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Agilent Technologies Agile or Elusive Signals Using Information Sheet

Real-time measurement and triggering
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Analyze Agile or Elusive
Signals Using Real-time
Measurement and Triggering
Aerospace & Defense Symposium
© 2013 Agilent Technologies

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Summary of Contents for Agilent Technologies Agile or Elusive Signals Using

  • Page 1 Analyze Agile or Elusive Signals Using Real-time Measurement and Triggering Aerospace & Defense Symposium © 2013 Agilent Technologies...
  • Page 2 Make the most of what you already know & own Swept spectrum analyzers Vector signal analyzers/VSA software Oscilloscopes Real time analyzers Using Triggering to Enhance Measurement Effectiveness Aerospace & Defense Symposium Aerospace & Defense Symposium © 2013 Agilent Technologies © 2013 Agilent Technologies...
  • Page 3 • Content not known at any specific point in time • Often very low occupancy Lots of Collision Tolerance Needed Potential “Cliff Effect” at Some Degree of Crowding Aerospace & Defense Symposium Aerospace & Defense Symposium © 2013 Agilent Technologies © 2013 Agilent Technologies...
  • Page 4 Peak Hold Detects Signals but Frequency Overlap Obscures Signals Typically Short Duty Cycle, Total Low Occupancy POI is Approximately “Low” (useful concept even if not strictly applicable) Aerospace & Defense Symposium Aerospace & Defense Symposium © 2013 Agilent Technologies © 2013 Agilent Technologies...
  • Page 5 Density Display Shows Signals Inside Signals Fast, Full Display Update Rate Shows Signal Dynamics See Unexpected Behavior, Even If Infrequent Individual Display Updates Combine Thousands of Spectra Aerospace & Defense Symposium Aerospace & Defense Symposium © 2013 Agilent Technologies © 2013 Agilent Technologies...
  • Page 6 View into Dynamics, Timing Acquisition Time Setting Affects Way Spectra are Combined to Form Display Update WLAN Signals Active Continuously? What are Vertical Bars? A Multitone Signal? Aerospace & Defense Symposium Aerospace & Defense Symposium © 2013 Agilent Technologies © 2013 Agilent Technologies...
  • Page 7 Fewer Spectra More Trace Updates/Second, Finer Time Resolution Spectrogram Covers Shorter Interval Determines Time Scale of Spectrogram Use Spectrogram Trace Buffer to Examine Signal Dynamics Aerospace & Defense Symposium Aerospace & Defense Symposium © 2013 Agilent Technologies © 2013 Agilent Technologies...
  • Page 8 • Limited flexibility (RBW, span combinations) • Limited frequency span • Power spectrum only • Markers only on combined spectrum or density at a point Aerospace & Defense Symposium Aerospace & Defense Symposium © 2013 Agilent Technologies © 2013 Agilent Technologies...
  • Page 9 • A spectrum or FFT analyzer having a signal processing path where most or all samples, even at wide bandwidths, are used to create a spectral display to trigger signal measurement or acquisition (sometimes both) Aerospace & Defense Symposium Aerospace & Defense Symposium © 2013 Agilent Technologies © 2013 Agilent Technologies...
  • Page 10 Fast Enough to Keep Up with All Data Samples However some data may still be “lost” CALC Time Includes FFT or Power Spectrum, Averaging, Display Updates, etc. Aerospace & Defense Symposium Aerospace & Defense Symposium © 2013 Agilent Technologies © 2013 Agilent Technologies...
  • Page 11 Partially-New Time Records as Samples Come In Overlap 0% Overlap 50% Processor Idle Window Function Avoid Loss of Data Due to Windowing Accurate Amplitude Measurements of Short Duration Signals Aerospace & Defense Symposium Aerospace & Defense Symposium © 2013 Agilent Technologies © 2013 Agilent Technologies...
  • Page 12 •High speed and/or data-dense displays: combine large numbers of measurements to form responsive, insight-producing displays •Spectral trigger or frequency mask trigger (FMT) •Definitions vary, what is real time analysis for you? Aerospace & Defense Symposium Aerospace & Defense Symposium © 2013 Agilent Technologies © 2013 Agilent Technologies...
  • Page 13 • Knowledge of signals may be “perfect” or simply adequate A More Rigorous Treatment in Paper From Richard Overdorf • “Understanding Probability of Intercept for Intermittent Signals“ Evaluate These Techniques Against Your Requirements Aerospace & Defense Symposium Aerospace & Defense Symposium © 2013 Agilent Technologies © 2013 Agilent Technologies...
  • Page 14 Trigger Generated from High Speed FFT Engine Trigger Timing Resolution: 1/FFT Period Trigger Not Time-Aligned Trigger a Single Spectrum Measurement or Time Capture (VSA), etc. Aerospace & Defense Symposium Aerospace & Defense Symposium © 2013 Agilent Technologies © 2013 Agilent Technologies...
  • Page 15 Superheterodyne Downconversion to All-Digital IF • Adaptable to swept spectrum analysis and real time analyzer • Full vector data preserved Capture Measurements Memory •Short/Long Data Block •Vector, Demodulation Aerospace & Defense Symposium Aerospace & Defense Symposium © 2013 Agilent Technologies © 2013 Agilent Technologies...
  • Page 16 VSA Spectrum of ISM Band Signals Initial Measurement Not Much More Informative FFT Avoids Problem of Moving Analysis Aperture (RBW filter) Aerospace & Defense Symposium Aerospace & Defense Symposium © 2013 Agilent Technologies © 2013 Agilent Technologies...
  • Page 17 VSA Spectrum of ISM Band Signals Long Time Record (100,000 points) Much More Informative Spectrum Higher POI Magnitude or RF Envelope Color Persistence Spectrum Aerospace & Defense Symposium Aerospace & Defense Symposium © 2013 Agilent Technologies © 2013 Agilent Technologies...
  • Page 18 Overlap with Time Capture and Playback Separating History (frequency of Digital Persistence occurrence) and “Recency” Select Segment/Region to Analyze from Time Capture buffer Many Spectra Combined Aerospace & Defense Symposium Aerospace & Defense Symposium © 2013 Agilent Technologies © 2013 Agilent Technologies...
  • Page 19 • Typically persistence, to make peaks last long enough to be noticed Peak Hold Result: POI Dramatically Improved, Though may not be Near 100% Aerospace & Defense Symposium Aerospace & Defense Symposium © 2013 Agilent Technologies © 2013 Agilent Technologies...
  • Page 20 (RTSAs) • VSA now does both IF Mag or Freq Mask Trig Measurements Capture •Short/Long Data Block Memory •Vector, Demodulation Aerospace & Defense Symposium Aerospace & Defense Symposium © 2013 Agilent Technologies © 2013 Agilent Technologies...
  • Page 21 Multi-Channel Analysis, Including Channel Time Alignment • Including multi-channel capture & analysis • Beam-forming, MIMO, space-time coding Multi-Band Analysis, Multi-Measurements Excellent Complement to Single-Channel RTSA Aerospace & Defense Symposium Aerospace & Defense Symposium © 2013 Agilent Technologies © 2013 Agilent Technologies...
  • Page 22 Agilent 89600B VSA Signal Capture: Just Press the Button Use Existing Center, Span (Wider is ok) Press Record Then Press Play Adjust Capture if Desired • Length (seconds, samples, time records) or use default • Input Range • Frequency Center, Span...
  • Page 23 Good Start Add Traces Correlate Time Spectrum Behavior Spectrum Change Time Scale Change Anything Else Pause, Loop or Restart RF Envelope IF Time IF Time Aerospace & Defense Symposium Aerospace & Defense Symposium © 2013 Agilent Technologies © 2013 Agilent Technologies...
  • Page 24 Start Time Analysis Position Stop Time Drag Analysis Position & See Results Instantly Sweeps • Continuous • Single-Step • Click, Drag Numeric, Graphic Entry Aerospace & Defense Symposium Aerospace & Defense Symposium © 2013 Agilent Technologies © 2013 Agilent Technologies...
  • Page 25 Control Playback Speed with Overlap How Time Records Step Through Capture Memory Higher Overlap: Slower Playback Overlap Adjustable 0% to 99.99% (full speed to 1/10,000 speed) Aerospace & Defense Symposium Aerospace & Defense Symposium © 2013 Agilent Technologies © 2013 Agilent Technologies...
  • Page 26 Analysis of Amplitude, Frequency, Time, See Everything At Once See Entire Event at a Glance Find Unexpected Behavior Select Any Trace From Deep Buffer and Measure Aerospace & Defense Symposium Aerospace & Defense Symposium © 2013 Agilent Technologies © 2013 Agilent Technologies...
  • Page 27 Capture and Spectrogram Show Environment Understand Frequency, Time, Power, Modulation Relationships Aerospace & Defense Symposium Aerospace & Defense Symposium © 2013 Agilent Technologies © 2013 Agilent Technologies...
  • Page 28 Another ISM Band Capture WLAN, Bluetooth, Microwave Ovens 16.7 ms Aerospace & Defense Symposium Aerospace & Defense Symposium © 2013 Agilent Technologies © 2013 Agilent Technologies...
  • Page 29 Pre/Post-Trigger Delay Adjustable • Power Level •  Delay • Holdoff time, type Other Types • Channel • External/TTL Magnitude • Periodic Aerospace & Defense Symposium Aerospace & Defense Symposium Freq. Mask © 2013 Agilent Technologies © 2013 Agilent Technologies...
  • Page 30 Setup window (free run / RT) (Similar to RTSA) Control free/trig RT/FMT mask data engine time RT spect. RT histo. RT spectro. Time, spectrum demod, etc. RT display (triggered) Time Inp. capt. Aerospace & Defense Symposium © 2013 Agilent Technologies...
  • Page 31 Capture Wide, Analyze Any Freq. Segment Post-Capture Span, Center Frequency Changes Apply to All Modes including Analog & Digital Demodulation Aerospace & Defense Symposium Aerospace & Defense Symposium © 2013 Agilent Technologies © 2013 Agilent Technologies...
  • Page 32 Focus on a Time and Frequency Region  Marker CF, reduce span Play back until signal appears Click/drag analysis region, position Aerospace & Defense Symposium © 2013 Agilent Technologies...
  • Page 33 Span, Center Freq Change to Analyze, Demodulate 2.5 MHz span, Bluetooth® demod preset, short result length Aerospace & Defense Symposium © 2013 Agilent Technologies...

  • Page 34: Frequency Response

    Train Equalizer on Selected Time Segment Read Equalizer Coefficients to Understand Channel • Frequency Response • Time (impulse response) Using Demodulation Result Using Gated Spectrum Aerospace & Defense Symposium Aerospace & Defense Symposium © 2013 Agilent Technologies © 2013 Agilent Technologies...
  • Page 35 Use Capture, Triggering to find What You Want Select the Signal or Time Region Desired Change Center Frequency and/or Span Save Segment for Later Analysis, Playback, Re-Use Aerospace & Defense Symposium Aerospace & Defense Symposium © 2013 Agilent Technologies © 2013 Agilent Technologies...
  • Page 36 Save as MATLAB (several formats), CSV, Text Send as ARB Register Data Trigger Downconvert, Digitize Calc Analysis Live Meas & Display Section Capture Memory RF Out Playback Aerospace & Defense Symposium Aerospace & Defense Symposium © 2013 Agilent Technologies © 2013 Agilent Technologies...
  • Page 37 • Post-processing for signal selection, re-use • Single user interface for multiple hardware platforms, multi-channel analysis Modern Signal Analyzer Hardware May Support All Three Aerospace & Defense Symposium Aerospace & Defense Symposium © 2013 Agilent Technologies © 2013 Agilent Technologies...
  • Page 38 Raster Scanning Pulse Width 6 μs PRI 600 μs 7 Pulses, 10 MHz Spacing, Stepping Low - High Frequency Pulses -30 MHz to +30 MHz Aerospace & Defense Symposium Aerospace & Defense Symposium © 2013 Agilent Technologies © 2013 Agilent Technologies...
  • Page 39 Case Study #2: S-Band Acquisition Radar Fast, Clear Signal View Blue Indicates Very Low Duty Cycle Amplitude Varies over Seconds Set Persistence Long Peaks Consistent Aerospace & Defense Symposium © 2013 Agilent Technologies...
  • Page 40 S-Band Acquisition Radar Spectrum Analyzer View Peak Hold Many Measurements Required Signal Still Not Clear Dynamics Not Shown Aerospace & Defense Symposium Aerospace & Defense Symposium © 2013 Agilent Technologies © 2013 Agilent Technologies...
  • Page 41 Excellent for Long- Term Signal View (seconds) Spot a Pattern Spot Big Pulse Set Many Spectra  (default 10,000) Combined, Pulses Still Shown Together Aerospace & Defense Symposium Aerospace & Defense Symposium © 2013 Agilent Technologies © 2013 Agilent Technologies...
  • Page 42 S-Band Acquisition Radar Spectrogram with Shorter Persistence Shorter Persistence See Variation Over Seconds Timeframe Aerospace & Defense Symposium Aerospace & Defense Symposium © 2013 Agilent Technologies © 2013 Agilent Technologies...
  • Page 43 S-Band Acquisition Radar Spectrogram with Shorter Acquisition Time Shorter Acquisition Time: 10 ms vs. 30 ms Shorter Persistence, See Texture in Vertical Lines Aerospace & Defense Symposium Aerospace & Defense Symposium © 2013 Agilent Technologies © 2013 Agilent Technologies...
  • Page 44 Short-Term Signal View (ms to 1+ seconds per screen) A more Rapid Pattern is Revealed  Fewer Spectra Combined, ( 33+) Pulses May Now be Separated Aerospace & Defense Symposium Aerospace & Defense Symposium © 2013 Agilent Technologies © 2013 Agilent Technologies...
  • Page 45 Looking at Small Double Set and Pulses Within Each One Better Time Resolution Reveals Separate Pulses Easy to See, Difficult to Measure With This Display Aerospace & Defense Symposium Aerospace & Defense Symposium © 2013 Agilent Technologies © 2013 Agilent Technologies...
  • Page 46 Can Trigger on Defective Pulses, etc. Peak (Blue) vs. Combined (white) Single Display Update Still Made From Many Spectra But Trigger From Single One Aerospace & Defense Symposium Aerospace & Defense Symposium © 2013 Agilent Technologies © 2013 Agilent Technologies...
  • Page 47 Same Setup, Just Press the Button Frequency Mask Trigger? IF Magnitude Trigger? Positive/Negative Trigger Delay? Capture Without Trigger? Spectrogram Shows Timing Adjust Overlap and FFT Length (# points) Aerospace & Defense Symposium Aerospace & Defense Symposium © 2013 Agilent Technologies © 2013 Agilent Technologies...
  • Page 48 Defects Hidden in one Mode or View are Obvious in Another Triggering Not Necessary for Repeating Signal Use Magnitude Trigger To Capture Highest Signal Levels Aerospace & Defense Symposium Aerospace & Defense Symposium © 2013 Agilent Technologies © 2013 Agilent Technologies...
  • Page 49 All Pulses And Only Pulses Eliminate Measurement of Inter-Pulse Gaps Shorten Time Record to Value Close to Pulse Length Changes Significance of Time in Spectrogram Display Aerospace & Defense Symposium Aerospace & Defense Symposium © 2013 Agilent Technologies © 2013 Agilent Technologies...
  • Page 50 Focus on Signal of Interest, Filter Out Other Signals Select Analysis Time/Interval Use Gating, Windows (uniform/rect. here, pulse is self-windowing) Any Analysis Type, Including Vector, Demodulation Aerospace & Defense Symposium Aerospace & Defense Symposium © 2013 Agilent Technologies © 2013 Agilent Technologies...
  • Page 51 • Take advantage of repeating signals, inter-signal timing, pos/neg delays Triggering Can Enhance Measurement Performance • Time or synchronous averaging • Periodic trigger Trigger a Time Capture Aerospace & Defense Symposium Aerospace & Defense Symposium © 2013 Agilent Technologies © 2013 Agilent Technologies...
  • Page 52 Trigger timing ambiguity  1 FFT Selectable level & polarity Selectable holdoff, holdoff type Logic: Enter/leave, in/out, enter  leave, leave  enter Playback IF magnitude trigger Negative & positive trigger delays Aerospace & Defense Symposium © 2012 Agilent Technologies...
  • Page 53 Reduce Noise Using Playback Trigger, Time Avg. Trace average (power) Time average reduces variance only reduces noise Coherent averaging calculates spectrum from averaged time samples Aerospace & Defense Symposium © 2013 Agilent Technologies...
  • Page 54 Agilent EXA Trigger Output #1 Signal Analyzer Configured for Main Trigger Queuing Receiver Independent Analyzers Allow for Triggering on Separate or Isolated Frequency Bands Aerospace & Defense Symposium Aerospace & Defense Symposium © 2013 Agilent Technologies © 2013 Agilent Technologies...
  • Page 55 + 1x time Similar to Dig. Demod. “search length” For Repeated Signal: 2x+ repeat interval Drag Analysis Region to See & Select Interval of Interest Aerospace & Defense Symposium Aerospace & Defense Symposium © 2013 Agilent Technologies © 2013 Agilent Technologies...

  • Page 56: More Information

    More Information 2013 Agilent A/D Symposium paper: “Understanding Probability of Intercept for Intermittent Signals“ by Richard Overdorf Agilent PXA Real Time Signal Analyzer Technical Overview, literature number 5991-1748EN Vector Signal Analysis Basics, literature number 5989-1121EN Webcast: “Use capture, playback & triggering to completely analyze a signal”...
  • Page 57 Extras Aerospace & Defense Symposium © 2013 Agilent Technologies...
  • Page 58 – the bandwidth has been reduced to 1 MHz with the resolution bandwidth control – Trigger level has been established at -43 – Note trigger output has been configured to Main Trigger Aerospace & Defense Symposium Aerospace & Defense Symposium © 2013 Agilent Technologies © 2013 Agilent Technologies...
  • Page 59 Trigger Signal, as Generated by EXA • Oscilloscope view of the trigger signal output • Trigger is clean and stable Aerospace & Defense Symposium Aerospace & Defense Symposium © 2013 Agilent Technologies © 2013 Agilent Technologies...