ENSTROM 280FX Series Pilot's Manual
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ENSTROM 280FX Series Pilot's Manual

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See also: Maintenance Manual , Operator's Manual
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Menominee, Michigan 49858-0490 U.S.A.
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Enstrom Helicopter Corporation
Post Office Box 490
Phone (906) 863-1200
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Summary of Contents for ENSTROM 280FX Series

  • Page 1 Enstrom Helicopter Corporation Post Office Box 490 Menominee, Michigan 49858-0490 U.S.A. Phone (906) 863-1200...

  • Page 2: Table Of Contents

    Aircraft Systems Electrical Caution and Warning Instruments Fuel System Power Train Flight Controls Power Plant Operation Procedures Airframe Powerplant Weight & Balance Performance Emergency Prefight Pilot Notes Enstrom Helicopter Corporation Post Office Box 490 Menominee, Michigan 49858-0490 U.S.A. Phone (906) 863-1200...

  • Page 3: Introduction

    INTRODUCTION Enstrom 280FX and F28-F series Helicopter Pilot Training Course Objectives The purpose of this course is to prepare an experienced helicopter pilot for a smooth transition into the Enstrom Piston powered helicopters. This course includes descriptions and theory of operation for the systems, and the location of the system components.

  • Page 4: Aircraft Description & Construction Details

    AIRCRAFT DESCRIPTON & CONSTRUCTION DETAILS GENERAL DESCRIPTION The Enstrom 280FX and F28-F helicopters are 3 bladed, single engine helicopters manufactured by the Enstrom Helicopter Corporation and certified by the FAA under part 6 of the Civil Air Regulations. Turning Radius The turning radius is about 23 feet when pivoted on the wheels about the mast.
  • Page 5 CHARACTERISTICS Helicopter description The Enstrom 280FX and F28 F helicopters are a single engine, piston powered helicopter certified for day and night VFR flight and that can be equipped for IFR flight training. The F28 F helicopter was originally certified in 1980 and the 280 FX in 1985 to the CAR 6 regulations.
  • Page 6 They can be equipped with an optional secondary muffler that lowers the noise signature significantly. All Enstrom helicopters feature a three bladed, fully articulated main rotor system which has over 4,000,000 flight hours and which has never had a catastrophic failure or thrown a blade.
  • Page 7 The pylon structure is welded up out of high carbon molybdenum steel. The landing gear, cabin and tail cone are bolted on to the pylon structure. The engine and main rotor transmission are also attached to the pylon. Enstrom Helicopter Corporation Post Office Box 490 Menominee, Michigan 49858-0490 U.S.A.
  • Page 8 The tailcone supports the tail rotor, tail-rotor transmission, horizontal and vertical stabilizers, and the tail-rotor guard. It houses the tail rotor drive shaft and can be used to mount some of the helicopter electrical equipment. Enstrom Helicopter Corporation Post Office Box 490 Menominee, Michigan 49858-0490 U.S.A.
  • Page 9 Replaceable hardened steel skid shoes are installed on each skid to resist skid wear on hard surfaces. Enstrom Helicopter Corporation Post Office Box 490 Menominee, Michigan 49858-0490 U.S.A. Phone (906) 863-1200...
  • Page 10 The co-pilot controls are removable and a seat cushion for the third passenger is inserted into the space vacated when the co-pilot collective is removed. Enstrom Helicopter Corporation Post Office Box 490 Menominee, Michigan 49858-0490 U.S.A. Phone (906) 863-1200...
  • Page 11 Engine The piston powered Enstrom helicopters are powered by a Lycoming built HIO- 360-FIAD four cylinder, air cooled engine that produces 225 Shaft Horse Power. The maximum horsepower is achieved with the aid of a Kelley Aerospace turbocharger that incorporates an adjustable waste gate that is controlled by a breakaway control rod.
  • Page 12 The power train includes the main rotor transmission, an upper pulley assembly incorporating the overrunning clutch, jack strut, drive belt, lower pulley, drive shaft and tail rotor gearbox. Enstrom Helicopter Corporation Post Office Box 490 Menominee, Michigan 49858-0490 U.S.A. Phone (906) 863-1200...
  • Page 13 Flight Controls The flight controls include three primary systems: the collective, cyclic, and anti- torque or directional controls. There is no hydraulic system installed on Enstrom Helicopters, cyclic forces are relieved using electric mechanical trim motor operated spring capsules. Collective forces are managed using a spring capsule assembly.
  • Page 14 A thrust nut on the bottom of each universal block transfers vertical blade forces to both hub plates through the universal block. Enstrom Helicopter Corporation Post Office Box 490 Menominee, Michigan 49858-0490 U.S.A.
  • Page 15 Enstrom Helicopter Corporation Post Office Box 490 Menominee, Michigan 49858-0490 U.S.A.
  • Page 16 A cap is bonded to the tip of each blade in which there are provisions for spanwise and cordwise balance weights. Two tracking tabs are riveted to the trailing edge of each blade. Enstrom Helicopter Corporation Post Office Box 490 Menominee, Michigan 49858-0490 U.S.A.
  • Page 17 IMPORTANT! The tail rotor guard will not prevent damage to the tail rotor in the event of a hard landing. Enstrom Helicopter Corporation Post Office Box 490 Menominee, Michigan 49858-0490 U.S.A. Phone (906) 863-1200...

  • Page 18: Aircraft Servicing

    Main Rotor Dampers Oil, L-45 Silicone Oil (GE Silicone L-45-20) Main and Tail Transmissions Oil, MIL-PRF-2105 (Mobil 1 Gear Oil (Mobil 1 Synthetic Gear Lubricant (75W-90) Enstrom Helicopter Corporation Post Office Box 490 Menominee, Michigan 49858-0490 U.S.A. Phone (906) 863-1200...
  • Page 19 Landing gear oleos should be serviced with the weight of the helicopter off of the landing gear, and should be all serviced at the same time or at the very least, in pairs, front and back. Enstrom Helicopter Corporation Post Office Box 490 Menominee, Michigan 49858-0490 U.S.A.

  • Page 20: Aircraft Systems

    Description – Starter / Generator Systems The starter on current production Enstrom 280FX and F28-F helicopters consists of a Skytech manufactured high-speed starter mounted on the engine, behind the main oil cooler driving on a ring gear that is mounted on the outside of the engine flywheel.
  • Page 21 The alternator switch powers the voltage regulator which controls the alternator output. The start switch energizes the starter button on the pilot collective. Enstrom Helicopter Corporation Post Office Box 490 Menominee, Michigan 49858-0490 U.S.A.
  • Page 22 IMPORTANT NEVER PERFORM A MAGNETO CHECK IN A HELICOPTER WHILE FLYING. IF THE ENGINE IS SWITCHED TO AN INPERATIVE MAGNETO THE ENGINE WILL STOP RUNNING. Enstrom Helicopter Corporation Post Office Box 490 Menominee, Michigan 49858-0490 U.S.A. Phone (906) 863-1200...
  • Page 23 On the Enstrom helicopters, the ammeter measures the voltage that is going in and out of the battery; it is not a load meter.

  • Page 24: Caution And Warning

    Main rotor gearbox chip detector has detected ferrous metal fragments LOW FUEL Electric Boost pump is producing less than PRESSURE 15 PSI LOW VOLTAGE AMBER Alternator is off-line Enstrom Helicopter Corporation Post Office Box 490 Menominee, Michigan 49858-0490 U.S.A. Phone (906) 863-1200...
  • Page 25 RPM warning system. The red Clutch Engage light will be on until the clutch is engaged. When the clutch handle snaps into position, the red Clutch Engage light will go out, and the red Low Rotor light will illuminate. Enstrom Helicopter Corporation Post Office Box 490 Menominee, Michigan 49858-0490 U.S.A.
  • Page 26 If the Clutch Engage light does not go out when the handle is stowed, or comes on in flight, a problem with the clutch over-center locking mechanism is indicated. DO NOT FLY THE AIRCRAFT UNTILL THE FAULT HAS BEEN REPAIRED. Enstrom Helicopter Corporation Post Office Box 490 Menominee, Michigan 49858-0490 U.S.A.
  • Page 27 15 PSI the lamp on the annunciator panel will illuminate. The most common cause of the Low Fuel Pressure lamp lighting is failure of the Electric Boost Pump. Enstrom Helicopter Corporation Post Office Box 490 Menominee, Michigan 49858-0490 U.S.A.
  • Page 28 The Low Rotor RPM warning audio horn should activate. Secure the clutch in the disengaged position and turn off the Battery Switch. Enstrom Helicopter Corporation Post Office Box 490 Menominee, Michigan 49858-0490 U.S.A.

  • Page 29: Instruments

    (Including Autorotation) Red Radial Minimum RPM, Power off ENGINE 3050 Red Radial Max RPM 2900 - 3050 Green ARC Continuous operation 2900 Red Radial Minimum RPM continuous Enstrom Helicopter Corporation Post Office Box 490 Menominee, Michigan 49858-0490 U.S.A. Phone (906) 863-1200...
  • Page 30 225F – Red Line 0 to 25F – Green Arc Oil Temperature Gauge 245F – Red Line 120 to 245F – Green Arc 60 to 120F – yellow Arc Enstrom Helicopter Corporation Post Office Box 490 Menominee, Michigan 49858-0490 U.S.A. Phone (906) 863-1200...
  • Page 31 Earlier helicopters will have placards and flight manual references to EGT for leaning fuel mixture. TIT is the correct reference for all leaning procedures for turbocharged engines. Enstrom Helicopter Corporation Post Office Box 490 Menominee, Michigan 49858-0490 U.S.A. Phone (906) 863-1200...

  • Page 32: Fuel System

    ¼ panel that is drained by pushing in on the drain pipe that protrudes through the side. Enstrom Helicopter Corporation Post Office Box 490 Menominee, Michigan 49858-0490 U.S.A.
  • Page 33 Fuel management may also be managed with an optional digital fuel flow system. If the aircraft is equipped with the optional fuel flow system, the actual fuel level must be entered into the Fuel Flow Totalizer. Enstrom Helicopter Corporation Post Office Box 490 Menominee, Michigan 49858-0490 U.S.A.

  • Page 34: Power Train

    There is an electric chip plug drain fitting in the bottom of the transmission that can be removed to inspect or clean without losing the oil from the transmission. Enstrom Helicopter Corporation Post Office Box 490 Menominee, Michigan 49858-0490 U.S.A.
  • Page 35 The purpose of the jack strut is to maintain the separation between the engine and the main transmission when the belt clutch is engaged, and therefore maintain belt tension. Enstrom Helicopter Corporation Post Office Box 490 Menominee, Michigan 49858-0490 U.S.A.
  • Page 36 If the clutch lever does not lay flat on the floor, do not fly the aircraft until the belt clutch rigging has been checked in accordance with SDB 0080 and section 11 of the maintenance manual. Enstrom Helicopter Corporation Post Office Box 490 Menominee, Michigan 49858-0490 U.S.A.
  • Page 37 Land immediately and investigate. Clutch engage warning switch The engine can be run with the belt disengaged without damaging the belt or drive components. Enstrom Helicopter Corporation Post Office Box 490 Menominee, Michigan 49858-0490 U.S.A. Phone (906) 863-1200...
  • Page 38 Belt The Enstrom helicopters use a wide single piece serpentine belt that is wound using a continuous Kevlar cord. There has never been belt failure on an Enstrom helicopter. During preflight inspection, look at the inside ribbing of the belt.

  • Page 39: Flight Controls

    On the piston series Enstrom helicopters, the trim motors are mounted under the pilot and copilot seat structure. There is also a set of electronic trim switches mounted on the structure adjacent to the trim motor capsule assemblies.
  • Page 40 The collective friction knob located at the left side of the seat deck is used to lock the collective in the down position. The Enstrom helicopters have very heavy symmetrical blades that are extremely stable in flight. The flight loads into the collective control system are downward, and the spring capsule under the seat balances out these forces.
  • Page 41 In the case of a stuck TR, or failure of a TR cable, the TR blades will maintain their pitch which will allow the helicopter to be successfully landed with out tail rotor control. Enstrom Helicopter Corporation Post Office Box 490 Menominee, Michigan 49858-0490 U.S.A. Phone (906) 863-1200...

  • Page 42: Powerplant

    POWERPLANT A Lycoming built HIO-360-F1AD 225 HP engine is used in the F series Enstrom helicopters. It is a horizontally opposed, fuel-injected direct-drive air-cooled engine that is turbocharged. Oil System The Lycoming engine installation has a capacity of 10 quarts. This includes 8 quarts in the engine and an additional 2 quarts in the oil filter and the oil radiators.
  • Page 43 NOTE TO PREVENT INADVERTANT ENGINE FAILURE, USE ONLY THE VERNIER CONTROL TO MAKE MIXTURE ADJUSTMENTS WHILE IN FLIGHT Enstrom Helicopter Corporation Post Office Box 490 Menominee, Michigan 49858-0490 U.S.A. Phone (906) 863-1200...
  • Page 44 Turbocharger The turbocharger consists of a housing and a spinning shaft that has a turbine wheel on one end and a compressor wheel on the other end. Enstrom Helicopter Corporation Post Office Box 490 Menominee, Michigan 49858-0490 U.S.A. Phone (906) 863-1200...
  • Page 45 Compressing the engine’s intake air allows the engine to operate with the same volume of air at high altitudes as it does at sea level which gives the engine constant available power up to 12,000 ft density altitude. Enstrom Helicopter Corporation Post Office Box 490 Menominee, Michigan 49858-0490 U.S.A.
  • Page 46 If the break-away function causes the rod to separate, do not fly the helicopter until the break-away pressure is set to factory specs. Enstrom Helicopter Corporation Post Office Box 490 Menominee, Michigan 49858-0490 U.S.A.
  • Page 47 As a practical mater, any time EGT is referenced in the flight manual, or on the instrument panel placards, TIT is intended. Enstrom Helicopter Corporation Post Office Box 490 Menominee, Michigan 49858-0490 U.S.A.

  • Page 48: Operation Procedures

    Then secure the position of wheel with the pin before removing the wheel bar. Be sure to secure the safety clip on the securing pin before flying the helicopter. Enstrom Helicopter Corporation Post Office Box 490 Menominee, Michigan 49858-0490 U.S.A.
  • Page 49 It is good practice to place the tail rotor in the horizontal position before lowering the wheels, or have some one hold the tail while the position of the wheels is changed Enstrom Helicopter Corporation Post Office Box 490 Menominee, Michigan 49858-0490 U.S.A.
  • Page 50 NOTE Enstrom recommends never leaving the doors unattended without shutting and latching them. Cabin ventilation is provided by sliding vent windows with positional winglets.
  • Page 51 NOTE The spacers are fitted to the individual doors and are not interchangeable. Take care not to loose or interchange the spacers. Enstrom Helicopter Corporation Post Office Box 490 Menominee, Michigan 49858-0490 U.S.A. Phone (906) 863-1200...
  • Page 52 Enstrom Helicopter Corporation Post Office Box 490 Menominee, Michigan 49858-0490 U.S.A.
  • Page 53 To remove the co-pilot cyclic lever two 3/8 wrenches must be used to remove the securing hardware, do not replace the nuts with a safety pin as the cyclic will vibrate due to loosenes Enstrom Helicopter Corporation Post Office Box 490 Menominee, Michigan 49858-0490 U.S.A. Phone (906) 863-1200...
  • Page 54 The co-pilot pedals can be removed by removing two pins at the pedal stalk top. There is an optional modification that allows the pedal stalks to be removed at the floor. Enstrom Helicopter Corporation Post Office Box 490 Menominee, Michigan 49858-0490 U.S.A.

  • Page 55: Powerplant

    RPM in the green. 3. Just before the struts are fully extended pause and ensure that the RPM is in the green. Enstrom Helicopter Corporation Post Office Box 490 Menominee, Michigan 49858-0490 U.S.A. Phone (906) 863-1200...
  • Page 56 RPM to catch up. The Enstrom has extremely high inertia blades and the most effective way to adjust blade RPM is by manipulating the collective in addition to making throttle changes.
  • Page 57 75 percent, however they also state that the engine may need to be leaned for base density altitudes. Some F and 280FX series aircraft have fuel injection servos that are flowed quite rich, resulting in too much fuel flow which reduces available power. The...
  • Page 58 Enstrom F and 280FX series helicopters have a fuel injection servo that incorporates an automatic mixture control which corrects the mixture for changes in density altitude. The net effect is that the pilot can pre-set the desired hover mixture TIT before initiating the approach.
  • Page 59 Leaning the mixture by turning the mixture control knob counter-clockwise will cause the fuel flow to decrease and the TIT to increase. Expected fuel flow settings on an F or FX series Enstrom would be expected to be approximately 100 lbs/hr (16.6 gallons per hour) at 29 inches manifold pressure, 3050 RPM and the mixture leaned to 1570 TIT.
  • Page 60 Most Enstrom correlators will reduce the throttle excessively so it may help to squeeze on just a bit of throttle as the collective is lowered to maintain the RPM in the green.

  • Page 61: Weight & Balance

    C.G. location can be maintained. The pilot should us this running basic total weight and C.G location when determining whether the helicopter is loaded within the limits. Enstrom Helicopter Corporation Post Office Box 490 Menominee, Michigan 49858-0490 U.S.A. Phone (906) 863-1200...
  • Page 62 Three people on board: Left seat (Pilot) -13.5 Center passenger +3.0 Right Passenger +20.5 It is the responsibility of the pilot to insure that the helicopter is loaded properly. Enstrom Helicopter Corporation Post Office Box 490 Menominee, Michigan 49858-0490 U.S.A. Phone (906) 863-1200...

  • Page 63: Performance

    VNE limit for current flight conditions. The VNE limits are slightly different for the F28 F and 280FX helicopters due to the difference in sea level max VNE. Enstrom Helicopter Corporation Post Office Box 490 Menominee, Michigan 49858-0490 U.S.A. Phone (906) 863-1200...
  • Page 64 HIGI Chart Enstrom Helicopter Corporation Post Office Box 490 Menominee, Michigan 49858-0490 U.S.A. Phone (906) 863-1200...
  • Page 65 HOGI Chart Enstrom Helicopter Corporation Post Office Box 490 Menominee, Michigan 49858-0490 U.S.A. Phone (906) 863-1200...
  • Page 66 Height Velocity Diagrams Enstrom Helicopter Corporation Post Office Box 490 Menominee, Michigan 49858-0490 U.S.A. Phone (906) 863-1200...
  • Page 67 HV Envelope A Enstrom Helicopter Corporation Post Office Box 490 Menominee, Michigan 49858-0490 U.S.A. Phone (906) 863-1200...
  • Page 68 HV Envelope B Enstrom Helicopter Corporation Post Office Box 490 Menominee, Michigan 49858-0490 U.S.A. Phone (906) 863-1200...

  • Page 69: Emergency

    As the helicopter settles toward the ground, cushion the landing by using up collective. Note: Maximum recommended ground contact speed on prepared surfaces is 35 mph. Reduce speed for landings on rough surface. Enstrom Helicopter Corporation Post Office Box 490 Menominee, Michigan 49858-0490 U.S.A. Phone (906) 863-1200...
  • Page 70 10 feet to full down collective at higher altitudes and airspeed. When engine failure occurs proceed as follows. 1. Adjust collective to maintain rotor rpm, and add right pedal to trim helicopter. 2. Adjust cyclic for autorotative glide. Enstrom Helicopter Corporation Post Office Box 490 Menominee, Michigan 49858-0490 U.S.A. Phone (906) 863-1200...
  • Page 71 If the turbocharger seizes or the wastegate seizes in the full bypass condition, proceed as follows. Enstrom Helicopter Corporation Post Office Box 490 Menominee, Michigan 49858-0490 U.S.A. Phone (906) 863-1200...
  • Page 72 2.1.1. Reduce engine power immediately. 2.1.2. Select a suitable forced landing field and land with power. 2.1.3. Be prepared for sudden engine failure at any time. Enstrom Helicopter Corporation Post Office Box 490 Menominee, Michigan 49858-0490 U.S.A. Phone (906) 863-1200...
  • Page 73 Tail rotor malfunctions There can be three types of tail rotor failure associated with the Enstrom style of tail rotor system: 1. Complete loss of thrust: 1.1. Hovering flight 1.1.1. Perform hovering autorotation 1.2. During Flight 1.2.1.1. Use cyclic control for directional control and collective and power settings to maintain 60 to 80 MPH and 45 degrees yaw 1.2.1.2.
  • Page 74 In the event of finding large chips contact a service center or the factory. Enstrom Helicopter Corporation Post Office Box 490 Menominee, Michigan 49858-0490 U.S.A. Phone (906) 863-1200...
  • Page 75 To reset the alternator, proceed as follows: 1. Check to see that the Alternator and alternator excite circuit breakers are properly set. 2. Turn off alternator switch. Enstrom Helicopter Corporation Post Office Box 490 Menominee, Michigan 49858-0490 U.S.A. Phone (906) 863-1200...
  • Page 76 1. Clutch disengagement light with left yaw. 1.1. Enter autorotation and reduce power to idle. 1.2. Perform autorotative landing. 1.3. Correct the source of trouble before continuing flight. Enstrom Helicopter Corporation Post Office Box 490 Menominee, Michigan 49858-0490 U.S.A. Phone (906) 863-1200...
  • Page 77 The helicopter should be landed as soon as practical and inspected to find the cause of the vibration. Enstrom Helicopter Corporation Post Office Box 490 Menominee, Michigan 49858-0490 U.S.A.

  • Page 78: Prefight

    This must be an airtight seal; otherwise hot air from the engine compartment will be sucked into the engine causing a significant power loss. Enstrom Helicopter Corporation Post Office Box 490 Menominee, Michigan 49858-0490 U.S.A. Phone (906) 863-1200...
  • Page 79 MRGB oil temp, check that one of these two covers has not come loose. The cover will deflect from air pressure and let the hot air out into the transmission area. Enstrom Helicopter Corporation Post Office Box 490 Menominee, Michigan 49858-0490 U.S.A.
  • Page 80 This is a good spot to store the fuel dip stick in the piston helicopters Enstrom Helicopter Corporation Post Office Box 490 Menominee, Michigan 49858-0490 U.S.A. Phone (906) 863-1200...
  • Page 81 1.1 inch. The purpose of the strike tab is to alert you to that the tail rotor could have had a strike. Enstrom Helicopter Corporation Post Office Box 490 Menominee, Michigan 49858-0490 U.S.A. Phone (906) 863-1200...
  • Page 82 TR pedals when flying the helicopter. 14. Check the pylon in the area of the clutch capsule bell crank for cracks. Enstrom Helicopter Corporation Post Office Box 490 Menominee, Michigan 49858-0490 U.S.A. Phone (906) 863-1200...
  • Page 83 15 to 20 lbs. Each time the break-a-way releases, the small plastic tipped plunger wears a bit and the force required to release the rod decreases. Enstrom Helicopter Corporation Post Office Box 490 Menominee, Michigan 49858-0490 U.S.A. Phone (906) 863-1200...

  • Page 84: Pilot Notes

    PILOT NOTES Enstrom Helicopter Corporation Post Office Box 490 Menominee, Michigan 49858-0490 U.S.A. Phone (906) 863-1200...

This manual is also suitable for:

F28-f series

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