit interact with the metal pieces. or video tapes, credit cards with magnetic strips, computers, or mechanical watches We are surrounded by all kinds of mate- with your magnets.
- Page 36 EXPERIMENT 29 EXPERIMENT 30 Scrap metal separator Intimate attraction Iron and steel are important raw materials that are hidden inside all sorts of Apparently, magnets are capable of monitoring their surroundings, sensing the presence of everyday things. Still, a lot of iron-containing objects end up in the trash. With iron, and pulling it close with invisible arms.
- Page 37 Magnetism EXPERIMENT 31 EXPERIMENT 32 Penetrating effect Contagious magnetism The force of a magnet can evidently penetrate air, because otherwise it wouldn’t Is a magnet capable of altering the iron that it attracts? It may look no different have been able to sense the screw in Experiment 30 (Intimate attraction). But can from the outside, but do you think it might have acquired special properties? a magnet also “see”...
- Page 38 EXPERIMENT 33 EXPERIMENT 34 Magnetic flowers Magnetic fishing You can put magnetic forces to use by having them make parts stick to each Here’s an age-old game — angling for iron “fish” other temporarily — without using any glue. Of course, the parts will have to with the use of a magnet.
- Page 39 Magnetism EXPERIMENT 35 Centers of force Magnets… You have probably noticed that the magnetic force is not equally strong in all parts of the magnet. Now it’s time to investigate this a little more closely, using a …can be made in all kinds of shapes. There are bar and ring magnets like the plastic disk with an iron ring as your test object.
- Page 40 EXPERIMENT 36 Magnetic friends and foes THE POLE You have already tested a lot of materials to see how COLORS they behave in response to magnets. But how do magnets behave with each other? The red and blue HERE’S HOW colors are just for purposes of identifi- Hold the two bar magnets close to each other.
- Page 41 Magnetism EXPERIMENT 37 EXPERIMENT 38 Floating on magnetic pillows Insufferable twins Instead of moving on wheels, magnetic levitation trains float a few millimeters In Experiment 32 (Contagious magnetism), you turned a piece of iron into a magnet. above the track. That helps them stay quiet and vibration-free even as they reach Now that you have learned something about magnetic poles, it’s time to investigate this speeds of over 500 kilometers per hour.
- Page 42 EXPERIMENT 39 Disappearing poles Each of your magnets has a north pole WHY DOES A and a south pole. Do you think you could MAGNET ever find just a north or a south pole by itself, or do they only come in pairs? ATTRACT IRON, OF ALL THINGS? HERE’S HOW...
- Page 43 Magnetism EXPERIMENT 40 Magnetic force made visible It’s kind of a shame that you can’t see magnetic forces. But there’s a trick for making them visible — by using the iron powder from the plastic box. HERE’S HOW Place the two touching bar magnets flat on the table.
- Page 44 EXPERIMENT 40 HERE’S HOW IT CONTINUES Secure the bar magnets a few millimeters apart on the table and see what kinds of pat- terns they form (figure 4). Now hold the two bar magnets against the top of the box (figure 5). Of course, they will attract some of the iron powder.
- Page 45 Magnetism EXPERIMENT 41 EXPERIMENT 42 Hanging magnets Dancing magnets As you have already seen in The bar magnet dangling on the several experiments, mag- string is extraordinarily mobile. nets have a definite That makes it handy for this fun response to other magnets. experiment.
- Page 46 EXPERIMENT 43 EXPERIMENT 44 Improved penetration test Intensified magnetic force In Experiment 31 (Penetrating effect), you tested various materials for their abil- Two horses can pull more than one, and two batteries will light ity to let magnetic force pass through them. Now, with your sensitive detection up a bulb more brightly than one.
- Page 47 Magnetism EXPERIMENT 45 Magnets in TIP! competition You shouldn’t get much closer than a few centimeters, since it You can also use your sensitive hanging will falsify the measurement if magnet device to compare the strengths you get that close. of two magnets.
- Page 48 EXPERIMENT 46 EXPERIMENT 47 Birth of a magnet Mysterious behavior In Experiment 32 (Contagious magnetism), you saw how a piece of iron can turn Researchers tend to have excellent powers of observation. Are you a good observer? into a magnet when it is touched by a magnet. Unfortunately, the magnetic Let’s find out! power disappears as soon as the iron and the magnet are separated.
- Page 49 Magnetism EXPERIMENT 48 EXPERIMENT 49 Floating magnets Remote-controlled magnet Do you think the fact that the bar magnets always point in the same direction It would be interesting to figure out what direction this is that seems to be so important might have something to do with the hanger device or maybe the cord? It’s easy to the magnets.
- Page 50 EXPERIMENT 50 Magnetic needle The bar magnet is only somewhat useful ALWAYS TO THE as a compass, since its shape won’t let NORTH you read the direction very precisely. But there’s a better option. Try your hand at A compass needle, as making a replica of one of the earliest you already learned, is compass models —...
- Page 51 Magnetism CHECK IT OUT The word magnet… Christopher Columbus IN EVERYDAY LIFE… …comes from the name of the ancient city of Magnesia in Asia …compasses are incredibly Minor. That’s where people found chunks of an unusual, important, even if you can’t always see them.
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Page 52: Electromagnetism
Electromagnetism Are electricity and magnetism related? Or are they completely dif- ferent natural phenomena? In the following experiments, you will be exploring the strange connections between them, and you will learn about some of their useful applications. - Page 53 Electromagnetism EXPERIMENT 51 CAUTION! You should only tap the clip very briefly on Astonishing the battery terminal, one second at most. If electrical effect the current were to flower longer, the bat- tery and wire might get too hot, and the bat- tery would quickly get used up! Can electricity influence magnets? Find out with the help of your hanging magnet...
- Page 54 EXPERIMENT 52 Intensified electrical effect Do you think you might be able to intensify the effect on the bar mag- net by using more than one wire? Or maybe it will work to coil a sin- gle wire multiple times to form a spool. HERE’S HOW Wind the red plug wire around your finger to form a coil, and secure the coil in place with some tape.
- Page 55 Electromagnetism EXPERIMENT 53 Even stronger electrical effect A permanent magnet can make iron mag- netic. Can an electromagnet do that too? Strength from electricity HERE’S HOW Electromagnets have two other distinct Use a nut to connect two screws together advantages over permanent magnets. (figure 1).
- Page 56 EXPERIMENT 54 Electromagnets love iron too The horseshoe-shaped electromagnet in the kit is even stronger than your homemade electromagnet. But the construction is very similar: two spools mounted on a U-shaped iron core. See how it works! HERE’S HOW Connect the horseshoe electromagnet to the battery via the push button switch and two plug wires (figure 1).
- Page 57 Electromagnetism EXPERIMENT 55 Iron arches If the horseshoe electromagnet really is turning into a magnet, you should be able to make its magnetic lines of force visible. The names of Try it! the poles HERE’S HOW You may be wondering Connect the electromagnet to the battery why the poles of a mag- via the push button, two plug wires, and...
- Page 58 EXPERIMENT 56 EXPERIMENT 57 Polarity tester Switching poles Do you think an electromagnet also has a north and a south pole? You can’t tell When you switched the connections to by touching it with the bar magnet, since the bar magnet will react to the iron the battery terminals, your homemade inside the electromagnet.
- Page 59 Electromagnetism EXPERIMENT 58 Electromagnet’s penetrating force The magnetic powers of your permanent magnets were able to penetrate all kinds of materials, with the exception of iron. Is that true for the powers of the electro- magnet as well? HERE’S HOW Assemble your hanger device and the horseshoe electromagnet, and place the two a few centimeters apart.
- Page 60 EXPERIMENT 59 Electromagnet dance class INSIDE AN ELECTRIC MOTOR In Experiment 42 (Dancing magnets), you were able to send the bar magnet into a Equal magnetic poles re- rapid spinning motion through skilful pel each other, while op- manipulation of the ring magnet. posite ones attract.
- Page 61 Electromagnetism EXPERIMENT 60 WHAT’S HAPPENING Speaker As soon as the coin or the file slides across the battery terminal, it rap- idly closes and opens the electrical An electromagnet, with its magnetic force contact — a lot faster than you able to be turned on or off at will, can be could do by hand.
- Page 62 EXPERIMENT 61 Remote HERE’S HOW control Remove the metal prong fastener strip from a folder, and use a piece of sandpaper to roughen up its surface to about three centimeters from If an electromagnet can attract both ends. Attach the fastener strip to the hang- iron, it can also open and close er device by partly wrapping the strip around it an electrical contact.
- Page 63 Electromagnetism EXPERIMENT 62 Morse telegraph Before the internet or telephone, people sent messages by Morse code through TIP! wires running between cities and conti- nents. After radio technology was invented If you can get a few those message were sent wirelessly around meters of dual-cable wire the world.
- Page 64 EXPERIMENT 62 HERE’S HOW IT CONTINUES Attach a piece of tape to each of the bare sur- faces of the horseshoe electromagnet poles (fig- ure 4). This will prevent the metal strip from sticking to them after you switch off the current. Now mount the hanger base on the cardboard such that the metal strip swings a few millime- ters in front of the poles of the horseshoe elec-...
- Page 65 Electromagnetism CHECK IT OUT How is electricity produced on a large scale? A little history If you wanted to use batteries to power subways, streetlights, electric ovens, or the electric engines in factories, you wouldn’t Almost 200 years ago, the Danish physicist get very far.
- Page 66 Notes on environmental protection CHECK IT OUT European wall outlet How does electricity None of the electrical or electronic components in this get to your wall outlet? kit should be disposed of in the regular household U.S. wall outlet trash when you have finished using them. Instead, Different kinds of power plants produce elec- they must be delivered to a collection location for the tricity that feeds into your wall outlet through a gi-...
- Page 67 Kosmos Quality and Safety More than one hundred years of expertise in publishing science experiment kits stand behind every product that bears the Kosmos name. Kosmos experiment kits are designed by an experienced team of specialists and tested with the utmost care during development and production.