BRUEL & KJAER 4188 Handbook
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BRUEL & KJAER 4188 Handbook

Falcon series
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Technical
Documentation
Microphone Handbook
For the Falcon™ Range of Microphone Products
Brüel&Kjær
WORLD HEADQUARTERS: DK-2850 Nærum • Denmark •
Telephone: +4542800500 •Telex: 37316 bruka dk • Fax: +4542801405 •
e-mail: info@bk.dk • Internet: http://www.bk.dk
BA 5105 –12
B
K

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  • Page 1 Technical Documentation Microphone Handbook For the Falcon™ Range of Microphone Products Brüel&Kjær WORLD HEADQUARTERS: DK-2850 Nærum • Denmark • Telephone: +4542800500 •Telex: 37316 bruka dk • Fax: +4542801405 • e-mail: info@bk.dk • Internet: http://www.bk.dk BA 5105 –12...
  • Page 2 Microphone Handbook Revision February 1995 Brüel & Kjær Falcon™ Range of Microphone Products BA 5105 –12 Microphone Handbook...
  • Page 3 Trademarks Microsoft is a registered trademark and Windows is a trademark of Microsoft Cor- poration. Copyright © 1994, 1995, Brüel & Kjær A/S All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means without prior consent in writing from Brüel & Kjær A/S, Nærum, Denmark.

  • Page 4: Table Of Contents

    About the Falcon™ Range of Microphone Products ..........1 – 2 The Microphones ......................1 – 2 Preamplifiers......................1 – 8 2. Prepolarized Free-field " Microphone Type 4188 ....... 2 – 1 Introduction ......................... 2 – 2 Sensitivity ........................2 – 4 Frequency Response....................
  • Page 5 Contents 3.11 Effect of Temperature ....................3 – 22 3.12 Effect of Ambient Pressure ..................3 – 25 3.13 Effect of Humidity ..................... 3 – 26 3.14 Effect of Vibration ..................... 3 – 27 3.15 Effect of Magnetic Field .................... 3 – 27 3.16 Electromagnetic Compatibility.................
  • Page 6 Contents 5.16 Electromagnetic Compatibility................. 5 – 28 5.17 Specifications Overview .................... 5 – 28 5.18 Ordering Information....................5 – 28 6. Pressure-field " Microphone Type 4192 ..........6 – 1 Introduction ......................... 6 – 2 Sensitivity ........................6 – 5 Frequency Response....................
  • Page 7 Contents " Microphone Preamplifier Type 2669 ..........8 – 1 Introduction ......................... 8 – 2 Frequency Response....................8 – 4 Dynamic Range ......................8 – 5 Phase Response ......................8 – 8 Effect of Temperature ....................8 – 8 Effect of Magnetic Fields ....................

  • Page 8: Introduction

    Chapter 1 Introduction 1 − 1 BE 1372 – 12 Falcon™ Range of Microphone Products Microphone Handbook...

  • Page 9: About The Microphone Handbook

    Chapter 1 — Introduction About the Microphone Handbook About the Microphone Handbook This handbook contains specific information about Brüel & Kjær’s Falcon™ Range of " microphone products. It contains a chapter on each of the microphones, a chap- ter on "...
  • Page 10 4193 4192 4191 4189 4193 4188 + DZ 9566 940369e Fig.1.1 Flow chart to help you choose the right microphone in the Falcon™ Range for your needs Measurement Standards You can use these microphones in noise measurement systems satisfying either ANSI or IEC standards (or their local equivalents).
  • Page 11 All can be used with Brüel & Kjær’s " Microphone Preamplifi- er Type 2669. The two prepolarized microphones (Types 4188 and 4189) can also be used with Brüel & Kjær’s Preamplifier Type 2671. Free-field Response or Pressure-field Response The four free-field response microphones (Types 4188 to 4191) cover specific IEC requirements and should be used in sound fields where reflections are negligible.
  • Page 12 Chapter 1 — Introduction The Microphones Specification Type 4188 Type 4189 Type 4190 Type 4191 Type 4192 Type 4193 Prepolarized Free- Prepolarized Free- Low Noise Infrasound, Description Free-field Pressure-field field field Free-field Pressure-field Nominal Open-circuit 31.6 mV/Pa 50 mV/Pa 50 mV/Pa 12.5 mV/Pa...
  • Page 13 Chapter 1 — Introduction The Microphones 1.3.3 Physical Dimensions Dimensions Type 4188 Type 4189 Type 4190 Type 4191 Type 4192 Type 4193 (mm) Microphone Length (with 14.9 17.6 17.6 13.5 13.5 13.5 grid) Housing Length (with- 14.0 16.3 16.3 12.6 12.6...
  • Page 14 Falcon Range except Prepolarized Free-field " Microphone Type 4188. It contains calibration data in the \DATA directory and a presentation program, Brüel & Kjær Microphone Viewer, in the root directory. The calibration data on each disk is described in the relevant chapters of the handbook. The Brüel & Kjær Micro- phone Viewer program must be installed on your computer’s hard disk before use...

  • Page 15: The Preamplifiers

    Chapter 1 — Introduction The Preamplifiers When the program is started from Windows™, the calibration data in the \DATA directory of the disk in the A drive is shown. If no data is found, the Open box automatically appears. Select the Sensitivity file to access all data associated with the microphone.

  • Page 16: Prepolarized Free-Field 1 / 2 " Microphone Type 4188

    Chapter 2 Prepolarized Free-field " Microphone Type 4188 2 − 1 BE 1374 – 12 Falcon™ Range of Microphone Products Microphone Handbook...

  • Page 17: Introduction

    Introduction Introduction 2.1.1 Description Fig.2.1 Prepolarized Free-field " Microphone Type 4188 with Protection Grid DD 0525 (included) Prepolarized Free-field " Microphone Type 4188 is a prepolarized " free-field microphone and offers some significant advantages when used with portable instru- ments. For example, smaller associated instruments with low power consumption can be used.
  • Page 18 The two grooves means “prepolarized”, i.e. 0V external polarization voltage. N.G. 1. July 1993 Date: Signature: ........Refer to the 4188 Product Data for further information. See also rear side. Typical random-field response with random incidence corrector Typical free-field response for 0˚ incidence Tol.

  • Page 19: Sensitivity

    Recommended Recalibration Interval With normal handling of the microphone and any associated instrument, Brüel & Kjær recommends that the microphone be recalibrated every 2 years. Prepolarized Free-field " Microphone Type 4188 is very stable over this period (see section 2.10 section 2.12).

  • Page 20: Frequency Response

    Chapter 2 — Prepolarized Free-field " Microphone Type 4188 Frequency Response With Microphone Preamplifier Type 2639: G = –0.15 dB With " Microphone Preamplifier Type 2669: G = –0.30 dB Example Loaded sensitivity of typical microphone with " Microphone Preamplifier Type 2669: = –29.8 + (–0.30) = –30.1 dB...
  • Page 21 The low-frequency response is valid when the vent is exposed to the sound field Prepolarized Free-field " Microphone Type 4188 meets the requirements of IEC 651, Type 1 and ANSI S1.4 – 1983 Type 1. 2.3.3 Actuator Response The microphone’s frequency response is determined by adding corrections for the...
  • Page 22 Chapter 2 — Prepolarized Free-field " Microphone Type 4188 Frequency Response UA 0033. This is a reproducible and practical method for calibrating a microphone’s frequency response. Response (dB) – 5 – 10 – 15 – 20 10 k 100 k...
  • Page 23 Chapter 2 — Prepolarized Free-field " Microphone Type 4188 Frequency Response increases from 0 dB at the reference frequency (1000 Hz) to approximately 0.6 dB at 1Hz. For applications where the vent is not exposed to the sound field, take care to ensure proper static pressure equalization to prevent static displacement of the diaphragm.
  • Page 24 Chapter 2 — Prepolarized Free-field " Microphone Type 4188 Frequency Response Correction (dB) 12.5 0° 30° 60° Random 180° 90° – 2.5 150° 120° θ° – 5 – 7.5 – 10 Frequency (Hz) 940795/1e Fig.2.6 Free-field correction curves for the microphone with Pro-...
  • Page 25 Chapter 2 — Prepolarized Free-field " Microphone Type 4188 Frequency Response Correction (dB) 12.5 0° 30° 60° Random 90° 180° 150° – 2.5 120° θ° – 5 – 7.5 – 10 Frequency (Hz) 940805/1e Fig.2.8 Free-field correction curves for the microphone without...
  • Page 26 Chapter 2 — Prepolarized Free-field " Microphone Type 4188 Frequency Response Correction (dB) 12.5 0° 30° 180° 90° 60° Random – 2.5 150° θ° 120° – 5 – 7.5 – 10 Frequency (Hz) 940796/1e Fig.2.10 Free-field correction curves for the microphone with Ran-...
  • Page 27 Chapter 2 — Prepolarized Free-field " Microphone Type 4188 Frequency Response 2.3.6 Random-incidence Response A microphone’s response in a diffuse sound field is equivalent to its random-inci- dence response. The microphone’s random-incidence correction curves are shown in Fig.2.6, Fig.2.8 and Fig.2.10. These corrections are added to the microphone’s actu- ator response obtained using Electrostatic Actuator UA 0033 in order to determine the random-incidence response.

  • Page 28: Directional Characteristics

    Chapter 2 — Prepolarized Free-field " Microphone Type 4188 Directional Characteristics Response (dB) – 5 – 10 – 15 – 20 10 k 100 k Frequency (Hz) 940883/1e Fig.2.14 Typical random-incidence response for the microphone with Random Incidence Corrector DZ 9566...
  • Page 29 Chapter 2 — Prepolarized Free-field " Microphone Type 4188 Directional Characteristics Note: The non-symmetrical responses are at frequencies outside the microphone’s nominal operating range (16 and 20 kHz). – 5 – 10 – 15 – 20 – 25 – 5 –...
  • Page 30 Chapter 2 — Prepolarized Free-field " Microphone Type 4188 Directional Characteristics – 5 – 25 – 5 – 25 – 10 – 15 – 20 – 10 – 15 – 20 270° 270° 8 kHz 6.3 kHz 20 kHz θ°...

  • Page 31: Dynamic Range

    Chapter 2 — Prepolarized Free-field " Microphone Type 4188 Dynamic Range Dynamic Range Definition The dynamic range is the range between the upper limit (determined by distortion) and the inherent noise floor. Both limits are influenced by the preamplifier. This section gives values for the microphone with and without a preamplifier.
  • Page 32 Chapter 2 — Prepolarized Free-field " Microphone Type 4188 Dynamic Range Sound Pressure Level re 20 µPa (dB) Microphone Preamplifier Combination Microphone Preamplifier – 5. 10 k 20 k Frequency (Hz) 940716e Fig.2.18 -octave-band inherent noise spectrum. The shaded bar graphs are the broad-band...
  • Page 33 Chapter 2 — Prepolarized Free-field " Microphone Type 4188 Dynamic Range Distortion The distortion is determined mainly by the microphone but, at the highest opera- tion levels, the preamplifier also contributes to the distortion (see Fig. 2.19). Distortion (%) Harmonic Harmonic 0.01...

  • Page 34: Equivalent Volume And Calibrator Load Volume

    Table 2.3 Dynamic range of the microphone with " Microphone Preamplifier Type 2669 produced by a nominal Prepolarized Free-field " Microphone Type 4188 at a Peak level of 158 dB (re 20 µPa). The microphone’s distortion increases smoothly as a function of sound pressure level until the diaphragm’s displacement becomes so large that it hits the back...

  • Page 35: Capacitance

    Fig.2.20 Variation of capacitance with frequency Polarization Voltage The polarization charge of Prepolarized Free-field " Microphone Type 4188 is negative. Therefore, the output voltage is positive for a positive pressure applied to the diaphragm. At the factory, the microphone is polarized with a permanent charge. Therefore, do not apply an external voltage to the microphone.

  • Page 36: Leakage Resistance

    This improved mechanical stability makes Prepolarized Free-field " Microphone Type 4188 well-suited for surface mounting and for mounting in small couplers as no mechanical adaptor is required to protect the diaphragm clamping ring. The microphone can be supported by the diaphragm clamping ring directly on the cou- pler’s surface.

  • Page 37: Effect Of Temperature

    Chapter 2 — Prepolarized Free-field " Microphone Type 4188 Effect of Temperature changed within the next 10 hours by a similar value. These changes are due to decreasing charge of the electret. Note: Special adaptors (inserted between the microphone and preamplifier) must be made for high-temperature applications in order to protect the preampifier from heat conduction and radiation.
  • Page 38 Chapter 2 — Prepolarized Free-field " Microphone Type 4188 Effect of Temperature The reversible changes are shown in Fig.2.21 as a change in sensitivity and in Fig.2.22 Fig.2.23 as changes in the frequency response normalized at 250 Hz. Response (dB) –...
  • Page 39 Chapter 2 — Prepolarized Free-field " Microphone Type 4188 Effect of Temperature Response (dB) – 10 °C + 50 °C – 0.5 – 1.0 – 1.5 500 Hz 10 k Frequency (Hz) 50 k 940772e Fig.2.22 Typical variation in actuator response (normalized at 250 Hz) as a function of temperature, relative to the re- sponse at 20°...

  • Page 40: Effect Of Ambient Pressure

    Fig.2.26. The typical pressure coefficient at 250 Hz for Prepolarized Free-field " Micro- ± phone Type 4188 is –0.021 dB/kPa, well within the 0.03 dB/kPa limits required for Type 1 sound level meters by IEC 651. Correction (dB) – 40kPa change –...

  • Page 41: Effect Of Humidity

    Chapter 2 — Prepolarized Free-field " Microphone Type 4188 Effect of Humidity Response (dB) – 10 – 20 Frequency (Hz) 940753e Fig.2.25 Typical effect of ambient pressure on actuator response (a) at 101.3 kPa (b) − 40 kPa change (c) − 80 kPa change (d) at 2 kPa Response (dB) –...

  • Page 42: Effect Of Vibration

    Chapter 2 — Prepolarized Free-field " Microphone Type 4188 Effect of Vibration 2.14 Effect of Vibration The effect of vibration is determined mainly by the mass of the diaphragm and is at its maximum for vibrations applied normal to the diaphragm. A vibration signal of...

  • Page 43: Sensitivity

    Chapter 2 — Prepolarized Free-field " Microphone Type 4188 Specifications Overview 2.17 Specifications Overview OPEN-CIRCUIT SENSITIVITY (1000 Hz)*: CALIBRATOR LOAD VOLUME (250 Hz): PRESSURE COEFFICIENT (250 Hz): –30 dB ±2 dB re 1 V/Pa, 31.6 mV/Pa* 208 mm –0.021 dB/kPa, typical...
  • Page 44 Chapter 2 — Prepolarized Free-field " Microphone Type 4188 Ordering Information Other Accessories UA 0308: Dehumidifier UA 0254: Set of 6 Windscreens (UA 0237) 90 mm (3.5 in) UA 0469: Set of 6 Windscreens (UA 0459) 65 mm (2.6 in) 2 −...
  • Page 45 Chapter 2 — Prepolarized Free-field " Microphone Type 4188 Ordering Information 2 − 30 Falcon™ Range of Microphone Products Brüel & Kjær Microphone Handbook...
  • Page 46 Chapter 3 Prepolarized Free-field " Microphone Type 4189 3 − 1 BE 1375 – 12 Falcon™ Range of Microphone Products Microphone Handbook...
  • Page 47 Chapter 3 — Prepolarized Free-field " Microphone Type 4189 Introduction Introduction 3.1.1 Description Fig.3.1 Prepolarized Free-field " Microphone Type 4189 with Protection Grid DB 3420 (included) Prepolarized Free-field " Microphone Type 4189 is a prepolarized " free-field microphone and offers some significant advantages when used with portable instru- ments.
  • Page 48 Chapter 3 — Prepolarized Free-field " Microphone Type 4189 Introduction The microphone is supplied with individual calibration data on a calibration chart and on a 3 " data disk in a case. This case can also contain a " Microphone Preamplifier Type 2669.
  • Page 49 Chapter 3 — Prepolarized Free-field " Microphone Type 4189 Introduction The upper curve on the calibration chart is the individual microphone’s open-circuit 0°-incidence free-field response. This response is the optimized response for Prepo- larized Free-field " Microphone Type 4189. The lower curve on the calibration chart is the individual microphone’s electrostatic actuator response measured with Electrostatic Actuator UA 0033.
  • Page 50 Chapter 3 — Prepolarized Free-field " Microphone Type 4189 Sensitivity Brüel & Kjær Microphone Viewer must be installed before use (see section 1.3.5). 3.1.4 Recommended Recalibration Interval With normal handling of the microphone and any associated instrument, Brüel & Kjær recommends that the microphone be recalibrated every 2 years. Prepolarized Free-field "...
  • Page 51 Chapter 3 — Prepolarized Free-field " Microphone Type 4189 Frequency Response Example Loaded sensitivity of typical microphone with " Microphone Preamplifier Type 2669: = –26.3 + (–0.25) = –26.55 dB 3.2.3 K-factor Some types of Brüel & Kjær instruments use the K-factor (correction factor) or the -factor (open-circuit correction factor) for calibration.
  • Page 52 Chapter 3 — Prepolarized Free-field " Microphone Type 4189 Frequency Response All frequency responses and correction curves are shown with a frequency resolu- tion of -octave. 3.3.2 Optimized Response (0°-incidence Free-field Response) Response (dB) Tol. Tol. Tol. Tol. – 5 –...
  • Page 53 Chapter 3 — Prepolarized Free-field " Microphone Type 4189 Frequency Response UA 0033. This is a reproducible and practical method for calibrating a microphone’s frequency response. Response (dB) – 5 – 10 – 15 – 20 10 k 100 k Frequency (Hz) 940668e Fig.3.4 Typical actuator response (magnitude) measured with Electrostatic Actuator UA 0033...
  • Page 54 Chapter 3 — Prepolarized Free-field " Microphone Type 4189 Frequency Response increases from 0 dB at the reference frequency (251.2 Hz) to approximately 0.3 dB at 1Hz. For applications where the vent is not exposed to the sound field, take care to ensure proper static pressure equalization to prevent static displacement of the diaphragm.
  • Page 55 Chapter 3 — Prepolarized Free-field " Microphone Type 4189 Frequency Response Correctionn (dB) 12.5 0° 30° 60° Random 180° 90° 120° – 2.5 150° θ° – 5 – 7.5 – 10 Frequency (Hz) 940804/1e Fig.3.6 Free-field correction curves for the microphone with Pro- tection Grid DB 3420 Response (dB) –...
  • Page 56 Chapter 3 — Prepolarized Free-field " Microphone Type 4189 Frequency Response Correction (dB) 12.5 0° 30° 60° 90° Random 180° 150° 120° – 2.5 θ° – 5 – 7.5 – 10 Frequency (Hz) 940803/1e Fig.3.8 Free-field correction curves for the microphone without protection grid Response (dB) –...
  • Page 57 Chapter 3 — Prepolarized Free-field " Microphone Type 4189 Frequency Response 3.3.6 Random-incidence Response A microphone’s response in a diffuse sound field is equivalent to its random-inci- dence response. The microphone’s random-incidence correction curves are shown in Fig.3.6 and Fig.3.8. These corrections are added to the microphone’s actuator re- sponse obtained using Electrostatic Actuator UA 0033 in order to determine the random-incidence response.
  • Page 58 Chapter 3 — Prepolarized Free-field " Microphone Type 4189 Frequency Response 3.3.7 Pressure-field Response The microphone’s pressure-field correction curve is shown in Fig.3.12. This correc- tion is added to the microphone’s actuator response obtained using Electrostatic Actuator UA 0033 in order to determine the pressure-field response. The typical pressure-field response is shown in Fig.3.13.
  • Page 59 Chapter 3 — Prepolarized Free-field " Microphone Type 4189 Directional Characteristics Directional Characteristics Typical directional characteristics are given in Fig.3.14 and Fig.3.15. The character- istics are normalised relative to the 0° response. – 5 – 10 – 15 – 20 –...
  • Page 60 Chapter 3 — Prepolarized Free-field " Microphone Type 4189 Dynamic Range – 5 – 25 – 5 – 25 – 10 – 15 – 20 – 10 – 15 – 20 270° 270° 31.5 kHz 25 kHz 6.3 kHz 20 kHz 8 kHz θ°...
  • Page 61 Chapter 3 — Prepolarized Free-field " Microphone Type 4189 Dynamic Range The preamplifier’s effect on the inherent noise of the combined microphone and preamplifier depends on the sensitivity and capacitance of the microphone (for " Microphone Preamplifier Type 2669, see Fig. 3.16 and Chapter Sound Pressure Level re 20 µPa (dB)
  • Page 62 Chapter 3 — Prepolarized Free-field " Microphone Type 4189 Dynamic Range Distortion The distortion is determined mainly by the microphone but, at the highest opera- tion levels, the preamplifier also contributes to the distortion (see Fig. 3.17). Distortion (%) Harmonic Harmonic 0.01 SPL (dB)
  • Page 63 Chapter 3 — Prepolarized Free-field " Microphone Type 4189 Equivalent Volume and Calibrator Load Volume Lower Limit Upper Limit 1 Hz bandwidth A-weighted (dB) Linear 20 Hz to < 3% distortion Max. SPL (Peak) -octave at at 1 kHz (dB) 20 kHz (dB) (dB) (dB)
  • Page 64 Chapter 3 — Prepolarized Free-field " Microphone Type 4189 Equivalent Volume and Calibrator Load Volume Volume (mm – V (Im) V (Re) – 10 100k Frequency (Hz) 940949e Fig.3.18 Typical equivalent volume (real and imaginary parts) based on mathematical model of microphone Model 1 C = 0.324 x 10...
  • Page 65 Chapter 3 — Prepolarized Free-field " Microphone Type 4189 Capacitance Capacitance The microphone’s impedance is determined by its capacitance. In addition, the preamplifier’s input resistance and capacitance load the microphone. This loading determines the electrical lower limiting frequency and the capacitive input attenua- tion.
  • Page 66 Chapter 3 — Prepolarized Free-field " Microphone Type 4189 Leakage Resistance Accidentally connecting the microphone to a 200 V external polarization will not damage the microphone. However, the sensitivity will fall by at least 8 dB and the frequency response will change by 1 or 2 dB. We do not recommend use in this way. Warning! Static electricity can destroy the microphone’s built-in charge.

  • Page 67: Effect Of Temperature

    Chapter 3 — Prepolarized Free-field " Microphone Type 4189 Effect of Temperature changed within the next 10 hours by a similar value. These changes are due to decreasing charge of the electret. Note: special adaptors (inserted between the microphone and preamplifier) must be made for high-temperature applications in order to protect the preampifier from heat conduction and radiation.
  • Page 68 Chapter 3 — Prepolarized Free-field " Microphone Type 4189 Effect of Temperature The reversible changes are shown in Fig.3.20 as a change in sensitivity and in Fig.3.21 Fig.3.22 as changes in the frequency response normalized at 250 Hz. Response (dB) –...
  • Page 69 Chapter 3 — Prepolarized Free-field " Microphone Type 4189 Effect of Temperature Response (dB) – 10 °C + 50 °C – 0.5 – 1.0 – 1.5 500 Hz 10 k Frequency (Hz) 50 k 940773e Fig.3.21 Typical variation in actuator response (normalized at 250 Hz) as a function of temperature, relative to the re- sponse at 20°...

  • Page 70: Effect Of Ambient Pressure

    Chapter 3 — Prepolarized Free-field " Microphone Type 4189 Effect of Ambient Pressure 3.12 Effect of Ambient Pressure The microphone’s sensitivity and frequency response are affected by variations in the ambient pressure. This is due to changes in air stiffness in the cavity behind the diaphragm, and changes in air mass in the small gap between the diaphragm and the back plate.

  • Page 71: Effect Of Humidity

    Chapter 3 — Prepolarized Free-field " Microphone Type 4189 Effect of Humidity Response (dB) – 10 – 20 Frequency (Hz) 940754e Fig.3.24 Typical effect of ambient pressure on actuator response (a) at 101.3 kPa (b) – 40 kPa change (c) – 80 kPa change (d) at 2 kPa Response (dB) –...

  • Page 72: Effect Of Vibration

    Chapter 3 — Prepolarized Free-field " Microphone Type 4189 Effect of Vibration 3.14 Effect of Vibration The effect of vibration is determined mainly by the mass of the diaphragm and is at its maximum for vibrations applied normal to the diaphragm. A vibration signal of 1 m/s RMS normal to the diaphragm typically produces an equivalent Sound Pres- sure Level of 62.5 dB for a microphone fitted with Protection Grid DB 3420.

  • Page 73: Specifications Overview

    Chapter 3 — Prepolarized Free-field " Microphone Type 4189 Specifications Overview 3.17 Specifications Overview OPEN-CIRCUIT SENSITIVITY (250 Hz)*: CALIBRATOR LOAD VOLUME (250 Hz): INFLUENCE OF HUMIDITY: –26 dB ±1.5 dB re 1 V/Pa, 50 mV/Pa* 260 mm <0.1 dB/100 %RH POLARIZATION VOLTAGE: PISTONPHONE TYPE 4228 CORRECTION: VIBRATION SENSITIVITY (<1000 Hz):...
  • Page 74 Chapter 3 — Prepolarized Free-field " Microphone Type 4189 Ordering Information Other Accessories UA 0308: Dehumidifier UA 0254: Set of 6 Windscreens (UA 0237) 90 mm (3.5 in) UA 0469: Set of 6 Windscreens (UA 0459) 65 mm (2.6 in) 3 −...
  • Page 75 Chapter 3 — Prepolarized Free-field " Microphone Type 4189 Ordering Information 3 − 30 Falcon™ Range of Microphone Products Brüel & Kjær Microphone Handbook...

  • Page 76: Free-Field 1 / 2 " Microphone Type 4190

    Chapter 4 Free-field " Microphone Type 4190 4 − 1 BE 1376 – 12 Falcon™ Range of Microphone Products Microphone Handbook...

  • Page 77: Introduction

    Chapter 4 — Free-field " Microphone Type 4190 Introduction Introduction 4.1.1 Description Fig.4.1 Free-field " Microphone Type 4190 with Protection Grid DB 3420 (included) Free-field " Microphone Type 4190 is an externally-polarized microphone for gen- eral sound measurements and for standardized noise measurements in accordance with the requirements of IEC 651 Type 0 and Type 1.
  • Page 78 Chapter 4 — Free-field " Microphone Type 4190 Introduction 4.1.2 The Calibration Chart Each microphone is supplied with an individual calibration chart (see Fig.4.2) which gives the microphone’s open-circuit sensitivity, polarized capacitance and free-field and actuator frequency responses. Free-field 1/2" Microphone Type 4190 7/6-'89 Dotted Curve Shows Typical Response...
  • Page 79 Chapter 4 — Free-field " Microphone Type 4190 Introduction The lower curve on the calibration chart is the individual microphone’s electrostatic actuator response measured with Electrostatic Actuator UA 0033. This response is used to determine free-field responses at angles of incidence other than 0° and responses in other types of sound field.

  • Page 80: Sensitivity

    Chapter 4 — Free-field " Microphone Type 4190 Sensitivity 4.1.4 Recommended Recalibration Interval With normal handling of the microphone and any associated instrument, Brüel & Kjær recommends that the microphone be recalibrated every 2 years. Free-field " Microphone Type 4190 is very stable over this period (see section 4.10 section...

  • Page 81: Frequency Response

    Chapter 4 — Free-field " Microphone Type 4190 Frequency Response Example Loaded sensitivity of typical microphone with " Microphone Preamplifier Type 2669: = –26.3 + (–0.2) = –26.5 dB 4.2.3 K-factor Some types of Brüel & Kjær instruments use the K-factor (correction factor) or the -factor (open-circuit correction factor) for calibration.
  • Page 82 Chapter 4 — Free-field " Microphone Type 4190 Frequency Response All frequency responses and correction curves are shown with a frequency resolu- tion of -octave. 4.3.2 Optimized Response (0°-incidence Free-field Response) Response (dB) Tol. Tol. Tol. Tol. – 5 – 10 10 k 100 k Frequency (Hz)
  • Page 83 Chapter 4 — Free-field " Microphone Type 4190 Frequency Response Response (dB) – 5 – 10 – 15 – 20 10 k 100 k Frequency (Hz) 940670e Fig.4.4 Typical actuator response (magnitude) measured with Electrostatic Actuator UA 0033 Response (Degrees) –...
  • Page 84 Chapter 4 — Free-field " Microphone Type 4190 Frequency Response For applications where the vent is not exposed to the sound field, take care to ensure proper static pressure equalization to prevent static displacement of the diaphragm. The microphone’s low-frequency response is common for all types of sound field. The microphone’s lower limiting frequency (–3 dB) is between 1 and 2 Hz with the vent exposed to the sound field.
  • Page 85 Chapter 4 — Free-field " Microphone Type 4190 Frequency Response Response (dB) – 5 – 10 – 15 – 20 10 k 100 k Frequency (Hz) 940888e Fig.4.7 Typical free-field response (0° incidence) for the microphone with Protection Grid DB 3420 Correction (dB) 12.5 0°...
  • Page 86 Chapter 4 — Free-field " Microphone Type 4190 Frequency Response Response (dB) – 5 – 10 – 15 – 20 10 k 100 k Frequency (Hz) 940889e Fig.4.9 Typical free-field response (0° incidence) for the microphone without protection grid 4.3.6 Random-incidence Response A microphone’s response in a diffuse sound field is equivalent to its random-inci- dence response.
  • Page 87 Chapter 4 — Free-field " Microphone Type 4190 Frequency Response Response (dB) – 5 – 10 – 15 – 20 10 k 100 k Frequency (Hz) 940939/1e Fig.4.11 Typical random-incidence response for the microphone without protection grid 4.3.7 Pressure-field Response The microphone’s pressure-field correction curve is shown in Fig.4.12.

  • Page 88: Directional Characteristics

    Chapter 4 — Free-field " Microphone Type 4190 Directional Characteristics Response (dB) – 5 – 10 – 15 – 20 10 k 100 k Frequency (Hz) 940870e Fig.4.13 Typical pressure-field response for the microphone Directional Characteristics Typical directional characteristics are given in Fig.4.14 and Fig.4.15.

  • Page 89: Dynamic Range

    Chapter 4 — Free-field " Microphone Type 4190 Dynamic Range – 5 – 25 – 5 – 25 – 10 – 15 – 20 – 10 – 15 – 20 270° 270° 31.5 kHz 25 kHz 6.3 kHz 20 kHz 8 kHz θ°...
  • Page 90 Chapter 4 — Free-field " Microphone Type 4190 Dynamic Range The preamplifier’s effect on the inherent noise of the combined microphone and preamplifier depends on the sensitivity and capacitance of the microphone (for " Microphone Preamplifier Type 2669, see Fig. 4.16 and Chapter Sound Pressure Level re 20 µPa (dB)
  • Page 91 Chapter 4 — Free-field " Microphone Type 4190 Dynamic Range Distortion The distortion is determined mainly by the microphone but, at the highest opera- tion levels, the preamplifier also contributes to the distortion (see Fig. 4.17). Distortion (%) Harmonic Harmonic 0.01 SPL (dB) 940498e...

  • Page 92: Equivalent Volume And Calibrator Load Volume

    Chapter 4 — Free-field " Microphone Type 4190 Equivalent Volume and Calibrator Load Volume Lower Limit Upper Limit 1 Hz bandwidth A-weighted (dB) Linear 20 Hz to < 3% distortion Max. SPL (Peak) -octave band at 1 kHz (dB) 20 kHz (dB) (dB) (dB) at 1 kHz (dB)
  • Page 93 Chapter 4 — Free-field " Microphone Type 4190 Equivalent Volume and Calibrator Load Volume Volume (mm – V (Im) V (Re) – 10 100k Frequency (Hz) 940949e Fig.4.18 Typical equivalent volume (real and imaginary parts) based on mathematical model of microphone Model 1 C = 0.324 x 10...

  • Page 94: Capacitance

    Chapter 4 — Free-field " Microphone Type 4190 Capacitance Capacitance The microphone’s impedance is determined by its polarized capacitance. In addition, the preamplifier’s input resistance and capacitance load the microphone. This load- ing determines the electrical lower limiting frequency and the capacitive input at- tenuation.
  • Page 95 Chapter 4 — Free-field " Microphone Type 4190 Polarization Voltage Response (dB) –5 –10 –15 –20 –25 Po. Voltage (V) 940681e Fig.4.20 Variation in sensitivity (at 250 Hz) as a function of po- larization voltage, relative to the sensitivity with a polar- ization voltage of 200 V Response (dB) 28 V...

  • Page 96: Leakage Resistance

    Chapter 4 — Free-field " Microphone Type 4190 Leakage Resistance Leakage Resistance To maintain the correct polarization voltage on the microphone, the microphone’s leakage resistance must be at least 1000 times greater than the supply resistance of the polarization charge, even under the most severe environmental conditions. This resistance which is generally placed in the preamplifier, is typically 10 Ω.

  • Page 97: Effect Of Temperature

    Chapter 4 — Free-field " Microphone Type 4190 Effect of Temperature Note: Special adaptors (inserted between the microphone and preamplifier) must be made for high-temperature applications in order to protect the preampifier from heat conduction and radiation. 4.10.3 Long-term Stability Over a period of time, the mechanical tension in the diaphragm will decrease due to stretching within the foil.
  • Page 98 Chapter 4 — Free-field " Microphone Type 4190 Effect of Temperature The reversible changes are shown in Fig.4.22 as a change in sensitivity and in Fig.4.23 Fig.4.25 as changes in the frequency response normalized at 250 Hz. Response (dB) – 0.5 –...
  • Page 99 Chapter 4 — Free-field " Microphone Type 4190 Effect of Temperature Response (dB) + 50 °C – 10 °C – 0.5 – 1.0 – 1.5 500 Hz 10 k Frequency (Hz) 50 k 940774e Fig.4.23 Typical variation in actuator response (normalized at 250 Hz) as a function of temperature, relative to the re- sponse at 20°...

  • Page 100: Effect Of Ambient Pressure

    Chapter 4 — Free-field " Microphone Type 4190 Effect of Ambient Pressure The effect of temperature on the free-field response (see Fig.4.25) of the microphone is the sum of the following effects: the calculated effect of the change in the speed of sound due to temperature on the 0°-incidence free-field correction the measured change in the actuator response due to temperature (see Fig.4.23).
  • Page 101 Chapter 4 — Free-field " Microphone Type 4190 Effect of Ambient Pressure The typical pressure coefficient at 250 Hz for Free-field " Microphone Type 4190 ± is –0.010 dB/kPa, well within the 0.03 dB/kPa limits required for Type 0 and Type 1 sound level meters by IEC 651.
  • Page 102 Chapter 4 — Free-field " Microphone Type 4190 Effect of Humidity Response (dB) – 2 – 4 – 6 Ambient Pressure (kPa) 1000 940759e Fig.4.28 Typical variation in sensitivity at 250 Hz from that at 101.3 kPa as a function of ambient pressure 4.13 Effect of Humidity Due to the microphone’s high leakage resistance, humidity has, in general, no effect...

  • Page 103: Electromagnetic Compatibility

    Chapter 4 — Free-field " Microphone Type 4190 Electromagnetic Compatibility 4.16 Electromagnetic Compatibility Chapter 4.17 Specifications Overview OPEN-CIRCUIT SENSITIVITY (250 Hz)*: CALIBRATOR LOAD VOLUME (250 Hz): PRESSURE COEFFICIENT (250 Hz): –26 dB ±1.5 dB re 1 V/Pa, 50 mV/Pa* 250 mm –0.010 dB/kPa, typical POLARIZATION VOLTAGE: PISTONPHONE TYPE 4228 CORRECTION:...
  • Page 104 Chapter 4 — Free-field " Microphone Type 4190 Ordering Information Other Accessories UA 0308: Dehumidifier UA 0254: Set of 6 Windscreens (UA 0237) 90 mm (3.5 in) UA 0469: Set of 6 Windscreens (UA 0459) 65 mm (2.6 in) 4 − 29 BE 1376 –...
  • Page 105 Chapter 4 — Free-field " Microphone Type 4190 Ordering Information 4 − 30 Falcon™ Range of Microphone Products Brüel & Kjær Microphone Handbook...
  • Page 106 Chapter 5 Free-field " Microphone Type 4191 5 − 1 BE 1377 – 12 Falcon™ Range of Microphone Products Microphone Handbook...
  • Page 107 Chapter 5 — Free-field " Microphone Type 4191 Introduction Introduction 5.1.1 Description Fig.5.1 Free-field " Microphone Type 4191 with Protection Grid DB 3421 (included) Free-field " Microphone Type 4191 is an externally-polarized microphone for gen- eral sound measurements and for standardized noise measurements in accordance with the requirements of IEC 651 Type 0 and Type 1.
  • Page 108 Chapter 5 — Free-field " Microphone Type 4191 Introduction 5.1.2 The Calibration Chart Each microphone is supplied with an individual calibration chart (see Fig.5.2) which gives the microphone’s open-circuit sensitivity, polarized capacitance and free-field and actuator frequency responses. Free-field 1/2" Microphone Type 4191 7/6-'89 Dotted Curve Shows Typical Response...
  • Page 109 Chapter 5 — Free-field " Microphone Type 4191 Introduction The lower curve on the calibration chart is the individual microphone’s electrostatic actuator response measured with Electrostatic Actuator UA 0033. This response is used to determine free-field responses at angles of incidence other than 0° and responses in other types of sound field.
  • Page 110 Chapter 5 — Free-field " Microphone Type 4191 Sensitivity 5.1.4 Recommended Recalibration Interval With normal handling of the microphone and any associated instrument, Brüel & Kjær recommends that the microphone be recalibrated every 2 years. Free-field " Microphone Type 4191 is very stable over this period (see section 5.10 section...
  • Page 111 Chapter 5 — Free-field " Microphone Type 4191 Frequency Response Example Loaded sensitivity of typical microphone with " Microphone Preamplifier Type 2669: = –38.3 + (–0.2) = –38.5 dB 5.2.3 K-factor Some types of Brüel & Kjær instruments use the K-factor (correction factor) or the -factor (open-circuit correction factor) for calibration.
  • Page 112 Chapter 5 — Free-field " Microphone Type 4191 Frequency Response All frequency responses and correction curves are shown with a frequency resolu- tion of -octave. 5.3.2 Optimized Response (0°-incidence Free-field Response) Response (dB) Tol. Tol. Tol. Tol. – 5 – 10 10 k 100 k Frequency (Hz)
  • Page 113 Chapter 5 — Free-field " Microphone Type 4191 Frequency Response Response (dB) – 5 – 10 – 15 – 20 10 k 100 k Frequency (Hz) 940672e Fig.5.4 Typical actuator response (magnitude) measured with Electrostatic Actuator UA 0033 Response (Degrees) –...
  • Page 114 Chapter 5 — Free-field " Microphone Type 4191 Frequency Response For applications where the vent is not exposed to the sound field, take care to ensure proper static pressure equalization to prevent static displacement of the diaphragm. The microphone’s low-frequency response is common for all types of sound field. The microphone’s lower limiting frequency (–3 dB) is between 1 and 2 Hz with the vent exposed to the sound field.
  • Page 115 Chapter 5 — Free-field " Microphone Type 4191 Frequency Response Response (dB) – 5 – 10 – 15 – 20 10 k 100 k Frequency (Hz) 940890e Fig.5.7 Typical free-field response (0° incidence) for the microphone with Protection Grid DB 3421 Correction (dB) 12.5 0°...
  • Page 116 Chapter 5 — Free-field " Microphone Type 4191 Frequency Response Response (dB) – 5 – 10 – 15 – 20 10 k 100 k Frequency (Hz) 940891e Fig.5.9 Typical free-field response (0° incidence) for the microphone without protection grid 5.3.6 Random-incidence Response A microphone’s response in a diffuse sound field is equivalent to its random-inci- dence response.
  • Page 117 Chapter 5 — Free-field " Microphone Type 4191 Frequency Response Response (dB) – 5 – 10 – 15 – 20 10 k 100 k Frequency (Hz) 940941/1e Fig.5.11 Typical random-incidence response for the microphone without protection grid 5.3.7 Pressure-field Response The microphone’s pressure-field correction curve is shown in Fig.5.12.
  • Page 118 Chapter 5 — Free-field " Microphone Type 4191 Directional Characteristics Response (dB) – 5 – 10 – 15 – 20 10 k 100 k Frequency (Hz) 940871e Fig.5.13 Typical pressure-field response for the microphone Directional Characteristics Typical directional characteristics are given in Fig.5.14 and Fig.5.15.
  • Page 119 Chapter 5 — Free-field " Microphone Type 4191 Dynamic Range – 5 – 25 – 5 – 25 – 10 – 15 – 20 – 10 – 15 – 20 270° 270° 40 kHz 31.5 kHz 6.3 kHz 8 kHz θ°...
  • Page 120 Chapter 5 — Free-field " Microphone Type 4191 Dynamic Range The preamplifier’s effect on the inherent noise of the combined microphone and preamplifier depends on the sensitivity and capacitance of the microphone (for " Microphone Preamplifier Type 2669, see Fig. 5.16 and Chapter Sound Pressure Level re 20 µPa (dB)
  • Page 121 Chapter 5 — Free-field " Microphone Type 4191 Dynamic Range Distortion The distortion is determined mainly by the microphone but, at the highest opera- tion levels, the preamplifier also contributes to the distortion (see Fig. 5.17). Distortion (%) Harmonic Harmonic 0.01 SPL (dB) 940499e...
  • Page 122 Chapter 5 — Free-field " Microphone Type 4191 Equivalent Volume and Calibrator Load Volume Lower Limit Upper Limit 1 Hz bandwidth A-weighted (dB) Linear 20 Hz to < 3% distortion Max. SPL (Peak) -octave at at 1 kHz (dB) 40 kHz (dB) (dB) (dB) 1 kHz (dB)
  • Page 123 Chapter 5 — Free-field " Microphone Type 4191 Equivalent Volume and Calibrator Load Volume Volume (mm – V (Im) V (Re) – 2 100k Frequency (Hz) 940947e Fig.5.18 Typical equivalent volume (real and imaginary parts) based on mathematical model of microphone Model 1 C = 0.082 x 10...
  • Page 124 Chapter 5 — Free-field " Microphone Type 4191 Capacitance Capacitance The microphone’s impedance is determined by its polarized capacitance. In addition, the preamplifier’s input resistance and capacitance load the microphone. This load- ing determines the electrical lower limiting frequency and the capacitive input at- tenuation.
  • Page 125 Chapter 5 — Free-field " Microphone Type 4191 Polarization Voltage Response (dB) –5 –10 –15 –20 –25 Po. Voltage (V) 940682e Fig.5.20 Variation in sensitivity (at 250 Hz) as a function of po- larization voltage, relative to the sensitivity with a polar- ization voltage of 200 V Response (dB) 28 V...
  • Page 126 Chapter 5 — Free-field " Microphone Type 4191 Leakage Resistance Leakage Resistance To maintain the correct polarization voltage on the microphone, the microphone’s leakage resistance must be at least 1000 times greater than the supply resistance of the polarization charge, even under the most severe environmental conditions. This resistance which is generally placed in the preamplifier, is typically 10 Ω.
  • Page 127 Chapter 5 — Free-field " Microphone Type 4191 Effect of Temperature Note: Special adaptors (inserted between the microphone and preamplifier) must be made for high-temperature applications in order to protect the preampifier from heat conduction and radiation. 5.10.3 Long-term Stability Over a period of time, the mechanical tension in the diaphragm will decrease due to stretching within the foil.
  • Page 128 Chapter 5 — Free-field " Microphone Type 4191 Effect of Temperature The reversible changes are shown in Fig.5.22 as a change in sensitivity and in Fig.5.23 Fig.5.25 as changes in the frequency response normalized at 250 Hz. Response (dB) – 0.5 –...
  • Page 129 Chapter 5 — Free-field " Microphone Type 4191 Effect of Temperature Response (dB) – 10 °C + 50 °C – 0.5 – 1.0 – 1.5 500 Hz 10 k Frequency (Hz) 50 k 940775e Fig.5.23 Typical variation in actuator response (normalized at 250 Hz) as a function of temperature, relative to the re- sponse at 20°...
  • Page 130 Chapter 5 — Free-field " Microphone Type 4191 Effect of Ambient Pressure The effect of temperature on the free-field response (see Fig.5.25) of the microphone is the sum of the following effects: the calculated effect of the change in the speed of sound due to temperature on the 0°-incidence free-field correction the measured change in the actuator response due to temperature (see Fig.5.23).
  • Page 131 Chapter 5 — Free-field " Microphone Type 4191 Effect of Ambient Pressure The typical pressure coefficient at 250 Hz for Free-field " Microphone Type 4191 ± is –0.007 dB/kPa, well within the 0.03 dB/kPa limits required for Type 0 and Type 1 sound level meters by IEC 651.
  • Page 132 Chapter 5 — Free-field " Microphone Type 4191 Effect of Humidity Response (dB) – 2 – 4 – 6 Ambient Pressure (kPa) 1000 940760e Fig.5.28 Typical variation in sensitivity at 250 Hz from that at 101.3 kPa as a function of ambient pressure 5.13 Effect of Humidity Due to the microphone’s high leakage resistance, humidity has, in general, no effect...

  • Page 133: Electromagnetic Compatibility

    Chapter 5 — Free-field " Microphone Type 4191 Electromagnetic Compatibility 5.16 Electromagnetic Compatibility Chapter 5.17 Specifications Overview OPEN-CIRCUIT SENSITIVITY (250 Hz)*: CALIBRATOR LOAD VOLUME (250 Hz): PRESSURE COEFFICIENT (250 Hz): –38 dB ±1.5 dB re 1 V/Pa, 12.5 mV/Pa* 190 mm –0.007 dB/kPa, typical POLARIZATION VOLTAGE: PISTONPHONE TYPE 4228 CORRECTION:...
  • Page 134 Chapter 5 — Free-field " Microphone Type 4191 Ordering Information Other Accessories UA 0254: Set of 6 Windscreens (UA 0237) 90 mm (3.5 in) UA 0469: Set of 6 Windscreens (UA 0459) 65 mm (2.6 in) 5 − 29 BE 1377 – 12 Falcon™...
  • Page 135 Chapter 5 — Free-field " Microphone Type 4191 Ordering Information 5 − 30 Falcon™ Range of Microphone Products Brüel & Kjær Microphone Handbook...

  • Page 136: Pressure-Field 1 / 2 " Microphone Type 4192

    Chapter 6 Pressure-field " Microphone Type 4192 6 − 1 BE 1378 – 12 Falcon™ Range of Microphone Products Microphone Handbook...

  • Page 137: Introduction

    Chapter 6 — Pressure-field " Microphone Type 4192 Introduction Introduction 6.1.1 Description Fig.6.1 Pressure-field " Microphone Type 4192 with Protection Grid DB 3421 (included) Pressure-field " Microphone Type 4192 is an externally-polarized " pressure- field microphone for sound measurements requiring random-incidence response in accordance with the requirements of ANSI S 1.4 Type 1 or for coupler measure- ments, for example, in connection with telephone and hearing aid testing.
  • Page 138 Chapter 6 — Pressure-field " Microphone Type 4192 Introduction 6.1.2 The Calibration Chart Each microphone is supplied with an individual calibration chart (see Fig.6.2) which gives the microphone’s open-circuit sensitivity, polarized capacitance and pressure-field and random-incidence frequency responses. kurve skal slutte her Pressure-field 1/2"...
  • Page 139 Chapter 6 — Pressure-field " Microphone Type 4192 Introduction The lower curve on the calibration chart is the individual microphone’s open-circuit pressure-field response. This response is the optimized response for the Pressure- field " Microphone Type 4192. The upper curve on the calibration chart is the random-incidence response. Both curves are determined by adding the relevant correction curve to the individu- al actuator response measured with Electrostatic Actuator UA 0033.

  • Page 140: Sensitivity

    Chapter 6 — Pressure-field " Microphone Type 4192 Sensitivity Brüel & Kjær Microphone Viewer must be installed before use (see section 1.3.5). 6.1.4 Recommended Recalibration Interval With normal handling of the microphone and any associated instrument, Brüel & Kjær recommends that the microphone be recalibrated every 2 years. Pressure-field "...

  • Page 141: Frequency Response

    Chapter 6 — Pressure-field " Microphone Type 4192 Frequency Response Example Loaded sensitivity of typical microphone with " Microphone Preamplifier Type 2669: = –38.3 + (–0.2) = –38.5 dB 6.2.3 K-factor Some types of Brüel & Kjær instruments use the K-factor (correction factor) or the -factor (open-circuit correction factor) for calibration.
  • Page 142 Chapter 6 — Pressure-field " Microphone Type 4192 Frequency Response All frequency responses and correction curves are shown with a frequency resolu- tion of -octave. 6.3.2 Optimized Response (Pressure-field Response) Response (dB) Tol. Tol. Tol. Tol. – 5 – 10 10 k 100 k Frequency (Hz)
  • Page 143 Chapter 6 — Pressure-field " Microphone Type 4192 Frequency Response Response (dB) – 5 – 10 – 15 – 20 10 k 100 k Frequency (Hz) 940674/1e Fig.6.4 Typical actuator response measured with Electrostatic Actuator UA 0033 Response (Degrees) – 45 –...
  • Page 144 Chapter 6 — Pressure-field " Microphone Type 4192 Frequency Response For applications where the vent is not exposed to the sound field, take care to ensure proper static pressure equalization to prevent static displacement of the diaphragm. The microphone’s low-frequency response is common for all types of sound field. The microphone’s lower limiting frequency (–3 dB) is between 1 and 2 Hz with the vent exposed to the sound field.
  • Page 145 Chapter 6 — Pressure-field " Microphone Type 4192 Frequency Response Response (dB) – 5 – 10 10 k 100 k Frequency (Hz) 940892/1e Fig.6.7 Typical free-field response (0° incidence) for the microphone with Protection Grid DB 3421 12.5 0° 30° 60°...
  • Page 146 Chapter 6 — Pressure-field " Microphone Type 4192 Frequency Response Response (dB) – 5 – 10 10 k 100 k Frequency (Hz) 940893/1e Fig.6.9 Typical free-field response (0° incidence) for the microphone without protection grid 6.3.6 Random-incidence Response A microphone’s response in a diffuse sound field is equivalent to its random-inci- dence response.
  • Page 147 Chapter 6 — Pressure-field " Microphone Type 4192 Frequency Response Response (dB) – 5 – 10 – 15 – 20 10 k 100 k Frequency (Hz) 940943/1e Fig.6.11 Typical random-incidence response for the microphone without protection grid 6.3.7 Pressure-field Response The microphone’s pressure-field correction curve is shown in Fig.6.12.

  • Page 148: Directional Characteristics

    Chapter 6 — Pressure-field " Microphone Type 4192 Directional Characteristics Response (dB) – 5 – 10 – 15 – 20 10 k 100 k Frequency (Hz) 940872/1e Fig.6.13 Typical pressure-field response for the microphone Directional Characteristics Typical directional characteristics are given in Fig.6.14 and Fig.6.15.

  • Page 149: Dynamic Range

    Chapter 6 — Pressure-field " Microphone Type 4192 Dynamic Range – 5 – 10 – 15 – 20 – 25 – 5 – 10 – 15 – 20 – 25 270° 270° 25 kHz 6.3 kHz 20 kHz 8 kHz θ°...
  • Page 150 Chapter 6 — Pressure-field " Microphone Type 4192 Dynamic Range The preamplifier’s effect on the inherent noise of the combined microphone and preamplifier depends on the sensitivity and capacitance of the microphone (for " Microphone Preamplifier Type 2669, see Fig. 6.16 and Chapter Sound Pressure Level re 20 µPa (dB)
  • Page 151 Chapter 6 — Pressure-field " Microphone Type 4192 Dynamic Range Distortion The distortion is determined mainly by the microphone but, at the highest opera- tion levels, the preamplifier also contributes to the distortion (see Fig. 6.17). Distortion (%) Harmonic Harmonic 0.01 SPL (dB) 940499e...

  • Page 152: Equivalent Volume And Calibrator Load Volume

    Chapter 6 — Pressure-field " Microphone Type 4192 Equivalent Volume and Calibrator Load Volume Lower Limit Upper Limit 1 Hz bandwidth A-weighted (dB) Linear 20 Hz to < 3% distortion Max. SPL (Peak) -octave band at 1 kHz (dB) 20 kHz (dB) (dB) (dB) at 1 kHz (dB)
  • Page 153 Chapter 6 — Pressure-field " Microphone Type 4192 Equivalent Volume and Calibrator Load Volume Volume (mm – V (Im) V (Re) – 2 100k Frequency (Hz) 940948e Fig.6.18 Typical equivalent volume (real and imaginary parts) based on mathematical model of microphone Model 1 C = 0.062 x 10...

  • Page 154: Capacitance

    Chapter 6 — Pressure-field " Microphone Type 4192 Capacitance Capacitance The microphone’s impedance is determined by its polarized capacitance. In addition, the preamplifier’s input resistance and capacitance load the microphone. This load- ing determines the electrical lower limiting frequency and the capacitive input at- tenuation.
  • Page 155 Chapter 6 — Pressure-field " Microphone Type 4192 Polarization Voltage Response (dB) –5 –10 –15 –20 –25 Po. Voltage (V) 940683e Fig.6.20 Variation in sensitivity (at 250 Hz) as a function of po- larization voltage, relative to the sensitivity with a polar- ization voltage of 200 V Response (dB) 28 V...

  • Page 156: Leakage Resistance

    Chapter 6 — Pressure-field " Microphone Type 4192 Leakage Resistance Leakage Resistance To maintain the correct polarization voltage on the microphone, the microphone’s leakage resistance must be at least 1000 times greater than the supply resistance of the polarization charge, even under the most severe environmental conditions. This resistance which is generally placed in the preamplifier, is typically 10 Ω.

  • Page 157: Effect Of Temperature

    Chapter 6 — Pressure-field " Microphone Type 4192 Effect of Temperature Note: Special adaptors (inserted between the microphone and preamplifier) must be made for high-temperature applications in order to protect the preampifier from heat conduction and radiation. 6.10.3 Long-term Stability Over a period of time, the mechanical tension in the diaphragm will decrease due to stretching within the foil.
  • Page 158 Chapter 6 — Pressure-field " Microphone Type 4192 Effect of Temperature The reversible changes are shown in Fig.6.22 as a change in sensitivity and in Fig.6.23 Fig.6.25 as changes in the frequency response normalized at 250 Hz. Response (dB) – 0.5 –...
  • Page 159 Chapter 6 — Pressure-field " Microphone Type 4192 Effect of Temperature Response (dB) – 10 °C + 50 °C – 0.5 – 1.0 – 1.5 500 Hz 10 k Frequency (Hz) 50 k 940776e Fig.6.23 Typical variation in actuator response (normalized at 250 Hz) as a function of temperature, relative to the re- sponse at 20°...

  • Page 160: Effect Of Ambient Pressure

    Chapter 6 — Pressure-field " Microphone Type 4192 Effect of Ambient Pressure The effect of temperature on the free-field response (see Fig.6.25) of the microphone is the sum of the following effects: the calculated effect of the change in the speed of sound due to temperature on the 0°-incidence free-field correction the measured change in the actuator response due to temperature (see Fig.6.23).
  • Page 161 Chapter 6 — Pressure-field " Microphone Type 4192 Effect of Ambient Pressure The typical pressure coefficient at 250 Hz for Pressure-field " Microphone Type 4192 is –0.005 dB/kPa. Correction (dB) –40kPa change –20kPa change –10kPa change – 1 Frequency (Hz) 940765e Fig.6.26 Typical variation in frequency response (normalized at 250 Hz) from that at 101.3 kPa as a function of change in...

  • Page 162: Effect Of Humidity

    Chapter 6 — Pressure-field " Microphone Type 4192 Effect of Humidity Response (dB) – 2 – 4 – 6 Ambient Pressure (kPa) 1000 940761e Fig.6.28 Typical variation in sensitivity at 250 Hz from that at 101.3 kPa as a function of ambient pressure 6.13 Effect of Humidity Due to the microphone’s high leakage resistance, humidity has, in general, no effect...

  • Page 163: Electromagnetic Compatibility

    Chapter 6 — Pressure-field " Microphone Type 4192 Electromagnetic Compatibility 6.16 Electromagnetic Compatibility Chapter 6.17 Specifications Overview OPEN-CIRCUIT SENSITIVITY (250 Hz)*: CALIBRATOR LOAD VOLUME (250 Hz): PRESSURE COEFFICIENT (250 Hz): –38 dB ±1.5 dB re 1 V/Pa, 12.5 mV/Pa* 190 mm –0.005 dB/kPa, typical POLARIZATION VOLTAGE: PISTONPHONE TYPE 4228 CORRECTION:...
  • Page 164 Chapter 6 — Pressure-field " Microphone Type 4192 Ordering Information Other Accessories UA 0254: Set of 6 Windscreens (UA 0237) 90 mm (3.5 in) UA 0469: Set of 6 Windscreens (UA 0459) 65 mm (2.6 in) 6 − 29 BE 1378 – 12 Falcon™...
  • Page 165 Chapter 6 — Pressure-field " Microphone Type 4192 Ordering Information 6 − 30 Falcon™ Range of Microphone Products Brüel & Kjær Microphone Handbook...

  • Page 166: Low-Frequency Pressure-Field

    Chapter 7 Low-frequency Pressure-field " Microphone Type 4193 7 − 1 BE 1379 – 12 Falcon™ Range of Microphone Products Microphone Handbook...

  • Page 167: Introduction

    Chapter 7 — Low-frequency Pressure-field " Microphone Type 4193 Introduction Introduction 7.1.1 Description Fig.7.1 Low-frequency Pressure-field " Microphone Type 4193 with Protection Grid DB 3421 and Adaptor UC 0211 (included) Low-frequency Pressure-field " Microphone Type 4193 is an externally-polarized " pressure-field microphone. With its low inherent noise and frequency range extending all the way from 70 mHz to 20 kHz, it is very well suited for measuring infrasound, for example in ships engine rooms, in helicopters and in wind-buffeted buildings.
  • Page 168 Chapter 7 — Low-frequency Pressure-field " Microphone Type 4193 Introduction flush-mounted or inserted into closed volumes as it can be supported by the dia- phragm clamping ring, provided that a force of less than 5 Newtons is applied. The microphone is supplied with individual calibration data on a calibration chart and on a 3 "...
  • Page 169 Chapter 7 — Low-frequency Pressure-field " Microphone Type 4193 Introduction Frequency Responses Two frequency responses are shown on the calibration chart. Both are normalized to 0 dB at the reference frequency (251.2 Hz The lower curve on the calibration chart is the individual microphone’s open-circuit pressure-field response.
  • Page 170 Chapter 7 — Low-frequency Pressure-field " Microphone Type 4193 Sensitivity ® These text files can be viewed on Microsoft Windows™ using the Brüel & Kjær Microphone Viewer program (BK–MIC.EXE) supplied on the disk. They can also be accessed by a suitable spreadsheet for further processing or printing. Brüel &...
  • Page 171 Chapter 7 — Low-frequency Pressure-field " Microphone Type 4193 Sensitivity data disk (see section 7.1.3). The nominal sensitivity for a microphone without Adaptor UC 0211 fitted is shown in Table 7.2. Nominal open-circuit sensitivity Accepted Deviation (dB) mV/Pa dB re 1 V/Pa ±...

  • Page 172: Frequency Response

    Chapter 7 — Low-frequency Pressure-field " Microphone Type 4193 Frequency Response Example Correction factor for typical microphone with " Microphone Preamplifier Type 2669: K = –26 – (–38.5) = +12.5 dB Open-circuit correction factor for typical microphone with " Microphone Preampli- fier Type 2669: = –26 –...
  • Page 173 Chapter 7 — Low-frequency Pressure-field " Microphone Type 4193 Frequency Response 940864/1e 7 − 8 Falcon™ Range of Microphone Products Brüel & Kjær Microphone Handbook...
  • Page 174 Chapter 7 — Low-frequency Pressure-field " Microphone Type 4193 Frequency Response 7.3.3 Actuator Response The microphone’s frequency response is determined by adding corrections for the type of sound field to its actuator response obtained using Electrostatic Actuator UA 0033. This is a reproducible and practical method for calibrating a microphone’s frequency response.
  • Page 175 Chapter 7 — Low-frequency Pressure-field " Microphone Type 4193 Frequency Response 7.3.4 Low-frequency Response The low-frequency response (see Fig.7.3) is the typical response with the vent ex- posed to the sound field. If the vent is not exposed to the sound field, the sensitivity increases from 0 dB at the reference frequency (251.2 Hz) to approximately 0.2 dB at 1Hz.
  • Page 176 Chapter 7 — Low-frequency Pressure-field " Microphone Type 4193 Frequency Response Correction (dB) 12.5 0° 30° 60° Random 90° 180° 150° 120° – 2.5 θ° – 5 – 7.5 – 10 Frequency (Hz) 940798/1e Fig.7.6 Free-field correction curves for the microphone with Pro- tection Grid DB 3421 Response (dB) –...
  • Page 177 Chapter 7 — Low-frequency Pressure-field " Microphone Type 4193 Frequency Response 12.5 0° 30° 60° Random 150° 120° 90° – 2.5 180° θ° – 5 – 7.5 – 10 Frequency (Hz) 940797/1e Fig.7.8 Free-field correction curves for the microphone without protection grid Response (dB) –...
  • Page 178 Chapter 7 — Low-frequency Pressure-field " Microphone Type 4193 Frequency Response 7.3.6 Random-incidence Response A microphone’s response in a diffuse sound field is equivalent to its random-inci- dence response. The microphone’s random-incidence correction curves are shown in Fig.7.6 and Fig.7.8. These corrections are added to the microphone’s actuator re- sponse obtained using Electrostatic Actuator UA 0033 in order to determine the random-incidence response.
  • Page 179 Chapter 7 — Low-frequency Pressure-field " Microphone Type 4193 Frequency Response 7.3.7 Pressure-field Response The microphone’s pressure-field correction curve is shown in Fig.7.12. This correc- tion is added to the microphone’s actuator response obtained using Electrostatic Actuator UA 0033 in order to determine the pressure-field response. The typical pressure-field response is shown in Fig.7.13.
  • Page 180 Chapter 7 — Low-frequency Pressure-field " Microphone Type 4193 Directional Characteristics Directional Characteristics Typical directional characteristics are given in Fig.7.14 and Fig.7.15. The character- istics are normalised relative to the 0° response. – 5 – 10 – 15 – 20 –...

  • Page 181: Dynamic Range

    Chapter 7 — Low-frequency Pressure-field " Microphone Type 4193 Dynamic Range Dynamic Range Definition The dynamic range is the range between the upper limit (determined by distortion) and the inherent noise floor. Both limits are influenced by the preamplifier. This section gives values for the microphone with and without a preamplifier.
  • Page 182 Chapter 7 — Low-frequency Pressure-field " Microphone Type 4193 Dynamic Range Sound Pressure Level re 20 µPa (dB) Microphone Preamplifier Combination Preamplifier Microphone 10 k 20 k Frequency (Hz) 940720e Fig.7.16 -octave-band inherent noise spectrum. The shaded bar graphs are the broad-band (20 Hz to 20 kHz) noise levels and the white bar graphs the A-weighted noise levels of the microphone (M), "...
  • Page 183 Chapter 7 — Low-frequency Pressure-field " Microphone Type 4193 Dynamic Range Distortion The distortion is determined mainly by the microphone but, at the highest opera- tion levels, the preamplifier also contributes to the distortion (see Fig. 7.18 and Fig. 7.18). Distortion (%) Harmonic Harmonic...
  • Page 184 Chapter 7 — Low-frequency Pressure-field " Microphone Type 4193 Dynamic Range Distortion (%) Harmonic Harmonic SPL (dB) 940500e Fig.7.18 Typical distortion characteristics of the microphone fitted with Adaptor UC 0211 and " Microphone Preamplifi- er Type 2669 The distortion is dependent on the capacitance parallel to the microphone. It in- creases with increasing capacitance.
  • Page 185 Chapter 7 — Low-frequency Pressure-field " Microphone Type 4193 Equivalent Volume and Calibrator Load Volume Lower Limit Upper Limit 1 Hz bandwidth A-weighted (dB) Linear 20 Hz to < 3% distortion Max. SPL (Peak) -octave band at 1 kHz (dB) 20 kHz (dB) (dB) (dB)
  • Page 186 Chapter 7 — Low-frequency Pressure-field " Microphone Type 4193 Equivalent Volume and Calibrator Load Volume The real and imaginary parts of the equivalent volume shown in Fig.7.19 are in parallel. They are calculated from a simple R–L–C series model of the microphone which gives the best overall approximation of the microphone’s diaphragm imped- ance.
  • Page 187 Chapter 7 — Low-frequency Pressure-field " Microphone Type 4193 Capacitance Calibrator Load Volume When the microphone with its protection grid is inserted into the coupler of a calibrator, it will load the calibrator by a volume of 190 mm at 250 Hz. Load volume correction to Pistonphone Type 4228 Calibration Level (with Adaptor DP 0776): +0.02 dB Capacitance...
  • Page 188 Chapter 7 — Low-frequency Pressure-field " Microphone Type 4193 Polarization Voltage tion voltage is positive, the output voltage is negative for a positive pressure ap- plied to the diaphragm. In special cases where there is a risk of preamplifer overload or there are long cables to be driven, choose a lower voltage.
  • Page 189 Chapter 7 — Low-frequency Pressure-field " Microphone Type 4193 Leakage Resistance Response (dB) 28 V 150 V 250 V -2.5 100k Frequency (Hz) 940608e Fig.7.22 Effect of polarization voltage on frequency response. The curves show the difference from the response with a polarization voltage of 200 V (normalised at 250 Hz) Leakage Resistance To maintain the correct polarization voltage on the microphone, the microphone’s leakage resistance must be at least 1000 times greater than the supply resistance...
  • Page 190 Chapter 7 — Low-frequency Pressure-field " Microphone Type 4193 Stability The sensitivity change of the microphone is less than 0.1 dB after a free fall of 1 m onto a solid hardwood block (re IEC 68–2–32). This improved mechanical stability makes Low-frequency Pressure-field "...

  • Page 191: Effect Of Temperature

    Chapter 7 — Low-frequency Pressure-field " Microphone Type 4193 Effect of Temperature 7.11 Effect of Temperature By careful selection of materials, optimization of the design and artificial ageing, the effect of temperature has been made to be very low. The microphone has been designed to operate at temperatures from –30 to 300°C. When the microphone is subjected to temperatures above 200°C, it may be discol- oured but its functionality will remain unaffected.
  • Page 192 Chapter 7 — Low-frequency Pressure-field " Microphone Type 4193 Effect of Temperature Response (dB) – 10 °C + 50 °C – 0.5 – 1.0 – 1.5 500 Hz 10 k Frequency (Hz) 50 k 940776e Fig.7.24 Typical variation in actuator response (normalized at 250 Hz) as a function of temperature, relative to the re- sponse at 20°...
  • Page 193 Chapter 7 — Low-frequency Pressure-field " Microphone Type 4193 Effect of Ambient Pressure The effect of temperature on the free-field response (see Fig.7.26) of the microphone is the sum of the following effects: the calculated effect of the change in the speed of sound due to temperature on the 0°-incidence free-field correction the measured change in the actuator response due to temperature (see Fig.7.24).
  • Page 194 Chapter 7 — Low-frequency Pressure-field " Microphone Type 4193 Effect of Ambient Pressure The typical pressure coefficient at 250 Hz for Low-frequency Pressure-field " Mi- crophone Type 4193 is –0.005 dB/kPa. Correction (dB) –40kPa change –20kPa change –10kPa change – 1 Frequency (Hz) 940765e Fig.7.27 Typical variation in frequency response (normalized at...
  • Page 195 Chapter 7 — Low-frequency Pressure-field " Microphone Type 4193 Effect of Humidity Response (dB) – 2 – 4 – 6 Ambient Pressure (kPa) 1000 940761e Fig.7.29 Typical variation in sensitivity at 250 Hz from that at 101.3 kPa as a function of ambient pressure 7.13 Effect of Humidity Due to the microphone’s high leakage resistance, humidity has, in general, no effect...
  • Page 196 Chapter 7 — Low-frequency Pressure-field " Microphone Type 4193 Electromagnetic Compatibility 7.16 Electromagnetic Compatibility Chapter 7.17 Specifications Overview 7.17.1 Low-frequency Pressure Response 1/2" Microphone Type 4193 OPEN-CIRCUIT SENSITIVITY (250 Hz)*: CALIBRATOR LOAD VOLUME (250 Hz): PRESSURE COEFFICIENT (250 Hz): –38 dB ±1.5 dB re 1 V/Pa, 12.5 mV/Pa* 190 mm –0.005 dB/kPa, typical POLARIZATION VOLTAGE:...
  • Page 197 Chapter 7 — Low-frequency Pressure-field " Microphone Type 4193 Ordering Information 7.18 Ordering Information Preamplifier Type 2669: " Microphone Preamplifier Calibration Equipment Type 4231: Sound Level Calibrator Type 4226: Multifunction Acoustic Calibrator Type 4228: Pistonphone UA 0033: Electrostatic Actuator Other Accessories UA 0254: Set of 6 Windscreens (UA 0237) 90 mm (3.5 in) UA 0469: Set of 6 Windscreens (UA 0459) 65 mm (2.6 in) 7 −...
  • Page 198 Chapter 8 " Microphone Preamplifier Type 2669 8 − 1 BE 1380 – 12 Falcon™ Range of Microphone Products Microphone Handbook...
  • Page 199 Chapter 8 — " Microphone Preamplifier Type 2669 Introduction Introduction 8.1.1 Description ZG 0350 (not included) 2669 B 2669 L Fig.8.1 " Microphone Preamplifier Type 2669 B and 2669 L shown with LEMO to 7-pin Brüel & Kjær Adaptor ZG 0350 (not included) "...
  • Page 200 Chapter 8 — " Microphone Preamplifier Type 2669 Introduction Alternativley, the preamplifier can be stored in the microphone’s case with the mi- crophone when not in use. 8.1.2 Connections Connection Pin No. LEMO (2669 L) Brüel & Kjær (2669 B) Calibration Input Ground Signal Ground...
  • Page 201 Chapter 8 — " Microphone Preamplifier Type 2669 Frequency Response Frequency Response The frequency response of the preamplifier depends on the capacitance of the micro- phone connected to its input, and the capacitive load (for example, extension cables) connected to the output. 10 nF 3 nF 3 m Standard Cable...
  • Page 202 Chapter 8 — " Microphone Preamplifier Type 2669 Dynamic Range Dynamic Range Overview: Lower limit with 15 pF Upper limit (±60 V Dynamic Range (dB) microphone (µV) supply, f <10 kHz) A-weighted: 2.2 50 V Lin. (20 Hz to 300 kHz): 10.0 Table 8.2 Nominal open-circuit sensitivity a.
  • Page 203 Chapter 8 — " Microphone Preamplifier Type 2669 Dynamic Range Distortion: Distortion (THD): <–80 dB (1000 Hz, 25 V output, 3 m cable) Maximum Output: The maximum output of the preamplifier depends on the capacitive load (for exam- ple, extension cables) connected to the output. If the specified maximum output current of the preamplifier is exceeded, the signal will be distorted.
  • Page 204 Chapter 8 — " Microphone Preamplifier Type 2669 Dynamic Range Power ± 50 V (+ 100 V) 10 k 100 k 200 k Frequency (Hz) 940767e Fig.8.6 Upper limit of dynamic range (3% distortion) of pream- plifier (with a ± 50V DC supply voltage) due to capaci- tive loading as a function of frequency Fig.8.7 shows the distortion limited output for three different voltage supplies, in...
  • Page 205 Chapter 8 — " Microphone Preamplifier Type 2669 Phase Response Phase Response Degrees 6 pF 20 pF 50 pF – 2.0 – 4.0 – 6.0 10 k 100 k 200 k Frequency (Hz) 940771e Fig.8.8 Phase response as a function of input (transducer) ca- pacitance (measured with the 3 m cable normally sup- plied with the preamplifier) Effect of Temperature...

  • Page 206: Effect Of Magnetic Fields

    Chapter 8 — " Microphone Preamplifier Type 2669 Effect of Magnetic Fields Effect of Magnetic Fields Typically <3 µV for 80 A/m at 50 Hz Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) " Microphone Preamplifier Type 2669 is constructed such that it is extremely resistant to external electromagnetic radiation.

  • Page 207: Brüel & Kjær's Patented Charge-Injection Calibration Technique

    Chapter 8 — " Microphone Preamplifier Type 2669 Brüel & Kjær’s Patented Charge-injection Calibration Technique Brüel & Kjær’s Patented Charge-injection Calibration Technique This is a new patented technique for verifying the entire measurement set-up in- cluding the microphone, the preamplifier and the connecting cable (see Fig.8.11). The Charge-injection Calibration (CIC) technique is a method for remotely verifying the condition of the entire measurement set-up including the microphone.

  • Page 208: Specifications Overview

    Chapter 8 — " Microphone Preamplifier Type 2669 Specifications Overview Specifications Overview FREQUENCY RESPONSE (re. 1 kHz): CURRENT CONSUMPTION: LEMO (L) Brüel & Kjær (B) 3 Hz to 200 kHz, ± 0.5 dB 3 mA plus output current ATTENUATION: CALIBRATION INPUT: Calibration input Ground 0.25 dB (typical)
  • Page 209 Chapter 8 — " Microphone Preamplifier Type 2669 Ordering Information Microphone Adaptors DB 0375 Adaptor for 1" microphone UA 0035 Adaptor for " microphone UA 0036 Adaptor for " microphone Other Accessories ZG 0350 LEMO to 7-pin Brüel & Kjær adaptor JJ 2617 Coaxial Input Adaptor for direct connection to input cables UA 0196...

  • Page 210: Accessories

    Chapter 9 Accessories 9 − 1 BE 1381 – 12 Falcon™ Range of Microphone Products Microphone Handbook...

  • Page 211: Accessories Available

    Low-frequency Precision Free-field Free-field Micro- Micro- Pressure Accessory Micro- Microphone Microphone phone phone Microphone phone Type 4188 Type 4189 Type 4191 Type 4192 Type 4193 Type 4190 Windscreen • • • • • • UA 0237, UA 0459 Rain Cover •...
  • Page 212 8 – 12 Free-field 1/2" Microphone UC 0211 4 – 1 7 – 5 4191 Ambient pressure Free-field 1/2" Microphone 4188, prepolarized microphone 5 – 1 2 – 25 4192 4189, prepolarized microphone 3 – 25 Pressure-field 1/2" Microphone 4190, free-field microphone 6 –...
  • Page 213 Dimensions, Preamplifier Type 2669 6 – 5 8 – 3 4193, pressure-field microphone Directional characteristics 7 – 5 Calibration chart 4188, prepolarized microphone 2 – 13 4188, prepolarized microphone 4189, prepolarized microphone 2 – 3 3 – 14 4189, prepolarized microphone 4190, free-field microphone 3 –...
  • Page 214 6 – 11 Free-field 1/2" Microphone Type 4191 5 – 1 4193, pressure-field microphone 7 – 13 Free-field frequency response resolution 4188, prepolarized microphone 2 – 8 4188, prepolarized microphone 2 – 6 4189, prepolarized microphone 3 – 9 4189, prepolarized microphone 3 –...
  • Page 215 Index 4192, pressure-field microphone 4188, prepolarized microphone 6 – 21 2 – 18 4193, pressure-field microphone 4189, prepolarized microphone 7 – 24 3 – 17 LEMO–Brüel & Kjær adaptor 4190, free-field microphone 9 – 2 4 – 16 LEMO–Brüel & Kjær cable 4191, free-field microphone 9 –...
  • Page 216 Index 4188, prepolarized microphone ambient 2 – 2 2 – 7 4188, prepolarized microphone 2 – 20 2 – 25 4189, prepolarized microphone 4189, prepolarized microphone 3 – 2 3 – 8 3 – 25 4190, free-field microphone 3 – 20 4 –...
  • Page 217 4190, free-field microphone 4 – 7 Sensitivity 4191, free-field microphone 5 – 7 loaded 4192, pressure-field microphone 6 – 7 4188, prepolarized microphone 2 – 4 4193, pressure-field microphone 7 – 9 4189, prepolarized microphone 3 – 5 free-field 4190, free-field microphone 4 –...
  • Page 218 Index Temperature 2669, preamplifier 8 – 8 4188, prepolarized microphone 2 – 22 4189, prepolarized microphone 3 – 22 4190, free-field microphone 4 – 22 4191, free-field microphone 5 – 22 4192, pressure-field microphone 6 – 22 4193, pressure-field microphone 7 –...
  • Page 219 Index Index – 8 Falcon™ Range of Microphone Products Brüel & Kjær Microphone Handbook...

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