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Quick Reference - Measure a Leak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-1
Leakage: The Beast and This Book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-4
Why Monitor & Measure Cable Leakage? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-6
Control of Cable Leakage in 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-6
Government Regulation of System Leakage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-6
Implementing An Effective CLI Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-7
What is Leakage? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-1
How Leakage Egresses Into the Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-1
Common Leakage Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-2
Underground Leakage Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-5
Damaged Cable Sheathing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-7
Other Hardware Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-8
Troubleshooting The Cable System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-8
Introduction to Leakage Test Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-1
What Equipment is Needed For Leakage Detection? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-2
Leakage Detection Meters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-2
Features of the CLI 1450 and CLI-1750 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-2
Unique Features of the CLI-1750 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-3
Review of Leakage Meter Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-4
Secondary Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-5
Important Leakage Meter Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-6
Screen Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-6
Leakage Screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-6
Measurement Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-6
Find and Fix Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-7
Antenna Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-8
Alarm (Volume Control and Mute) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-8
Set Leakage Configuration Screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-8
Alarm Condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-9
Alarm Threshold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-9
Alarm Mute Time-Out . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-10
Leakage Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-10
Measurement Frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-10
Measurement Carrier Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-11
Tag Modulation Frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-11
Reference Distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-11
Peak-hold Reset Period (Peak-the-Leak) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-13
Edit Antenna Factor (Antenna Factor) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-13
Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-15
How Antennas Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-15
The Monopole Antenna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-17
The Dipole Antenna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-17
Features of the HD-1 Dipole Antenna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-18
Docking Station, DS-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-19
Tagger, LT1000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-20
Signal Transmitter, LST-1700 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-21
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Summary of Contents for Acterna CLI-1450
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Page 1: Table Of Contents
Table of Contents Section 1: Introduction to Leakage Quick Reference – Measure a Leak ..........1-1 Leakage: The Beast and This Book . - Page 2 Table of Contents Section 4: Leakage Detection Guide Set-Up Your Leakage Meter ........... . .4-1 Test Your Equipment –...
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Page 3: Section 1: Introduction To Leakage
Introduction to Leakage ~ Quick Reference Measure a Leak 1. Choose Your Weapon: Acterna offers two leakage detection meters, the CLI- 1450 and the CLI-1750. Both meters are fully equipped to measure egress and ingress leakage sources and have similar features and functions. The CLI-1750 includes additional options that can be used for home-wire-testing. - Page 4 4. Patrol for Leakage: Connect the meter to the vehicle’s antenna through your vehicle’s docking station. Turn your meter “ON”, set-up your leakage screen, check for the “Measurement Mode”, and vehicle antenna icon. Adjust your alarm signal and start to patrol.
- Page 5 8. Scan For Leakage Source: Hold the HD- 1 antenna in the air and rotate anten- na slowly until the meter alarm indi- cates a strong signal and a new peak reading is reported. If the leakage level identified is greater than or equal to the minimum leakage level specified by your cable system, repair the leak- age source or report it for repair.
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Page 6: Leakage: The Beast And This Book
12. Acterna Home-Wiring Test Kit (HWTK): Extensive testing shows that one of the main challenges of the suc- cessful offering of new services is the current home wiring. The model CLI- 1750, used in conjunction with the Model LST-1700 Signal Transmitter... - Page 7 • Evaluating, selecting and using ing tools recognized by the most suc- RF signal leak detection equip- cessful field technicians. ment. Our Advice: You can best deal with “the beast” through on-going training and • Developing skills needed to by using a good set of standard detect and record signal leakage processes and procedures.
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Page 8: Why Monitor & Measure Cable Leakage
~ Why Monitor & Measure Cable Leakage? Control of Cable Leakage in 2000 potential hazards to public safety. The Federal Communications Consequently, a second benefit results, when signal leakage out of the Commission (FCC) in the United States and the CENELEC in Europe cable system is controlled, the poten- are two government agencies respon- tial for signal leakage into the cable... -
Page 9: Implementing An Effective Cli Program
extensive Cumulative Leakage Index What becomes increasingly clear, is (CLI) program to systematically moni- that the leakage limits (20 µV/m) pro- tor the overall cable system for egress vided are not strong enough to allow and ingress and to prevent non-com- the new interactive services (e.g. - Page 10 to continuous improvement. Through and maintain equipment before the development and adoption of an and after use. effective Cumulative Leak Index (CLI) • Inexperienced and experienced Program, field technicians can contin- field technicians should be pro- ually improve the skills needed to vided the opportunity to learn effectively identify and repair sources and share experiences related to...
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Page 11: Section 2: Practical Information About Leakage
Practical Information about Leakage ~ What Is Leakage? Leakage can be defined as “the Ingress refers to the RF noise or inter- amount of radio frequency (RF) signal ference that leaks into the cable sys- that escapes or infects the cable sys- tem (See Figure 2). -
Page 12: Common Leakage Sources
When a signal radiates from a fault in provided below give examples of how the cable, it propagates in a pattern of leakage detection can be deceptive to waves. As the signal’s strength the experienced and inexperienced increases and decreases along the technician. - Page 13 can eliminate potential leak sources using a process of elimination. Cable leakage is more common in the following areas of the cable system. Potential What Leak Site Definition to look for? Headend The control center of a cable televi- Check for bad cable sion system, where incoming signals connections, malfunc- are amplified, converted, processed...
- Page 14 Potential What Leak Site Definition to look for? Splices and Fittings A mechanical/electrical connection to Water and weather can join two wires or cables together. result in pulled-out, sucked-out, loose or corroded fittings. Splices at Taps, Refer to the Glossary of Terms found Check for bad connec- Line-Extenders, in Appendix E for the following defi-...
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Page 15: Underground Leakage Sources
gy than a drop source and could pro- duce a much greater effect on the sys- tem’s total leakage into the airwaves. Other less common leakage sources include: • Malfunctioning television sets • Two piece fittings and VCRs • Splitters used outside without •... - Page 16 Underground leakage sources are most common at the following locations: Potential What Leak Site Definition to look for? Bore Cable system term used to describe Knowing the path of (Trench) the trench or hole dug prior to bury- where the cable is ing the cable underground.
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Page 17: Damaged Cable Sheathing
A most difficult and costly problem below grade supplies which can handle exists if the underground leak, located analog CATV, but are incapable of han- in a feeder or trunk line, is caused by dling advanced services. The best extremely poor workmanship or inferi- solution to this problem, and also the or materials. -
Page 18: Other Hardware Problems
~ Other Hardware Problems Expansion and drop loops are common Water damage to equipment occurs problems in older cable systems, espe- when a poor seal is made between the cially with a 0.412 (inches) cable. housing and its cover or lid. Water Repeated seasonal expansion and con- will travel via the center conductor traction eventually causes the cable to... -
Page 19: Section 3: Leakage Detection Equipment
As technology advances, the need for Models CLI-1450 and CLI-1750 sophisticated, easy to use, equipment will be required by all field techni- cians in the cable industry. ACTERNA SLM Features of the CLI-1450/1750 has developed a full line of equip- meter include: ment specifically designed with the field technician in mind. -
Page 20: What Equipment Is Needed For Leakage Detection
There are two types of leakage detec- we will only discuss meter functions tion meters available through ACTER- that are needed to measure leakage. NA; these models include the CLI-1450 Please refer to the operation manual and CLI-1750. Both leakage detection for each model regarding specific... - Page 21 This leakage signal can be detected by the CLI-1750 for monitor- ing in-home leakage. The LST-1700 The CLI-1450 and CLI-1750 are almost can even frequency "tag" it’s own CW identical in their appearance and signal to prevent false leakage alarms functionality.
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Page 22: Review Of Leakage Meter Components
~ Review of Leakage Meter Components rectly. The information summarized The field technician should have a below provides an overview of the thorough understanding of the func- meter components and functions that tions available on the leakage meter a field technician should understand. and must be able to use the meter cor- Soft Keys –... -
Page 23: Secondary Functions
~ Secondary Functions the desired secondary function. A Each secondary function is represent- complete list of secondary functions ed by a green icon on your meter. and icons is provided below. When using the secondary function, press the “SHIFT” key first and then Meter Key Strokes Function Description Opens Leakage screen... -
Page 24: Important Leakage Meter Functions
Status Bar – Displays current date, battery charge, and time. ~ Important Leakage Meter Functions Both the CLI-1450 & CLI-1750 meters Measurement Mode: This feature is have several important functions that designed to allow the field technician all field technicians should under- to scan for leakage from a distance stand and apply. - Page 25 Measurement Mode Screen reference distance. compensation factor Current antenna factor peak mark shows comparison with current reading measurement frequency tag icon identifies leak is from toggles between your system “Measurement Mode” and “Find & Fix” Mode Peak-Hold alarm volume antenna compensation antenna factor can switch adjusts to read correct cali- from vehicle mounted to...
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Page 26: Antenna Type
Antenna Type: The middle soft key is Alarm (Volume Control and Mute): used in the leakage display screen to The leakage meter is equipped with select the antenna used during a leak- an audible alarm that will provide a age measurement. Press the soft key progressive modulated tone indicat- and review the antenna types on the ing the strength of the leak in the... -
Page 27: Alarm Condition
• Alarm Condition by pressing the “ENTER” key. • Alarm Threshold h.In some situations, specific num- bers can be entered manually • Alarm Mute Time-Out from the keypad. Review the • Leakage Units instructions provided for setting- up each function. •... - Page 28 Set the alarm threshold at the µV/m of d.The audio mute can be toggled your choice. Press “ENTER” when “on and off” by pressing enter key completed. (insert enter icon) while the leak- a. Use up or down arrow to raise and age screen is displayed.
- Page 29 With CLI-1450 & b.Enter your own value, using the HWTK-1750 the user is able to enter meter keypad.
- Page 30 The Importance of order to clarify this point. Assume an Reference Distances average sized leak is measured in a patrol vehicle to be 70.29 µV/m on Although regulations specify that channel C (133.2625 MHz). While the leakage measurements must be taken leak is greater than 50 µV/m and must at 3 meters (10 feet) from a leak be included in the FCC Cumulative...
- Page 31 There are several types of antennas search for leakage without constantly that will work with the CLI-1450 & looking at the meter while patrolling. HWTK-1750. Each antenna type has Set function by choosing one of the fol- its own unique set of antenna factors.
- Page 32 The tor to produce the field strength default antenna val- (microvolts per meter). ues are specific to the ACTERNA antennas. Field strength is related to the amount of energy “captured” by the antenna. For a given field strength in...
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Page 33: Antennas
ACTERNA’s cable leakage meters elim- entry for those who wish to supply inate the need for complicated calcu- their own antenna factors. lations during field RF leakage meas- urements. A complete set of antenna Remember: If you remove the CLI- factors is stored in the meter’s internal... - Page 34 principle should be applied to a vertical leak, hold the antenna in a vertical posi- tion. In simple terms, you should point your antenna in the same directional position as your leak. The two types of antennas that we will discuss in this manual are the mono- Side View Top View...
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Page 35: The Monopole Antenna
The Monopole Antenna ACTERNA recommends the use of the HD-1 dipole antenna, especially for The radiation pattern of a monopole new and inexperienced field techni- antenna is omni-directional and radi- cians. The vehicle mount monopole ates equally in all directions. The... - Page 36 Length of each element of the half- tures of both of the CLI-1450 and wave dipole antenna CLI-1750 meters, allow the field in inches = 2,952 ÷ ƒ • 0.96 technician to conduct quick and in centimeters = 7500 ÷...
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Page 37: Docking Station, Ds-1
20.25 ~ Docking Station, DS-1 The DS-1 Docking Station, designed In addition, when the leakage meter is by ACTERNA, provides convenience to mounted in the docking station, the the field technician when patrolling leakage meter will be automatically for leakage sources. After the docking switched to the vehicle’s antenna and... -
Page 38: Tagger, Lt1000
The tagger icon will appear in the leakage display screen of both the CLI-1450 & CLI- 1750 when a specific distinctive leak- age signal is detected. The unique signal detected by the tagger is very... -
Page 39: Signal Transmitter, Lst-1700
important when checking for leakage quency be adjusted to a mini- in overbuild situations. mum of 20 Hz. Press “ENTER” when complete. Three key adjustments must be com- pleted before the Tagger can be used correctly. 1. While in the leakage screen, press “SHIFT”... - Page 40 application and capabilities of this The Model LST 1700 Signal instrument. The benefits of using the Transmitter can be used to pro- LST-1700 include: vide a source for a frequency domain reflectometry (FDR) test of in-house The Model LST 1700 can be wiring to help locate faults.
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Page 41: Section 4: Leakage Detection Guide
CLI-1750 only) • Leakage Detection Meters – • Docking Station – DS-1 (optional CLI-1450 and CLI-1750 for patrol vehicles) • Vehicle Mount Antenna, ~ Set-Up Your Leakage Meter In this guide we will only discuss the •... -
Page 42: Test Your Equipment - Calibrated Leak For Drive-Outs
1. Gather the equipment needed for vehicle at least 10 feet (3 meters) from leakage testing: the leakage source. • Leakage detection meter (e.g. CLI-1450 or CLI-1750). 3. Set-up your leakage source • Antennas (step a. see illustration, page 4-5), (e.g. dipole antenna HD-1 and turn your equipment “ON”... - Page 43 • Connect your leakage detection b.If the dipole antenna is not on meter to the dipole antenna/pole. your screen at this point, use the middle Soft key to choose the • Rotate the antenna to a position antenna icon until you have the that matches the polarization of dipole antenna on your screen.
- Page 44 • Press the “SHIFT” key and the 8. Using the antenna compensation leakage key. Your screen should adjustment, match the leakage meter say “Leakage” at the top of the reading of the vehicle mount antenna screen. with the same value previously recorded with the dipole antenna.
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Page 45: Patrol/Drive-Outs For Leakage Sources In The Field
9. You have now calibrated your patrol vehicle’s best leakage set-up, by com- pensating for the obstructions on it (e.g. ladders, rack, antenna cable, etc.). Turn your frequency-generat- ing source “OFF”. 10. With your leakage meter docked and vehicle antenna in place, you are set-up for patrolling. - Page 46 Patrol / Drive-out Diagram Small Leak The illustration indicates potential leak detection areas in a typical cable network diagram. Medium Leak Big Leak 1. As a result of your vehicle antenna • Edit Antenna Type (i.e. Antenna Factor) compensation, your vehicle and leak- age detection equipment have been 3.
- Page 47 Using ACTERNA's Leakage Test System • Be safe and reliable; use a docking station • Make sure the DS-1 docking station, used to mount the CLI-1450/1750, is in a convenient position for the driver. Mount the VMA-3 vehicle mount antenna in the middle of the truck's roof for best ground plane.
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Page 48: Measure A Specific Leakage Source (Walk-About) In The Field
Standing Wave ~ Measure a Specific Leakage Source (Walk-About) in the Field • Leakage meter (CLI-1450/1750) At this stage of the manual, you have identified a leakage source as a result • dipole antenna (HD-1) of patrolling. The procedures in this •... - Page 49 5. Press the “SHIFT” key followed by ty to determine the general location the auto scale (#3) key to reset your of the leak source. The alarm on your peak reading before you begin to scan meter will have rapid tones as you the general vicinity for leakage.
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Page 50: Triangulation Method
10. If an FCC measurement is not 12. After the leakage source is required, repair the leak. repaired, check for other leakage sources in the area. Triangulation Method 15 to 20 feet (5 to 7 meters) ~ Measure a Leakage Source for FCC or CENELEC Compliance In this section of the manual, we have... - Page 51 10 feet / 3 meters from the The ACTERNA pole is 10 foot (3 cable, the antenna may be held 10 meters) tall and is made of a non- feet / 3 meters above ground and conductive fiberglass material.
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Page 52: Ingress Measurement - Why And When
na slowly until a new peak read- ed to the FCC. Note: Always ing is obtained. Lock the peak check with the specific policies of reading by pressing the “SHIFT” your cable system regarding FCC / key followed by the #2 key. After CENELEC guidelines. - Page 53 (for more detailed infor- the quality of service provided to the mation refer to the ACTERNA Wallchart: RF Signal Leakage “Find & Fix” Guide) customer. Unless the field technician adopts a standard ingress prevention...
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Page 54: Guide For Leakage Detection In The Home
Take the proper equipment 7. Check the current threshold read- • Leakage detection meter ing on the meter. The threshold (CLI-1450 or CLI-1750) for home-leakage detection should • LST-1700 (for use with the be set on 20 µV/m or the minimum... - Page 55 Set Your Meter to Check for Ingress • Dwell 1. Turn your meter “ON” and press • Check Limit the Navigator Key. • Limit Value 2. While in the navigator screen, use the up and down arrow key to Ingress configure screen select Ingress and then press enter.
- Page 56 Start Frequency: This function Limit Value: This function allows the allows the field technician to set field technician to set the dBmV the starting MHz value from the value desired from the keypad. Set keypad. Set this function by this function by entering a desired entering a starting value desired value for dBmV value and then for MHz and then press the...
- Page 57 I’m promoting you to do all the high voltage leakage measurements! 4-17...
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Page 59: The Fcc And The Cable Industry
Federal Regulations, parts 15 and 76 telephone services. ~ Testing Beyond Regulation In addition to the leakage require- compensation feature of Acterna’s CLI ments cited above, it becomes even products makes a best effort at cor- more necessary to test for leakage... -
Page 60: General Fcc Requirements
~ General FCC Requirements The FCC requires that cable systems that are 50 µV/m or greater at 10 ft / 3 perform each of the following: meters are included in the CLI calcu- lation. Regular Leakage Monitoring Specifically, the technician will: Each cable system must either moni- •... -
Page 61: Cumulative Leakage Index (Cli)
Note: Fly-overs are generally con- ducted by specialized engineering contractors who have an equipped air- craft with the appropriate measuring instruments already installed. ~ Cumulative Leakage Index (CLI) In March 1985, new regulations gov- distance of the leak with an imagi- erning frequency offsets, signal leak- nary point 3000 meters above the age and the cumulative leakage index... -
Page 62: European Cenlec - En 50083-3 Regulations
Appendix B ~ European CENLEC – EN 50083-8 Regulations Recommended frequency range is Leakage must be within limits: Band II. The measurement must be • Less than 20 dBpW at a distance repeatable: of 3 meters (30 to 1000 MHz) •... - Page 63 Appendix C ~ Length of Antenna Elements for the HD-1 NTCA - Frequencies Length of Elements in inches 115.2750 24.50 121.2625 23.50 127.2625 22.25 133.2625 21.25 139.2500 20.25 HRC - Frequencies Length of Elements in inches 120.0 23.5 126.0 22.5 132.0 21.5 138.0...
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Page 64: Most Frequently Asked Questions
5. Should the Dipole Antenna be compensated for 20 uv/m? A. NO because it should be an absolute reference. 6. How do you adjust the alarm volume on the CLI-1450/HWTK-1750? A. You can raise and lower the alarm by pressing the left and right arrow keys.
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