Latency And Monitoring - RME Audio Hammerfall HDSPe AES User Manual

30.3 Latency and Monitoring

The term Zero Latency Monitoring has been introduced by RME in 1998 for the DIGI96 series
of audio cards. It stands for the ability to pass-through the computer's input signal at the inter-
face directly to the output. Since then, the idea behind has become one of the most important
features of modern hard disk recording. In the year 2000, RME published two ground-breaking
Tech Infos on the topics Low Latency Background, which are still up-to-date: Monitoring, ZLM
and ASIO, and Buffer and Latency Jitter, both found on the RME website.
How much Zero is Zero?
From a technical view there is no zero. Even the analog pass-through is subject to phase er-
rors, equalling a delay between input and output. However, delays below certain values can
subjectively be claimed to be a zero-latency. This applies to analog routing and mixing, and in
our opinion also to RME's Zero Latency Monitoring. The term describes the digital path of the
audio data from the input of the interface to its output. The digital receiver of the HDSPe AES
can't operate un-buffered, and together with TotalMix and the output via the transmitter, it
causes a typical delay of 5 samples. At 44.1 kHz this equals about 113 µs (0.000113 s). In
Quad Speed mode, the delay is reduced to 28 µs.
Oversampling
While the delays of digital interfaces can be disregarded altogether, the analog inputs and out-
puts do cause a significant delay. Modern converter chips operate with 64 or 128 times over-
sampling plus digital filtering, in order to move the error-prone analog filters away from the au-
dible frequency range as far as possible. This typically generates a delay of one millisecond. A
playback and re-record of the same signal via DA and AD (loopback) then causes an offset of
the newly recorded track of about 2 ms.
Buffer Size (Latency)
Windows: This option found in the Settings dialog defines the size of the buffers for the audio
data used in ASIO and WDM (see chapter 13).
Mac OS X: The buffer size is defined within the application. Only some do not offer any setting.
For example iTunes is fixed to 512 samples.
General: A setting of 64 samples at 44.1 kHz causes a latency of 1.5 ms, for record and play-
back each. But when performing a digital loopback test no latency/offset can be detected. The
reason is that the software naturally knows the size of the buffers, therefore is able to position
the newly recorded data at a place equalling a latency-free system.
AD/DA Offset under ASIO and OS X: ASIO (Windows) and Core Audio (Mac OS X) allow for the
signalling of an offset value to correct buffer independent delays, like AD- and DA-conversion or
the Safety Buffer described below. An analog loopback test will then show no offset, because
the application shifts the recorded data accordingly.
Because the HDSPe AES is a completely digital interface, and the delays introduced by exter-
nal AD/DA-converters or other digital interfaces are unknown to unit and driver, the drivers in-
clude the digital offset values (2 / 3 samples). Therefore the delays caused by external convert-
ers have to be taken care off in the record software, which usually means that the user has to
enter specific offset values manually.
Note: Cubase and Nuendo display the latency values signalled from the driver separately for
record and playback. These values equal nearly exactly the buffer size (for example 3 ms at
128 samples) on RME's digital interfaces.
Core Audios Safety Offset
Under OS X, every audio interface has to use a so called safety offset, otherwise Core Audio
won't operate click-free. The HDSPe AES uses a safety offset of 32 samples. This offset is sig-
nalled to the system, and the software can calculate and display the total latency of buffer size
plus AD/DA offset plus safety offset for the current sample rate.
User's Guide HDSPe AES © RME
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