Vivotek IP Surveillance Overview
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Vivotek IP Surveillance Overview

Vivotek IP Surveillance Overview

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Summary of Contents for Vivotek IP Surveillance

  • Page 2 Welcome to Planet VIVOTEK About VIVOTEK: VIVOTEK Inc., founded in 2000, has quickly taken its place as a leading manufacturer in the IP surveillance industry. VIVOTEK specializes in the integration of audio-visual components into network operation. Using sophisticated codec technologies, VIVOTEK's innovative R&D team develops a wide range of multimedia communication products.

  • Page 3: Table Of Contents

    Table of Contents Chap.1 IP Surveillance Overview Overview Network Cameras 1.2.1 Introduction 1.2.2 Camera Types Video Servers Network Video Recorders Central Management Software Evolution of Video Surveillance Chap.2 Lens and Image Sensor Technology Lens 2.1.1 Focal Length 2.1.2 Iris 2.1.3...
  • Page 4 Table of Contents Chap.4 IP Network Network Types Network Devices IP Address Network Protocols 4.4.1 Device Connection 4.4.2 Transmission Protocols 4.4.3 Video Transmission Methods 4.4.4 Event Notification 4.4.5 Timing Correction 4.4.6 Video Quality Control Wireless Networks 4.5.1 WiFi 4.5.2 3GPP 4.5.3 WiMAX Security 4.6.1...
  • Page 5 Table of Contents Chap.7 Video Management Video Management Platforms 7.1.1 PC-based 7.1.2 NVR-based Basic Features of Software 7.2.1 Monitoring 7.2.2 Recording 7.2.3 Playback 7.2.4 Management Advanced Features 7.3.1 E-map 7.3.2 Auto-backup 7.3.3 Failure Report Digital I/O Devices 7.4.1 Digitial Input Devices 7.4.2 Digital Output Devices Managing Large Systems...

  • Page 6: Chap.1 Ip Surveillance Overview

    Increasing penetration of the Internet and the development of innovative technologies have encouraged rapid growth of the IP surveillance industry, driving changes in the video surveillance market. It is expected that IP surveillance will be dominating the video surveillance market in the near future, with network cameras and video servers being major trends.
  • Page 7 Chap.1 IP Surveillance Overview Router Figure 1.1 Network camera connection A network camera mainly consists of a lens, an image sensor, an image processor, a video compression SoC (System on Chip) and an Ethernet chip that offers network connectivity for data transmission (Figure 1.2).

  • Page 8: Camera Types

    Chap.1 IP Surveillance Overview In addition to a full-range IP surveillance product lineup, VIVOTEK has achieved competitive advantages over other rivals in terms of multimedia SoC design, EE & ME integration and multimedia SDK. With these capabilities, VIVOTEK is able to provide highly integrated products with superior image quality, comprehensive customer services and versatile application solutions.

  • Page 9: Video Servers

    Chap.1 IP Surveillance Overview Fixed Dome Type A fixed dome network camera, mostly designed for indoor surveillance, has a housing to make the object of interest less aware of where the camera is pointing at. With a 3-axis mechanism, images can remain in an upright orientation when it is installed either against the wall or on the ceiling. Furthermore, the design of a fixed dome...

  • Page 10: Network Video Recorders

    Internet. Another difference is that an NVR can be directly connected to a network camera while a DVR is usually be connected to an analog camera. VIVOTEK’s NR7401 helps you build a high-efficiency surveillance system, where you can simultaneously record, monitor and manage video data through the Internet. NR7401 works seamlessly with all VIVOTEK network cameras. Figure 1.9 Network video recorder 1.5 Central Management Software...

  • Page 11: Evolution Of Video Surveillance

    Video surveillance systems can leverage existing IP network infrastructure, significantly reducing overall installation costs. High scalability ● Adding new network cameras or other networked devices in an IP surveillance system is easy by simply connecting them to a router. Superior image quality ● Network cameras provide high image quality; many of them even offer megapixel resolutions. In addition, IP...

  • Page 12: Chap.2 Lens And Image Sensor Technology

    Chap.2 Lens and Image Sensor Technology Chap.2 Lens and Image Sensor Technology 2.1 Lens The generation of a high quality image is decided by many factors including light source of the environment, lens, sensor, compression engine, etc. However, for camera itself, a lens is the most fundamental component that firstly decides if the output of the quality is good or not. In the security industry, because the use of camera differs, especially fixed type with C/CS mount, system installers themselves have to select and purchase a lens fitting their specific needs.

  • Page 13: Iris

    Chap.2 Lens and Image Sensor Technology Figure 2.2 shows image distortion caused by a shorter focal length and the telephoto effect resulting from a longer focal length. Figure 2.2 Comparison of images with (a) wide (b) normal (c) tele focal length Lenses include the following types: •...

  • Page 14: Lens Mount Types

    Chap.2 Lens and Image Sensor Technology Iris is measured in F-number, which is the ratio of the focal length to the lens diameter. Iris size is inversely proportional to F-number. Every time the F-number increases towards a larger number, the exposure ratio will reduce by half (Figure 2.6).
  • Page 15 Figure 2.8 CS-mount camera with C-mount lens using adapter ring VIVOTEK’s IP7161 can fit in with either a CS-mount or C-mount lens by only adjusting an adjustment ring (Figure 2.9). The innovative method improves lens compatibility and installation. IP7161 IP7161 C/CS-mount C/CS-mount Lens Lens CS-mount C-mount Exterior View Interior View Figure 2.9 Operation of VIVOTEK IP7161’s adjustment ring...

  • Page 16: Image Sensor

    Chap.2 Lens and Image Sensor Technology 2.2 Image Sensor An image sensor plays a key role in converting lights through the lens into electrical signals. Based on the manufacturing process, there are two types of sensors: CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) and CCD (Charge-coupled Device).
  • Page 17 Chap.2 Lens and Image Sensor Technology D1 format, also known as SMPTE 259M, is a digital image format developed by SMPTE Engineering Committee in 1986, and is used in tape recorders. In the NTSC system, D1 has an image size of 720x480, with maximum 30 frames per second;...

  • Page 18: Sensor Scan Modes

    Chap.2 Lens and Image Sensor Technology Megapixel A megapixel network camera features a resolution at least three times larger than that of an analog CCTV camera. A megapixel camera is mainly applied in occasions when accurate identification is needed such as vehicle license plate recognition or facial recognition for it can provide images with exceptional details. Because of its high number of pixels, a megapixel camera is also used in spacious areas such as parking lots or airports to provide images with a wide view.

  • Page 19: Wide Dynamic Range

    WDR (Wide Dynamic Range) technology can ensure an identifiable image of all objects under such conditions by appropriately exposing the entire scene, both the darkest and brightest parts. VIVOTEK’s award-winning IP7142 and FD7141 support WDR, enabling the camera to cope with challenging light conditions. Figure 2.13 Image quality (a) without WDR and (b) with WDR 2.3 Lens and Image Sensor Considerations...

  • Page 20: View Angle

    Chap.2 Lens and Image Sensor Technology 2.3.2 View Angle View angle is determined by the focal length of the lens and the sensor size. The shorter the focal length (Figure 2.15) and the larger the sensor size (Table 2.2), the wider the view angle. f= 8 Figure 2.15 View angle for different focal length with same sensor size Table 2.2 View angle for different focal length with (a) 1/4”...
  • Page 21 Chap.2 Lens and Image Sensor Technology An ICR (IR-cut Filter Removable) is a mechanical shutter design. It is placed between the lens and the image sensor and is controlled by a motor or an electromagnet (Figure 2.16). Figure 2.16 Placement of ICR When the ICR is switched on, it will block infrared light and allow only visible light to pass through.
  • Page 22 Chap.2 Lens and Image Sensor Technology IR Coating Another way to block infrared light is to apply a coating on the lens; however, this will reduce light sensitivity of the lens in nighttimes. IR Corrected When the network camera is used on the visible light and infrared light, it is suggested to use an IR corrected lens with special optical design or materials to focus the visible light and infrared light on the same point (Figure 2.18).
  • Page 23 Chap.2 Lens and Image Sensor Technology IR LEDs To get a clear image under poor-light environments, purchasing additional IR LED accessories or choosing network cameras with built-in IR LEDs will be required.

  • Page 24: Chap.3 Video And Audio Compression

    However, a high compression ratio may cause a trade-off between bandwidth and image quality. 3.1 Video Compression MJPEG, MPEG-4 and H.264 are three major video compression technologies used by the IP surveillance industry. Each technology has a different compression ratio and is intended for different applications and purposes.

  • Page 25: Mpeg-4

    Chap.3 Video and Audio Compression Every encoded frame is independent from the previous or sequential frame (Figure 3.2). Compression Transmission Figure 3.2 MJPEG encodes each frame independently 3.1.2 MPEG-4 MPEG-4 was formed by the MPEG working group under ISO and IEC in 1998. It was developed to facilitate video streams transmitting over the Internet and is mainly used for bandwidth-limited applications.

  • Page 26: H.264

    Chap.3 Video and Audio Compression 3.1.3 H.264 H.264 was initially developed by ITU (International Telecommunication Union) and then published by JVT, a group combined by ITU and ISO/IEC, in 2003. H.264 is also known as MPEG-4 part 10. H.264 has a higher compression ratio than MPEG-4, and thus can further reduce bandwidth usage.

  • Page 27: Audio Compression

    Chap.3 Video and Audio Compression Table 3.2 shows H.264’s bandwidth requirement is lower than MJPEG and MPEG-4 at the same frame rate. Table 3.2 Bandwidth requirements by MJPEG, MPEG-4 and H.264 Bandwidth MJPEG MPEG-4 H.264 requirement in KByte CIF 30fps VGA 30fps 1.3M 5fps 3.2 Audio Compression...

  • Page 28: Video And Audio Streaming

    Chap.3 Video and Audio Compression 3.3 Video and Audio Streaming 3.3.1 Multiple Streams Multiple streaming allows each video stream to be delivered in a different resolution, frame rate, and image quality for individual quality or bandwidth demands. As a result, the camera can simultaneously transmit a small image in CIF format for real-time monitoring and a large megapixel image for storage.
  • Page 29 Chap.3 Video and Audio Compression Half duplex Voices can be transmitted in both directions, from the sender or the receiver, but only one direction at a time (Figure 3.8). Figure 3.8 Half duplex allows communications in one direction at a time Full duplex Voices can be transmitted in both directions at the same time.

  • Page 30: Chap.4 Ip Network

    Chap.4 IP Network Chap.4 IP Network 4.1 Network Types As the most popular LAN technology, Ethernet uses a number of wiring to build the connection between end systems and the network. The most common type of Ethernet cables is RJ45. The original Ethernet transfer rate was 10Mbps.

  • Page 31: Ip Address

    Chap.4 IP Network Router A router connects different Ethernet networks to achieve network coverage. It can connect LANs that use different network protocols or transmission methods. When a router receives a packet, it checks the destination address of the packet, and designates an optimal path for it based on packet size and priority. 4.3 IP Address Each network device has its own IP address.

  • Page 32: Network Protocols

    (Domain Name System) allows you to input an IP address in text format and automatically maps it to the numerical IP address of that network device. For example, when a user inputs a registered domain name (such as www. vivotek.com), the DNS server automatically maps the domain name to an IP address such as 203.160.252.248. DDNS DDNS (Dynamic DNS) automatically matches a floating IP address to a registered domain name, allowing users without a fixed IP address to easily connect to a network device. For example, if you register a domain name as...
  • Page 33 2.250 Submit Changed IP: 60.250. john-1.safe100.net Same Domain Name: Internet Camera DDNS Server Reconnection Access Video with The 168.3 john-1.safe100.net Same Domain Name: Submit Changed IP: 60.250. Internet Camera Figure 4.2 DDNS in operation safe100.net Figure 4.3 VIVOTEK DDNS server...
  • Page 34 Chap.4 IP Network PPPoE PPPoE (Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet) is a protocol that enables connections between a DSL modem and the Internet. This service is provided by ISP (Internet Service Provider). UPnP UPnP (Universal Plug and Play) includes two main functions, UPnP port forwarding and UPnP presentation. UPnP port forwarding enables network devices to easily communicate with each other over the Internet.

  • Page 35: Transmission Protocols

    Chap.4 IP Network 4.4.2 Transmission Protocols This section introduces two types of protocols. UDP, TCP and HTTP are underlying protocols that carries the data. RTSP/RTP/RTCP are real-time media transmission protocols. ● Data Transmission A UDP (User Datagram Protocol) source port sends out packets continuously and does not require the destination port to return a confirmation message, allowing for more real-time audio and video streams. However, the packets may be lost due to network burst traffic and images may be broken. UDP connection is mainly used for time- sensitive responses and when the video quality is less important.

  • Page 36: Event Notification

    With QoS, bandwidth resources are used more efficiently and real-time multimedia streams can be transmitted constantly. VIVOTEK products support QoS to allow for optimized bandwidth efficiency. In a non-QoS environment, bandwidth is likely to be occupied by data stream, leading to jittering of other video streams (Figure 4.6.a).

  • Page 37: Wireless Networks

    3GPP is a set of open standard protocols for audio and video bitstreams to be viewed on a 3G mobile phone (Figure 4.7). This standard is widely supported by major mobile phone vendors. All of VIVOTEK’s 7000-series or above network cameras provide 3GPP support, allowing users to access video images at any time and anywhere via a 3G mobile phone.

  • Page 38: Security

    4.6.2 Username and Password You can assign accounts and passwords to users so as to achieve simplified and efficient management. VIVOTEK offers the three user privilege levels of administrator, operator and viewer; only administrators can make configurations. 4.6.3 Security Protocols Security protocols protect data from unauthorized access.

  • Page 39: Security Wireless Transmission

    Chap.4 IP Network IPSec IPSec (IP Security) is a security protocol designed to protect communications over the Internet. Incorporating security protocols in IP architecture can ensure network communications security, even if the data is not encrypted with SSL/TLS. IPSec provides two functions, authentication and confidentiality. The authentication function confirms the identity of the source and the destination PCs so as to protect data transmitting between them. The confidentiality function encrypts the content to prevent from interception by the third party. Both authentication and confidentiality operate on the basis of encryption (or hashing).

  • Page 40: Poe

    Chap.4 IP Network 4.7 PoE Conventional network cameras require a power cable for power supply and an Ethernet cable for data transmission. PoE (Power-over-Ethernet), developed by the IEEE802.3af task force, enables power to be supplied over the same Ethernet cable, and thus eliminates the use of power cables. By connecting a PoE-supported camera to a PoE switch, you need not deploy additional power cables (Figure 4.11).
  • Page 41 Chap.4 IP Network Power Internet NR7401 with Built-in PoE Switch Retail Store Figure 4.12 PoE-enabled devices for retail application...

  • Page 42: Chap.5 Camera Housing And Mounting

    Chap.5 Camera Housing and Mounting Chap.5 Camera Housing and Mounting 5.1 Housing A housing protects cameras from damages caused by vandalism or harsh environments, thereby ensuring constant operation. Two major types of housing are vandal-proof and weather-proof housing. 5.1.1 Vandal-proof A vandal-proof housing can resist violent attacks, enabling cameras to operate in high-risk public environments such as prisons, transportation stations, parking lots, and ATM sites.

  • Page 43: Covering

    Chap.5 Camera Housing and Mounting Table 5.1 Degree of protection against dust represented by first digit of IP rating Prevents device from accessing hazardous parts Non-protected Protected against solid foreign objects 50 mm diameter and larger Protected against solid foreign objects 12.5 mm diameter and larger Protected against solid foreign objects 2.5 mm diameter and larger Protected against solid foreign objects 1.0 mm diameter and larger Dust Protected...

  • Page 44: Mounting

    Chap.5 Camera Housing and Mounting 5.2 Mounting Due to demand for placing network cameras at different locations, you can choose different kinds of mounting solutions or mounting kits to solve the difficulties you may encounter. Different types of mounting can also provide different level of protection for cameras. Wall Mount Gooseneck Wall Mount Pole Mount Ceiling Mount Drop-ceiling Mount Pendant Mount Corner Mount...

  • Page 45: Scanner

    Chap.5 Camera Housing and Mounting 5.3 Scanner A network camera with a RS-232/422/485 interface can be connected to a pan/tilt scanner. With the scanner, a fixed network camera can change shooting direction, providing wider coverage. Figure 5.5 Scanner...

  • Page 46: Chap.6 Bandwidth And Storage

    Chap.6 Bandwidth and Storage 6.1 Bandwidth Management In order to achieve efficient video transmission, it is important to evaluate your bandwidth requirements before setting up an IP surveillance system. 6.1.1 Assessing Demands Bandwidth requirements vary with the following factors. ● Resolution: the higher the resolution, the more bandwidth is required ● Complexity of the scene: the more complicated the scene, the more bandwidth is required ●...

  • Page 47: Storage Media

    External Memory CF, SD and SDHC cards are three main external memory types. They are designed for pre- and post-event storage and data portability. Many of VIVOTEK products are furnished with a SD/SDHC card slot for on-board storage.

  • Page 48: Redundancy

    Chap.6 Bandwidth and Storage Images are transmitted from a camera to a host PC via Ethernet cables and stored directly in the hard disk drive of the PC. DAS is aimed to enable storage and playback on the same PC and is mainly used by small- or medium- sized businesses.
  • Page 49 Chap.6 Bandwidth and Storage RAID 5 (Parity RAID) RAID 5 consists ists of at least three hard disk drives. Similar to RAID 1, RAID 5 stores redundant data in separate disk drives, but in an even- and odd-parity scheme. The parity is used for data recovery. RAID 5 is more cost-effective than RAID 1 because only one drive is used to store parity.

  • Page 50: Chap.7 Video Management

    Siren Figure 7.1 PC-based video management platform VIVOTEK provides application software together with the package to help users set up an IP surveillance system with ease. From the application software, Installation Wizard 2 and PC-based central management software ST7501 are included.

  • Page 51: Nvr-Based

    Figure 7.2 VIVOTEK Installation Wizard 2 As for ST7501, the functionalities will be introduced in section 7.2. VIVOTEK has formed an alliance with numbers of central management software development vendors in order to better fulfill customers' needs. For more information, please go to Alliance page on VIVOTEK website.

  • Page 52: Basic Features Of Software

    Chap.7 Video Management 7.2 Basic Features of Software Video management software mainly includes web-based software and central management software. Web- based software is built in the camera, allowing users to perform basic functions such as recording, monitoring and configurations. Relatively, central management software offers more powerful functions such as playback, remote monitoring in multiple monitors etc., to achieve efficient, flexible video management. 7.2.1 Monitoring Users can view live video images with a web browser such as Internet Explorer, on a mobile device or via software (Figure 7.4).

  • Page 53: Recording

    Figure 7.6 On-schedule recording In an IP surveillance system, the frame rate is changeable. Therefore, users can set the system to use a lower frame rate during live monitoring for low bandwidth usage while shifting to a full frame rate during event-triggered recording to ensure good image quality (Figure 7.7).

  • Page 54: Management

    (Figure 7.9). Figure 7.9 E-map improves camera management efficiency 7.3.2 Auto-backup Auto-backup enables users to back up data regularly and automatically, providing a more reliable IP surveillance system. 7.3.3 Failure Report Failure reports that display a history of system errors can help users solve problems more efficiently.

  • Page 55: Digital Output Devices

    PCs, users can manage cameras remotely in any places. VIVOTEK’s central management software ST7501 features reliable recording, easy system management, and great scalability for diverse IP surveillance applications. With server/client structure, users can carry out remote management on a large-scale system and benefits from a robust IP surveillance system.

  • Page 56: Chap.8 Applications

    Apart from security, new applications are emerging. For example, the National Taiwan University integrated a VIVOTEK PT7135 in a robot to have it served as a guide dog for the blind. Such robots can also carry out investigation in dangerous areas to avoid possible harm to human lives. Entertainment is another application with increasing importance.
  • Page 57 Chap.8 Applications The following table lists the main placement of network cameras and provides some recommended features for each application. Camera Placement Recommended Features Large outdoor places (airports, parking Day and night, vandal-proof, IP66-rated, lots, parks, etc.) pan/tilt/zoom, megapixel, intelligent, weather-proof Small outdoor places (building perimeter, Day and night, vandal-proof,...

  • Page 58: Chap.9 System Design

    9.1 Identifying Customers Needs Before deploying an IP surveillance system, having a layout map of the site at hand to identify the shooting purposes of each network camera is necessary and useful. The map gives you an overview of the installation site and helps you have an in-depth discussion with your customers.

  • Page 59: Environmental Considerations

    Mounting After deciding the shooting direction and the height for camera placement, you must find a suitable mounting kit for places such as walls, ceilings, poles, roofs or corners to have your camera installed. VIVOTEK provides a variety of mounting kits to facilitate your installation. Power Outlet You should check if there are power outlets nearby the locations of the cameras for easy access. If it is a concern, a network camera featuring PoE or the addition of a set of PoE kit will easily help you solve this problem that analogue camera cannot.
  • Page 60 Digital input ports connect with sensors such as infrared motion detectors or glass break sensors while digital output ports connects with alarms. Operational Requirement Checklist A checklist will help you plan an IP surveillance that truly addresses your customer’s needs (Table 9.1). Table 9.1 Pre-installation checklist Section 1: Purpose ●...
  • Page 61 Chap.9 System Design Section 3: Location ● Where is the camera sited? (camera location) Large outdoor places Small outdoor places Large indoor places     Small indoor places  Control rooms  Places with moving objects High-contrast environments Others ...
  • Page 62 Chap.9 System Design Section 7: Viewing Terminals    3G phones Section 8: Recording ● How long will data be reserved? ● How many cameras' images to be recorded simultaneously? ● Any additional information to be recorded with the image? ●...

  • Page 63: System Planning

    Other Software Besides central management software, many customers expect to have more advanced functions such as intelligent analytics for a variety of applications. VIVOTEK has been working closely with numbers of well-known software partners as our SIA (Software Integration Alliance). For any specific need, you may check out our website at http://www.vivotek.com/alliance/siaprogram.html for further information. 9.3 Installation and Check 9.3.1 On-site Installation...

  • Page 64: Operational Training

    Chap.9 System Design Table 9.2 Post-installation checklist Section 1: Image quality  Can each camera provide coverage as planned?  Can images be rendered clearly?  Can each camera provide sufficient frame rate? Section 2: Alert functions  Can alarm sensors be triggered as expected? ...

  • Page 65: System Maintenance

    VIVOTEK provides a warranty of one to three years, depending on different products. With 130 distributors worldwide, VIVOTEK can provide comprehensive maintenance services.

  • Page 66: Chap.10 Intelligent Video Systems

    Chap.10 Intelligent Video Systems Chap.10 Intelligent Video Systems 10.1 Introduction The need to retrieve useful data in a more efficient way and to provide more prompt response has contributed to the development of intelligent video systems. The architecture of an intelligent video system mainly includes the centralized and distributed types. 10.2 Architecture 10.2.1 Centralized Platform A centralized intelligent video system performs video content analysis at the back-end. It uses an intelligent DVR featuring high computing capabilities to analyze and process data from all cameras.

  • Page 67: Distributed Platform

    Chap.10 Intelligent Video Systems 10.2.2 Distributed Platform A distributed intelligent video system uses intelligent network cameras to analyze video content in real time so as to enable prompt response. The architecture can be easily expanded by adding new cameras. Internet Switch Video/Audio Management Video/Audio Storage...

  • Page 68: Advantages Of Distributed Architecture

    Chap.10 Intelligent Video Systems 10.3 Advantages of Distributed Architecture Since a distributed intelligent video system has video content analyzed by the front-end cameras, it offers the following benefits. Real-time Analysis and Response Because captured images are analyzed in real time at the camera side, unusual activities can be detected immediately.

  • Page 69: Intelligent Motion Detection

    Chap.10 Intelligent Video Systems Alarm Figure 10.4 Alarm triggered by tamper detection 10.4.2 Intelligent Motion Detection Intelligent motion detection can distinguish moving objects of interest motions from natural movements and trigger alarms based simply on object motions. The function, mainly for outdoor applications, can eliminate false alarm rates due to environmental noise that appears with conventional motion detection.

  • Page 70: Loitering Detection

    Chap.10 Intelligent Video Systems 10.4.3 Loitering Detection Loitering detection can detect an object or a person that has been staying in a predefined area over a period of time. The function effectively prevents crimes because suspicious objects or activities are detected before damage is caused. 0: 01 0: 30 Presence of Lingering Object Alarm Triggered after 30 Seconds Alarm 00:05 Figure 10.6 Alarm triggered by loitering detection 10.4.4 License Plate Recognition License plate recognition can identify the plate number of a vehicle and match the information with the data in the...

  • Page 71: People Counting

    Chap.10 Intelligent Video Systems 10.4.5 People Counting People counting can calculate the amount of people in an area and provide the information for business management, such as the number of customers entering the shop or the number of customers waiting in a line. Figure 10.8 People counting...

  • Page 72: Glossary

    Glossary Glossary Frame Rate The rate at which video frames are displayed on a monitor per second. Auto Exposure, a system for automatically setting the proper exposure Frame rate for PAL is 25 fps, and frame rate for NTSC is 30 fps. according to the existing light conditions.
  • Page 73 VIVOTEK INC. VIVOTEK USA, INC. 2050 Ringwood Avenue, San Jose, CA 95131 6F, No.192, Lien-Cheng Rd., Chung-Ho,New Taipei City, 235, Taiwan, R.O.C. |T: +886-2-82455282| F: +886-2-82455532| E: sales@vivotek.com |T: 408-773-8686| F: 408-773-8298| E: salesusa@vivotek.com...

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