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Summary of Contents for Xorcom GW0017
- Page 1 GW0017 User Manual GW0017 VoIP Gateway User Manual V3.0 Xorcom Ltd. 8 Katom St., Misgav Industrial Park, 2017400, Israel Phone: +972 4 9951999, support@xorcom.com Xorcom USA 145 S Jefferson Ave Suite G Cookeville, TN 38501 USA Phone: 1-866-967-2661, info.usa@xorcom.com...
- Page 2 GW0017 User Manual Preface Welcome Thanks for choosing the GW0017-128S Analog Gateway for VoIP! We hope you will make full use of this rich-feature FXS VoIP Gateway. Contact us if you need any technical support: support@xorcom.com About This Manual This manual provides information about the introduction of the analog VoIP gateway, and about how to install, configure or use it.
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Page 3: Table Of Contents
1 Product Introduction ........................1 1.1 Overview ................................. 1 1.2 Application Scenario............................1 1.3 Product Appearance............................2 1.3.1 Appearance of GW0017-128S ........................ 2 1.3.2 Ports and Connector ..........................3 1.4 Features & Functions ............................4 1.4.1 Key Features ............................4 1.4.2 Physical Interfaces .......................... - Page 4 Contents 4.1 Preparations for Login ............................ 17 4.1.1 Network Connection ..........................17 4.1.2 Log In Web Interface ..........................18 4.2 Navigation Tree .............................. 18 4.3 Status & Statistics ............................19 4.3.1 System Information ..........................19 4.3.2 Port Status ............................. 22 4.3.3 Current Call ............................
- Page 5 Contents 4.11.5 Tel → IP/Tel Routing .......................... 59 4.12 Manipulation ..............................60 4.12.1 IP → Tel Called ........................... 60 4.12.2 Tel → IP/Tel Caller ..........................61 4.12.3 Tel → IP/Tel Called ..........................62 4.13 Management ..............................64 4.13.1 TR069 ..............................64 4.13.2 SNMP ..............................
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Page 6: Product Introduction
Each board has 8 FXS ports and the gateway supports 128 FXS ports at maximum. GW0017 supports the standard SIP protocol and it's compatible with leading IMS/NGN platforms and SIP-based IP telephony systems. It is ideally suited for small and medium businesses, call centers and multi-location environments that need VoIP services. -
Page 7: Product Appearance
GW0017 User Manual The general application scenarios of GW0017-128S for carrier are as follows: GW0017 1.3 Product Appearance 1.3.1 Appearance of GW0017-128S Front View: Back View:... -
Page 8: Ports And Connector
FXS ports to connect standard analog phone or FAX FXS Ports 0~7 RJ45 machine or a PBX Console port is used to carry out maintenance-related Console Port RJ48 configurations The button is used to restart GW0017-128S Reset Button Reset Button... -
Page 9: Features & Functions
GW0017 User Manual The description of indicators of GW0017-128S Indicator Definition Status Description Power supply is normal . Power Indicator There is no power supply or power supply is abnormal. Slow Flashing The device is running properly Running Fast Flashing SIP account is registered successfully. -
Page 10: Voice Capabilities & Fax
GW0017 User Manual User Board ⚫ 2* RJ45 connectors with 8 FXS MCU Board ⚫ 1*RS232, 115200bps 2*10/100/1000Mbps, RJ45 1* USB 2.0 ➢ Voice Capabilities & Fax ⚫ G.711A/U law, G.723.1, G.729A/B, G.726,iLBC Silence Suppression ⚫ Comfort Noise Generation(CNG) ⚫... -
Page 11: Software Features
GW0017 User Manual RFC3266 IPv6 in SDP ⚫ RFC2806 TEL URI ⚫ ⚫ RFC3581 NAT,rport Outbound Proxy ⚫ DNS SRV/ A Query/NATPR Query ⚫ SIP Trunk ⚫ ⚫ Early Media/Early Answer NAT:STUN, Static/Dynamic NAT ⚫ ➢ Software Features Hunting Group ⚫... -
Page 12: Maintenance
GW0017 User Manual Storage Temperature: -20 ℃ ~80 ℃ ⚫ Humidity:10%-90% Non-Condensing ⚫ Dimensions(W/D/H): 440*300*135mm(3U) ⚫ ⚫ Unit Weight: 9.3kg Compliance: CE, FCC ⚫ ➢ Maintenance SNMP ⚫ TR069 ⚫ Auto Provisioning ⚫ ⚫ Web/Telnet Configuration Backup/Restore ⚫ Firmware Upgrade via Web ⚫... -
Page 13: Quick Installation
Mechanical load: please make sure the gateway is placed steadily to avoid damage. It’ s ⚫ highly advised to horizontally place the gateway on a flat surface or a cabinet. 2.2 RJ45 Wire Sequence GW0017-128S is equipped with RJ45 interface as FXS port. The internal wire sequence of RJ45 cable is shown as follows:... -
Page 14: Installation Steps
The other end uses the RJ11 interface to connect to the analog phone. Each interface can output 4 FXS voice interfaces, as shown in the figure below, (RJ45) 2.3 Installation Steps Connect the power adapter to the power jack of the GW0017 device; ⚫ Connect telephone line to the FXS port(s); ⚫... - Page 15 GW0017 User Manual Connect network cable to the GE0/GE1 port; ⚫...
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Page 16: Basic Operation
Both the GW0017-128S and other VoIP device have public IP addresses; The GW0017-128S and other VoIP device use private IP addresses of a same LAN; The GW0017-128S and other VoIP device can be connected through a router and use public or private IP addresses (with necessary port forwarding or DMZ). -
Page 17: Call Holding
GW0017 User Manual You cannot make direct IP calls between two FXS ports of a same Note： GW0017-128S since they are using the same IP addresses. Call through IP address is only routed to the default destination port 5060. 3.3 Call Holding... -
Page 18: Attended Transfer
GW0017 User Manual On the Advanced →Feature Code page, blind transfer should be enabled. Note： If B hears continuous busy tones after he dials the extension number of C, it means the call has timed out. 3.5.2 Attended Transfer Attended transfer is a call transfer in which the transferring party connects the call to a third party after he confirms that the third party agrees to answer the call. -
Page 19: Description Of Feature Code
GW0017 User Manual 3.7 Description of Feature Code GW0017-128S provides convenient telephone functions. Connect a telephone to the FXS port and dial a specific feature code, and you can query corresponding information. Code Corresponding Function *158# Dial *158# to query LAN IP... - Page 20 GW0017 User Manual *111# Dial *111# to restart the device *47* Dial *47* to allow call through IP address, for example: Dial *47*192*168*1*1# to allow to call through the IP address of 192.168.1.1 *51# Dial *51# to enable the call waiting service...
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Page 21: Send Or Receive Fax
GW0017 User Manual 3.8 Send or Receive Fax 3.8.1 Fax Mode Supported T.38（IP-based） ⚫ T.30（Pass-Through） ⚫ Modem ⚫ Adaptive Fax Mode (automatically match with the peer fax mode) ⚫ 3.8.2 Explanation of T.38 and Pass-through T.38 is an recommendation for allowing transmission of... -
Page 22: Configurations On Web Interface
GW0017 User Manual Configurations on Web Interface 4.1 Preparations for Login 4.1.1 Network Connection Firstly, connect the device to network according to the above network diagrams, and connect a telephone to the FXS port. Then dial *158# to query the IP address of the gateway. -
Page 23: Log In Web Interface
It is suggested that you should modify the username and password for security consideration. Figure 4-1 Login GUI 4.2 Navigation Tree The web management system of the GW0017-128S VoIP device consists of the navigation tree and detailed configuration interfaces. Choose a node of the navigation tree to enter into a detailed configuration interface. -
Page 24: Status & Statistics
GW0017 User Manual Figure 4-2 Navigation Tree of Web Interface 4.3 Status & Statistics The ‘Status & Statistics’ menu mainly displays all kinds of information. It includes the following sub-menus: System Information, Port Status, Current Call, RTP Session, CDR, Record Statistics and VPN State . - Page 25 GW0017 User Manual Figure 4-3-1 System Information Table 4.3.1 Explanation of Items on System Information Interface: A unique ID of each device. This ID is used for warranty and cloud Device ID server authentication. Hardware address of the WAN port...
- Page 26 System Uptime Succeed: the GW0017 device is sync to NTP server successfully; NTP Status Failed: the GW0017 device fails to be sync to NTP server. Then you should check network connection and the NTP server. WAN Traffic Total bytes of message received and sent by WAN port.
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Page 27: Port Status
GW0017 User Manual The software version that runs on the GW0017 device. Model name, Current Software version number and the software development date are displayed. Version Backup software is for the purpose of backup. When the current software Backup Software fails, the backup software version will work. -
Page 28: Current Call
On the Status & Statistic → CDR page, you can enable the CDR function and view the details of all calls through the FXS ports of the GW0017 device. You can also export, filter or clear the CDRs. 5000 pieces of CDRs can be saved at most. -
Page 29: Record Statistics
Quick setup wizard guides user to configure the device step by step. User only needs to configure network, SIP server and SIP port in the Quick Setup Wizard interface. Basically, after these three steps, user is able to make voice call via the GW0017 device. For the configurations of... -
Page 30: Network
The user can configure the IP protocol, IP address obtain method, management address and DNS server of the GW0017 device on the "Network Local Network" page. GW0017 analog gateway supports IPv4 and IPv4&IPv6 two IP protocols and supports three IP address obtain methods (that is, automatically obtain through a DHCP server, setting a static IP address, and through PPPoE ). -
Page 31: Vlan（Virtual Local Area Network
GW0017 User Manual 4.5.2 VLAN（Virtual Local Area Network） In order to control the impacts brought by broadcast storms, you can divide the local-area network into three VLAN groups, including data VLAN, voice VLAN and management VLAN on the Network → VLAN page. -
Page 32: Dhcp Option
4.5.3 DHCP Option When the GW0017 device works as a DHCP client and applies for an IP address, DHCP server will return packets which include an IP address as well as configuration information of enabled option fields. -
Page 33: Qos
GW0017 User Manual 4.5.4 The GW0017 device can label QoS priority on the IP messages it sends out, so as to resolve network delay or network congestion. Meanwhile, the device can give different QoS tags for management-related packets of Web/Telnet, voice packets and signal packets. -
Page 34: Sip Server
GW0017 User Manual 4.6 SIP Server SIP server is the main component of VoIP network and is responsible for establishing all SIP calls. SIP server is also called SIP proxy server or register server. Both IPPBX and softswitch can act as the role of SIP server. - Page 35 It is used to avoid excessively frequent registrations. Registration Expires When the time that is set expires, the GW0017 device will send register request to the SIP server. The time is 300s by default. Heartbeat is used to check the connection between the GW0017 Heartbeat device and SIP server.
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Page 36: Ip Profile
The way of SIP-based transmission. It can be UDP, TCP, TLS or SIP Transport Type Automatic. Default: UDP. If this parameter is selected, the local port of the GW0017 device Use Random Port for using SIP services is chosen by random. - Page 37 GW0017 User Manual...
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Page 38: Tel Profile
GW0017 User Manual 4.8 Tel Profile The device supports setting different values for the line parameters to each port. Different ports can be configured with different gains and fax parameters as needed. Tel profile is used to create a configuration group of line parameters, service parameters, and fax parameters for the port. -
Page 39: Port
GW0017 User Manual 4.9 Port A unique SIP account used for registration can be configured for each FXS port of GW0017 device. Parameters of the SIP account include port number, whether to register, primary display name, primary SIP user ID, primary Authenticate ID, primary Authenticate password,... - Page 40 GW0017 User Manual Figure 4-11 Configure SIP Account for Port Registration Table 4-4 Explanation of Parameters Related to SIP Registration Port The FXS port corresponding to this account Disable port Whether to disable port temporally Registration Whether to enable registration for the port IP profile (need to be created in advance, refer to 4.6 IP profile...
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Page 41: Advanced
GW0017 User Manual Tel profile(need to be created in advance, refer to 4.7 Tel profile Configuration) SIP Display Name Description of SIP account. It is used to identify the SIP account. User ID of the SIP account, which is provided by VoIP service SIP User ID provider (ITSP) for registration. - Page 42 GW0017 User Manual The signal tone standard after a phone is picked up. Choose Call Process Tone national standards from the drop-down box. Default value is USA. Set the duration, interval and number of repetitions for the call Call Waiting Tone...
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Page 43: Fxs Parameter
GW0017 User Manual PSTN to IP(TX): adjust gain value from analog phone The GW0017-128Sdevice supports the three fax modes: T.38 (IP-based), T.30 (Pass-Through) and Adaptive Fax Mode FAX Parameter (automatically match with the peer fax mode). There are three fax modes: T.38, T.30(Pass-through), and Fax Mode Adaptive. - Page 44 GW0017 User Manual Figure 4-12 Configure FXS Parameters Table 4-5 Explanation of FXS Parameters If polarity reversal is enabled, call tolls will be calculated based on the changes in voltage. If polarity reverse is disabled, you need to Send Polarity Reversal set the time for offhook detection and call tolls will be calculated starting from the set time.
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Page 45: Media Parameter
Media parameters mainly include RTP start port, DTMF parameter, preferred Vocoder, etc. Figure 4-13 Configure Media Parameters Table 4-6 Explanation of Media Parameters If this parameter is enabled, the GW0017 device will choose a Use Random Port port by random as the start port for RTP. -
Page 46: Service Parameter
The interval for sending DTMF signal. The default value is DTMF Send Interval 200ms. If this parameter is enabled, the GW0017 device will send Send Flash Event flash-hook event to remote terminal, and thus user does not need to handle it locally... - Page 47 GW0017 User Manual Mainly used to define a timer that when the user is off hook an Timeout for off-hook analog phone without dial any digits With the help of dialing timeout, you can limit the time between two digits while users are typing the digits of a number through Timeout for dialing an extension.
- Page 48 Number is ‘*’ digit is ‘*’. Voicemail instructions: Here takes the GW0017-128S device together with Elastix as the example to introduce how voicemail works in the device. (1) After the device registers to Elastix server, enable the voicemail function in Elastix for...
- Page 49 (2) Check feature code in Elastix and change it if necessary. Its default feature code setting is as follows: (3) On the Web interface of GW0017-128S, click Advanced → SIP Parameter in the navigation tree and then enter voicemail User ID.
- Page 50 (5) Dial *200# on the extension which is connected to GW0017-128S, and then dial voicemail user ID and password for authentication. After that user will hear voice message. Digitmap is used for number dialing of calls through FXS ports of the GW0017 device. Digit...
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Page 51: Sip Compatibility
GW0017 User Manual 4.10.5 SIP Compatibility SIP parameters include attended transfer trigger, early media, session timer, heartbeat interval and so on. Figure 4-14 Configure SIP Parameters Table 4-7 Explanation of SIP Parameters Whether to enable RFC3407 support. If this parameter is... - Page 52 If this parameter is enabled, the device will support call Huawei IPPBX waiting of Huawei IPPBX. If this parameter is enabled, the GW0017 device will support Accept Orphan 200 OK different ‘to-tag 200 OK’ in an INVITE session. Called Number Preferred...
- Page 53 PRACK Only for 18x with If this parameter is enabled, only PRACK will be sent when there’s SDP in 18x response If this parameter is enabled, the GW0017 device supports the Early Media receiving of Early Media. If this parameter is enabled, the GW0017 device supports early...
- Page 54 GW0017 User Manual Figure 4-16 Configure Timer in SIP Protocol Table 4-9 Explanation of Timer Parameters in SIP Protocol Value of T1 timer in SIP protocol, default is 500ms Value of T2 timer in SIP protocol, default is 4000ms Value of T4 timer in SIP protocol, default is 5000ms...
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Page 55: Nat Parameter
GW0017 User Manual 4.10.6 NAT Parameter NAT Traversal (Network Address Translator Traversal) is a computer networking technique of establishing and maintaining Internet protocol connections across gateways that implement network address translation (NAT). NAT breaks the principle of end-to-end connectivity originally envisioned in the design of the Internet. -
Page 56: Feature Code
GW0017 User Manual 4.10.8 Feature Code... - Page 57 GW0017 User Manual Table 4-10 Explanation of Feature Code Inquiry LAN port IP Dial*158# to obtain device’s LAN port IP address address Inquiry Phone Number Dial*114# to obtain port account Inquiry PortGroup Number Dial *115# to obtain port group number...
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Page 58: System Parameter
GW0017 User Manual Deactivate Call Forward No Reply *92*+ forward no reply number# Activate Call Forward No Reply *93#, close this function Deactivate Do Not Disturb Activate *78#, enable DND function Do Not Disturb Deactivate *79#, close DND function Dial Voicemail *200#, visit voice mail box 4.10.9... - Page 59 Secondary NTP server The service port of secondary NTP server; Default port is 123 port The interval to synchronize the time of the GW0017-128S. SYN Interval Default value is 3600s. The time zone of the device; Default configuration is United Time Zone States central time, Chicago.
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Page 60: Call & Routing
GW0017 User Manual 4.11 Call & Routing 4.11.1 Port Group When two or more FXS ports need to register with a same SIP account, you can group the ports together and then set an account for the group on the Call & Routing → Port Group page. - Page 61 GW0017 User Manual INVITE sip:bob@biloxi.com SIP/2.0 Via: SIP/2.0/UDPpc33.atlanta.com;branch=z9hG4bK776asdhds Max-Forwards: 70 To: Bob <sip:bob@biloxi.com> From: Alice <sip:alice@atlanta.com>;tag=1928301774 Here Bob and Alice is the display name User ID of this SIP account, which is provided by VoIP service SIP User ID provider (ITSP). It is usually in the form of digit similar to phone number or an actual phone number.
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Page 62: Ip Trunk
GW0017 User Manual 4.11.2 IP Trunk A peer-to-peer VoIP call occurs when two VoIP phones communicate directly over IP network without IP PBXs between them. IP trunk helps establish peer-to-peer call between gateway and VoIP phones. IP trunk will be used in routing configuration. -
Page 63: Ip → Tel Routing
Analog Line 4.11.4 IP → Tel Routing Calls from IP network can be routed to FXS port or port group of the GW0017 device through IP →Tel routing. Figure 4-21 Add IP →Tel Route Table 4-15 Parameter Explanation of IP →Tel Routes Index of the IP →Tel routing;... -
Page 64: Tel → Ip/Tel Routing
GW0017 User Manual 4.11.5 Tel → IP/Tel Routing Calls from the FXS port or port group can be routed to IP trunk or ports of SIP server/other device through Tel →IP/Tel routing. Figure 4-22 Add Tel →IP/Tel Route Table 4-16 Explanation of Tel →IP/Tel Route The index of this Tel →IP/Tel routing;... -
Page 65: Manipulation
GW0017 User Manual 4.12 Manipulation Number manipulation refers to the change of a called number or a caller number during calling process when the called number or the caller number matches the preset rules. 4.12.1 IP → Tel Called On the IP → Tel Called page, you can set rules for manipulating the called number of IP →... -
Page 66: Tel → Ip/Tel Caller
GW0017 User Manual Set a prefix for called number. The prefix’s length is less than or equal to called number, which helps to match the called number. If called number Called Prefix is 008675526456659, the called prefix can be 0086755 or 00. “any”... -
Page 67: Tel → Ip/Tel Called
GW0017 User Manual Table 4-18 Explanation of Parameters for IP →Tel Called Number Manipulation The index of this manipulation; range is from 0 to 127. Each index Index cannot be used repeatedly. 0 is the highest priority Description Description of this manipulation; it is used to identify this manipulation. - Page 68 GW0017 User Manual Figure 4-25 Add Tel → IP/Tel Called Number Manipulation Table 4-19 Explanation of Parameters for Tel → IP/Tel Callee Number Manipulation The index of this manipulation; range is from 0 to 127. Each index Index cannot be used repeatedly. 0 is the highest priority Description Description of this manipulation;...
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Page 69: Management
GW0017 User Manual Stripped Digits The number of digits which are lessened from the left of the called from Left number Stripped Digits The number of digits which are lessened from the right of the called from Right number Prefix to Add The prefix added to the called number after its digits are lessened. -
Page 70: Snmp
GW0017 User Manual Table 4-20 Explanation of TR069 Parameters Choose whether to enable TR069; it is ‘not enable’ by default. TR069 ACS URL The IP address or domain name of ACS, which is provided by service provider. Username(ACS) Username of ACS, which is provided by service provider. - Page 71 GW0017 User Manual Figure 4-27 Configure SNMP Parameters Table 4-21 Explanation of SNMP Parameters SNMP The GW0017 device supports three versions of SNMP, namelyV1、V2C and V3.
- Page 72 Community Source: The IP address of SNMP server. Configuration SNMP server cannot identify the packets sent from GW0017 unless the community configured in GW0017 matches with the community configured in SNMP server. Group configuration exists in V1 and V2C and V3.
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Page 73: Syslog
Syslog levels include: EMERG, ALERT, CRIT, ERROR, WARNING, NOTICE, INFO and DEBUG. Figure 4-28 Configure Syslog Parameters When the GW0017 device registers to SIM Cloud server, local syslog will be changed to non-configurable and all logs will be stored on the Cloud server. -
Page 74: Provision
Account for logging in provisioning server Account Password for logging in provisioning server Password 4.13.5 Cloud server You can register the GW0017 device to cloud server, and then the device can be managed by the cloud server. Figure 4-30 Configure Cloud Server... -
Page 75: User Manage
4.13.6 User Manage On the Management → User Manage page, the administrator of the GW0017 device can classify users in different groups, and set login username and password for each user. Figure 4-31 Modify Username and Password 4.13.7... -
Page 76: Record Parameter
GW0017 User Manual 4.13.8 Record Parameter After configuring the record server, you can upload the call voice of the FXS port of the device to the record server. The record configuration page is shown in Figure 4.12-8: Table 4-24 Explanation of Record Parameters... -
Page 77: Action Url
Action URL is a means of allowing VoIP platform/VoIP server to learn about the statuses of the GW0017 device. This is realized by GET request over the HTTP protocol. During the transmission of status, some data (such as device ID, mac address, called/caller number, IP address) carried in GET request can also be reported to VoIP platform/VoIP server. -
Page 78: Sip Pnp
‘file.php’ means the script that will process this request, and ‘$mac’ means the parameter carried in the request when this request is sent out. Heartbeat: heartbeat packets are sent to URL by the GW0017 device, used to examine the connection between the GW0017 device and HTTP/HTTP server. -
Page 79: Security
WEB ACL ACL (Access Control List) for Web is used to configure IP addresses that are allowed to access the Web Interface of the GW0017 device. The IP address list can’t be null once ACL is enabled. Figure 4-35 Add IP Address to Web ACL 4.14.2... -
Page 80: Passwords
You can configure or modify the username and password for logging in the Web interface and the Telnet interface of the GW0017 device on this page. Note： Both the username and password of Web and Telnet are ‘admin’ and ‘admin’ by default. -
Page 81: Tools
GW0017 User Manual 4.15 Tools 4.15.1 Firmware Upload On the Tools → Firmware Upload page, you can upload a new firmware version from a local folder. Figure 4-38 Upload Firmware Steps of Firmware Uploading: Step 1. Check the current firmware version on the Status & Statistics →System Information page. -
Page 82: Data Restore
GW0017 User Manual 4.15.3 Data Restore On the Tools → Data Restore page, you can restore configuration data through uploading a data file from local computer. The restored configurations will take effect after the device is restarted. Figure 4-40 Restore Data 4.15.4... -
Page 83: Tracert Test
GW0017 User Manual network is not connected or is connected faultily. Figure 4-42 Execute Ping Test 4.15.6 Tracert Test Tracert is short for traceroute, used to track a route from one IP address to another. Instruction for using Traceroute: 1. Enter the IP address or domain name of a destination device in the input box of Traceroute, and then click Start. -
Page 84: Network Capture
GW0017 User Manual Destination: the IP address or domain name of a destination device that needs to be tracked. Max Hops: the maximum hops for searching the above IP address or domain name. For example, if ‘max hops’ is set as 30, and the configured IP address or domain name cannot be reached within 30 hops, it’s thought that the IP address or domain name cannot be searched. - Page 85 GW0017 User Manual Syslog Capture: Syslog capture is another way to obtain syslog which is the same as remote syslog server and file logs. The captured file is saved as pcap format so that it can be opened in some of capturing software like Wireshark, Ethereal software etc.
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Page 86: Factory Reset
Click ‘Apply’ to restore configurations of the device to the factory default settings. Figure 4-47 Reset Device to Factory Default Setting 4.15.9 Device Restart For some configurations or changes to the GW0017 device, you are required to restart the device for the configurations or changes to take effect. - Page 87 GW0017 User Manual Figure 4-48 Restart Device...
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Page 88: Glossary
GW0017 User Manual Glossary Abbr. Full Name ⚫ Automatic Call Distribution ⚫ Domain Name System ⚫ Session Initiation Protocol ⚫ Transmission Control Protocol ⚫ User Datagram Protocol ⚫ Real Time Protocol ⚫ point-to-point protocol over Ethernet VLAN ⚫ Virtual Local Area Network ⚫...