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Hukseflux FHF05SC Series User Manual

Self-calibrating foil heat flux sensors with thermal spreaders and heater
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Hukseflux
Thermal Sensors
USER MANUAL
FHF05SC series
Self-calibrating foil heat flux sensors with thermal
spreaders and heater
Copyright by Hukseflux | FHF05SC series manual v2407 |www.hukseflux.com| info@hukseflux.com

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  • Page 1 Hukseflux Thermal Sensors USER MANUAL FHF05SC series Self-calibrating foil heat flux sensors with thermal spreaders and heater Copyright by Hukseflux | FHF05SC series manual v2407 |www.hukseflux.com| info@hukseflux.com...

  • Page 2: Cautionary Statements

    Cautionary statements Cautionary statements are subdivided into four categories: danger, warning, caution and notice according to the severity of the risk. DANGER Failure to comply with a danger statement will lead to death or serious physical injuries. WARNING Failure to comply with a warning statement may lead to risk of death or serious physical injuries.

  • Page 3: Table Of Contents

    Application example: stable performance check Application example: non-invasive core temperature measurement Measuring radiation and convection Specifications of FHF05SC sensors Specifications of sensors of the FHF05SC series Dimensions of FHF05SC series Standards and recommended practices for use Heat flux measurement in industry...

  • Page 4: List Of Symbols

    List of symbols Quantities Symbol Unit Heat flux Φ W/m² Voltage output Sensitivity V/(W/m Temperature °C Thermal resistance per unit area K/(W/m²) thermal,A Area m² Electrical resistance Ω Electrical power subscripts property of heatsink heatsink property of heater heater property of sensor sensor maximum value, specification limit maximum...

  • Page 5: Introduction

    Introduction FHF05SC series is a combination of the standard model FHF05 heat flux sensor and a heater. The heater allows the user to perform self-tests, verifying sensor functionality and stability during use, without having to remove the sensor. FHF05SC sensors are ideal...
  • Page 6 Figure 0.1 Model FHF05SC-50X50 self-calibrating foil heat flux sensor with thermal spreaders and heater, showing its back- and frontside. FHF 05S C s e ri e s m an u al v2 407 6/63...
  • Page 7 Measuring heat flux, users may wish to regularly check their sensor performance. During use, the film heater can be activated to perform a self-test. The heat flux sensor response to the self-test, results in a verification of sensor performance. Implicitly also wire connection, data acquisition, thermal connection of the sensor to its environment and data processing are tested.
  • Page 8 IP protection class: IP67 (essential for outdoor application and in humid environments) integrated thermal spreaders for low thermal conductivity dependence • FHF05SC series suggested use: • high-accuracy scientific measurement of heat flux, with a high level of data quality assurance •...
  • Page 9 FHF-type sensors. • • BLK – GLD sticker series to separate radiative and convective heat fluxes Hukseflux offers a complete product range of heat flux sensors with the highest quality • for any budget...

  • Page 10: Ordering And Checking At Delivery

    Ordering and checking at delivery 1.1 Ordering FHF05SC series The standard configuration of FHF05SC series is FHF05SC-50X50-02, model 50X50 with 2 metres of cable. Common options are: model FHF05SC-85X85 • change -02 to -05 or -10 metres cable length •...

  • Page 11: Quick Instrument Check

    1.3 Quick instrument check CAUTION Do not put a voltage of more than 0.1 V over 2 wires that connect to the same side of the heater: the yellow and purple wire on one side of the heater, or the pink and green wire on the other side of the heater.

  • Page 12: Instrument Principle And Theory

    Instrument principle and theory 2.1 What a heat flux sensor is and how it works FHF05SC sensor’s scientific name is heat flux transducer. We use the expression heat flux sensor, because this is more common. A heat flux sensor measures the heat flux density through the sensor itself.
  • Page 13 Figure 2.1.1 The general working principle of a heat flux sensor. The sensor inside FHF05SC series is a thermopile. A thermopile consists of a number of thermocouples, each consisting of two metal alloys (marked 1 and 2), electrically connected in series. A single thermocouple generates an output voltage that is proportional to the temperature difference between its hot- and cold joints.
  • Page 14 Figure 2.1.2 Heat flux from the backside to the frontside generates a positive voltage output signal. The dot on the foil indicates the frontside. The backside of the FHF05SC has a heater. All FHF05SC’s are designed such that heat flux from the backside to the frontside generates a positive voltage output signal.
  • Page 15 The user should analyse his own experiment and make his own uncertainty evaluation. The FHF05SC series rated temperature range for continuous use is -70 to +120 °C, for short intervals, peak temperatures -160 to +150 °C are allowed. Please contact Hukseflux when measuring at -160 °C, see also the appendix on use at low...

  • Page 16: The Self-Test

    2.2 The self-test A self-test is started by switching on FHF05SC’s heater, while recording the sensor output signal and the heater power. It is finalised by switching the heater off. During the heating interval a current I is fed through the foill heater, which generates a known heater heat flux proportional to the heater power.

  • Page 17: Validation

    In a typical validation setup as shown in the next figure, the FHF05SC series is positioned between an insulating material and a heatsink with the FHF05SC series heater on the side of the insulating material.

  • Page 18: Application Example: Stable Performance Check

    2.4 Application example: stable performance check FHF05SC’s heater can be used to check for stable performance of the sensor at regular intervals without the need to uninstall the sensor from its application. A typical stability check is performed based on the step response of the measured heat flux and sensor temperature to a heat flux applied by the heater.
  • Page 19 Figure 2.4.1 In-situ sensor stability check. Comparison of responses to stepwise heating relative to reference curves. Normalised to heater power (P) and relative to the heat flux and the temperature just before heating. Solid graphs show heat flux, dotted graphs show temperature.
  • Page 20 Figure 2.4.2 In situ sensor stability check. Comparison of responses to stepwise heating relative to reference curves. Normalised to heater power (P) and relative to the heat flux and the temperature just before heating. Solid graphs show heat flux, dotted graphs show temperature.
  • Page 21 Figure 2.4.3 In-situ sensor stability check. Comparison of responses to stepwise heating relative to reference curves. Normalised to heater power (P) and relative to the heat flux and the temperature just before heating. Solid graphs show heat flux, dotted graphs show temperature.

  • Page 22: Application Example: Non-Invasive Core Temperature Measurement

    2.5 Application example: non-invasive core temperature measurement FHF05SC sensors may be used for non-invasively measuring the core temperature of objects, for example of human beings. The measurement is done by securely fixating the sensor on the object under test. The side of the heater should be surrounded with insulation material.

  • Page 23: Measuring Radiation And Convection

    2.6 Measuring radiation and convection At a surface, heat will often be transferred by a combination of radiation and convection. To accurately measure the convective part, the thermal resistance of the sensor should be as low as possible. For the radiative part, the optical surface properties of the sensor should be representative of the surrounding area.

  • Page 24: Specifications Of Fhf05Sc Sensors

    Specifications of FHF05SC sensors 3.1 Specifications of sensors of the FHF05SC series Sensors of the FHF05SC series measure the heat flux density through the surface of the sensor. This quantity, expressed in W/m , is called heat flux. Using a thermopile sensor, an FHF05SC generates a small output voltage proportional to this flux.
  • Page 25 Table 3.1.1 Specifications of FHF05SC series (started on previous page, continued on next pages). Non-linearity < 5 % (0 to 10 x 10³ W/m²) Solar absorption coefficient 0.75 (indication only) Thermal conductivity dependence negligible, < 3 %/(W/m·K) for environments from 270 to 0.3 W/m·K...
  • Page 26 Table 3.1.1 Specifications of FHF05SC series (started on previous pages, continued on next page). Gross weight including 2 m wires approx. 0.5 kg Net weight including 2 m wires approx. 0.5 kg HEATER Heater length and width per dimension FHF05SC-50X50 (48 x 47.6) x 10...
  • Page 27 Table 3.1.1 Specifications of sensors of the FHF05SC series (started on previous pages). CALIBRATION Calibration traceability to SI units Product certificate included (showing calibration result and traceability) Calibration method method HFPC, according to ASTM C1130 - 21 Calibration hierarchy from SI through international standards and through...

  • Page 28: Dimensions Of Fhf05Sc Series

    3.2 Dimensions of FHF05SC series Figure 3.2.1 FHF05SC series models -50X50 and -85X85 heat flux sensor; Y = 36 or 70, H1 = 47.6 or 82.6 and H2 = 48 or 83. All dimensions in x 10 sensing area with thermal spreaders...

  • Page 29: Standards And Recommended Practices For Use

    FHF05SC. 4.1 Heat flux measurement in industry FHF05SC series sensors are often used to measure on industrial walls and metal surfaces, estimating the installation’s energy balance and the thermal transmission of walls. Typically, the total measuring system consists of multiple heat flux- and temperature sensors.

  • Page 30: Installation Of Fhf05Sc Sensors

    Installation of FHF05SC sensors Before performing a measurement, and permanently installing a heat flux sensor, we recommend to extensively test the heat flux sensor and the entire measuring system. For example, confirm the functionality and measurement accuracy of the temperature sensor in a •...

  • Page 31: Site Selection And Installation

    5.2 Site selection and installation Table 5.2.1 Recommendations for installation of FHF05SC series heat flux sensors. Location choose a location that is representative of the process that is analysed if possible, avoid exposure to sun, rain, etc. do not expose to drafts and lateral heat fluxes...
  • Page 32 Figure 5.2.1 Installation of model FHF05SC-50X50 using tape to fixate the sensor and the connection block. Extra strain relief on the wires is provided using cable tie mounts equipped with double-sided tape as an adhesive. As indicated in Table 5.1.1, tapes used for mounting the sensor are preferably taped over the passive guard area and not on the sensing area (the latter indicated by grey shading in Figure 5.1.1).
  • Page 33 Table 5.2.2 Options for mounting heat flux sensors. Materials may act to position the sensor, but also to fill up airgaps. product duration temperature functionality comments range [type] [time] [˚C] [description] [description] single sided temporary -260 to 150 positioning Positioning only, use with other tape only fillers such as thermal paste...

  • Page 34: Installation On Curved Surfaces

    5.3 Installation on curved surfaces The flexibility of the FHF05SC sensor foils makes them perfectly suitable to be installed on singly curved surfaces. The sensor foil can be bent around any axis. Figure 5.3.1 Bending of model FHF05SC-50X50 foil heat flux sensor, in this image on a pipe.
  • Page 35 Table 5.3.1 Extra recommendations for installation of FHF05SC series foil heat flux sensors on curved surfaces. Bending sensor foil can be bent in all directions Rated bending radius ≥ 15 x 10 Effect on sensitivity no significant influence on sensitivity...

  • Page 36: Electrical Connection

    5.4 Electrical connection 5.4.1 Electrical diagram Figure 5.4.1.1 Electrical diagram of sensor foil and cable of FHF sensors. FHF 05S C s e ri e s m an u al v2 407 36/63...
  • Page 37 Figure 5.4.1.2 Electrical diagram of heater foil of FHFSC sensors. FHF 05S C s e ri e s m an u al v2 407 37/63...
  • Page 38 5.4.2 Normal connection FHF05SC series has one bundled cable. It contains two sets of wires, one set for the heat flux signal, and one set for the heater. To read out the heat flux sensor, an FHF05SC sensor should be connected to a measurement system, such as a voltmeter, an amplifier, a data logger or a data- acquisition (DAQ) system.
  • Page 39 (part of) the heat flux signal and thermocouple; this will reduce signal output by 50 %. To apply power to the FHF05SC series heater, it should be connected to a 12 V power supply. The heat generated by the heater can be accurately determined by measuring the heater voltage and current in a four-point measurement.
  • Page 40 Table 5.4.3.1 The electrical connection of two FHF05SC heat flux sensors, 1 and 2, in series. In such case the sensitivity is the sum of the two sensitivities of the individual sensors. More sensors may be added in a similar manner. SENSOR WIRE MEASUREMENT SYSTEM...
  • Page 41 5.4.4 Connection to read out half signals See Figure 5.4.4.1: heat flux sensors in FHF05SC can be connected to read out only the heat flux through the left half of the sensing area or the heat flux through the right half of the sensing area.

  • Page 42: Requirements For Data Acquisition / Amplification

    Table 5.4.4.1 The electrical connection of FHF05SC for 100 % signal. WIRE MEASUREMENT SYSTEM heat flux signal [+] voltage input [+] Black heat flux signal [−] voltage input [−] or ground Brown thermocouple type T [+] White thermocouple type T [−] Table 5.4.4.2 The electrical connection of FHF05SC for left 50 % signal.
  • Page 43 Table 5.5.1 Requirements for data acquisition and amplification equipment for FHF05SC in the standard configuration. Capability to measure small voltage preferably: < 5 x 10 V uncertainty signals minimum requirement: 20 x 10 V uncertainty (valid for the entire expected temperature range of the acquisition / amplification equipment) select your data logger voltage range setting carefully, based on the heat flux sensor sensitivity and the expected...

  • Page 44: Maintenance And Trouble Shooting

    Maintenance and trouble shooting 6.1 Recommended maintenance and quality assurance FHF05SC series measures reliably at a low level of maintenance. Unreliable measurement results are detected by scientific judgement, for example by looking for unreasonably large or small measured values. The preferred way to obtain a reliable measurement is a regular critical review of the measured data, preferably checking against other measurements.

  • Page 45: Trouble Shooting

    6.2 Trouble shooting Table 6.2.1 Trouble shooting for FHF05SC sensors. General Inspect the sensor for any damage. Inspect the quality of mounting / installation. Inspect if the wires are properly attached to the data logger. Check the condition of the cable and wires. Check the data logger program, in particular if the right sensitivity is entered.
  • Page 46 Table 6.2.1 Trouble shooting for FHFSC sensors (started on previous page). The heat flux Check the presence of strong sources of electromagnetic radiation (radar, radio). Check the condition of the sensor wires. temperature Check if the wires are not moving during the measurement. sensor signal If available on your data logger, turn on 50 Hz or 60 Hz noise filtering.
  • Page 47 Table 6.2.2 Indicative electrical resistances between wires for FHF05SC-50X50 with standard cable length. WIRE Black White Brown Yellow Purple Pink Green 280 Ω 155 Ω 140 Ω > 1 MΩ > 1 MΩ > 1 MΩ > 1 MΩ Black 155 Ω...

  • Page 48: Validation And Calibration

    Hukseflux's main recommendations for field validations are: 1) to compare to a calibration reference of the same brand and type as the field sensor...

  • Page 49: Appendices

    Cables and wires may act as a source of distortion by picking up capacitive noise. Keep the distance between data logger or amplifier and sensor as short as possible. In an electrically “quiet” environment the FHF05SC series wires may be extended without problem. If done properly, the sensor signal, although small, will not significantly...
  • Page 50 T these have nominally the same composition as thermocouple cables. Standard cable as supplied by Hukseflux: 7 x copper and 1 x constantan wire, AWG 28, solid core, bundled with an PFA sheath Separate cable available in 2, 5 or 10 m length longer cables may be offered as a “special”...

  • Page 51: Appendix On Using Fhf05Sc Sensors With Blk - Gld Sticker Series

    BLK black and GLD gold stickers are accessories for the heat flux sensors of the FHF05 series and FHF05SC series. A sensor equipped with a BLK black sticker is sensitive to both radiative and convective heat flux. A sensor equipped with a GLD gold sticker reflects radiation and measures convective heat flux only.

  • Page 52: Appendix On Standards For Calibration

    Transducers specifies in Chapter 6 that a guarded hot plate, a heat flowmeter, a hot box or a thin heater apparatus are all allowed. Hukseflux employs a thin heater apparatus, uses a linear function according to X1.1 and uses a nominal temperature of 20 °C, in accordance with X2.2.

  • Page 53: Appendix On Calibration Hierarchy

    The Hukseflux HFPC method follows the recommended practice of ASTM C1130 - 21. It relies on a thin heater apparatus according to principles as described in paragraph 4 of ASTM C1114 - 06, in the single-sided mode of operation described in paragraph 8.2 and...

  • Page 54: Appendix On Correction For Temperature Dependence

    Φ the heat flux in W/m², U the FHF05 series voltage output in V, S the sensitivity in V/(W/m²) at 20 °C and T the FHF05 temperature. The coefficient of 0.002 or 0.2 [%/K] is the best estimate Hukseflux currently has of the temperature dependence of sensitivity.

  • Page 55: Appendix On Measurement Range For Different Temperatures

    7.6 Appendix on measurement range for different temperatures The measurement range of FHF05SC sensors is specified as (-10 to +10) x 10 20 °C heat sink temperature. This is a very conservative specification. In reality, the rated temperature for continuous use of +120 °C is the limiting specification.

  • Page 56: Appendix On Temperature Measurement Accuracy

    7.7 Appendix on temperature measurement accuracy All FHF’s have an integrated thermocouple to measure the temperature of the object under test. This thermocouple then performs a separate secondary measurement, in addition to the main heat flux measurement. The uncertainty of the temperature measurement is the sum of the thermocouple measurement uncertainty (a sensor property) + the voltage measurement uncertainty of the electronics + the reference junction measurement uncertainty.

  • Page 57: Appendix On Use Of Fhf Sensor Foils At Low Temperatures To -200 °C

    -70 °C. Although use at lower temperatures is possible, Hukseflux does not specify the use down to -200 ˚C formally because the application of any sensors, not just these, at such temperatures is always high-risk. Use at a temperature lower than -70 °C is at the user’s own risk.
  • Page 58 This uses a temperature dependence of the sensitivity of + 0.2% / ˚C. If needed, for higher accuracy, Hukseflux can determine the sensitivity from +50 to -30 ˚C, which users can then extrapolate to the temperature of their application.

  • Page 59: Appendix On Use Of Fhf Sensor Foils Under Vacuum Conditions

    7.9 Appendix on use of FHF sensor foils under vacuum conditions FHF users have successfully employed the FHF05, FHF05SC and FHF06 sensor foils under vacuum conditions. Hukseflux does not specify the use under vacuum conditions, because the application of any sensors, not just these, under vacuum is always high-risk.

  • Page 60: Appendix On Long-Term Use In Condensing -, Wet - And Underwater Conditions

    However, Hukseflux formally specifies such use under IP67 for short - 30 minutes - duration and at a limited pressure - 0.5 m of water - only. Long-term application under wet conditions is possible, but always high-risk and at the user’s own risk.

  • Page 61: Appendix On Use Of Fhf Sensor Foils Under Pressure

    Previous, very similar heat flux sensors were manufactured at 40 bars. Thus, Hukseflux has reasonable confidence in the performance of the foils up to 40 bar, but any use above 8 bar is at the user’s own risk.

  • Page 62: Eu Declaration Of Conformity

    Hukseflux Thermal Sensors B.V., Delftechpark 31, 2628 XJ, Delft, The Netherlands hereby declare under our sole responsibility that: Product model FHF05SC series, all models Product type Heat flux sensors conform with the following directive(s): 2011/65/EU, EU 2015/863 The Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive...
  • Page 63 © 2024, Hukseflux Thermal Sensors B.V. www.hukseflux.com Hukseflux Thermal Sensors B.V. reserves the right to change specifications without notice.

This manual is also suitable for:

Fhf05sc-50x50Fhf05sc-85x85

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