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LI-COR LAI-2200C Instruction Manual

Plant canopy analyzer
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LAI- 2200 C
Plant Canopy Analyzer
Instruction Manual

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Summary of Contents for LI-COR LAI-2200C

  • Page 1 LAI- 2200 C Plant Canopy Analyzer Instruction Manual...
  • Page 3 LI-COR GmbH, Germany Siemensstraße 25A 61352 Bad Homburg Germany Phone: +49 (0) 6172 17 17 771 envsales-gmbh@licor.com envsupport-eu@licor.com LI-COR Ltd., United Kingdom St. John’s Innovation Centre Cowley Road Cambridge CB4 0WS United Kingdom Phone: +44 (0) 1223 422102 envsales-UK@licor.com envsupport-eu@licor.com...
  • Page 4 For ReaCH (Regulation (EC) n.1907/2006) related questions, information is available on the European Chemicals Agency maintained website for the Waste Framework Directive SCIP database. You can search by product name (for this product “LAI-2200C”), or request an “SCIP number” from the email above.
  • Page 5 LI-COR scientific products are for professional use (non-con- sumer products). These products do not fall within the vol- untary scopes of regulations: UNI EN ISO 14024, TCO Certified, EPEAT 2018, Blue Angel, TÜV Green Product Mark, Energy Star, EU GPP, or other similar regulations. The typical...

  • Page 6: Printing History

    Printing History Publication Number: 984-14112 New editions of this manual will include all updates. An update addendum may be used between editions to provide up- to-date information. Revisions are indicated by the revision number. Minor updates, which do not alter the meaning of the content, will be incorporated without affecting the revision number.

  • Page 7: Table Of Contents

    Contents Section 1. Getting Started What’s What LAI-2270C Control Unit LAI-2250 Optical Sensor View Caps Sensor Cables Data Cable FV2200 Software Accessories Theory of Operation Basic Theory Assumptions Section 2. Introduction to the Instrument Control Unit Display Keypad Cable Connections Memory Optical Sensor Keypad...
  • Page 8 Section 3. Basics of the LAI-2200C Power ON and OFF Console Auto-off Timer Monitor Mode Navigation Basic Menu Navigation Setting the Clock Calibration and Match Values Overview of Configurations Wand Setup Log Setup Console Setup Attached vs. Autonomous Configuration Operating Modes: One and Two Sensor Modes...
  • Page 9 Sensor Information 3-29 Observations 3-29 What do the Results Mean? 3-30 Section 4. Measurement Guidelines Guidelines for Getting Good Data Where to Measure? How Many B Readings? Using View Caps Measuring on Slopes Bad Readings Foliage Size Section 5. Dealing with Sky Conditions Clouds Sky Variability Tests Sky Variability and Canopy Variability...
  • Page 10 Section 6. Canopy Types Measuring Plant Canopies Short Homogeneous Canopies Small Plots Row Crops Tall Canopies and Forests Making K Records in a Forest Canopy Canopies with Large Gaps Conifers 6-11 The Gap Test 6-11 Measuring Isolated Plants 6-12 LAI or Foliage Density? 6-12 The DISTS Vector 6-14...
  • Page 11 Constrained Least Squares Method 7-10 Section 8. Examples and Procedures Example 1 - One Sensor Measurement without scattering cor- rection Example 2 - One Sensor Measurement with Scattering Cor- rection Example 3 - Two Sensor Measurement without scattering cor- rection Example 4 - Forest Sites with One Sensor (and Control Unit) Example 5 - Forest Sites with One Sensor (without Control Unit)
  • Page 12 Procedure 3.2 - LAI-2000 File Transfer - RS-232 8-35 Procedure 3.3 - Loading Data Files into FV2200 8-36 Procedure 3.4 - Converting LAI-2000 file to LAI-2200C 8-36 Procedure 3.5 - Excluding Rings from Analysis - FV2200 8-37 Procedure 3.6 - Interpolating A Records - FV2200 8-37 Procedure 3.7 - Recomputing a Data File - Console...
  • Page 13 Required Inputs for the Scattering Model 10-12 Derivation of Formulae for Determining # of B Readings 10-14 Appendix A. Troubleshooting Appendix B. Specifications Appendix C. Part Numbers Appendix D. LAI-2000 vs. LAI-2200C Appendix E. References Standard Terms and Conditions Index...

  • Page 14: About This Manual

    Canopy Analyzer. The LAI-2200C is the successor to the LAI-2000 and LAI-2200, which LI-COR produced and sold for over 20 years. At LI-COR, it is our passion to provide scientific instruments of exceptional quality, and we hope that the LAI-2200C performs exceptionally for you. We welcome your comments and suggestions.

  • Page 15: Section 1. Getting Started

    2200CLEAR upgrade kit) includes a built-in GPS module (Global Positioning System on page 3-23). What’s What If you have just taken delivery of your LAI-2200C, check the packaging list and verify the contents of the shipment. The following components should be included:...

  • Page 16: Lai-2250 Optical Sensor

    LAI-2200C Plant Canopy Analyzer Instruction Manual LAI-2250 Optical Sensor The LAI-2250 Optical Sensor (wand) is the data col- lection component of the LAI-2200C. It is shipped with two “AA” alkaline batteries, which can provide over 140 hours of typical operation. A protective cap is provided to cover the bulkhead connector.

  • Page 17: View Caps

    (see Procedure 2.14 - Measuring Leaf Transmittance and Reflectance on page 8-31). Figure 1-1. View caps used with the LAI-2200C. The solid black cap is to protect the lens. The diffuser is covered with protective paper—remove it before collecting data.

  • Page 18: Data Cable

    LAI-2200C and a computer. FV2200 Software File Viewer 2200 (FV2200) is the software package for processing data from the LAI-2200C on your computer. It is available for Windows®, Mac OSX®, and Linux. Download the latest version using the following link: www.licor.com/2200C-software.

  • Page 19: Theory Of Operation

    LAI-2250 and its response in an isotropic envir- onment. It is a good idea to store the calibration sheet in a safe location. If it is lost, contact LI-COR for the cal- ibration information for your instrument. Instruction Manual The Instruction Manual contains basic operating and maintenance information for the LAI-2200C.

  • Page 20: Basic Theory

    The LAI-2200C measures the attenuation of diffuse sky radiation at five zenith angles simultaneously. The LAI-2250 Optical Sensor projects the image of its nearly hemispheric view onto five detectors arranged in con- centric rings.

  • Page 21: Assumptions

    Section 1. Getting Started angle (centered at 7°) is 5/50 = 0.10. From trans- mittances at all five zenith angles, the LAI-2200C cal- culates foliage amount (leaf area index, LAI) and foliage orientation (mean foliage tilt angle, MTA). In practice, a number of below-canopy readings are usually made to improve the spatial average.
  • Page 22 LAI-2200C Plant Canopy Analyzer Instruction Manual Scattering Correction on page 10-11. The foliage is randomly distributed within certain foliage-con- taining envelopes. These envelopes might be parallel tubes (as in row crops), a single ellipsoid (an isolated bush), an infin- ite box (turf grass), or an infinite box with holes (deciduous forest with gaps).
  • Page 23 Section 1. Getting Started senescent crops, with thin reflective leaves, might have large absolute errors. The LAI-2200C is very sensitive to small relative differences. In some cases, it might be necessary to calibrate the instrument with direct meas- urements in order to achieve high absolute accuracy.
  • Page 24 1-10...

  • Page 25: Section 2. Introduction To The Instrument

    (-) key and press the up or down arrow keys. Keypad The LAI-2200C features a 22-button tactile response keypad. The upper block of 9 keys are used to navigate through menus, select menu options, and log data. Basic...
  • Page 26 LAI-2200C Plant Canopy Analyzer Instruction Manual Press Menu to go to the Main Menu; MENU or when in Logging Mode, to go to the Log Adjust menu. Exit returns to the main screen unless an input or toggle field is active. In...

  • Page 27: Cable Connections

    (GPS) coordinates when GPS is active and a file is open in the LAI-2200C (or LAI-2200 equipped with GPS). The 22nd key is the power on/off key at the top left of the keypad.
  • Page 28 LAI-2200C Plant Canopy Analyzer Instruction Manual Figure 2-1. The cable connects to the wand and console. The red dot on the cable connetor should be oriented to the keypad. To remove the cable, grasp the connector and pull. Light Sensor Cable Connections...

  • Page 29: Memory

    Section 2. Introduction to the Instrument LAI-2250 Optical Sensor (wand) connectors X and Y Data Cable Connection A Mini USB port is available for communicating with a computer (Connecting to a Computer on page 3-22). When connected with a USB cable, the computer will identify the LAI-2270C (the control unit) as a mass stor- age device.

  • Page 30: Optical Sensor

    LAI-2200C Plant Canopy Analyzer Instruction Manual The format for the SD card is FAT16. Do not modify the card in any way when connected to a computer, and never remove or replace the card unless it is with a card purchased from LI-COR Environmental (part number 616-10387).

  • Page 31: Indicator Leds

    Section 2. Introduction to the Instrument Optical sensors will turn on when the control unit is turned on (if the wand and control unit are attached), when the optical sensor cable is connected to a powered-on control unit, or when the optical sensor power button is pressed (when disconnected from the control unit).

  • Page 32: Features

    Be sure to wait until data transfer is com- plete before disconnecting the data cable. Maintenance The LAI-2200C is designed for low maintenance, and generally it should require little servicing beyond keep- ing it clean and replacing the batteries.

  • Page 33: Optical Sensor

    Section 2. Introduction to the Instrument remove the two screws that secure the battery cover with a #1 cross-head (Philips) screwdriver. The control unit requires 4 “AA” batteries. Be sure to observe proper polarity when changing batteries. Replace the batteries and reattach the cover.

  • Page 34: Cleaning

    The instrument display and keypads can be cleaned with a moistened non-abrasive cloth when necessary. Storage When storing the LAI-2200C for a long period of time, remove the “AA” batteries, replace the bulkhead con- nector caps, and attach the lens cap.
  • Page 35 Section 2. Introduction to the Instrument Always use a BR1225 watch battery (part number 442- 08614). Using a #1 cross-head (Phillips) screwdriver, loosen the four screws that secure the top and bottom of the control unit. The four screws are located in the corners of the back of the con- trol unit, under the gray protective rubber.
  • Page 36 FV2200 application. Instrument Firmware There are two firmware components in the LAI-2200C – the console firmware and the wand firmware. Any updates will be available for download from FV2200 Help > Check for Software updates > Show Wand and Console Information.
  • Page 37 Section 2. Introduction to the Instrument licor.com/env/support/LAI-2200C/software.html. The file will be saved to your downloads directory. Attach the LAI-2200C console to a computer using the USB connection. After the LAI-2200C has been recognized by the com- puter, copy the new firmware file to the LAI-2200C mass storage device root directory.
  • Page 38 LAI-2200C Plant Canopy Analyzer Instruction Manual port X or Y, but updates can only be delivered to wands connected to the X terminal. Disconnect the LAI-2200C from the computer. Connect the wand to port X, turn on the console, and go to MENU >...

  • Page 39: Power On And Off

    This section introduces the basics of the LAI-2200C, including configuration options, usage considerations, and a guide for making basic measurements. It is recom- mended that users who are unfamiliar with the LAI-2200C follow the example measurements and become thoroughly acquainted with the practical considerations (in the next two chapters) before attempting real measurements with the LAI-2200C.

  • Page 40: Console Auto-Off Timer

    LAI-2200C Plant Canopy Analyzer Instruction Manual no button is pressed (unless configured for automatic logging or connected to a control unit). Console Auto-off Timer To set the auto-off timer on the Control Unit (console), press the MENU button, select Console Setup, then Auto-off Timer.

  • Page 41: Basic Menu Navigation

    Section 3. Basics of the LAI-2200C Table 3-1. Variables that can be displayed in Monitor Mode. (...continued) Date (YYYY/MM/DD) BATT: Battery Voltage Readings for Light Sensor 1 Readings for Light Sensor 2 To change variables on X1: 634.0710 the display, press the up X2: 727.1623...

  • Page 42: Calibration And Match Values

    LAI-2200C Plant Canopy Analyzer Instruction Manual page 8-17) or by using the time information from the GPS (Procedure 1.2 - Setting the Console Clock from GPS on page 8-17). Once the clock is set, you can syn- chronize an optical sensor to the console (Procedure 1.4 - Synchronizing Wand and Console Clock on page 8-18).

  • Page 43: Overview Of Configurations

    Section 3. Basics of the LAI-2200C Overview of Configurations The settings described in Wand Setup below affect the selected wand and are stored on the wand. Those described in Log Setup on the next page affect the global template and will be applied to any new file that is cre- ated on the control unit.

  • Page 44: Log Setup

    LAI-2200C Plant Canopy Analyzer Instruction Manual Log Setup Basic parameters can be set prior to collecting data. For most applications the default settings will work fine, but the preferred settings will vary depending on the applic- ation. Most of the following settings can be changed for a file after data has been collected as well.
  • Page 45 Section 3. Basics of the LAI-2200C Transcomp Setting Description Interpolate Interpolate between the nearest (time) Above read- ings Closest Use the closest in time Above record Bad Readings (when a Below record has values that exceed those of a corresponding Above record)

  • Page 46: Console Setup

    LAI-2200C Plant Canopy Analyzer Instruction Manual Controlled Sequence: A sequence of A and B read- ings can be defined. Console AutoLog: Activate and set up automatic log- ging with wand(s) attached to the console. PAR Sensors: Activate, name, and enter the cal- ibration multipliers for LI-COR Light Sensors here.

  • Page 47: Operating Modes: One And Two Sensor Modes

    Section 3. Basics of the LAI-2200C Autonomous Configuration This is useful for logging above canopy readings well away from the console, for later import to the console. Data can be logged manually (press LOG) or auto- matically (Logging Configurations on page 3-14) on an unattached wand, and later transferred to the console and merged with below-canopy readings.
  • Page 48 LAI-2200C Plant Canopy Analyzer Instruction Manual One sensor detached. This is the usual configuration. The detached sensor can stay in an adequate clearing and automatically log above canopy records. Later, the logged readings are transferred to a file in the control unit, and...

  • Page 49: Setting Prompts

    Section 3. Basics of the LAI-2200C required method when both optical sensors are attached to the console while logging (only possible with short canopies). Console matching cannot be used with light scattering correction. Setting Prompts There are two prompts for storing additional inform- ation with each data file.
  • Page 50 LAI-2200C Plant Canopy Analyzer Instruction Manual The LAI-2200C is now in Logging Mode (below). Log A and B readings. Press START|STOP (or EXIT) to save the file and quit. Logging Mode After a new file is created (see above), the console will enter Logging Mode, which is used to log data to the open file.
  • Page 51 Logging Mode. Computations During Logging While logging data, the LAI-2200C provides real time updates of some computed quantities, such as LAI. These computations are always done with a Transcomp setting of “xPx”.

  • Page 52: Logging Configurations

    LAI-2200C Plant Canopy Analyzer Instruction Manual existing file), you will be prompted with Compute file?. If you respond with OK, the file is recomputed and stored. If you decline the recomputation, the file is stored without being recomputed. It can be recomputed at a later time.

  • Page 53: Manual Sequence With Sensor Attached

    Section 3. Basics of the LAI-2200C Manual Sequence with Sensor Attached Follow these steps to manually log LAI data with the optical sensor attached to the control unit: Go to MENU > Log Setup > Controlled Sequence > Use = No Create a new file (see Procedure 2.2 - Opening a New Data...

  • Page 54: Automatic Logging (Console)

    2.13 - Moving Wand Data to the Console on page 8-31. Connecting Quantum Sensors The light sensor connectors (1 and 2) on the LAI-2200C accept LI-COR Quantum sensors (LI-190R or LI-191R). Quantum sensors measure Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR).

  • Page 55: Making Basic Measurements

    Making Basic Measurements Now that you’ve become familiar with the operating principles of the LAI-2200C and the instrument accessor- ies, it is a good idea to make a few sample meas- urements. Be sure to review the practical considerations in Dealing with Sky Conditions on page 5-1 and Canopy...

  • Page 56: Operation: Two Sensors, One Control Unit

    LAI-2200C Plant Canopy Analyzer Instruction Manual Once you have gotten familiar with a basic meas- urement, you will want to add scattering corrections. These are described in Dealing with Scattering on page 5-6. To try out a basic measurement with scattering corrections, you will need an actual canopy.

  • Page 57: Importing A Readings From Separate Files (Console)

    Section 3. Basics of the LAI-2200C have several options. See the discussion in Protocol Suggestions for Direct Sun on page 5-30. Importing A Readings from Separate Files (Console) When A readings are collected autonomously, they need to be imported by the file that holds the B readings before LAI can be computed.

  • Page 58: Data Management On The Console

    LAI-2200C Plant Canopy Analyzer Instruction Manual Data Management on the Console In the following section, you'll learn about ways you can manage data and files on the console. File Quick View To view a summary of a file, navigate to Menu > Data >...
  • Page 59 Reprocessing Data on the Console A set of basic data processing features are available on the LAI-2200C Control Unit. Refer to Data Analysis with FV2200 on page 7-1 for advanced data processing with the FV2200 software. To edit data that are stored on the control unit, go to MENU >...

  • Page 60: Connecting To A Computer

    Delete to permanently remove the selected file. Rename to rename the file. Connecting to a Computer The LAI-2200C has a USB connection that can be used to transfer data to a computer. Plug the USB cable into a USB port on your computer and the LAI-2270C Control Unit.

  • Page 61: Global Positioning System

    USB storage device. Global Positioning System A Global Positioning System (GPS) is integrated into the console of the LAI-2200C (or the LAI-2200 with the 2200CLEAR upgrade kit). When GPS is active, real-time 3-23...

  • Page 62: Configuring Gps

    LAI-2200C Plant Canopy Analyzer Instruction Manual location data can be viewed in monitor mode. The FV2200 computer software uses GPS data for scattering corrections and mapping. Configuring GPS In addition to displaying Latitude, Longitude, Coordin- ated Universal Time (UTC), and other GPS data in real...
  • Page 63 Section 3. Basics of the LAI-2200C Figure 3-1. File with GPS records as viewed on a computer with FV2200. GPS Tagging: If GPS is active (step 2 below) and a file is open, you can log a GPS record by itself. Sim- ply press a numeric key (1–9) on the console.

  • Page 64: Gps Fix Quality

    LAI-2200C Plant Canopy Analyzer Instruction Manual Figure 3-2. Plot marked by GPS Tagging. At each corner of the plot, the "1" key was pressed while a file was open to log a GPS record. A different numeric key could be used to mark other plots in the same file.

  • Page 65: Mapping

    Make a GPS Plot on page 7-6). About Data Files In this section we describe the files that are created by the LAI-2200C. Files generated by the LAI-2200C are text based and consist of four basic parts: Header, Stat- istics, Sensor Information, and Observations (see Figure 3-3 on the next page).

  • Page 66: Header

    LAI-2200C Plant Canopy Analyzer Instruction Manual Figure 3-3. Data file as viewed on a computer. Header The header is a group of fields at the top of the file. It includes the file name, console firmware version, time stamp indicating when the file was created, and user remarks.

  • Page 67: Statistics

    Section 3. Basics of the LAI-2200C coordinated universal time (GpsUTC) are visible in the header. Statistics The statistics group contains 8 groups of 5 numbers: MASK indicates which rings were included in cal- culations (1 indicates the ring is included, 0 indicates omission).

  • Page 68: What Do The Results Mean

    LAI is the answer to the question “How much foliage?”. Although LAI nominally means “leaf area index”, please remember that the LAI-2200C is measuring all light-blocking objects, so “foliage area index” is more appropriate. LAI is dimensionless, but it can be...
  • Page 69 If, for example, you had an independently determ- ined clumping factor Ω (determined, for example, from a gap size distribution measurement) for a can- opy that you wished to apply to the LAI-2200C res- ults, you would need to do this to compute a true LAI (Ftrue) LAI ×...
  • Page 70 MTA, but only depends on the assumption of no scattering by the foliage. Of all the values computed by the LAI-2200C, DIFN comes the closest to being an indicator of “canopy light absorption”. However, canopy absorption involves not only canopy structure...

  • Page 71: Section 4. Measurement Guidelines

    Guidelines for Getting Good Data Collecting reliable data with the LAI-2200C depends on having a protocol that is appropriate for the canopy of interest and suitable for the measurement conditions. For...

  • Page 72: How Many B Readings

    LAI-2200C Plant Canopy Analyzer Instruction Manual page 3-18), with one sensor positioned above the canopy or in a clearing, logging data automatically. Additional suggestions are in Canopy Types on page 6-1. B Readings It is best to consider a sampling protocol that is designed for the canopy type that is being measured.
  • Page 73 Section 4. Measurement Guidelines LAI is to be valid: An entire field? Part of a field? A small plot? Second, what fraction of this area does one B reading represent? As a rule of thumb, consider each B reading to represent a sample of the canopy that is cyl- indrical (or some fraction of a cylinder if a view cap is used) with a radius roughly equal to the canopy height (the potential view of the sensor is larger than this, but...

  • Page 74: Using View Caps

    LAI-2200C Plant Canopy Analyzer Instruction Manual Make an LAI reading based on 6 B readings. Be sure to include both the thinnest and densest parts of the canopy. Divide the Standard Error of LAI by LAI (SEL/LAI) Use Table 4-1 below to determine the number of B readings.

  • Page 75: Measuring On Slopes

    Section 4. Measurement Guidelines When sky brightness is very non-uniform When there are significant gaps or clumps in the canopy To reduce the required plot size To reduce the required clearing size for above-canopy read- ings in a forest There are times when it is preferable to use the 180° or 270°...
  • Page 76 LAI-2200C Plant Canopy Analyzer Instruction Manual Figure 4-1. Tilt the sensor to match the slope. One way to ensure that the sensor is held at the same inclination for each reading is to mount the bubble level on the handle rather than the sensor. Fix the hinge at an angle that permits the handle to be held level while the sensor is held at the desired inclination.

  • Page 77: Bad Readings

    Section 4. Measurement Guidelines either before (Procedure 2.10 - Excluding Rings from Ana- lysis - Console on page 8-29 or after (Procedure 3.5 - Exclud- ing Rings from Analysis - FV2200 on page 8-37) data collection. Sloping ground has some implications for scattering cor- rections if you are measuring with the sensor parallel to the ground (first method).

  • Page 78: Foliage Size

    LAI-2200C Plant Canopy Analyzer Instruction Manual value of 1.0 for the transmittance(s) of the offending ring(s). To determine this setting, go to MENU > Log Setup > Transcomp > and scroll down to Bad Readings. Select one of the settings described below (press OK to save the setting).
  • Page 79 ((4/1)×5) away at 22°, and 10 cm ((2/1)×5) away at 68°. Derivation of equation 4-2 One of the LAI-2200C assumptions (Assumptions on page 1-7) is that the foliage elements are small compared to the sensor field of view. Lang and Xiang (1986)
  • Page 80 LAI-2200C Plant Canopy Analyzer Instruction Manual are made) to the area of an individual leaf, then the factor (E) by which the gap frequency is in error is We apply this analysis to an LAI-2250 sensor by con- sidering the sample “area” to be the distance around a particular ring’s view at a distance from the sensor that...

  • Page 81: Section 5. Dealing With Sky Conditions

    Section 5. Dealing with Sky Conditions This section includes guidelines for collecting data under various sky conditions. The LAI-2200C can be operated in a range of daytime sky conditions, with appropriate adjust- ments in measurement and/or post-processing protocol. Best Sky Conditions: Clear, blue sky (at least in the part of the sky viewed by the sensor) with the sun below the horizon (twilight) or blocked by a convenient cloud.

  • Page 82: Sky Variability Tests

    LAI-2200C Plant Canopy Analyzer Instruction Manual measurements. The ideal LAI measurement involves above and below canopy readings that see exactly the same sky at exactly the same time. In practice, the sky brightness is always changing with time and/or view dir-...
  • Page 83 Section 5. Dealing with Sky Conditions Figure 5-1 on the next page illustrates the results for four condition: A) Cloudless, midday. B) Cirrus. C) Broken cumulus, fairly windy. D) Heavy, non-uniform overcast. Each condition was measured with A readings logged every 10 seconds over about 30 minutes using a 45 degree view cap.
  • Page 84 LAI-2200C Plant Canopy Analyzer Instruction Manual Figure 5-1. FV2200 Sky Variability Test.

  • Page 85: Sky Variability And Canopy Variability

    B readings within a few seconds of those times. (Operational aside: autologging on an LAI-2200C wand is relative to the start time only if you enable autologging prior to that start time. Otherwise, it is relative to when you enable...

  • Page 86: Sun

    LAI-2200C Plant Canopy Analyzer Instruction Manual what the timing actually is after it starts logging. It also saves you from having to synchronize clocks.) Increase B Readings With clouds in the sky, everywhere you would normally take one B reading, take several in quick succession, moving (view and position) just a little bit between each one.
  • Page 87 Section 5. Dealing with Sky Conditions 2013), for correcting measurements for the radiation reflected and transmitted by the foliage. You should apply this correction for data taken in direct sun, since that’s when the scattering errors are the highest, but you can also correct data taken when the sun is obscured, adjusting for the actual foliage scattering properties in your canopy, rather than assuming reflectance and trans-...
  • Page 88 LAI-2200C Plant Canopy Analyzer Instruction Manual Diffuser cap shaded. Rotate just a bit to shade the diffuser cap with the shadow of your head, and take the second A reading. If the sun is too high to shade the diffuser with your head, hold the sensor with one hand and reach up and out with the other to shade the diffuser.
  • Page 89 Normal A reading. Use the same view cap and view direction you are using for the associated B readings. Ultimately, each LAI-2200C file that is to be scatter-cor- rected will need to have at least one K record in it. This...
  • Page 90 LAI-2200C Plant Canopy Analyzer Instruction Manual copies K records, it does so based on time, and uses the closest ones available in source files to the B records in the destination file. A complete example of using K records is given in Example 2 - One Sensor Measurement with Scattering Cor- rection on page 8-2, and a "guided tour"...

  • Page 91: A Scattering Correction Example

    Section 5. Dealing with Sky Conditions SeeMeasuring on Slopes on page 4-5. This has some implications for K records: The first two readings of a 4A sequence (with the white diffuser) should always be made with the sensor level. The last two readings (wide sky and normal A) should be made with the sensor par- allel to the ground.
  • Page 92 LAI-2200C Plant Canopy Analyzer Instruction Manual it just came from the field. The 4A sequence is there, but hasn’t yet been turned into a K record. You will want to add a variable named ScattCorr to the list of displayed items in the main view of FV2200, if it is not...
  • Page 93 Section 5. Dealing with Sky Conditions If you wish to view the data records, double click the File1 entry, and select the Current tab. Click the Scattering Tool icon to open the Scattering Cor- rection Tool, then click the K Records tab. Set the values as shown.
  • Page 94 LAI-2200C Plant Canopy Analyzer Instruction Manual Click the Clipboard tab in the Scattering Correction Input tool, and fill in the fields as shown. For information on obtaining scattering properties, see Required Inputs for the Scattering Model on page 10-12. The file is now corrected for scattering, and the LAI increased from 1.86 to 1.95.
  • Page 95 Section 5. Dealing with Sky Conditions One final step would be to enable interpolation of the A read- ings, since we have that final A record in the file. If you do that, following Procedure 3.6 - Interpolating A Records - FV2200 on page 8-37, you will find that the LAI for this file changes from 1.95 to 1.94.
  • Page 96 LAI-2200C Plant Canopy Analyzer Instruction Manual direction of your measurement is the same as for the rest of the sky, then you can forego 3A or 4A sequences entirely; FV2200 will let you build K records based on the normal A readings in the file and your assumption of the fraction beam value.

  • Page 97: Model Limitations For Scattering Corrections

    Section 5. Dealing with Sky Conditions Model Limitations for Scattering Corrections The scattering correction is based on a simple model, and how well it works in any particular circumstance depends on how well those circumstances conform to the assumptions of the model. A very fundamental assumption of the model is that the canopy is one dimensional (vertical), with foliage that can be clumped.
  • Page 98 LAI-2200C Plant Canopy Analyzer Instruction Manual Figure 5-2. Representation of how the scattering model can fail in an isolated canopy setting. Measurements A and B have gap fractions P and P for a particular ring. In the bottom part of the illustration, these are mapped to an ideal- ized canopy in a layer with the same gap fraction at that view angle.
  • Page 99 Section 5. Dealing with Sky Conditions Another way to look at the problem presented by case A in Figure 5-2 on the previous page is that unlike in the model (sun above, viewer below), the viewer and the sun are now effectively on the same side of the canopy. And the lower the sun is in the sky, the more the meas- urement will be dominated by sunlit leaf area, which the model cannot begin to predict, since it assumes the...
  • Page 100 LAI-2200C Plant Canopy Analyzer Instruction Manual Figure 5-3. Measurement direction with direct sun. In gapped or isolated canopies, if you are measuring with the sun out and doing scattering correction, try to keep the sun to the side or a bit in front. Avoid having the sun behind you, especially if it is lower in the sky.

  • Page 101: Multiple-Sensor Operation Revisited

    While it is possible to do both combining and matching entirely on an LAI-2200C console, we highly recom- mend that you use the FV2200 software for both of these tasks instead. Here are the reasons: K records (i.e.

  • Page 102: Three Methods For Fv2200 Matching

    LAI-2200C Plant Canopy Analyzer Instruction Manual any number of wands, including old (LAI-2000) instrumentation. Collecting the data for FV2200 matching can be done anytime, not just at the time or place of data collection. This means you can collect matching data...
  • Page 103 The data reside in a file named 3213_ 3214_Match.txt, and contains three LAI files with match data for 3 view caps. Record types (A or B) in a match file don’t matter for LAI-2200C files, since sensor serial 5-23...
  • Page 104 LAI-2200C Plant Canopy Analyzer Instruction Manual numbers are recorded in data files and are used by FV2200 when figuring out adjustment factors when importing records. Procedure 3.8 - Import A and Adjust A Records - FV2200 on page 8-38 illustrates how to do match file adjustments when importing A records.
  • Page 105 Section 5. Dealing with Sky Conditions Figure 5-5. Sample match data for two sensors, PCH3213 and PCH3214. There are three files for three view caps, and in each file several data pairs, all logged while viewing clear blue sky. Since FV2200 uses serial numbers when applying this data, it doesn’t matter what record types (A or B) the sensors logged.
  • Page 106 LAI-2200C Plant Canopy Analyzer Instruction Manual sensor’s readings are in the above canopy file. The situ- ation in which you might use this method is illustrated below: There is a clearing in which the A unit will reside, and a forest or other tall canopy in which one or more B units will log a series of files along transects or in plots.
  • Page 107 Section 5. Dealing with Sky Conditions Each B unit goes off and collects multiple below canopy files. All have only B readings. (Optional) Upon returning to the clearing, append a few more readings into the Match file (or make a new match file), before shutting down the A unit.
  • Page 108 LAI-2200C Plant Canopy Analyzer Instruction Manual this work, it must be possible for each B unit to get to the A site and take at least one A record for each file it creates. If that is not practical, then use Methods 1 or 2 instead.
  • Page 109 Section 5. Dealing with Sky Conditions End the final below file with an A record logged beside the above unit. For the below files with an A record (Files B1 and B2 in this example) analyze them with Match Method 3. You can also combine methods 2 and 3: If you have at least one file done for method 3, you can use it (before importing A records) as the match file for files with...

  • Page 110: Protocol Suggestions For Direct Sun

    LAI-2200C Plant Canopy Analyzer Instruction Manual estimate in the field based on that one reading (if it is done first, or if you pick the "closest in time" option for using A records). That way, if disaster strikes (e.g. a bear makes off with the A unit), you still have some results.

  • Page 111: Multiple Sensors With Scattering Correction

    Section 5. Dealing with Sky Conditions Multiple Sensors With Scattering Correction Scattering correction requires collecting K record pre- cursors in the field. When using multiple sensors with scattering correction, make sure ALL the sensors have their factory default calibrations (Procedure 1.5 - Resetting Wand to Factory Calibration on page 8-19), and then fol- low these protocols: Matching Method...

  • Page 112: Measuring Non-Uniform Canopies With Direct Sun

    LAI-2200C Plant Canopy Analyzer Instruction Manual clear blue sky, one K record every 10 to 15 minutes would be plenty. However, if you think you need a higher frequency of reference A records than K records, then follow Procedure 2.12 - Getting K Records on an Above Sensor on page 8-30.

  • Page 113: General Considerations When Matching Sensors

    Section 5. Dealing with Sky Conditions distribution measurements of brightness, in which the output of each ring can be compared to the others. That is, under a perfectly uniform sky, all rings would read the same value. For basic LAI measurements, this cal- ibration is not important, since each ring is ratioed with itself, so its absolute value doesn't matter.

  • Page 114: Some Scattering Correction Details

    LAI-2200C Plant Canopy Analyzer Instruction Manual verify it hasn't changed, or to interpolate match data through the time period. (This can't be done with con- sole matching, but can be done with FV2200 matching) Sky Conditions Theoretically, two perfectly leveled sensors with the same view cap aimed in exactly the same direction will see the same sky.

  • Page 115: Rain, Fog, And Dew

    Section 5. Dealing with Sky Conditions in front of the viewer. The simple reason for this is that the view with the sun at your back is dominated by foliage reflectance (say 0.05 for leaves, stems, and branches), while the view toward the sun is dominated by foliage transmittance (say 0.01 for leaves, and 0 for stems and branches).
  • Page 116 LAI-2200C Plant Canopy Analyzer Instruction Manual droplets by wiping it with the cloth provided in the lens cleaning kit. 5-36...

  • Page 117: Section 6. Canopy Types

    Section 6. Canopy Types This section includes suggested protocols and con- siderations for measuring LAI in various canopy types. Measuring Plant Canopies Short Homogeneous Canopies Short homogeneous canopies are the simplest to measure. Under stable sky conditions with a 270° view cap, one A reading for four or more B readings should be sufficient.
  • Page 118 LAI-2200C Plant Canopy Analyzer Instruction Manual In a canopy that is 1 m high, the optical sensor should be at least 3 m from the edge in any direction that it can “see”. In a plot so small that the sensor will “see” out- side the plot area if measured from the middle, one could use a 90°...

  • Page 119: Row Crops

    Section 6. Canopy Types An additional method for measuring small plots is to do the LAI computations without the outer ring. Without the outer ring, the minimum plot size decreases to 1.6 times the canopy height. The outer ring can be omitted with the Mask function prior to data collection (Pro- cedure 2.10 - Excluding Rings from Analysis - Console on page 8-29), after data collection but while the file is still...
  • Page 120 LAI-2200C Plant Canopy Analyzer Instruction Manual Figure 6-1. A row crop with a homogeneous canopy (e.g., no gaps between rows) can be measured with a wide view cap. Be sure to make all B readings at the same height; if fur-...

  • Page 121: Tall Canopies And Forests

    Section 6. Canopy Types other with the sensor looking across the row, as shown in Figure 6-1 on the previous page. Figure 6-2. A row crop with a heterogeneous canopy (e.g., gaps between rows) may require a narrow view cap and more repetitions.
  • Page 122 LAI-2200C Plant Canopy Analyzer Instruction Manual you will want to do a 3A or 4A sequence in a suitable clearing or on a tower, then make the B readings under the forest canopy at your plots or along your transects.
  • Page 123 Section 6. Canopy Types be kilometers apart and still see the same sky brightness distribution. With an overcast sky, however, the lower the clouds, the greater the probability that two sensors some distance apart will see different skies, especially with the central rings (near the zenith). A low, het- erogeneous overcast sky with quickly moving clouds is the worst case, when even 100 meters could be too great a distance between the sensors.
  • Page 124 LAI-2200C Plant Canopy Analyzer Instruction Manual This is a common reason for using a narrow view cap in a forest. Neglecting the outer ring may be necessary if an adequately large clearing is not available. In that case, the clearing should be 1.5 times the canopy height if the 45°...

  • Page 125: Making K Records In A Forest Canopy

    (Lang and Xiang, 1986). This in fact is how the LAI-2200C averages multiple B readings in a file. However, each B reading is a linear average of the light from whatever azimuthal view is visible to the sensor, as determined by the view cap.
  • Page 126 LAI-2200C Plant Canopy Analyzer Instruction Manual way to avoid this problem is to use a view cap to restrict the sensor’s field of view, so that dense and sparse regions of the canopy are included in separate B read- ings. The figure below illustrates how a 45° view cap helps isolate a gap near a transect.

  • Page 127: Conifers

    (for example, Norman and Jarvis, 1975; Oker-Blum and Kellomaki, 1983). Since the LAI-2200C assumes random foliage positioning, it will underestimate LAI in conifer canopies. Numerous researchers have developed sampling tech-...

  • Page 128: Measuring Isolated Plants

    LAI-2200C Plant Canopy Analyzer Instruction Manual Measuring Isolated Plants This section describes the measurement of isolated plants, for which a different protocol must be used. We begin with a discussion of LAI and foliage density. Note: It is best to avoid direct sun when making meas- urements of isolated canopies.
  • Page 129 Section 6. Canopy Types Also, the ground area affects the LAI measurements. For example, we might wish to express LAI based on the tree’s drip line area, or based on the area associated with the tree as a member of a community, as illustrated in the over-head view below.

  • Page 130: The Dists Vector

    LAI-2200C Plant Canopy Analyzer Instruction Manual The DISTS Vector Theory on page 10-1 describes the theory of the LAI-2200C, showing that the only theoretical difference between measuring LAI and measuring foliage density involves something called the DISTS (Distances) Vector. The DISTS Vector is a group of 5 numbers in the con- trol unit that are used in the computations.

  • Page 131: Isolated Trees

    Section 6. Canopy Types 7° 23° 38° 53° 68° To measure the foliage density of this shrub, access the Distance vectors (MENU > Log Setup > Distances) and set each of the five values to 0.7. The measurement is similar to that for LAI, except that a spatial average under the shrub is now not wanted;...
  • Page 132 LAI-2200C Plant Canopy Analyzer Instruction Manual beneath them out of the canopy (Method 2). Both tech- niques are illustrated here: The thick segments of the diagonal lines in this figure indicate the distances each ring sees through the canopy. Note that sometimes a ring will see no foliage, as with the 68°...
  • Page 133 Section 6. Canopy Types If a tree is symmetric and well isolated, several B read- ings can be taken in different directions. The figure below illustrates measuring a tree with 4 B readings 90° apart, but a better average could be obtained with 12 B readings 30°...
  • Page 134 LAI-2200C Plant Canopy Analyzer Instruction Manual A simple method for computing path lengths and can- opy volumes is provided in the FV2200 software. Use a coordinate system centered below the tree, and determ- ine the coordinates of a sufficient number of points to describe the shape of the canopy.

  • Page 135: Isolated Rows And Hedges

    Isolated Rows and Hedges The measurement of individual rows (e.g. hedges, grape vines) is possible with the LAI-2200C. Again, the data should be treated as foliage density. Here we describe two methods for measuring isolated rows or hedges.
  • Page 136 LAI-2200C Plant Canopy Analyzer Instruction Manual Method 1 The measurement of isol- ated rows, such as a hedge or the rows in a vineyard, is similar to measuring isolated trees. With this method, the above and below meas- urements are taken along the length of the row.
  • Page 137 Section 6. Canopy Types 1: (0.0, 0.5) 2: (0.0, 1.97) 3: (0.31, 1.89) 4: (0.51, 1.77) 5: (0.67, 1.55) 6: (0.63, 1.29) 7: (0.54, 1.01) 8: (0.25, 0.64) For asymmetrical canopies, LAI needs to be computed for each side of the canopy. LAI for the hedge is the average of LAI for both sides.
  • Page 138 LAI-2200C Plant Canopy Analyzer Instruction Manual In addition to the above and below-canopy read- ings, measure X, Z coordinates to char- acterize the shape of the entire canopy, measure the distance between the sensor and the hedge centerline, (the X offset...

  • Page 139: Isolated Canopies And Scattering Corrections

    Section 6. Canopy Types Isolated Canopies and Scattering Corrections The model used to do the scattering corrections in FV2200 ver. 2.0 is one-dimensional, while the geometry for an isolated canopy is clearly two or three-dimen- sional. That discrepancy is not a major issue for determ- ining scattering from diffuse radiation.
  • Page 140 6-24...

  • Page 141: Section 7. Data Analysis With Fv2200

    LAI-2000 data files (hereafter referred to as LAI files). These files can be read from disk, or imported from either console type (LAI-2200C or LAI-2000). LAI files can be manipulated in any way that they can on the control unit (console), and in many other ways besides.

  • Page 142: Main Window

    LAI-2200C Plant Canopy Analyzer Instruction Manual Main Window When the FV2200 software is launched the main win- dow will open. From this window, you can import LAI files or open LAI files from a disk. Three tool bars are visible in the Main Window: File, Display, and Edit.

  • Page 143: Basic Tasks

    USB cable. To open files that are saved on your computer’s hard drive or the LAI-2200C console if it is attached via USB, click the Open icon or File > Open and navigate to the stored file. Double click the file to open it, or select mul- tiple files and click OK.

  • Page 144: View An Lai File

    LAI-2200C Plant Canopy Analyzer Instruction Manual Once files have been opened, a view is created with the tab showing the source files. If you open another file or group of files, these will go into a second view. LAI files (rows of a view) can be cut, copied, and pasted from one view to another.

  • Page 145: Recompute Data Files

    Section 7. Data Analysis with FV2200 sensor's calibration, if it hadn’t been done already. This is discussed in Multiple-Sensor Operation Revisited on page 5-21. Both of these tasks—importing and (if neces- sary) adjusting—are accomplished using the "Import Records" dialog. Recompute Data Files There are a number of reasons a file might need to be recomputed, such as adding scattering corrections, importing A readings, masking a ring, etc., and gen-...

  • Page 146: Plot Selected Data

    Make a GPS Plot LAI files that contain GPS data, either because they were logged with an LAI-2200C console with built-in GPS, or they have had GPS data added as part of the scattering correction inputs, can be used to generate .kml files, which allows selected data to be displayed on...

  • Page 147: View Lai For Each B Record

    Section 7. Data Analysis with FV2200 Figure 7-1. LAI data plotted on Google® Earth with a .kml file produced by FV2200. View LAI for each B Record Often it is desired to “break apart” an LAI data file and see what the LAI was at each location for which there was a B reading.

  • Page 148: Computing Lai

    LAI-2200C Plant Canopy Analyzer Instruction Manual Computing LAI FV2200 duplicates the LAI computation done in the LAI-2200C console (LAI-2000 Method), and also provides some alternatives: the Lang Method, Ellipsoidal Method, and Constrained Least Squares Method. These are described below. There are some points to remember when interpreting these results: The “L”...
  • Page 149 Section 7. Data Analysis with FV2200 (CONTACT#[*]), and W is the weighting factor for the ring (LAI_W[*]). The mean contact number is a function of the trans- mittance and the path length S (DIST[*]). For n Above/Below pairs of observations, Weighting factor W is computed from where...

  • Page 150: Lang Method

    LAI-2200C Plant Canopy Analyzer Instruction Manual Lang Method A simple method of computing LAI from the slope and intercept of a plot of contact number vs. angle was pro- posed by Lang (1987). where L is leaf area index (LangLAI), m is the slope...
  • Page 151 Section 7. Data Analysis with FV2200 Campbell (1989) and Perry et al. (1988). The outputs associated with this method are listed below: CLS_LAI – LAI (or foliage density) by method of the constrained least squares. CLS_c – The smallest constraint that yields all positive area fractions.
  • Page 152 7-12...

  • Page 153: Section 8. Examples And Procedures

    Section 8. Examples and Procedures This chapter contains step-by-step instructions for most of the common operations with the LAI-2200C and FV2200. Each Example tells how to measure LAI with a particular optical sensor (wand) configuration or canopy type. Examples 2, 4, and 5 include the scattering correction for use with direct sun conditions.

  • Page 154: Example 2 - One Sensor Measurement With Scattering Correction

    Open a file (Procedure 2.2 - Opening a New Data File on page 8-24). Enter responses to the prompts and press OK to save or EXIT to skip the prompts. Now the LAI-2200C will enter Logging Mode and is ready to record data.

  • Page 155: Example 3 - Two Sensor Measurement Without Scattering Correction

    Section 8. Examples and Procedures replace the A readings with a 4A sequence. Thus, we’ll end up with a record sequence of AAAABBBB. Preliminary steps are just like the previous example. Perform a 4A sequence (Procedure 2.6 - Logging a 4A or 3A Sequence on page 8-26).
  • Page 156 LAI-2200C Plant Canopy Analyzer Instruction Manual Synchronize clocks in both wands (Procedure 1.4 - Syn- chronizing Wand and Console Clock on page 8-18), and delete any data from the above wand (MENU > Data > Wand > Purge). Start the Above wand autologging (Procedure 2.7 - Automatic Logging - Wand on page 8-27).

  • Page 157: Example 4 - Forest Sites With One Sensor (And Control Unit)

    Section 8. Examples and Procedures (Procedure 2.13 - Moving Wand Data to the Console on page 8-31). Move the above and below files onto your computer (Pro- cedure 3.1 - Moving Data to a Computer on page 8-35). Import A records from the above file into the below files (Pro- cedure 3.8 - Import A and Adjust A Records - FV2200 on page 8-38).

  • Page 158: Example 5 - Forest Sites With One Sensor (Without Control Unit)

    LAI-2200C Plant Canopy Analyzer Instruction Manual Read all files into FV2200 (Procedure 3.3 - Loading Data Files into FV2200 on page 8-36). They can all be in one view. Generate K records in file “above” (Procedure 3.9 - Gen- erating K records from Sequences on page 8-39).
  • Page 159 Section 8. Examples and Procedures file ‘BIG’, since it is the big file from which we’ll make the other files, one for each transect or plot. Load ‘BIG’ into FV2200 (Procedure 3.3 - Loading Data Files into FV2200 on page 8-36). Generate K records in ‘BIG’...

  • Page 160: Example 6 - A Simple Isolated Canopy

    LAI-2200C Plant Canopy Analyzer Instruction Manual Click the Keep button. Example 6 - A Simple Isolated Canopy Consider the example given in A Simple Example on page 6-14. In this example, the plant is a hemispherical shrub with measured path lengths of 0.7 m. Launch the FV2200 software.
  • Page 161 Section 8. Examples and Procedures MODEL IsoMeasured 6.69 0.00 1.000 DIFN 0.092 MASK ANGLES 7.00 23.00 38.00 53.00 68.00 AVGTRANS 0.059 0.068 0.097 0.084 0.131 ACFS 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 CNTCT# 4.035 3.850 3.338 3.539 2.903 STDDEV 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 DISTS 0.700 0.700 0.700 0.700 0.700 GAPS...

  • Page 162: Example 7 - Isolated Tree

    LAI-2200C Plant Canopy Analyzer Instruction Manual Example 7 - Isolated Tree Below is an example of the procedure that could be used to measure LAI for an isolated plant. The steps below will generate a file much like the example file named TREE1 in the FV2200 software, which is accessed by going to File >...
  • Page 163 Section 8. Examples and Procedures Select the file and click the Recompute button. Check the Change Canopy Model box. Check the Isolated Computed box, and the Change vertical profile box. Click the Edit… button and enter the X, Z coordinates to define the canopy shape.

  • Page 164: Example 8 - Isolated Row 1

    LAI-2200C Plant Canopy Analyzer Instruction Manual Example 8 - Isolated Row 1 There are two approaches that can be used to measure an isolated row, such as a grape vine or hedge. The first is described here, and the second is described for "Row 2"...
  • Page 165 Section 8. Examples and Procedures 1: (0.0, 0.0) 2: (0.0, 1.47) 3: (0.31, 1.39) 4: (0.51, 1.27) 5: (0.67, 1.05) Place the 6: (0.63, 0.79) sensor at the 0,0 coordinate. 7: (0.54, 0.51) 8: (0.25, 0.14) Measure the width (Y) and depth (X) of the hedge to compute the row ratio (Y/X), 5 in this case.

  • Page 166: Example 9 - Isolated Row 2

    LAI-2200C Plant Canopy Analyzer Instruction Manual The new LAI values are displayed in the Log. Save the file to retain changes. If the hedge were asymmetrical, two files would be required, one for each side of the canopy (or row 2 below could be used).
  • Page 167 Section 8. Examples and Procedures create a new file. Make an above-canopy reading, sev- eral below canopy readings, and a final above-canopy reading. Take the below-canopy readings along a line that is parallel to the centerline of the shrub, but not directly under the shrub, as shown.
  • Page 168 LAI-2200C Plant Canopy Analyzer Instruction Manual Isolated Computed radio button. Check the Change vertical profile button, then select Edit…. Enter the X, Z coordinates to define the shape of the hedge. Right click on the canopy profile to add more points.

  • Page 169: 1.0 Preoperation Procedures

    Section 8. Examples and Procedures 1.0 Preoperation Procedures You may need to go through some of these procedures before starting your field work. Procedure 1.1 - Setting the Console Clock Manually The console clock uses 24-hour time notation (1:00 p.m. = 13:00).

  • Page 170: Procedure 1.3 - Setting The Wand Clock Manually

    LAI-2200C Plant Canopy Analyzer Instruction Manual Procedure 1.3 - Setting the Wand Clock Manually The optical sensor (wand) clock can be set manually or synchronized with the control unit clock. To set the wand clock Manually: Connect the wand to the control unit, go to MENU >...

  • Page 171: Procedure 1.5 - Resetting Wand To Factory Calibration

    Section 8. Examples and Procedures Procedure 1.5 - Resetting Wand to Factory Calibration Go to MENU > Wand Setup > Select wand > Match Values > View/Set. Press LOG. Note: Factory calibration values need to be in place for sky brightness distribution to be measured, which is an important step when doing scattering cor- rections.
  • Page 172 Then follow one of two paths: Convert each file to LAI-2200C format (Procedure 3.4 - Converting LAI-2000 file to LAI-2200C on page 8-36), being sure to specify the serial number for the sensor.

  • Page 173: Procedure 1.9 - Build A Match File For More Than Two Sensors (Match Method 1)

    Section 8. Examples and Procedures Alternatively, if you wish to retain the LAI-2000 format, then when you create the two files, log A readings in one, and B readings in the other, and combine the files. Then, on subsequent data collection, be sure the sensor that logged the A readings is always the one used for above data.

  • Page 174: Procedure 1.11 - The Canopy Gap Test

    LAI-2200C Plant Canopy Analyzer Instruction Manual (Optional) Name the sensor. The name is used in the Con- tributing Sensors section of data files (see Sensor Information on page 3-29). In the Cal field, enter the calibration multiplier for your light sensor. The calibration multiplier is printed on your sensor’s calibration certificate.

  • Page 175: 2.0 Field Operation Procedures

    Section 8. Examples and Procedures 2.0 Field Operation Procedures Thi section includes procedures for field measurements. Procedure 2.1 - Making Two Wands Match - Console Matching Here’s how to make two sensors match each other prior to collecting data. This technique will adjust the match values of one of the sensors.

  • Page 176: Procedure 2.2 - Opening A New Data File

    View/Edit remarks, and/or press OK. The LAI-2200C is now in Logging Mode. Log A or B readings. Procedure 2.3 - Import to an Existing Data File With the instrument on and a sensor attached, press the START|STOP button.

  • Page 177: Procedure 2.4 - Setting Up A Controlled Logging Sequence

    Section 8. Examples and Procedures Procedure 2.4 - Setting up a Controlled Logging Sequence The controlled logging sequence is discussed in Con- trolled Sequence on page 3-15. Connect the optical sensor to the control unit. Go to MENU > Log Setup > Controlled Sequence and press OK.

  • Page 178: Procedure 2.5 - Creating A Match File For Match Method

    LAI-2200C Plant Canopy Analyzer Instruction Manual Procedure 2.5 - Creating a Match File for Match Method 2 Match methods are discussed in Three Methods for FV2200 Matching on page 5-22. Set up the A sensor and get it logging. Place the B wand...

  • Page 179: Procedure 2.7 - Automatic Logging - Wand

    Section 8. Examples and Procedures Procedure 2.7 - Automatic Logging - Wand This procedure describes how to configure a wand for automatic logging. Discussion is in Automatic Logging (Wand) on page 3-15. Attach the wand to the console. On the console, go to MENU >...

  • Page 180: Procedure 2.8 - Automatic Logging - Console

    LAI-2200C Plant Canopy Analyzer Instruction Manual Procedure 2.8 - Automatic Logging - Console This recipe describes how to configure a console for automatic logging. Discussion is in Automatic logging (Console) on page 3-16. Go to MENU > Log Setup > Console AutoLog.

  • Page 181: Procedure 2.10 - Excluding Rings From Analysis - Console

    Section 8. Examples and Procedures Press OK and the file will be recomputed using the imported records. LAI values will recompute automatically and can be viewed in MENU > Data > Console Data > select file > View Header. Procedure 2.10 - Excluding Rings from Analysis - Console The mask determines which rings are used (default = all) to compute LAI.

  • Page 182: Procedure 2.11 - Interpolating A Records - Console

    LAI-2200C Plant Canopy Analyzer Instruction Manual Procedure 2.11 - Interpolating A Records - Console The Interpolate Transcomp setting will choose the A reading that is closest in time to a given B reading to compute LAI. Go to MENU > Log Setup > Transcomp.

  • Page 183: Procedure 2.13 - Moving Wand Data To The Console

    Section 8. Examples and Procedures Use FV2200 to convert BBBA or BBA sequences to K records (Procedure 3.9 - Generating K records from Sequences on page 8-39). Procedure 2.13 - Moving Wand Data to the Console Wand data can be moved to the console and put in a new file or import to an existing file.
  • Page 184 LAI-2200C Plant Canopy Analyzer Instruction Manual You will need an optical sensor (wand), the drilled cap (lens cap with a small hole in the middle), and a white diffuse reflectance standard panel (about 25 cm by 25 cm). Let Rpanel be the absolute reflectance of the panel.
  • Page 185 Section 8. Examples and Procedures LeafTau = T / Tref Cover the reflectance standard with the type of leaves being measured. Overlap them so that all parts of the panel visible to the sensor are covered. Note the Ring #1 reading; we will refer to this value as R.

  • Page 186: 3.0 Post Operation Procedures

    LAI-2200C Plant Canopy Analyzer Instruction Manual Figure 8-1. Determining wand height for measuring leaf optical properties. Viewed from above. Shade three corners of the reflectance panel to determine the area viewed by the optical sensor. Shading of the viewed area causes the reading to change.

  • Page 187: Procedure 3.1 - Moving Data To A Computer

    Section 8. Examples and Procedures Procedure 3.1 - Moving Data to a Computer Connect the console to your computer with the USB cable. It will appear as a mass storage drive named LAI. Open the data folder in the LAI drive. Locate the LAI file (look for name it was given for logging), and drag or copy it to a directory on your computer.

  • Page 188: Procedure 3.3 - Loading Data Files Into Fv2200

    LAI-2200C Plant Canopy Analyzer Instruction Manual On the LAI-2000, Press FCT 32 and enter the page range. The incoming data will be displayed in the Wizard window, as well as routed to a view and/or saved in a file, depending on what you selected.

  • Page 189: Procedure 3.5 - Excluding Rings From Analysis - Fv2200

    Section 8. Examples and Procedures an opportunity to specify sensor serial numbers, which are useful when doing importing and adjusting records (Procedure 3.8 - Import A and Adjust A Records - FV2200 on the next page). Another method of converting formats involves saving files in a view.

  • Page 190: Procedure 3.7 - Recomputing A Data File - Console

    LAI-2200C Plant Canopy Analyzer Instruction Manual Use the Details view, click the Current tab, and edit the middle item of the Transcomp= line to be an i, and click Keep. If the file has not had A records imported yet, you can specify that the A records are to be interpolated in the Import dialog box.

  • Page 191: Procedure 3.9 - Generating K Records From Sequences

    Section 8. Examples and Procedures Procedure 3.9 - Generating K records from Sequences Normally, you only check one pattern (AAAA, AAA, etc.) per file. You can get away with mixing certain pat- terns, however, such as AAAA and AAA, or BBBA and BBA provided the sequences do not run together.

  • Page 192: Procedure 3.10 - Importing K Records

    LAI-2200C Plant Canopy Analyzer Instruction Manual warning. It won’t stop you; it’s just a check to see if you know what you are doing. Procedure 3.10 - Importing K Records If you have K records, but not in the right file, or need...

  • Page 193: Procedure 3.11 - Set Scattering Inputs For A Group Of Files

    Section 8. Examples and Procedures Figure 8-2. Importing K Records. K records can be copied from files that have them to files that need them. Only the closest-in-time K records are copied. Procedure 3.11 - Set Scattering Inputs for a Group of Files Examples are in the FV2200 2.0 User Guide (Access in the Help Menu).
  • Page 194 LAI-2200C Plant Canopy Analyzer Instruction Manual If there are still files with no K records, you can generate them based on assumptions: Click the K Record tab in the Scattering tool (Edit > Scattering). Set the drop-down menu to Make K Records from Assumptions.

  • Page 195: Procedure 3.12 - Combining Multiple Files - Fv2200

    Section 8. Examples and Procedures Procedure 3.12 - Combining Multiple Files - FV2200 The Combine Files dialog (File > Combine) lets you pick a selection of files for which all of the data records are to be combined. The file header information of the resulting file will be based on the first file’s headers in the source list.

  • Page 196: Procedure 3.13 - Determining Lai For Each B Record - Fv2200

    LAI-2200C Plant Canopy Analyzer Instruction Manual Procedure 3.13 - Determining LAI for each B record - FV2200 Double click the file to get the Details view, and click on the Gap Fractions tab. 4.0 Miscellaneous Procedures This section describes procedures that you may nned to do under special circumstances.

  • Page 197: Section 9. Instrument Software Reference

    Section 9. Instrument Software Reference This section provides a description of the functions that are available through the LAI-2200C Control Unit soft- ware. Main Menu 1 Wand Setup Select Wand X (name) or Y (name). 1.1 Set Name These fields are used to name the optical sensors. When an optical sensor is named, the name is stored in the optical sensor.
  • Page 198 LAI-2200C Plant Canopy Analyzer Instruction Manual 1.3 Cal Values Calibration multipliers are set from this field. Use the arrow and numeric keys to enter calibration values. Press OK to store the values. These values should match the calibration sheet. 1.4 Match Values These functions pertain to the match values for the selected wand.

  • Page 199: Log Setup

    Section 9. Instrument Software Reference 2 Log Setup These settings apply to new data, not existing data. 2.1 Transcomp 2.1.1 Define above: This field defines how the sensor determines which readings are above-canopy and which are below- canopy. Compare: The console will compare adjacent records to determine which type (A or B) has con- sistently higher values for active (non-masked) rings.
  • Page 200 LAI-2200C Plant Canopy Analyzer Instruction Manual Closest: Associates each above-canopy record with the closest below-canopy record (in time) to com- pute LAI. 2.1.3 Bad Readings: Bad readings occur when a below reading exceeds the value of a corresponding above reading (see page Bad Readings on page 4-7).
  • Page 201 Section 9. Instrument Software Reference 3: 38.00 4: 53.00 5: 68.00 Angles in these fields are set to reflect the view of each ring in the sensor. 2.5 Distances 2.5.1 Distance Vectors 1: 1.008 2: 1.087 3: 1.270 4: 1.662 5: 2.670 The values are the average path length each ring sees through the canopy.

  • Page 202: Data

    2.8.2 Port 2 Enabled: < On | Off > Name: Port 1 Cal: xxxxx These fields are used to configure LI-COR radi- ation sensors. Enable the port by selecting On, Name the sensor, and enter the calibration mul- tiplier for the sensor.
  • Page 203 Section 9. Instrument Software Reference Shows file name, time and date created, responses to prompts, LAI, SEL, ACF, MTA, SEM, DIFN, and SMP (sample size). This also shows GPS information if the GPS is on. 3.1.1.2.2 View ANGLES/MASK Shows angles and masks used to compute the selected data file.
  • Page 204 LAI-2200C Plant Canopy Analyzer Instruction Manual 3.1.1.3.2 Edit Mask Use Mask: Apply a mask to any ring that is not to be used in computations. Press OK to save the new settings, EXIT to cancel, and LOG to reset to default values.

  • Page 205: Console Setup

    Section 9. Instrument Software Reference 3.2 Wand Data 3.2.1 Download – to transfer data from the wand to the control unit. 3.2.2 Purge – to delete data files from the wand. 4 Console Setup 4.1 Set Time 4.1.1 Console Time Prompts for time and date.
  • Page 206 9-10...

  • Page 207: Section 10. Theory

    Section 10. Theory The LAI-2200C measures the probability of seeing the sky when looking up through a vegetative canopy in different directions. These measurements essentially contain two pieces of structural information about the canopy: 1) the amount of foliage in the canopy and 2) the foliage ori- entation.

  • Page 208: Foliage Density And Leaf Area Index

    LAI-2200C Plant Canopy Analyzer Instruction Manual 10-2 Foliage Density and Leaf Area Index In a horizontally large, homogeneous canopy, path length, S(θ) is related to canopy height h by 10-3 In such a canopy, the relation between leaf area index L and foliage density µ...

  • Page 209: Foliage Orientation

    L , which by definition must ignore clumping. The LAI-2200C computes both of these, and uses equa- tion 10-7 for its reported leaf area index value L, and the ratio of equations 10-6 and 10-7 for computing Ω...
  • Page 210 Warren Wilson (1959). The (rad ) LAI-2200C calculates foliage mean tilt angle after the manner of Lang (1986), using an empirical polynomial relating inclination angle to the slopes of the idealized curves between 25° and 65° (data in Table 10-1 on the facing page, plot in Figure 10-2 on the facing page).

  • Page 211: Implementation Algorithms

    Section 10. Theory Table 10-1. Slope Slope (degrees) (degrees) -0.6964 -0.1547 -0.6859 0.1180 -0.6546 0.3164 -0.5855 0.4131 -0.4105 0.4431 Figure 10-2. Plot of equation 10-22, which relates slope of the foliage orientation function to average inclination angle. 0° leaf angle is horizontal, and 90° is vertical. Implementation Algorithms In this section, the subscript i refers to optical sensor rings (i=1…5), and the subscript j refers to observational...
  • Page 212 LAI-2200C Plant Canopy Analyzer Instruction Manual AVGTRANS The average probability of light penetration into the can- opy is computed by 10-11 The 5 values of are labeled AVGTRANS in the LAI-2200C data file. GAPS The probability of light penetration based on averaging...
  • Page 213 W , see Weighting Factors, below. ACF and ACFS An apparent clumping factor for each ring, labeled ACFS in the LAI-2200C data file, is computed from 10-16 A total apparent clumping factor, Ω , labeled ACF in the data file, is computed from...
  • Page 214 LAI-2200C Plant Canopy Analyzer Instruction Manual 10-19 where K is the contact value for the pair. 10-20 The standard deviation of the contact numbers is reported as STDEV, and computed from 10-21 Mean Tilt Angle α is the average inclination of the...
  • Page 215 Section 10. Theory 10-23 Standard error of the mean tilt angle is estimated from 10-24 where m is the standard error of the slope m. When m > 0, we use (m-m ); otherwise, we use (m+m DIFN Diffuse non-interceptance D is the fraction of sky radi- ation that will penetrate the canopy, averaged over the hemisphere (Norman and Welles, 1983).
  • Page 216 LAI-2200C Plant Canopy Analyzer Instruction Manual where A is the average of the N above canopy readings in the file. 10-28 Weighting Factors The weighting factors for LAI and DIFN work out to be (when no rings are masked): θi dθi...

  • Page 217: Alternative Methods

    Perry et al. (1988), and Norman and Campbell (1989). Scattering Correction One of the traditional underlying assumptions of the LAI-2000 and LAI-2200C has always been that foliage absorbs all the radiation in the waveband seen by the sensor (320-490 nm). Starting with version 2.0, FV2200...

  • Page 218: How Scattering Correction Works

    (LAD). Predict the scattering effect on gap fractions. Run the Kobay- ashi model to predict the error that an LAI-2200C would make in a canopy based on LAI, LAD, and the other scattering cor- rection inputs (leaf properties, sky brightness distribution, etc.).
  • Page 219 Section 10. Theory LeafRho: Average foliage reflectance in the blue (230-490 nm waveband). LeafTau: Average foliage transmittance in the blue. SoilRho: Surface reflectance beneath the canopy in the blue. SolarZen: Solar zenith angle (0° = overhead, 90° = on horizon). SolarAzm: Solar azimuth angle (0°...

  • Page 220: Derivation Of Formulae For Determining # Of B Readings

    This (WideSky and ASky) is the one time in LAI-2200C processing that the rings of the sensor are NOT treated independently, and the factory isotropic cal- ibration is needed.
  • Page 221 As a practical matter, the term can be determ- ined by a “trial measurement” with the LAI-2200C using some number of B readings. These readings should be a fair representation of the diversity of the foliage density. Given LAI, SEL, and SMP, the...
  • Page 222 LAI-2200C Plant Canopy Analyzer Instruction Manual 10-36 Table 10-2 below, from equation 10-35, predicts the number of samples necessary for a 95% confidence that a sampled mean is within some error of a population mean. Table 10-2. Table 4-1 on page 4-4 is in terms of SEL and LAI, rather...

  • Page 223: Appendix A. Troubleshooting

    Instrument will not turn off: The LAI-2200C will not power off if a data file is open or if it is reading data from the internal memory. Wait a few moments for the data transfer to finish and close any open data files, then try again.
  • Page 224 LAI-2200C Plant Canopy Analyzer Instruction Manual seconds. Open data files may be lost. If the LAI-2200C continues to be unresponsive, remove the “AA” batteries for a moment. Replace the batteries. Stored data will not be at risk, but open data files may be lost.
  • Page 225 Continue to step 3 to put it back in place. If there is a gap between the SD card and the instrument case, then the SD card is not out of place. In that case, contact LI-COR technical support for assistance.
  • Page 226 LAI-2200C Plant Canopy Analyzer Instruction Manual Figure A-1. Light sensor and power cable connectors are circled. Disconnect the light sensor and power cable connectors (circled above) from the main PC board. Using a small Phillips screwdriver, remove the six screws (see arrows below) that attach the main PC board to the instru- ment case.
  • Page 227 Reconnect the light sensor and power cable connectors to the main PC board. Reassemble the case. Reinstall the AA batteries and battery cover. If you continue to have difficulty transferring data or reading to memory, please call LI-COR technical sup- port or email envsupport@licor.com for assistance.

  • Page 229: Appendix B. Specifications

    LAI-2270C Control Unit Sensor Inputs: 2 bulkhead connectors (6-pin) for LAI-2250 Optical Sensors. 2 BNC bulkhead connectors for LI-COR Quantum Sensors. Data Storage Capacity: 128 MB of FAT16 memory. Keypad: 22 button tactile response keypad. 10 key numeric keypad with full alphabetic capabilities with 9 function/control keys.
  • Page 230 LAI-2200C Plant Canopy Analyzer Instruction Manual 40 hours with 4 "AA" alkaline batteries without optical sensor attached and with GPS enabled. Low Battery Warning: Display indicates when battery power is <15%. Size: 20.9 x 9.8 x 3.5 cm (8.2” x 3.9” x 1.4”).
  • Page 231 (Endcap: 4.4 W x 5.1 D cm; 1.75” x 2.0”). Drilled Cap: Used to measure leaf optical properties. Weight: 0.845 kg (1.86 lbs) with batteries. LAI-2200C General Operating Temperature Range: -20 to 50° C (-4 to 122° F). Humidity Range: 0 to 95% RH, non-condensing con- ditions.

  • Page 233: Appendix C. Part Numbers

    Appendix C. Part Numbers The following is a partial list of parts available from LI-COR or your distributor. Description Part # LAI-2270C Control Unit LAI-2270C LAI-2250 Plant Canopy Sensor LAI-2250 Wand Cable 9922-127 Lens Cap Set 9920-005 Lens Cap 6520-020...

  • Page 235: Appendix D. Lai-2000 Vs. Lai-2200C

    Appendix D. LAI-2000 vs. LAI-2200C 1.0 Operational 1.1 The LAI-2200C uses menus instead of Fct codes. Access the menu by pressing the Menu key. The full structure is given in Instrument Software Reference on page 9-1. Changes are shown below, along with the equivalent Fct codes that the LAI-2000 used.
  • Page 236 LAI-2200C Plant Canopy Analyzer Instruction Manual Console Data <user picks file> View "Fct 27 View" View Header View Ang/Dst View Cntct#/StdDev View Ang/Gap Frac View Observations Edit "Fct 25 Edit" Edit Angles Edit Mask Edit Distances Edit Transcomp Import Observations Strip Observations Recompute "Fct 26 Recompute"...
  • Page 237 Appendix D. LAI-2000 vs. LAI-2200C To get records out of a wand, attach it to a console, and go to MENU > Data > Wand > Download. You can put the data into a new file, or append it to an existing file.
  • Page 238 Refer to Weighting Factors on page 10-10 for LAI-2200C weighting factors. 2.2 Ignoring rings. The LAI-2200C allows rings to be ignored in the computation of LAI. To set this for new data files: MENU > Log Setup > Masks. To change this on an existing data file: MENU >...

  • Page 239: Appendix E. References

    Appendix E. References Anderson, M. C., 1971. Radiation and crop structure. In: Z. Ses- tak, J. Catsky and P. G. Jarvis (eds), Plant Photosynthetic Pro- duction: Manual of Methods. W. Junk, the Hague, pp 412-466. Anderson, R. S., D. R. Jackett, J. L. B. Jupp, J. M. Norman. 1984b. Interpretation of and simple formulas for some key linear func- tionals of the foliage angle distribution.
  • Page 240 LAI-2200C Plant Canopy Analyzer Instruction Manual de Jesus, W. C. Jr., F. X. Ribeiro de Vale, R. R. Coelho, and L. C. Costa. 2001. Comparison of two methods for estimating leaf area index on common bean. Agron. J. 93: 989-991.
  • Page 241 Appendix E. References Lang, A. R. G. 1987. Simplified estimate of leaf area index from transmittance of the sun’s beam. Agric. and For. Meteor. 41: 179-186. Lang, A. R. G. and Y. Xiang. 1986. Estimation of leaf area index from transmission of direct sunlight in discontinuous canopies.
  • Page 242 LAI-2200C Plant Canopy Analyzer Instruction Manual radiation measurements. Agric. and For. Meteor. 42: 255- 278. Philip, J. R. 1965. The distribution of foliage density with foliage angle estimated from inclined point quadrat obser- vations. Aust. J. Bot. 13: 357-366. Ross, J. 1981. The radiation regime and architecture of plant stands.

  • Page 243: Standard Terms And Conditions

    Products. Any such charges will be added to the product invoice or subsequently invoiced to the Buyer. In the event LI-COR is required to pay any such tax, duty or charge, Buyer will promptly reimburse LI-COR.
  • Page 244 LI-COR. Unless otherwise agreed in writing, such costs will be paid by the Buyer and will appear as a separate item on LI-COR invoice. LI-COR shall ship in accordance with LI-COR standard prac- tices.
  • Page 245 Products ordered by the Buyer will pass to Buyer at time of LI-COR delivery of Products to the carrier. The carrier shall be deemed Buyer’s agent, and any claims for damages in shipment must be filed with the carrier.
  • Page 246 LI-COR, (ii) has been repaired or altered by persons other than LI-COR, (iii) has not been installed, operated, repaired and maintained in accordance with the documentation or operated outside of the environmental specifications for the Product;...
  • Page 247 Buyer, to the extent permitted by the original manufacturer or licensor. 13. Limitation of Liability. IN NO EVENT SHALL LI-COR, ITS LICENSORS OR ITS SUPPLIERS BE LIABLE TO BUYER OR ANY THIRD PARTY FOR COSTS OF PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE...
  • Page 248 LI-COR. LI-COR may assign or transfer these Conditions to any successor by way of merger, acquisition or sale of all or substantially all of the assets relat- ing to these Conditions. LI-COR or any successor may assign all or part...
  • Page 249 19. Entire Agreement. These Conditions of Sale take precedence over Buyer’s additional or different terms and conditions, to which notice of objection is hereby given. Acceptance by Buyer is limited to LI-COR Conditions of Sale. Neither LI-COR commencement of performance nor delivery shall be deemed or construed as acceptance of Buyer’s addi-...
  • Page 250 Buyer’s fault or negligence. In the event of any such delay the date of delivery shall, at the request of LI-COR, be deferred for a period equal to the time lost by reason of the delay.

  • Page 251: Index

    Index ACF 3-30, 10-7 algorithms 10-5 automatic logging console recipe 8-28 wand recipe 8-27 AVGTRANS 10-6 bad readings 4-7 batteries 2-8 bubble levels 1-4 cable connections 2-3 cables Optical Sensor 1-4, 2-3 USB 1-4, 2-5 calibration About 2-9, 3-4 Calibration Sheet 1-5 wand 5-32, 8-19 canopies 6-1...
  • Page 252 LAI-2200C Plant Canopy Analyzer Instruction Manual carrying carabiner 1-5 charting data FV2200 7-6 clock setting the console clock from GPS 8-17 setting the console clock manually 8-17 setting the wand clock manually 8-18 synchronizing wand and console clock 8-18 clouds 5-1...
  • Page 253 Index sensor information 3-29 statistics 3-29 delete files, console 3-22 delete observations, console 3-22 deleting records from wand 8-19 dew 5-35 diffuser cap 1-3 DIFN 3-32, 10-9 display Cleaning 2-10 DISTS, the distance vector 6-14 edit distances, console 3-22 embedded Bs 5-16 examples 8-1 file viewer Introduction to FV2200 7-1...
  • Page 254 LAI-2200C Plant Canopy Analyzer Instruction Manual forests 6-5 gap test 6-11 GAPS 10-6 global positioning system 3-23 configuring 3-24 HDOP 3-26 mapping 7-6 HDOP 3-26 hedge and vineyard row examples 8-12, 8-14 hedges 6-19 import and adjust A records, FV2200 8-38...
  • Page 255 Index K records 5-7, 5-11 forest canopies 6-9 generate from sequences 8-39 getting on an above sensor 8-30 importing 5-30, 8-40 making assumption 5-15 keypad 2-1 cleaning 2-10 LAI 3-30, 10-6 View for Each B Record 8-44 LAI-2250 Optical Sensor About 1-2 Features 2-8 Indicator LEDs 2-7...
  • Page 256 LAI-2200C Plant Canopy Analyzer Instruction Manual manual sequence with sensor unattached 3-14 logging mode 3-12 maintenance 2-8 calibration 2-9 optical sensor lens 2-10 replacing batteries Console 2-8 Internal Lithium Battery 2-10 Wand 2-9 manual logging sequence with sensor attached 3-15...
  • Page 257 Index moving data to a computer 8-35 MTA 3-31, 10-8 multiple-sensor operation 5-21 with scattering correction 5-31 non-uniform canopies 5-32, 6-9 optical sensor 2-6 PAR Sensors 3-16 plant canopies 6-1 plotting data FV2200 7-6 power on/off 3-1 prompts setting 3-11 quantum sensor 3-16 rain 5-35 recompute data files...
  • Page 258 LAI-2200C Plant Canopy Analyzer Instruction Manual rename files, console 3-22 replacing internal lithium battery 2-10 row crops 6-3 scattering correction 5-6 FV2200 7-5 inputs for the model 10-12 setting inputs 8-41 theory 10-11 using two sensors 5-31 with isolated canopies 6-23...
  • Page 259 Transcomp on the console 3-6 transmittance 10-13 two sensor mode 3-9 updating firmware 2-12 USB Connection 3-22 using the LAI-2200C 3-1 view caps 1-3 Blocking Foreign Objects 4-4 Canopies with Gaps 6-9 Indvidual Trees 6-15 Row Crops 6-3 Short Homogeneous Canopies 6-1...
  • Page 262 LI-COR GmbH, Germany Siemensstraße 25A 61352 Bad Homburg Germany Phone: +49 (0) 6172 17 17 771 envsales-gmbh@licor.com envsupport-eu@licor.com LI-COR Ltd., United Kingdom St. John’s Innovation Centre Cowley Road Cambridge CB4 0WS United Kingdom Phone: +44 (0) 1223 422102 envsales-UK@licor.com envsupport-eu@licor.com...

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