Honeywell VersaWave + 5G System Description, Installation And Maintenance Manual
Honeywell VersaWave + 5G System Description, Installation And Maintenance Manual

Honeywell VersaWave + 5G System Description, Installation And Maintenance Manual

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Honeywell International Inc.
400 Maple Grove Road
Ottawa, Ontario K2V 1B8
Canada
CAGE: 38473
Telephone: 800-601-3099 (Toll Free U.S.A./Canada)
Telephone: 602-365-3099 (International Direct)
Website:
https://aerospace.honeywell.com
System Description, Installation,
and Maintenance Manual
VersaWave + 5G
Legal Notice
Export Control
These items are controlled by the U.S. government and authorized for export only to the country of ultimate
destination for use by the ultimate consignee or end-user(s) herein identified. They may not be resold,
transferred, or otherwise disposed of, to any other country or to any person other than the authorized ultimate
consignee or end-user(s), either in their original form or after being incorporated into other items, without first
obtaining approval from the U.S. government or as otherwise authorized by U.S. law and regulations.
ECCN: 7E994.

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Summary of Contents for Honeywell VersaWave + 5G

  • Page 1 Website: https://aerospace.honeywell.com System Description, Installation, and Maintenance Manual VersaWave + 5G Legal Notice Export Control These items are controlled by the U.S. government and authorized for export only to the country of ultimate destination for use by the ultimate consignee or end-user(s) herein identified. They may not be resold,...
  • Page 2 Materials to maintain or repair only the subject Honeywell Product installed or intended to be installed on the aircraft you own and/or operate and only at the facility to which these Materials have been shipped (“the Licensed Facility”).
  • Page 3 U.S. Government. You may not design or manufacture a Honeywell part or detail of a Honeywell part, to create a repair for a Honeywell part, design or manufacture any part that is similar or identical to a Honeywell part, compare a Honeywell part or design of a Honeywell part to another part design, or apply for TCCA PMA or other domestic or foreign governmental approval to manufacture or repair a Honeywell part.
  • Page 4: Safety Advisory

    SYSTEM DESCRIPTION, INSTALLATION, AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL – VersaWave + 5G Limitation of Liability – Honeywell makes no representations or warranties regarding the use or sufficiency of the Materials. THERE ARE NO OTHER WARRANTIES, WHETHER WRITTEN OR ORAL, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO (i)
  • Page 5: Copyright Notice

    SYSTEM DESCRIPTION, INSTALLATION, AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL – VersaWave + 5G Copyright – Notice Copyright 2023 Honeywell International Inc. All rights reserved. Honeywell is a registered trademark of Honeywell International Inc. All other marks are owned by their respective companies. ©Honeywell International Inc. Do not copy without express permission of Honeywell.
  • Page 6: Table Of Contents

    SYSTEM DESCRIPTION, INSTALLATION, AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL – VersaWave + 5G Contents Introduction ..........................10 How to Use This Manual ......................10 General ..........................10 Observance of Manual Instructions ..................10 Units of Measure ........................10 Illustration ..........................10 Scope ............................. 10 Hardware Part Numbers .......................
  • Page 7 SYSTEM DESCRIPTION, INSTALLATION, AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL – VersaWave + 5G Safety ............................ 22 Installation ..........................23 Maintenance ......................... 24 Fault Finding .......................... 24 IDU ............................25 Overview ..........................25 Safety warnings ........................26 Installation ..........................27 Maintenance ......................... 31 Fault Finding .......................... 32 Environmental Specification ....................
  • Page 8 SYSTEM DESCRIPTION, INSTALLATION, AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL – VersaWave + 5G Wi-Fi Antenna ........................... 55 Overview ..........................55 Safety warnings ........................55 Installation ..........................55 Maintenance ......................... 56 Fault Finding .......................... 56 System Validation ......................... 57 System Operation ......................... 57 Appendix A – Certification and Reference Documents ..............58 Appendix B –...
  • Page 9 SYSTEM DESCRIPTION, INSTALLATION, AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL – VersaWave + 5G Figure 1 – VersaWave + 5G System diagram ..................16 Figure 2 - Inmarsat Satellites ........................ 17 Figure 3 – Inmarsat Satellite Network diagram ..................17 Figure 4 - Terminal Outline ........................19 Figure 5 - Satcom Antenna Cable (90600596) ..................
  • Page 10: Introduction

    VersaWave + 5G. This manual includes information for end users about how to operate the VersaWave + 5G. The VersaWave + 5G connects to the Inmarsat satellite network and is intended for use on UAVs for command, control and streaming back of live video and other mission data.
  • Page 11: Customer Support

    To tell Honeywell of a possible data error in a publication. Honeywell Aerospace Contact Team (1) If you do not have access to the Honeywell Technical Publications Website, or if you need to speak to personnel about non-Technical Publication matters, the Honeywell Aerospace Contact Team gives 24/7 customer service to Air Transport &...
  • Page 12 SYSTEM DESCRIPTION, INSTALLATION, AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL – VersaWave + 5G ©Honeywell International Inc. Do not copy without express permission of Honeywell.
  • Page 13: Acronyms And Abbreviations

    SYSTEM DESCRIPTION, INSTALLATION, AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL – VersaWave + 5G 3. Acronyms and Abbreviations General (1) The abbreviations are used in agreement with ASME Y14.38. (2) Acronyms and non-standard abbreviations used in this publication are listed in Table 1 Table 1 - List of Acronyms and Abbreviations...
  • Page 14 SYSTEM DESCRIPTION, INSTALLATION, AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL – VersaWave + 5G Illustrated Parts Catalog Light Emitting Diode Low Gain Antenna Micro Controller Unit Millimetre MOPS Minimum Operational Performance Standards Minimum Performance Standards Not Applicable NGSS Next Generation Satellite Services Operational Program Software Part Number Pub.
  • Page 15: System Description

    The VersaWave + 5G system operates out of nominal 28Vdc power line with maximum power consumption rating 100W. System Assembly The VersaWave + 5G system makes up the AES portion of the network and consists of the following elements: Satellite Data Unit, referred to as the Indoor Unit (IDU), •...
  • Page 16: User Interfaces

    SYSTEM DESCRIPTION, INSTALLATION, AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL – VersaWave + 5G Figure 1 – VersaWave + 5G System diagram RF (WiFi) RF (Satcom) User 2x USER ETHERNET RS232/485 Interfaces USER USB POWER RF (Cellular) RF (Cellular) RF (Cellular) Inmarsat Satellite Network The Inmarsat Satellite Communications Network consists of: •...
  • Page 17 SYSTEM DESCRIPTION, INSTALLATION, AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL – VersaWave + 5G Figure 2 - Inmarsat Satellites The coverage area of the satellites is formed through the use of a global beam, regional beams and narrow spot beams. The services offered in a given region will operate from a single Inmarsat satellite at any one time.
  • Page 18: Cellular Network Provisioning

    Cellular network provisioning Cellular connectivity is established using Honeywell’s Global Cellular Services and/or Honeywell’s Regional networks. Users should use the following link to activate cellular services. Honeywell’s activation team will ship out the applicable USIM based on service selected. The product also supports the use of ESIM’s when available.
  • Page 19: Installation

    SYSTEM DESCRIPTION, INSTALLATION, AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL – VersaWave + 5G Solutions Johnson. Wi-Fi Antenna 001-0009 2.4/5GHz Dipole Antenna with Reverse Polarity SMA(M) connector by TE Connectivity Laird. Wi-Fi Antenna Cable 65530260515305 MMCX(M) to Bulkhead Reverse Polarity SMA(F), 150mm long by Würth Elektronik.
  • Page 20: Satcom Antenna Cable

    (2) The cable consists of an SMA male connector at the IDU end, a length of coaxial cable and a TNC right angle male connector at the antenna end. (3) The Honeywell part number 90600596 will be supplied with the terminal, which is a 0.5m cable.
  • Page 21: Maintenance

    SYSTEM DESCRIPTION, INSTALLATION, AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL – VersaWave + 5G Table 3 – Satcom Antenna Cable Properties Cable ID Coax Bending Bending Weight Temperat Length Radius Radius Torque Torque ure Range (Installation, (Repeated, (Nm) (Nm) (⁰C) 0.007 0.3 – 0.6 0.5 –...
  • Page 22: Data/Power Cable Assembly (Not Provided Within Kit)

    SYSTEM DESCRIPTION, INSTALLATION, AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL – VersaWave + 5G 3. Data/Power Cable Assembly (Not Provided within Kit) Overview Figure 6 - Power/Data Cable Assembly (90600882) The Data Cable is not provided with the hardware shipment as it is specific to each users specific needs.
  • Page 23: Installation

    SYSTEM DESCRIPTION, INSTALLATION, AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL – VersaWave + 5G ensure that they can carry this sustained current without overheating. Note: connectors of a solder bucket type typically have a maximum current rating of 3A and so may not be suitable.
  • Page 24: Maintenance

    SYSTEM DESCRIPTION, INSTALLATION, AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL – VersaWave + 5G USB_GND AWG 28 USB_GND ETH1_RXN ETH1_RXN STP AWG ETH1_RXP ETH1 ETH1_RXP ETHERNET RJ45 ETH1_TXN STP AWG ETH1_TXN 10/100 ETH1_TXP ETH1_TXP ETH1_GND Shield ETH2_RXN STP AWG ETH1_RXN ETH2_RXP ETH2 ETH1_RXP ETHERNET...
  • Page 25: Idu

    SYSTEM DESCRIPTION, INSTALLATION, AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL – VersaWave + 5G 4. IDU Overview Figure 9 - Indoor Unit (1) The Indoor until houses the radio modems, an application processor, platform interfaces and power protection circuitry. Figure 10 - Front Panel Details...
  • Page 26: Safety Warnings

    SYSTEM DESCRIPTION, INSTALLATION, AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL – VersaWave + 5G (2) The interfaces and functionality enabled in the IDU is determined by the software version it runs. See Section 5 Indoor Unit Software for more details. Table 7 - Indoor Unit Platform Interfaces...
  • Page 27: Installation

    SYSTEM DESCRIPTION, INSTALLATION, AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL – VersaWave + 5G (1) The case of the IDU can become very hot. Allow the IDU to cool down after operation and exercise due caution before touching the antenna or surrounding structures. Figure 12 - IDU Antenna Heat Warning...
  • Page 28 SYSTEM DESCRIPTION, INSTALLATION, AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL – VersaWave + 5G Figure 13 - Indoor Unit Mounting Positions (2) If the IDU is mounted on its bottom, a 0.25-inch, 6.4 mm gap between the bottom surface of the IDU and the mounting surface should be provided, to allow for convection airflow to cool the bottom and lower edges of the IDU.
  • Page 29 Figure 14 - Indoor Unit Dimensions...
  • Page 30 (4) The IDU relies on convection airflow for cooling, ensure there is sufficient space around the IDU for this. (5) On the rear face, behind a removable panel, are slots for both the Satcom and Cellular SIM cards. Either ensure there is access to these when the IDU is mounted or that the IDU can be removed if/when the SIM cards need to be changed.
  • Page 31: Maintenance

    SYSTEM DESCRIPTION, INSTALLATION, AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL – VersaWave + 5G (11) The Satcom antenna supply will only be enabled when the voltage supply to the IDU is within the acceptable range for the configured Satcom antenna. (12) The maximum current draw by the IDU is 4A. Ensure that the power supply and cabling can sustain this load without overheating.
  • Page 32: Fault Finding

    SYSTEM DESCRIPTION, INSTALLATION, AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL – VersaWave + 5G Fault Finding (1) The IDU contains a buzzer, which beeps on power up. Figure 17 - IDU Status LEDs Power Status No light – no power Red – voltage outside IDU range Orange –...
  • Page 33: Indoor Unit Software

    SYSTEM DESCRIPTION, INSTALLATION, AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL – VersaWave + 5G Operational Shock DO-160G section 7.2 and 7.3 and Crash Safety (516.2) DO-160 Performance curve C Vibration DO-160 Cat U Curve G Waterproofness Sand and Dust Salt Fog Magnetic Effects Modified to operational voltage range...
  • Page 34: V2 Software

    SYSTEM DESCRIPTION, INSTALLATION, AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL – VersaWave + 5G Figure 18 - V1 Software IP Routing Indoor Unit Satcom Modem 192.168.1.1 Cellular Modem 192.168.1.2 V2 Software (1) The V2 software add the Transparent Tunnel feature and allows the use of either Ethernet port for any function.
  • Page 35: Installing Software

    SYSTEM DESCRIPTION, INSTALLATION, AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL – VersaWave + 5G Figure 19 - V2 Software IP Routing Indoor Unit Can select between direct access to Satcom Satcom Modem or Transparent Tunnel use of Satcom 192.168.1.1 Can select between direct access to Cellular...
  • Page 36: Class 15 Satcom Antenna

    SYSTEM DESCRIPTION, INSTALLATION, AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL – VersaWave + 5G 6. Class 15 Satcom Antenna Overview Figure 20 - Class 15 Antenna (1) Connecting the Class 15 Antenna to the Indoor unit allows the Indoor Unit to operate on the Inmarsat SwiftBB satellite network.
  • Page 37 SYSTEM DESCRIPTION, INSTALLATION, AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL – VersaWave + 5G Figure 21 - Class 15 Elevation Bands (6) The data rate through the VersaWave terminal is dependent upon many factors such as size of ground plane, network congestion, satellite selection, multipath fading, satellite elevation, UAV banking etc.
  • Page 38 SYSTEM DESCRIPTION, INSTALLATION, AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL – VersaWave + 5G Figure 22 - Class 15 Effect of Banking on Forward Data Rate Figure 23 - Class 15 Effect of Banking on Return Data Rate ©Honeywell International Inc. Do not copy without express permission of Honeywell.
  • Page 39: Safety Warnings

    SYSTEM DESCRIPTION, INSTALLATION, AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL – VersaWave + 5G Table 13 - Class 15 Antenna Specifications Component Characteristic Specification Part Number 89000015-009 Length 5.6 in. (142.24 mm) maximum Width 4.4 in. (111.76 mm) maximum Height 2 in. (50.8 mm) maximum Weight 1.06 Lbs (0.482 Kg)
  • Page 40: Installation

    SYSTEM DESCRIPTION, INSTALLATION, AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL – VersaWave + 5G (2) The Indoor Unit should be isolated from the UAV power supply prior to any maintenance to avoid any possibility of personnel being irradiated. (3) The antenna base plate can become very hot. Allow the antenna to cool down after operation and exercise due caution before touching the antenna or surrounding structures.
  • Page 41 SYSTEM DESCRIPTION, INSTALLATION, AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL – VersaWave + 5G b. Appendix B – Class 15 Ground Plane Thermal Performance for more information. (12) The antenna should be mounted on, and electrically bonded to, a ground plane. a. The ground plane affects the antenna gain pattern. The larger the ground plane is the more reliable the satellite signal will be, particularly for lower satellite elevations.
  • Page 42 Figure 26 - Class 15 Antenna Dimensions...
  • Page 43: Maintenance

    Maintenance (1) The Indoor Unit should be isolated from the UAV power supply prior to any maintenance to avoid any possibility of personnel being irradiated. (2) The antenna can be cleaned with a microfibre or soft cotton cloth dampened with water. (3) Chemical cleaning agents should not be used.
  • Page 44: Class 7 Satcom Antenna

    SYSTEM DESCRIPTION, INSTALLATION, AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL – VersaWave + 5G 7. Class 7 Satcom Antenna Overview Figure 28 - Class 7 Antenna (1) Connecting the Class 7 Antenna to the Indoor unit allows the Indoor Unit to operate on the Inmarsat SwiftBB satellite network.
  • Page 45 SYSTEM DESCRIPTION, INSTALLATION, AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL – VersaWave + 5G conditions, for example the satellite elevation, reflections from nearby buildings or water and nearby sources of interference. HDR can achieve >500kbps in good conditions. (6) Class 7 supports bitrates of up to 332kbps with the Background connection type.
  • Page 46 SYSTEM DESCRIPTION, INSTALLATION, AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL – VersaWave + 5G Figure 29 - Class 7 Operating Range Table 16 - Class 7 Antenna Specifications Component Characteristic Specification Part Number 90600820 Diameter 12.44 in. (316.0 mm) radome maximum 13.55 in. (344.1 mm) mounting flange.
  • Page 47: Safety Warnings

    SYSTEM DESCRIPTION, INSTALLATION, AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL – VersaWave + 5G Modulation Emission Designation FCC ID IC ID Antenna Connector Type TNC (Female) Storage Temperature Operating Temperature -40 to 55°C (-40 to 131°F) Designed to Environmental Categories RF Exposure Limit 3.28 ft (1.0 m) Safety warnings (1) The safety distance between operator and antenna is 3.28 ft (1.0 m).
  • Page 48 SYSTEM DESCRIPTION, INSTALLATION, AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL – VersaWave + 5G (4) The primary mounting method provides the optimum performance for both environmental sealing and maximum air speed. Figure 32 - Class 7 Antenna Recessed Mounting Section 12x M3 Bolt 12x M3 Washer...
  • Page 49 SYSTEM DESCRIPTION, INSTALLATION, AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL – VersaWave + 5G Figure 34 - Class 7 Antenna Surface Mount Section TBC x M TBC Bolts (7) The antenna can also be mounted without the radome. In this case it must be ensured that the surrounding aircraft structure is RF transparent (at 1.5 to 1.7 GHz).
  • Page 50 SYSTEM DESCRIPTION, INSTALLATION, AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL – VersaWave + 5G Figure 35 - Class 7 Antenna Dimensions (9) The antenna receives its power through the Satcom Antenna Cable from the IDU. The Class 7 antenna requires that the IDU supply voltage is between 24VDC and 31VDC. The antenna will be disabled if the IDU supply voltage falls outside of these limits.
  • Page 51: Maintenance

    SYSTEM DESCRIPTION, INSTALLATION, AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL – VersaWave + 5G 40 dB isolation between them at 1559 to 1610 MHz and 1626.5 to 1675.0 MHz (Satcom band), 120 inch is typically required. (14) GNSS antennas on the UAV should be compliant on DO-229D or later.
  • Page 52: Cellular Antennas

    SYSTEM DESCRIPTION, INSTALLATION, AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL – VersaWave + 5G 8. Cellular Antennas Overview Figure 37 - Cellular Antenna Figure 38 – IDU to Cellular Antenna cable (1) The cellular modem inside the IDU supports both 4G and 5G as well as 4x4 MIMO.
  • Page 53: Maintenance

    SYSTEM DESCRIPTION, INSTALLATION, AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL – VersaWave + 5G Antenna 5G/4G Monopole TG.55.8113 Taoglas Limited Antenna with SMA(M) connector Antenna Cable MMCX(M) to 415-0071-MM250 Cinch Bulkhead SMA(F), Connectivity 250mm long Solutions Johnson (2) Mount the antennas at least 200mm from other antennas (for example the Wi-Fi and Satcom antennas).
  • Page 54 SYSTEM DESCRIPTION, INSTALLATION, AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL – VersaWave + 5G (2) Check that the resistance of the centre conductor from one end of the cable to the other is less than 0.25 ohms. (3) Check that the resistance of the screen from one end of the cable to the other is less than 0.25 ohms.
  • Page 55: Wi-Fi Antenna

    SYSTEM DESCRIPTION, INSTALLATION, AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL – VersaWave + 5G 9. Wi-Fi Antenna Overview Figure 39 - Wi-Fi Antenna Figure 40 - Wi-Fi cable (1) The Wi-Fi modem supports both the 2.4GHz and 5GHz bands, but not simultaneously. It supports both the AC and N standards.
  • Page 56: Maintenance

    SYSTEM DESCRIPTION, INSTALLATION, AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL – VersaWave + 5G Antenna Cable MMCX(M) to 65530260515305 Würth Elektronik Bulkhead Reverse Polarity SMA(F), 150mm long (1) Mount the antenna at least 200mm from other antennas (for example the Cellular and Satcom antennas).
  • Page 57: System Validation

    SYSTEM DESCRIPTION, INSTALLATION, AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL – VersaWave + 5G System Validation System Operation ©Honeywell International Inc. Do not copy without express permission of Honeywell.
  • Page 58: Appendix A - Certification And Reference Documents

    ID received is marked on the physical nameplate of all non-prototype certified equipment. (6) Pursuant to section 1.925 of 47 CFR of the Commission’s rules, Honeywell International Inc. has been granted waivers of Sections 87.131, 87.133, 87.137, 87.139(i)(1) and 87.141(j) of the FCC rules. The waivers of these sections permit the FCC certification of the Small SATCOM transceiver to support the Inmarsat SwiftBroadband aircraft communications services.
  • Page 59 SYSTEM DESCRIPTION, INSTALLATION, AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL – VersaWave + 5G (10) NOTICE: Changes or modifications made to this equipment not expressly approved by EMS Technologies Canada, Ltd., a wholly owned subsidiary of Honeywell International Inc. may void the FCC authorization to operate this equipment.
  • Page 60: Appendix B - Class 15 Ground Plane Thermal Performance

    SYSTEM DESCRIPTION, INSTALLATION, AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL – VersaWave + 5G Appendix B – Class 15 Ground Plane Thermal Performance To assist with designing the antenna ground plane to dissipate the antenna thermal load, a range of empirical measurements are provided here to provide guidance. These measurements were taken with an antenna mounted, together with a range of ground plane sizes, onto a carbon fibre sheet to simulate a possible installation.
  • Page 61 SYSTEM DESCRIPTION, INSTALLATION, AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL – VersaWave + 5G Figure 41 - Class 15 Antenna Temperature Rise in Still Air Antenna Temperature Rise in Still Air (200kbps to the ground) Groundplane Thickness (mm) None Ø160 Ø180 Ø200 Ø240 Ø300 180x300 ©Honeywell International Inc.
  • Page 62 SYSTEM DESCRIPTION, INSTALLATION, AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL – VersaWave + 5G Figure 42 - Class 15 Antenna Temperature Rise in 4.5m/s Air Flow Antenna Temperature Rise in 4.5ms Air Flow (200kbps to the ground) Groundplane Thickness (mm) None Ø160 Ø180 Ø200 Ø240...
  • Page 63 SYSTEM DESCRIPTION, INSTALLATION, AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL – VersaWave + 5G Figure 43 - Class 15 Antenna Temperature Rise over Time in Still Air (No Groundplane) Antenna Temperature Rise over Time in Still Air (No Groundplane) Time (minutes) 0kbps to the ground (RX only) 200kbps to the ground (RX and 100% TX) The antenna will switch off when it reaches 120⁰C (248⁰F) but should be kept below 85⁰C (185⁰F).
  • Page 64: Appendix C - Class 15 Ground Plane Electrical Performance

    SYSTEM DESCRIPTION, INSTALLATION, AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL – VersaWave + 5G Appendix C – Class 15 Ground Plane Electrical Performance The antenna gain pattern is affected by the size of the ground plane, particularly for low satellite elevations. Inmarsat Class 15 terminals, like VersaWave, work down to satellite elevations of 20⁰...
  • Page 65: Appendix D - Interference To The Satcom Modem

    SYSTEM DESCRIPTION, INSTALLATION, AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL – VersaWave + 5G Appendix D – Interference to the Satcom Modem The Satcom modem in this product operates on the Inmarsat network, which uses satellites in a geostationary orbit (approximately 35,800 km above the equator). Consequently, the signals received from the satellite have a very low level and are susceptible to interference from closer sources.

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