1. Manuals
  2. Brands
  3. PRONAR Manuals
  4. Snow Blower
  5. PUV-4000HD
  6. Operator's manual

PRONAR PUV-4000HD Operator's Manual

Snow plough
Hide thumbs Also See for PUV-4000HD:
Table of Contents

Advertisement

Quick Links

Download this manual
ISSUE 1A-09-2015
PRONAR Sp. z o.o.
17-210 NAREW, UL. MICKIEWICZA 101A, PODLASKIE PROVINCE
tel.:
fax:
OPERATOR'S MANUAL
SNOW PLOUGH
PRONAR PUV-4000HD
TRANSLATION OF THE ORIGINAL INSTRUCTIONS
+48 085 681 63 29
+48 085 681 63 81
+48 085 681 63 83
PUBLICATION NO 517N-00000000-UM
+48 085 681 64 29
+48 085 681 63 82
+48 085 682 71 10
www.pronar.pl

Advertisement

Table of Contents
loading
Need help?

Need help?

Do you have a question about the PUV-4000HD and is the answer not in the manual?

Questions and answers

Related Manuals for PRONAR PUV-4000HD

Summary of Contents for PRONAR PUV-4000HD

  • Page 1 PRONAR Sp. z o.o. 17-210 NAREW, UL. MICKIEWICZA 101A, PODLASKIE PROVINCE tel.: +48 085 681 63 29 +48 085 681 64 29 +48 085 681 63 81 +48 085 681 63 82 fax: +48 085 681 63 83 +48 085 682 71 10 www.pronar.pl...

  • Page 3: Machine Identification

    SNOW PLOUGH PRONAR PUV-4000HD MACHINE IDENTIFICATION TYPE: …………………………… SERIAL NUMBER:...

  • Page 4: Manufacturer's Address

    The machine is designed to meet obligatory standards, documents and legal regulations currently in force. This Operator's Manual describes the basic safety rules and operation of PRONAR PUV 4000HD snow plough. If the information contained in the Operator's Manual needs...
  • Page 5 SYMBOLS APPEARING IN THIS OPERATOR'S MANUAL Information, descriptions of danger and precautions and also recommendations and prohibitions associated with user safety instructions are marked: and also preceded by the word "DANGER”. Failure to observe the instructions may endanger the machine operator's or other person's health or life. Particularly important information and instructions, the observance of which is essential, are distinguished in the text by the sign: and also preceded by the word "ATTENTION".

  • Page 7: Table Of Contents

    TABLE OF CONTENTS BASIC INFORMATION 1.1 IDENTIFICATION 1.2 PROPER USE 1.3 EQUIPMENT 1.4 TERMS & CONDITIONS OF WARRANTY 1.5 TRANSPORT 1.6 ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS 1.10 1.7 WITHDRAWAL FROM USE 1.10 SAFETY ADVICE 2.1 BASIC SAFETY RULES 2.1.1 USE OF MACHINE 2.1.2 HITCHING AND UNHITCHING FROM CARRYING VEHICLE 2.1.3 HYDRAULIC SYSTEM...
  • Page 8 CORRECT USE 4.1 PREPARE FOR WORK 4.2 CHECKING TECHNICAL CONDITION 4.3 HITCHING TO VEHICLE 4.3.1 HITCHING TO THE THREE POINT LINKAGE 4.3.2 HITCHING TO FRONT LOADER OR ANOTHER CARRYING VEHICLE 4.3.3 CONNECTING THE HYDRAULIC SYSTEM 4.3.4 CONNECTING THE ELECTRICAL SYSTEM 4.4 SNOW PLOUGH OPERATION 4.4.1 LEVELLING THE SNOW PLOUGH BODY...
  • Page 9 5.5 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM MAINTENANCE 5.13 5.6 LUBRICATION 5.13 TABLE 5.8 LUBRICATION POINTS AND LUBRICATION FREQUENCY 5.14 5.7 STORAGE 5.16 5.8 TIGHTENING TORQUE FOR NUT AND BOLT CONNECTIONS 5.16 TABLE 5.9 TIGHTENING TORQUE FOR NUT AND BOLT CONNECTIONS 5.17 5.9 TROUBLESHOOTING 5.17...

  • Page 11: Basic Information

    SECTION BASIC INFORMATION...

  • Page 12: Identification

    Location of the data plate (1) data plate PRONAR PUV–4000HD snow plough is marked with the data plate (1), located on the left snow plough wing. When buying the machine check that the serial numbers on the machine agree with the number written in the WARRANTY BOOK, in the sales documents and in the OPERATOR'S MANUAL.

  • Page 13: Proper Use

    SECTION 1 PUV-4000HD The meanings of the individual fields found on the data plate – figure (1.1) are presented in table (1.1). TABLE 1.1 Meaning of data plate items ITEM MARKING Machine name Machine type Serial number Year of manufacture...
  • Page 14 PUV-4000HD SECTION 1 The machine may only be used by persons, who: • are familiar with the contents of this publication and with the contents of the carrying vehicle Operator's Manual • have been trained in machine operation and safe working conditions, •...

  • Page 15: Equipment

    SECTION 1 PUV-4000HD IMPORTANT! The plough must not be used for purposes other than those for which it is intended, in particular: • levelling of roads, terrain; • transport of people, animals and other items on the machine. 1.3 EQUIPMENT Some standard equipment elements, which were listed in table (1.3), may not be present in...

  • Page 16: Terms & Conditions Of Warranty

    Simultaneous / independent control with shock absorbers, with two plugs 1.4 TERMS & CONDITIONS OF WARRANTY PRONAR Sp. z o.o. Narew guarantees the reliable operation of the machine when it is used according to its intended purpose as described in the OPERATOR'S MANUAL.

  • Page 17: Transport

    SECTION 1 PUV-4000HD The warranty service only applies to factory defects and mechanical damage that is not due to the user's fault. In the event of damage arising from: • mechanical damage which is the user's fault, • caused by road accidents, •...
  • Page 18 PUV-4000HD SECTION 1 vehicle's driver familiarises himself with the machine's Operator's Manual and particularly with information concerning safety and principles of connection and transport on public roads. FIGURE 1.2 Positioning of transport lugs (1) transport lugs, (2) information decal During road transport the machine should be secured on the carrier platform by certified belts or chains fitted with a pulley.
  • Page 19 PUV-4000HD FIGURE 1.3 Centre of gravity Centre of gravity of the standard version of PUV-4000HD snow plough (three-point linkage) DANGER When transporting independently, the user must carefully read this Operator's Manual and observe all recommendations. When being transported on a motor vehicle the machine must be mounted on the vehicle's platform in accordance with the transport safety requirements.

  • Page 20: Environmental Hazards

    PUV-4000HD SECTION 1 IMPORTANT! Centre of gravity, depending on the version (slides or wheels, rubber or metal strips, hydraulic system with shock absorption) varies in the range ±100 mm. Do NOT secure lifting slings or any types of securing elements to hydraulic cylinders.
  • Page 21 SECTION 1 PUV-4000HD IMPORTANT! During dismantling personal protection equipment shall be used i.e. protective clothing, boots, gloves and protective goggles etc. Avoid contact of skin with oil. Do not allow used oil to spill. 1.11...
  • Page 22 PUV-4000HD SECTION 1 1.12...

  • Page 23: Safety Advice

    SECTION SAFETY ADVICE...

  • Page 24: Basic Safety Rules

    PUV-4000HD SECTION 2 2.1 BASIC SAFETY RULES 2.1.1 USE OF MACHINE • Before using the machine, the user must carefully read this Operator's Manual and the WARRANTY BOOK. When operating the machine, the operator must comply with the recommendations. • The machine may only be used and operated by persons qualified to drive carrying vehicle and trained in the use of the machine.

  • Page 25: Hydraulic System

    SECTION 2 PUV-4000HD machine is not compatible with the category of the carrying vehicle's linkage system. • After completion of hitching the machine, check the safeguards. Carefully read the carrying vehicle Operator's Manual. • To hitch the machine to the carrying vehicle use only linking elements envisaged by the Manufacturer.

  • Page 26: Transporting The Machine

    PUV-4000HD SECTION 2 • Use the hydraulic oil recommended by the Manufacturer. Never mix two types of oil. • Used oil or oil, which has lost its properties, should be stored in original containers or replacement containers resistant to action of hydrocarbons.
  • Page 27 When working on hydraulic systems it is recommended to use oil resistant gloves and protective goggles. • Any modification to the machine frees PRONAR from any responsibility for damage or detriment to health which may arise as a result.

  • Page 28: Snow Plough Operation

    • Do NOT use the snow plough with additional ballast. 2.2 DESCRIPTION OF RESIDUAL RISK Pronar Sp. z o. o. in Narew has made every effort to eliminate the risk of accidents. There is, however, a certain residual risk, which could lead to an accident, and this is connected mainly with the actions described below: •...

  • Page 29: Information And Warning Decals

    SECTION 2 PUV-4000HD • operation of the machine by unauthorised persons or persons under the influence of alcohol or other intoxicating substances, • cleaning, maintenance and technical checks when the carrying vehicle is connected and its engine is running The residual risk may be kept to a minimum by following the recommendations below: •...
  • Page 30 PUV-4000HD SECTION 2 TABLE 2.1 Information and warning decals DESCRIPTION SYMBOL Before starting work, carefully read the Operator's Manual. Warning decal II 17N-12000005 Do not reach into crushing space because elements may move. Danger of crushing hands or fingers. Warning decal III...
  • Page 31 SECTION 2 PUV-4000HD DESCRIPTION SYMBOL Pressurised liquid. Keep a safe distance. Decal XII 12N-15000009 Danger. Hydraulic accumulator. Pressurised nitrogen ... bar. Release pressure from the system before the technical inspection. Label of hydraulic accumulator 126N-16000008 Outline marking. Clearance warning decal, right...
  • Page 32 PUV-4000HD SECTION 2 PUV-4000HD NIEBEZPIECZEŃSTWO DANGER AKUMULATOR HYDRAULICZNY / HYDRAULIC ACCUMULATOR AZOT POD CIŚNIENIEM NITROGEN UNDER PRESSURE PR ZED PRZEGLĄDEM TECHNICZNYM INSTALACJĘ ROZŁADOWAĆ Z PANUJĄCEGO W NIEJ CIŚNIENIA / UNLOAD THE PRESSURE IN HYDRAULIC SYSTEM BEFORE TECHNICAL SURVEY 126N16000008 FIGURE 2.1 Locations of information and warning decals.
  • Page 33 SECTION DESIGN AND OPERATION...

  • Page 34: Technical Specification

    PUV-4000HD SECTION 3 3.1 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION TABLE 3.1 BASIC TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION Unit PUV-4000HD Snow plough model Mounting method: - three point linkage cat. II according to ISO 730-1 - front loader EURO mount, ŁC-1650 Width depending on the operating position - figure (3.1)
  • Page 35 SECTION 3 PUV-4000HD Maximum working speed km/h 6 -for front loaders Other information single person operation * – with metal collecting strips **– standard equipment, weight of the machine with optional equipment is different Level of noise emitted by machine does not exceed 70 dB(A) FIGURE 3.1...

  • Page 36: General Design

    (7) main pin; (8) hydraulic system; (9) slides; (10) clearance lamp, (11) wheels (option), (12) electrical system PUV-4000HD snow plough consists of frame (1) to which right (3) and left (4) wings are connected by means of main pin (7). The snow plough is hitched to a carrying vehicle using a...

  • Page 37: Hydraulic System

    SECTION 3 PUV-4000HD suitable linkage system (2). Rubber or metal collecting strips (5) with shock absorbing springs (6) are able to swing backwards when an obstacle is encountered. The snow plough's functions are managed by means of hydraulic system (8). Depending on the its version, the snow plough can be equipped with wheels (11) and other linkage systems (2) for hitching the snow plough to a wide range of carrying vehicles.
  • Page 38 PUV-4000HD SECTION 3 with oil from the carrying vehicle's hydraulic system via two conduits terminated with quick couplers (3). Snow ploughs with hydraulic shock absorbers are also equipped with a hydraulic accumulator and a solenoid valve (1) with overpressure valve.
  • Page 39 SECTION 3 PUV-4000HD FIGURE 3.5 Concept diagram of the hydraulic system (with hydraulic shock absorbers) (A) - hydraulic system with hydraulic shock absorbers; (B) - hydraulic system with hydraulic shock absorbers, independent-simultaneous control; (1) - hydraulic cylinder; (2) - hydraulic...

  • Page 40: Electrical System

    PUV-4000HD SECTION 3 3.4 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM FIGURE 3.6 Design of solenoid valve electrical system (1) - cigarette lighter socket plug; (2) - switch; (3) - solenoid valve;...
  • Page 41 SECTION 3 PUV-4000HD The electrical system – figure (3.6) is used for controlling the hydraulic solenoid valve (3) and is supplied using 12V cigarette lighter socket from the carrying vehicle's electrical system. Electrical lighting system of the snow plough is designed for 12 V DC power supply. In basic version, the electrical system of the snow plough's clearance lights is connected using a lead with 3-pin plugs.
  • Page 42 PUV-4000HD SECTION 3 3.10...

  • Page 43: Correct Use

    SECTION CORRECT USE...

  • Page 44: Prepare For Work

    PUV-4000HD SECTION 4 4.1 PREPARE FOR WORK DANGER Before using the plough, the user must carefully read this operator's manual. Careless and improper use and operation of the machine, and non-compliance with the recommendations given in this Operator's Manual is dangerous to your health.

  • Page 45: Checking Technical Condition

    SECTION 4 PUV-4000HD • check technical condition of mouldboard, collecting blades, slides or supporting wheels, • check technical condition of the linkage components, ATTENTION Non-adherence to the recommendations stated in the Operator's Manual or improper use may cause damage to the machine.

  • Page 46: Hitching To Vehicle

    LUBRICATION. table (5.6) 4.3 HITCHING TO VEHICLE The PUV-4000HD plough may only be mounted on a carrying vehicle fulfilling the requirements contained in table (1.2) "Carrying vehicle requirements". ATTENTION Before hitching the plough to carrying vehicle, the user must carefully read the carrying vehicle operator's manual.

  • Page 47: Hitching To The Three Point Linkage

    SECTION 4 PUV-4000HD Depending on machine version, the snow plough can be equipped with a wide range of linkage systems. Before mounting the machine on the carrying vehicle, check the linkage compatibility. The method of hitching the snow plough to the carrying vehicle may differ depending on the type of carrying vehicle.
  • Page 48 PUV-4000HD SECTION 4 • drive loader close to the plough and insert mounting points in the appropriate places in the quick mounting frame; • lift the arm (B) so that the upper mounting points are in the plough hooks; controlling the loader frame tilt it back (C), causing the locking of the quick mounting mechanism;...

  • Page 49: Connecting The Hydraulic System

    SECTION 4 PUV-4000HD 4.3.3 CONNECTING THE HYDRAULIC SYSTEM FIGURE 4.2 Connecting the hydraulic system (1) - quick coupler plug; (2) - quick coupler socket The snowplough's hydraulic quick couplers – figure (4.2) should be connected to two connections in one section of the carrying vehicle's external hydraulic circuit. Depending on its version, the machine can be equipped with two hydraulic conduit plugs (1) or a plug (1) and a hydraulic socket (2).

  • Page 50: Connecting The Electrical System

    PUV-4000HD SECTION 4 4.3.4 CONNECTING THE ELECTRICAL SYSTEM FIGURE 4.3 Connecting the electrical system (1) power lead of lighting system; (2) control lead of hydraulic solenoid valve, (3) solenoid valve control switch, (4) 3-pin socket, (5) cigarette lighter socket plug; (6) 3-pin plug, (7) 7-pin...

  • Page 51: Snow Plough Operation

    SECTION 4 PUV-4000HD in an accessible place in the operator cab. Arrange electrical wires and hydraulic conduits so as to prevent their damage during operation. 4.4 SNOW PLOUGH OPERATION 4.4.1 LEVELLING THE SNOW PLOUGH BODY For optimum operation, set the snow plough body at the angle of 90 to the ground surface.

  • Page 52: Adjusting The Snow Plough Working Positions

    Levelling the snow plough body suspended on three-point linkage 4.4.2 ADJUSTING THE SNOW PLOUGH WORKING POSITIONS PUV-4000HD snow plough has four adjustable working positions. In order to change the snow plough working position use the electric switch and the hydraulic system manifold lever that controls a relevant section of the external hydraulic system of the carrying vehicle.
  • Page 53 SECTION 4 PUV-4000HD FIGURE 4.6 Setting working position for independent control FIGURE 4.7 Setting working position for simultaneous independent control 4.11...

  • Page 54: Setting Working Height

    Working speed depends on the quantity and quality of collected material but also on the type of terrain. It is not recommended to operate PUV-4000HD snow plough mounted on front loaders when blades are set (to the right or to the left) in severe conditions, i.e.: •...
  • Page 55 SECTION 4 PUV-4000HD guide. When the height is set, the slides must be secured with a pin (3) and securing cotter pin (4). Slides of the left and right blade should be extended at the same height. FIGURE 4.8 Height adjustment in ploughs equipped with slides.
  • Page 56 PUV-4000HD SECTION 4 FIGURE 4.9 Height adjustment in ploughs equipped with wheels (1) wheel; (2) body; (3) knob; (4) knob lock, (A) lifting, (B) lowering In ploughs equipped with supporting wheels – figure (4.9), the working height adjustment is performed by sliding wheel (1) out or sliding wheel (1) into the body (2) by turning knob (3).

  • Page 57: Driving On Public Roads

    SECTION 4 PUV-4000HD 4.5 DRIVING ON PUBLIC ROADS When driving on public roads, respect the road traffic regulations, exercise caution and prudence. If the clearing with plough is done on a pavement or promenade special attention should be paid to the bystanders likely to be near the working machine. Listed below are the key guidelines.

  • Page 58: Unhitching The Machine From Carrying Vehicle

    PUV-4000HD SECTION 4 4.6 UNHITCHING THE MACHINE FROM CARRYING VEHICLE FIGURE 4.10 Plough position when disconnected from the carrying vehicle (1) - hydraulic quick couplers; (2) - securing socket In order to disconnect the plough from the tractor, proceed as follows: •...
  • Page 59 SECTION 4 PUV-4000HD • disconnect hydraulic conduit plugs from the carrying vehicle and electric power leads of the solenoid valve and clearance lights, • quick couplers of hydraulic conduits (1) must be protected against contamination and inserted in special sockets (2) on the snow plough frame, •...
  • Page 60 PUV-4000HD SECTION 4 4.18...

  • Page 61: Maintenance

    SECTION MAINTENANCE...

  • Page 62: Checking And Replacement Of Collecting Blades

    PUV-4000HD SECTION 5 5.1 CHECKING AND REPLACEMENT OF COLLECTING BLADES Excessively worn or damaged blades must be replaced with new ones. Before replacing the blades, raise the machine and support it with stable supports, turn off the engine and immobilise vehicle with parking brake.

  • Page 63: Blades

    SECTION 5 PUV-4000HD TABLE 5.1 STEEL SNOW PLOUGH BLADES Marking Number of Name / Catalogue No. items Figure 5.1 446N-03000003 steel blade 517N-03000001 steel blade 446N-03000002 internal blade 517N-09000001 steel blade * – used as external blade instead of (B) blade Before replacing collecting blades raise the plough and support with sufficiently stable and strong supports.
  • Page 64 PUV-4000HD SECTION 5 FIGURE 5.2 Replacement of vertical steel blades (option) (A) central blade; (B) internal blade, (C) external blade; (D) external blade with a bumper (option), (1) bolt; (2) nut; (3) washer TABLE 5.2 VERTICAL STEEL BLADES (OPTION) Marking Number of Name / Catalogue No.
  • Page 65 SECTION 5 PUV-4000HD FIGURE 5.3 Replacement of rubber blades (option) (A) central blade; (B) internal blade, (C) external blade; (1) cover plate; (2) external cover plate, (3) bolt; (4) nut; (3) washer TABLE 5.3 RUBBER BLADES (OPTION) Marking Number of Name / Catalogue No.
  • Page 66 PUV-4000HD SECTION 5 FIGURE 5.4 Replacement of perforated steel blades (option) (A) internal blade; (B) external blade, (C) central blade; (1) bolt; (2) nut; (3) washer TABLE 5.4 PERFORATED STEEL BLADES (OPTION) Marking Number of Name / Catalogue No. items Figure 5.4...
  • Page 67 SECTION 5 PUV-4000HD FIGURE 5.5 Replacement of perforated vertical steel blades (option) (A) central blade; (B) internal blade, (C) external blade; (1) bolt; (2) nut; (3) washer TABLE 5.5 PERFORATED VERTICAL STEEL SNOW PLOUGH BLADES Marking Number of Name / Catalogue No.

  • Page 68: Slide Replacement

    PUV-4000HD SECTION 5 5.2 SLIDE REPLACEMENT FIGURE 5.6 Slide replacement (1) slide; (2) slider; (3) pin, (4) bolt; (5) nut;...

  • Page 69: Adjustment Of Collecting Blade Springs

    Adjustment of collecting blade springs should be performed only when the engine is stopped, and the machine is raised and secured. PUV-4000HD snow plough is equipped with swinging segments of collecting blades. When an obstacle is encountered, individual segments of collecting blades (figure (5.7)) can independently swing backward and return to working position thanks to shock absorbing springs (4).
  • Page 70 PUV-4000HD SECTION 5 FIGURE 5.7 Adjustment of collecting blades (1) - blade inclination adjusting nut; (2) - blade spring tension adjusting nut; (3) - counter-nut; (4) - spring During the adjustment, set the collecting blades in such a manner as to ensure that front surfaces of individual blade segments form a single plane.

  • Page 71: Hydraulic System Operation

    SECTION 5 PUV-4000HD 5.4 HYDRAULIC SYSTEM OPERATION The duties of the operator connected with the hydraulic system include: • checking tightness of cylinders hydraulic connections, • checking technical condition of hydraulic lines; • checking technical condition and leak tightness of hydraulic connectors DANGER Do not repair hydraulic system on your own.
  • Page 72 PUV-4000HD SECTION 5 TABLE 5.7 HL32 HYDRAULIC OIL CHARACTERISTICS ITEM NAME VALUE ISO 3448VG viscosity classification 28.8 – 35.2 Kinematic viscosity at 40°C ISO 6743/99 quality classification DIN 51502 quality classification Flash point, Above 210°C Maximum operating temperature, Spilt oil should be immediately collected and placed in marked tight container. Used oil should be taken to the appropriate facility dealing with the re-use of this type of waste.

  • Page 73: Electrical System Maintenance

    SECTION 5 PUV-4000HD Hydraulic conduits should be replaced after 4 years of machine use. 5.5 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM MAINTENANCE Electrical system maintenance involves periodical checking the operation of the clearance lights system and hydraulic solenoid valve. After hitching the machine to the carrying vehicle, connect power lead of the electrical system and the switch wiring harness.
  • Page 74 PUV-4000HD SECTION 5 TABLE 5.8 LUBRICATION POINTS AND LUBRICATION FREQUENCY NUMBER TYPE OF LUBRICATION NAME LUBRICATI GREASE FREQUENCY ON POINTS Blade main pivot pin 50 hours Linkage skid plate 20 hours Wheel bolt bearing (option) 10 hours grease Wheel column...
  • Page 75 SECTION 5 PUV-4000HD FIGURE 5.8 Lubrication points Lubrication points described in table 5.8 5.15...
  • Page 76 PUV-4000HD SECTION 5 5.7 STORAGE After finishing work, machine should be thoroughly cleaned and washed with water jet. While washing, do not direct a strong water or steam jet at information and warning decals or hydraulic conduits and electrical components. Nozzle of pressure or steam washer should be kept at a distance of not less than 30 cm from cleaned surface.

  • Page 77: Troubleshooting

    SECTION 5 PUV-4000HD During maintenance and repairs use appropriate torque for bolt connections (unless other is specified for a particular connection). Recommended tightening torque values apply to non- greased steel bolts –table (5.9). TABLE 5.9 TIGHTENING TORQUE FOR NUT AND BOLT CONNECTIONS THREAD 10.9...
  • Page 78 PUV-4000HD SECTION 5 Electrical system of solenoid Repair at an authorised service valve is damaged point Incorrectly positioned wheels Check and replace if necessary (option) Machine removes Excessively worn collecting Check and replace if necessary snow unevenly plough blades The snow plough is not...
  • Page 79 NOTES …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………...

Table of Contents