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.l
:i
its sclies
rosistor',1210. thc positi\.c
chai'ge
cLu'',
c being appiied to thc
c(rltrol grid oI
the
tul)r,.
3.5
DECADE
FRE9UENCY
DIVIDER
1ilis !llit is
r.i,(luir'(.d
pr.irDrilil! lor diviJing
input
frcclreni:les
iry
tc]r rl,,rIing
l0
PETIIOD
AVETiIAGE
ru.'ilsin (,Dlont.
It
is.illso
used
during frequc]lcv nit,e-
sur'.rnrel]r
1o
di'.'i.lo
thc
S
ID.
CA
f
E
r
IME
liDring
sig-
uals
11,)xr
ihc i
iDrc
B.LSC
s,)
tirat
STD.
GA
iE
TIMES
11'orn
0.
rr[]l 1r
1[r
si(
\)rr.ls
c,i11
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lha
siair
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irs
rf
1[]
Liloc!clcs to
I li,('ic
pcr
s.rel]C
ol)tlrir.ii lronl
thc irr.rI]tirstr.ln
divi,lc|s, Tllis
u!)il. urlliiia
Ih{t
lrl.rlrlJSlrirn
di\'iliar.
is Irot s(:nsltivrl
tr)
ils
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will
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up
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rv( L,s i{,d to
thr,
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lii,r
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lht litst
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1i''ilrl.rtri!. 'l')rf
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has
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stirLii,
stal{rs. ,\-sl(ia
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Ll-si:1(.
cut
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a1l.i
!icc
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(
irc rit
r{,nr.tiJls
ir eitliol
stallc Lurlil
tl
n.itlrtirf
plrls(-
is rpplieJ
to
thc colrno]r plalc-load
r-.sistoI
Lir
swit( h ('ondLrctr)n
ii) ti)c oppositc
sr(lc,
'fir.
g|id-s
irfc
biirscri so
th!!t
positii
l
puls(,s
q
ill
not
s.,.'iich
tlic cir.Iit. A negati!c
inl)ut
puLse
d(,)r,s
not
.riir.al
tlle
lube
th:rt rs
aut
oii lut
iler:reltst,s
(:()n,iilr'tlorl
ri
lh(,
iLrl)e
that rs .or1(luctirrg. i'his
n
ill l |rcllsf
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lurn
thc
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llirs sivil(
lrad
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i,lLo i,)
the
()thel-.
'l'liI irir:t is
.rp|1ie(1
to thc
co]lr:noD
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{
irIuil
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iLrrii
sirlcc th(, ILit(,5
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t()
th.,
!1iils.
Sect.Itr
Page
5
3-6
AMPLITUDE
OISCRIMINAIOR
Alnplitude Discrinriirrtors are
used
to devclop
the
ftst-r'isc
pulscs
requi|ed to opcr'atc suilsequent
l)int-
ries
lt
i1
ccrtJili !oltlge
le1€,1
on
the
dliving
!va!e-
loIms.
For c\anrple:
a
sine lvit\ie applicd to
tl)e
iD-
put
(
ollllcctor
l()r' lr'equer)c1' rrreasLllelnent lrrust
i)e
conlcrted irLo constant-rmlllituJe. Iast-rise llulses
to op..r'xtr
t;1c
in.licrting countcl
Llnits
l'eliablv.
Llput
sigruls Io1'period
lr'rcir
s u
reDr
ents
lrnst
be con\,cl1ed
irto
coDstlrlt
-a
nrlllitudc. lasl-l'ise
pulses
for.
precise
opcning
anci
closirlg oi thc
Counted
Signal Gate,
'Ihc esseittiiil
p.Lfi
of thc
Amplitude
Disc
rimirlirtor,
.r
S('lrnjtt
TIigger.
prodLrccs
a
liirgc.
sharp
uutpLlt
puLs1,
r(.:t.LIdloss
of th(, sllape
ol
the
sisnal that
trig-
lers it.
ID
.lddition.
tiro
cliscr'inlrnator c:ln lle
a(l-
iustcd
l)v
its
scnsitivit!
a.l.iL)stnrcnt
so
that
it will
pro-
:iuce
thr
output pulse
'lvhcn
thc
ir)put
signal
ICilchcs
. ,',
r'i.u
\.,11.,''
l.,rel. FJ.h,lis( r'i.rliIlrl ,r'i- llr'
-
.(d.rri
lx a.litierolltial
anrplilier.
so
that
1r
substiurtllrl
trlgil.'r
opc1.atrng
!oltirilc is assurcd.
The opelirtion
:rt l)re
Scnrnitt
TriggcIS is.lcscrilred
l)elow.
A
S(
hDritt
Tliggcr
corlsists
()1
two
anlplifie!s
(t!vin-
trr(rilI
tulre).
..r( ir
hil!irrg
ix)th
.l-c plirte-to-grld
and
(
irti()dc-to-rlltllodc
r'oupling
lr'oxl A triode to B
1ri(xle.
'l
I(, r'ir'(xit
lixs
1\!
st:lllle
st!1tos;
A side
Iully cor-
ii.r(tirg. I]
si{le cut
olli
R
siilc
iully
condu(ting.
A
s
i.lr
(
qt
L)fi .
Tlrc
(
ir'.Llits
renain
h
eithe
r strble
statc
L|1111
:lIir.'eir
1o
the
s\ritching lx)irlt
l)v
the
dilferential
arnpi,lif r.
'f
rc
(1-( ',o1l.tg{
l(,r{
L
ripl)lrr(l
tLr
the
A-srcle
grid de-
1(,r'lrr!res
r|lr(h
slirii,the cir'(\rit
\rill
be
in.
I{ the
grid
! )ltil(. i5
llrLr].r'
lr()sitive
tl)ii11
.L
ce].lain establlshed
1r,,i,1.
A sitio'.fi11 .,,Dillr(t
and
E
sidc
will
not:
iI
r)lo|c'
(:.llir'(,thrrn
lirilL
s.lllir le\cl. A
si,ila,
u.ill cutofl
and
Il
side
1\'ll1
(olillLri'i.
E.!('h
tinrc
the
A-side grid
roll-
lr!..
(
rrisses
,,his
thrcshuicl in the opposite
dire.tion.
1.I,-'cir('uit
chr
gcs
state. In pr.a(ticc,
the
thrcsholrl
'.'oitiu(,rs
sliqhtly
mor(.
positive
\\tcn
mol,inB
t]rc
grid
j[
..1
p()sitilc .lir(,ctii)n.
and
slightl-v n]orc negatilc
lvllcn Dro!ln! th(,
grid
in
a
negit11,e
direction.
Tht:
Ilrnlte llet*'c.,n tlrc t\\'o
dilfere t
voltagc
lcveis is
the
hvstoresis oi the cir'ouit. Hyste!esis
is
the
limiting
Iactor-on
s(.nsitilily
since the input voltage
must
s!yine
thrrrr.rgll
l)(ith
liysteresis.limits to
produce
an
output
puls{.- Thc hyst!r'esis ol
this
cilcuit
shoul.d be
aJlustod to
g,i\'(,
e
sensitiYit!
between
0.
1
and
0.2
\'(r
lt.
'lh(,
l]].iD11(,J'
in,,\'hich
the Schlnitt
Triggcl
changes
stnt(,is
as
lollo\vs:
Il
A
Si.ie
is culofl rnd
B
side
iS
conductrn!.
and the
-4.
sile
gr.id
il)ltugc is graduall!'
made lrl.lr.e
positivc.
11
qriil
1'oitirgc
,,ril] l)e reached
tltat
wili
cause
A
Sidc
t,r
,
t)rdlr(
t.
Whflr
.\
side begins
to
conduct
its
plate
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