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SAFETY PRECATION FOR SERVICE MANUAL .................................................................................................................. 2
IMPORTANT SERVICE NOTES (FOR UK ONLY) ................................................................................................................ 3
SPECIFICATIONS ................................................................................................................................................................. 3
NAMES OF PARTS ............................................................................................................................................................... 4
OPERATION MANUAL .......................................................................................................................................................... 5
DISASSEMBLY ...................................................................................................................................................................... 8
REMOVING AND REINSTALLING THE MAIN PARTS ....................................................................................................... 10
ADJUSTMENT ..................................................................................................................................................................... 12
EXPLANATION OF ERROR DISPLAY ................................................................................................................................ 23
EXPLANATION OF MECHANISM ERROR ......................................................................................................................... 24
BLOCK DIAGRAM ............................................................................................................................................................... 28
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM/WIRING SIDE OF P.W.BOARD ................................................................................................... 30
NOTES ON SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM .................................................................................................................................. 43
WAVEFORMS OF MD CIRCUIT .......................................................................................................................................... 44
TROUBLE SHOOTING ........................................................................................................................................................ 46
FUNCTION TABLE OF IC .................................................................................................................................................... 51
PARTS GUIDE/EXPLODED VIEW
SERVICE MANUAL
CONTENTS
SHARP CORPORATION
- 1 -
MD-R2H
• In the interests of user-safety the set should be restored to its
original condition and only parts identical to those specified should
be used.
• Note for users in UK
Recording and playback of any material may require consent
which SHARP is unable to give. Please refer particularly to the
provisions of Copyright Act 1956, the Dramatic and Musical
Performers Protection Act 1956, the Perfmers Protection Acts
1963 and 1972 and to any subsequent statutory enactments and
orders.
This document has been published to be used
for after sales service only.
The contents are subject to change without notice.
MD-R2H
No. S0775MDR2H///
Page

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Summary of Contents for Sharp MD-R2H

  • Page 1: Table Of Contents

    • Note for users in UK Recording and playback of any material may require consent which SHARP is unable to give. Please refer particularly to the provisions of Copyright Act 1956, the Dramatic and Musical Performers Protection Act 1956, the Perfmers Protection Acts 1963 and 1972 and to any subsequent statutory enactments and orders.
  • Page 2: Safety Precation For Service Manual

    MD-R2H SAFETY PRECATION FOR (For UK) SERVICE MANUAL WARNINGS The ael (ACCESSIBLE EMMISSION LEVEL) of the laser power output is less than class 1 but the laser component is capable of emitting radiation exceeding the limit for class 1. Therefore...
  • Page 3: Important Service Notes (For Uk Only)

    MD-R2H FOR A COMPLETE DESCRIPTION OF THE OPERATION OF THIS UNIT, PLEASE REFER TO THE OPERATION MANUAL. IMPORTANT SERVICE NOTES (FOR UK ONLY) WITHSTANDING Before returning the unit to the customer after completion of a VOLTAGE TESTER repair or adjustment it is necessary for the following withstand...
  • Page 4: Names Of Parts

    MD-R2H NAME OF PARTS Front panel DISC TRACK DATE OVER 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 TOTAL 8 9 10 11 12 13 REMAIN 15 16 17 18 19 20 MONO LP PRGM RANDOM TIMER REC CLOCK 14 1516...
  • Page 5: Operation Manual

    MD-R2H Names of controls 1. Remote Control Transmitter Window 2. Direct Key Buttons 3. Play Mode Button 4. Music Scan Button 5. Input Select Button 6. Display Button 7. Time Button 8. Auto Mark Button 9. Track Down/Review Button: 10. Track Up/Cue Button: 11.
  • Page 6 MD-R2H – 6 –...
  • Page 7 MD-R2H – 7 –...
  • Page 8: Disassembly

    MD-R2H DISASSEMBLY (E1)x3 Caution on Disassembly ø3x10mm Follow the below-mentioned notes when disassembling the unit and reassembling it, to keep it safe and ensure (E1)x2 (E1)x1 excellent performance: ø4x8mm ø3x10mm 1. Take the minidisc out of the unit. Washer 2. When disassembling the machine, be sure to withdraw (D1)x1 the power plug from the socket in advance.
  • Page 9 MD-R2H ( L2 ) x 1 MD Mechanism Pickup Flexible MD Main PWB PWB (*1) ( L1 ) x 4 ø1.7 x 3mm Pull (L2)x1 (*1) After disconnecting the optical ( L2 ) x 1 pickup flex PWB from the...
  • Page 10: Removing And Reinstalling The Main Parts

    MD-R2H REMOVING AND REINSTALLING THE MAIN PARTS (A1)x1 MD MECHANISM SECTION ø1.7x5mm Perform steps 1 to 3 of the disassembly method to remove the MD mechanism. Magnetic Head How to remove the magnetic head (See Fig. 10-1) 1. Remove the screws (A1) x 1 pc.
  • Page 11 MD-R2H How to remove the sled motor/loading motor (See Fig. 11-1) (D1)x2 (D1)x2 Ø1.7x2mm Ø1.7x2mm 1. Remove the screws (D1) x 1 pcs., and remove the sled motor/loading motor. Caution: Be careful so that the gear is not damaged. (The damaged gear emits noise during searching.)
  • Page 12: Adjustment

    MD-R2H ADJUSTMENT TEST MODE 1) Mode there are 5 kinds TEST MODE as below. MODE PUSH KEY A) MD TEST MODE ENTER PLAY B) AUDIO TEST MODE REVIEW C) KEY TEST MODE ENTER D) RECORDING TEST MODE ENTER E) MD TEST2 MODE (DATA MONITOR MODE)
  • Page 13 MD-R2H KEY TEST KEY NAME ILLUMINATE KEY NAME ILLUMINATE SEGMENT SEGMENT TIMER 10 ROW DOT INPUT SELECT DISPLAY 11 ROW DOT EJECT 7 ROW DOT REVIEW PLAY 4 ROW DOT STOP 5 ROW DOT ENTER 8 ROW DOT 6 ROW DOT JOG.
  • Page 14 MD-R2H • Test Mode 1. AUTO pre-adjustment mode • Automatic pre-adjustment is performed. (After adjustment the grating adjustment mode is set.) • The adjustment value is output with the aid of system controller interface. 2. AUTO adjustment mode • Automatic adjustment is performed.
  • Page 15 MD-R2H 2. AUTO adjustment mode Step No. Setting Method Remarks Display Step 1 Testmode STOP state [ t s m Step 2 Press the ENTER button two times. AUTO adjustment menu [ A U T O _ A J S T _ ] Step 3 Press once the MD PLAY button.
  • Page 16 MD-R2H 3. RESULT mode (final adjustment) Step No. Setting Method Remarks Display Step 1 Testmode STOP state [ t s m Step 2 Press the ENTER button four times. RESULT menu [ _ R S T U L T _ _ _ ] Step 3 Press once the MD PLAY button.
  • Page 17 MD-R2H • If the jog key upward/downward is pressed during setting indication, the setting increases/decreases, and the new setting is stored in RAM. • If the REC button is pressed, the setting returns step by step excepting the following case.
  • Page 18 MD-R2H Setting Method Step No. Remarks Display Step 9 Press once the ENTER button. Comparison level setting in case of FOK generation [ F O K L E V f _ (when focus is "ON") Step 10 Press once the ENTER button.
  • Page 19 MD-R2H Setting Method Step No. Remarks Display Step 18 Press once the ENTER button. TCRS comparison level 1 for high reflection [ T C R S C I P _ Step 19 Press once the ENTER button. Comparison level in case of COUT generation (playback)
  • Page 20 MD-R2H e) TEMP setting Step No. Setting Method Remarks Display Step 1 Testmode STOP state [ t s m Step 2 Press the ENTER button seven times. EEPROM setting menu [E E P R O M _ S E T] Step 3 Press once the MD PLAY button.
  • Page 21 MD-R2H 8. TEST-PLAY mode Step No. Setting Method Remarks Display Step 1 Testmode STOP state [ t s m Step 2 Press the DELETE/CLEAR button. TEST-PLAY menu [ T E S T _ P L A Y _ ] Step 3 Press once the DISPLAY button.
  • Page 22 MD-R2H 10. INNER mode Step No. Setting Method Remarks Display Step 1 Testmode STOP state [ t s m Step 2 Press the NAME/TOC EDIT button. INNER menu [ _ _ I N N E R _ _ ] Step 3 Press once the MD PLAY button.
  • Page 23 MD-R2H Mechanism Adjustment 1. Optical pickup grating inspecting method OSILLOSCOPE 42 pin of IC 1101 GND (TP1131) 100K 26 pin of IC 1101 EOUT (TP1133) 470p GND CH1 CH2 470p Spindle Motor 25 pin of IC 1101 FOUT (TP1132) 100K...
  • Page 24: Explanation Of Error Display

    MD-R2H EXPLANATION OF ERROR DISPLAY Error display Errors Corrective action Can't REC • Defect occurred successively 10 times during REC-PLAY. • Check that the disc is free from flaw, dust • As a result of occurrence of defect during REC-PLAY the and fingerprint.
  • Page 25 MD-R2H Error display Errors Corrective action BLANK MD • UTOC was read but total TNO and the number of characters of • Perform recording to check that the disc NAME was 0? is recordable disc. DEFECT • Focusing error was caused by shock during REC-PLAY.
  • Page 26 MD-R2H -PROM Data List Focus setting Slide setting Setting Item indication Setting Item indication S L G S L 2 F F 1 S L D L I M F F 2 S L D L E V F Z H L E V...
  • Page 27 MD-R2H -PROM Setting Mode Chart Figure 30 – 27 –...
  • Page 28: Block Diagram

    MD-R2H Figure 28 BLOCK DIAGRAM (1/2) – 28 –...
  • Page 29 MD-R2H Figure 29 BLOCK DIAGRAM (2/2) – 29 –...
  • Page 30: Schematic Diagram/Wiring Side Of P.w.board

    MD-R2H DIGITAL RECORD SIGNAL ANALOG PLAYBACK SIGNAL DIGITAL PLAYBACK SIGNAL ANALOG RECORD SIGNAL R607 (0.6V) C601 R601 C607 47/10 220P C603 IC101 R605 220P NJM4560D OPE AMP. C107 R103 R109 1/50 R609 C115 L-CH 47/10 C109 (1/2) 220P R105 C105 –...
  • Page 31 MD-R2H J101 ANALOG C451 R451 LINE OUT Q451 47/10 2SC2878 B L-CH R455 R453 IC601 R617 C455 C459 820P C461 NJM4580D 470P R-CH R457 0.01 C453 R615 LINE AMP. 470P R607 L MUTE C613 47/10 R601 L-CH C607 (1/2) 220P...
  • Page 32 MD-R2H HEADPHONES PWB-B3 CNW903 J981 VR901-1 AUX_AMP_R_IN HEADPHONES 5K(B) AUX_AMP_L_GND AUX_AMP_L_IN Volume TO MAIN AUX_AMP_R_GND VR901-2 5K(B) AUX_VR_L_OUT CNP473 GND OPEN P31 12 - C C983 AUX_VR_R_OUT VR981-1 HP_AMP_GND 1K(C) HP_AMP_L_OUT HP_AMP_R_OUT VR981-2 RESET SW CNP904 1K(C) CNW901 Headphone Volume L901 22µH...
  • Page 33 MD-R2H 53 52 51 49 48 C914 C916 0.001 0.001 FL901 C915 C917 0.001 0.001 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47...
  • Page 34 MD-R2H TP1141 TP1131 C1107 C1110 0.0047 TP1275 0.47 C1106 TP1142 0.47 99 98 97 96 95 EFMAGI EFMAGC ADIPI C1119 TP1274 EFMMON TP1140 330P R1155 AVCC ADIPO EFMO-I EFMO-I C1202 TP1139 EFMI 99 98 & AGND DIFF AOUT-IN AOUT-IN EOUT-IN...
  • Page 35 MD-R2H R1211 C1208 0.047 TP1275 TP1210 99 98 97 96 95 94 93 92 91 90 89 88 87 86 85 84 83 82 81 80 79 78 77 76 TP1216 EFMMON FEMON DADATA DADATA AVCC RC120 ADDATA 78 77 76...
  • Page 36 MD-R2H P39 9 - H TO MAIN PWB CNP471 MD MAIN PWB - D (TOP) CNP1902 CNP1252 Q1820 TO MAGNETIC HEAD C1251 CNS1252 C1252 P41 9 - H R1251 R1827 R1463 R1459 R1939 Q1253 Q1254 C1425 R1461 R1940 R1223 IC1251...
  • Page 37 MD-R2H P39 8 - A TO MAIN PWB CNP301 MD MAIN PWB - D (BOTTOM) CNS1904 R1947 TP1516 TP1519 TP1522 TP1518 TP1504 TP1520 TP1908 TP1502 TP1517 TP1252 TP1512 TP1503 TP1501 R1759 TP1907 R1805 JC196 TP1523 Q1807 R1758 COLOR TABLE TP1521...
  • Page 38 MD-R2H COAXIAL DIGITAL 2 IN J301 AC POWER OPTICA C315 SUPPLY CORD (216) AC 230V, 50Hz TX302 R302 D301 R301 1 2 3 C301 R305 C304 C305 L302 C313 C311 IC301 L301 R313 LUG552 IC302 LUG551 D512 C522 CNP301 D513...
  • Page 39 MD-R2H Figure 39 WIRIMG SIDE OF P.W.BOARD (4/6) – 39 –...
  • Page 40 MD-R2H DISPLAY PWB-B1 HEADPHONES PWB-B3 P39 12 - D CNW903 TO MAIN PWB J981 R956 HEADPHONES R957 R955 R953 R954 R905 R904 P39 8 - H CNP472 TO MAIN PWB C907 RA931 RA919 R921 RA914 R972 R903 RA912 RA913 RA908...
  • Page 41 MD-R2H MD SPINDLE M901 TO MD MAIN PWB CNP1602 P36 1 -E CNS1602 MD SLED M902 TO MD MAIN PWB CNP1603 P36 1 - F CNS1603 MD LOADING M903 TO MD MAIN PWB CNP1604 P37 12 - F CNS1604 COLOR TABLE...
  • Page 42 MD-R2H VOLTAGE (MD MAIN PWB) IC1601 IC1916 Q1801 IC1907 IC1201 IC1401 VOLTAGE NO. VOLTAGE NO. VOLTAGE NO. VOLTAGE NO. VOLTAGE NO. VOLTAGE VOLTAGE 1.25V 1.58V 2.8V 1.48V 3.2V 2.6V 1.5V 1.58V 4.9V 1.6V 0.2V 5.5V 3.2V 2.6V 3.2V 5.5V DIC input:2.2V 1.6V...
  • Page 43: Notes On Schematic Diagram

    MD-R2H NOTES ON SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM • Resistor: REF. NO DESCRIPTION POSITION To differentiate the units of resistors, such symbol as K and M are used: the symbol K means 1000 ohm and the symbol SW501 RESET ON—OFF M means 1000 kohm and the resistor without any symbol is SW901 ON—OFF...
  • Page 44: Waveforms Of Md Circuit

    MD-R2H WAVEFORMS OF MD CIRCUIT PLAY STATE PIT PLAY Stopped Stopped NORM: 100M S/s NORM: 1M S/s 1997 / 08 / 04 09:30:15 1997 / 08 / 04 13:35:24 CH1 500mV 200mV 500ns/div 1ms/div AC 10:1 DC 10:1 DC 10:1...
  • Page 45 MD-R2H PLAY Stopped Stopped NORM: 1k S/s NORM: 100M S/s 1997 / 08 / 04 14:19:52 1997 / 08 / 04 11:23:12 1s/div 2us/div DC 10:1 DC 10:1 DC 10:1 DC 10:1 DC 10:1 DC 10:1 DC 10:1 Filter Filter...
  • Page 46: Trouble Shooting

    MD-R2H TROUBLE SHOOTING When MD fails operate If the objective lens of optical pickup is contaminated, MD may fail to operate. At first, clean the objective lens to check playback operation. If MD fails persistently to operate, perform checks as follows.
  • Page 47 MD-R2H • Disc loading is not normal. Is disc loaded when it is inserted? Check CNP1601 and SW1956. Is the pin 4 of CNP1601 set to L state? Is change observed on the pin 23 or 24 of IC1601? Check IC1401.
  • Page 48 MD-R2H • Normal playback When it has been confirmed that EEPROM value is normal in the TEST mode Is initialization performed normally when high reflection disc is Does the playback time display advance? played back? Check IC1201 Does disc rotate normally?
  • Page 49 MD-R2H • Record and playback operation Insert the low reflection disc, and after verifying the audio output in the normal mode playback set the record/playback TEST mode Recording from start address cannot be performed. Check whether the disc is record-prohibited.
  • Page 50 MD-R2H • Disc motor fails to run Check soldering joint and parts of pins 24 and 25 of IC1201, and Does waveform appear on the pins 24 and 25 of IC1201 in the peripheral circuit. TEST mode focus gain coarse adjustment step?
  • Page 51: Function Table Of Ic

    MD-R2H FUNCTION TABLE OF IC IC901 RH-iX0196AFZZ: System Control Microcomputer (iX0196AW) (1/2) Terminal Name Input/Output Pin No. Port Name Function P77/AN7 KEY1 Output Not used P76/AN6 KEY2 Input Key entry P75/AN5 KEY3 Input Key entry P74/AN4 — Output Not used...
  • Page 52 MD-R2H IC901 RH-iX0196AFZZ: System Control Microcomputer (iX0196AW) (2/2) Terminal Name Input/Output Port Name Function Pin No. 72-80 P97/SEG23- S0-S8 Output Segment for FL drive P90/SEG16 81-88 P87/SEG15- S9-S16 Output Segment for FL drive P80/SEG8 89,90 PA7/SEG7, S17,S18 Output Segment for FL drive...
  • Page 53 MD-R2H IC1101 VHiiR3R55//-1:RF Signal Control (IR3R55) Function Terminal Name Pin No. RF signal input terminal 1 Input of RF signal output of pickup RF signal input terminal 2 Input of RF signal output of pickup RF signal input terminal 3 Input of RF signal output of pickup...
  • Page 54 MD-R2H IC1201 VHiLR37648/-1:ENDEC/ATRAC (LR37648) (1/2) Function Terminal Name Input/Output Pin No. EFMMON Output EFM monitor output AVCC — Analog power EFMI Input EFM signal input from RF amp. AGND — Analog GND Input Focus error signal A Input Tracking error signal E...
  • Page 55 MD-R2H IC1201 VHiLR37648/-1:ENDEC/ATRAC (LR37648) (2/2) Function Terminal Name Input/Output Pin No. TESO1 Output PLLLR. Microcomputer extension output port 2 in case of selection TESO3 In/Output PLLOSC. Microcomputer extension output port 3 in case of selection TEST4 In/Output EXTCLK. Microcomputer extension output port 4 in case of selection...
  • Page 56 MD-R2H IC1401 RX-iX0227AWZZ:MD System Microcomputer (IX0227AW) (1/2) Function Terminal Name Input/Output Pin No. P96/ANEX1 Output Not used P95/ANEX0 Output Not used P94/DA1 Output LDVAR (laser power adjustment output) P93/DA0 Output ADJS (for automatic adjustment step check) P92/TB2 Output Not used...
  • Page 57 MD-R2H IC1401 RX-iX0227AWZZ:MD System Microcomputer (IX0227AW) (2/2) Function Terminal Name Input/Output Pin No. P42/A18 In/Output SYS D2 (data bus 2) P41/A17 In/Output SYS D1 (data bus 1) P40/A16 In/Output SYS D0 (data bus 0) P37/A15 Output Not used P36/A14 Output...
  • Page 58 MD-R2H IC1101 VHiiR3R55//-1:RF Signal Control (IR3R55) ADIPI ADIPO DIFF DIFF ADLPFO ADIP REFI 22KO REFO 22KI BIAS RFADD TCGI TCGO AOUT BOUT EOUT LOGIC FOUT Figure 58-1 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF IC IC1201 VHiLR37648/-1:ENDEC/ATRAC (LR37648) 75 74 73 72 71 70 69 68 67 66 65 64 63 62 61 60 59 58 57 56 55 54 53 52 51...
  • Page 59 “HOW TO ORDER REPLACEMENT PARTS” To have your order filled promptly and correctly, please furnish the For U.S.A. only following information. Contact your nearest SHARP Parts Distributor to order. 1. MODEL NUMBER 2. REF. No. 3. PART NO. 4. DESCRIPTION For location of SHARP Parts Distributor, Please call Toll-Free;...
  • Page 60 MD-R2H PRICE PRICE DESCRIPTION PART CODE PARTS CODE DESCRIPTION RANK RANK AC 0.47 µH INTEGRATED CIRCUITS L1201 VPBNNR47K0000 AC 4.7 µH L1203 VPBNN4R7K0000 AC 47 µH L1251 VP-NM470K0000 IC101 VHINJM4560D-1 AH Ope Amp.,NJM4560D AD 1 µH IC201 VHIUDA1340/-1 BA AD/DA Convertor,UDA1340...
  • Page 61 MD-R2H PRICE PRICE DESCRIPTION PARTS CODE DESCRIPTION PART CODE RANK RANK RESISTORS AB 10 µF,16V,Electrolytic C655,656 RC-GZA106AF1C AB 220 µF,10V,Electrolytic C657,658 RC-GZA227AF1A AB 100 µF,10V,Electrolytic C665,666 RC-GZA107AF1A VRS-TV2AB000J AA 0 ohm,Jumper,1.25×2mm,Green AB 0.1 µF,50V C667 VCFYDA1HA104J J1405 VRS-CY1JB103J AA 10 kohm,1/16W AA 0.1 µF,50V...
  • Page 62 MD-R2H PRICE PRICE PART CODE DESCRIPTION PARTS CODE DESCRIPTION RANK RANK R954 VRS-TV2AB102J AA 1 kohm,1/10W R1609 VRS-CY1JB152J AA 1.5 kohms,1/16W R955 VRS-TV2AB122J AA 1.2 kohms,1/10W R1610 VRS-CY1JB303D AA 30 kohms,1/16W R956 VRS-TV2AB152J AA 1.5 kohms,1/10W R1611 VRS-CY1JB123D AA 12 kohms,1/16W...
  • Page 63 MD-R2H PRICE PRICE PART CODE DESCRIPTION PARTS CODE DESCRIPTION RANK RANK CNS1904 QCNWN1050AWZZ J Connector Ass’y,4-2Pin QCNWN1050AWZZ J Connector Ass’y,2Pin CNW301 QCNWN1055AWZZ J AM Connector Ass’y,4Pin PSHEP0024AWZZ J AC Sheet,Head CNW471 QCNWN1057AWZZ J AK Connector Ass’y,24Pin MLEVP0078AWZZ J AC Arm (A)
  • Page 64 MD-R2H PRICE PRICE DESCRIPTION PART CODE PARTS CODE DESCRIPTION RANK RANK TINSE0188AWZZ AG Operation Manual [For UK] TINSZ0273AWZZ AW Operation Manual [Except for UK] SSAKH0025AWZZ J AC Polyethylene Bag,Accessories SPAKZ0355AWZZ AF Pad,AC Power Supply Cord [For UK Only] QCNWG0003AWZZ J...
  • Page 65 MD-R2H 611x2 CNS1903 611x2 SW1956 PWB-C SW1953 1952 SW1955 SW1954 603x2 CFW1901 603x2 PWB-D 612x4 M902 M903 M901 606x3 Figure 6 MD MECHANISM EXPLODED VIEW – 6 – – 65 –...
  • Page 66 MD-R2H 606x3 606x5 602x5 604x3 609x4 PWB-B2 201-1 FL901 201-2 PWB-B1 MD Unit Silicon Grease 607x2 PWB-B3 with 608x2 SW901 605x4 Washer 205x2 PWB-A with SW901 227x2 226x4 222x2 221x2 609x2 609x2 610x3 Figure 7 CABINET EXPLODED VIEW – 7 –...
  • Page 67: Packing Method (For Uk Only)

    MD-R2H PACKING METHOD (FOR UK ONLY) 1. Polyethylene Bag, Unit SSAKP0056AWZZ 2. Packing Add., Left/Right SPAKA0157AWZZ 3. Packing Case SPAKC0584AWZZ 4. Operation Manual TiNSE0188AWZZ 5. Polyethylene Bag, Accessories SSAKH0025AWZZ 6. Pad, AC power Supply Cord SPAKZ0355AWZZ 7. Pin Cord QCNWG0003AWZZ 8.
  • Page 68 MD-R2H © COPYRIGHT 1997 BY SHARP COPORATION ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any from or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission of the publisher.

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