Page 1 RF ＆ Communication Trainer GRF-1300A TEACHER’S BOOK USER MANUAL and TEXT BOOK GW INSTEK PART NO. 82RF-13002M01 ISO-9001 CERTIFIED MANUFACTURER...
Page 2 This manual contains proprietary information, which is protected by copyright. All rights are reserved. No part of this manual may be photocopied, reproduced or translated to another language without prior written consent of Good Will Corporation. The information in this manual was correct at the time of printing. However, Good Will continues to improve its products and therefore reserves the right to change the specifications, equipment, and maintenance procedures at any time without notice.
Page 4: Table Of Contents
GRF-1300A User Manual and Teaching Materials able of Contents SAFETY INSTRUCTIONS ............3 ABOUT THIS BOOK ............6 INTRODUCTION to the GRF-1300A ........7 Package Contents ................... 9 Product Specifications and Function .............. 9 Usage Instructions ..................11 OVERVIEW of the TIME and FREQUENCY DOMAIN..18 Observation from a different perspective .............
Page 5 Table of Contents dBm Conversion Table ................134 The relationship between dB and dBc ............135 Resistor Values in π-type Resistance Attenuators........136 Resistor Values in T-type Resistance Attenuators ........137 Modulation Index and Sideband Amplitude Comparison Table ....138 Declaration of Conformity................
Page 6: Safety Instructions
WARNING Caution: Identifies conditions or practices that could result in CAUTION damage to the GRF-1300A or to other objects or property. DANGER High Voltage Attention: Refer to the Manual Protective Conductor Terminal Earth (Ground) Terminal Do not dispose electronic equipment as unsorted municipal waste.
Page 7 Disconnect the power cord before cleaning the device. Cleaning the • GRF-1300A Use a soft cloth dampened in a solution of mild detergent and • water. Do not spray any liquid into the device. Do not use chemicals containing harsh products such as •...
Page 8 GRF-1300A User Manual and Teaching Materials Location: Indoor Storage • environment Relative Humidity: < 70% • Temperature: -10°C to 70°C • Do not dispose this device as unsorted municipal waste. Please Disposal use a separate collection facility or contact the supplier from which this instrument was purchased.
Page 9: About This Book
Introduction to the GRF-1300A BOUT THIS BOOK This textbook was developed in conjunction with the GRF- 1300A RF & Communication Trainer and the GSP-730 3GHz spectrum analyzer as an RF communications education system. It not only offers detailed examples, but also the practical...
Page 10: Introduction To The Grf-1300A
The GRF-1300A is a well designed training kit capable of producing a 3MHz baseband signal and a carrier signal up to 900MHz. The GRF-1300A is also able to perform AM and FM RF circuit experiments as well. The practical exercises in the training kit meet the needs of most general RF courses.
Page 11 RF circuit experiments. Specific experiments will be highlighted in later chapters. The GRF-1300A RF & Communication Trainer is designed to modulate an audio signal with a carrier waveform. The system takes into account the difficulties arising from RF circuit theory and knowledge.
Page 12: Package Contents
GRF-1300A User Manual and Teaching Materials Package Contents This package contains the GRF-1300A unit, RF cable – 3 * 10cm, 1*20cm,RF cable 2* 80cm, a user manual CD, a student book, an antenna, a power cord and so on. Title...
Page 13 Introduction to the GRF-1300A LO-IF ≥-35dBm ≥-60dBm Mixer+modulation Frequency Centre: Bandpass Filter Bandwidth:±20MHz 2.4GHz Turn circuits on or off by remote command for Communication the diagnostic experiments.
Page 14: Usage Instructions
When the waveform is selected, the corresponding LED light will be lit up. • The Reset button is used to reset the GRF-1300A. When reset, the GRF-1300A will output a 0.10MHz sine wave baseband signal and a carrier signal with a frequency...
Page 15 Introduction to the GRF-1300A • The output port is used to output the set baseband signal. • The four-digit display is used to display the frequency of the output baseband signal. • TP4 (test point 4) is used to monitor the output signal from the output port.
Page 16 GRF-1300A User Manual and Teaching Materials Figure A-5. RF Synthesizer/FM module 6. The AM module is used for amplitude modulation. The AM in port and RF in port are used to input the modulating signal and the carrier signal respectively. The AM output port outputs the amplitude modulated waveform.
Page 17 1 8. Install the GRF-1300A driver onto the PC. • Connect the GRF-1300A to the PC. Below are the steps for installing the software. Add the install software to the install directory. Click next and a window as shown below appears.
Page 18 GRF-1300A User Manual and Teaching Materials Figure A-9. Installation procedure is complete • After the software installation is complete, users can perform a system error check by sending commands to the GRF-1300A using Hyper Terminal. Figure A-10. Operation interface for...
Page 19 Introduction to the GRF-1300A...
Page 20 GRF-1300A User Manual and Teaching Materials 9. Below is a table listing each instruction and a description of each function. Instruction Function *IDN? Returns the manufacturer, model name and serial number. Returns the value on the digital display of the FM/RF module.
Page 21: Overview Of The Time And Frequency Domain
Overview of the Time and Frequency Domain VERVIEW of the TIME and FREQUENCY DOMAIN Observation from a different perspective When a signal is said to be in the time domain, it means that the signal is expressed as a function of time. For example, if we describe a sine wave signal that repeats once each microsecond (μsec, 10 ), it means that the period of the signal is...
Page 22 GRF-1300A User Manual and Teaching Materials analyzer. Voltage and power can be converted from one to the other, so both of them can be used to display the strength of a signal. Here we introduce a basic concept first. Each frequency point in the spectrum represents a sinusoidal wave (could be a sine or cosine) of a single frequency.
Page 23 Overview of the Time and Frequency Domain Time domain Frequency domain...
Page 24: Fourier Series
GRF-1300A User Manual and Teaching Materials Fourier Series* Most people may have heard of the Fourier series or Introduction Fourier transform. It doesn’t matter if you haven’t, it will not hinder you from reading this text. The Fourier series was...
Page 25 Overview of the Time and Frequency Domain –π, and then divides by π. That is, it calculates the average over π, i.e., the DC component. In terms of a pure AC signal, the DC component or constant value is 0. Looking at the sine function, sin(x) we know that if we draw sin(3x) and sin(x), we can see the frequency of sin(3x) is three times that of sin(x), and that sin(nx) is naturally n times the...
Page 26 GRF-1300A User Manual and Teaching Materials Low pass filter Signal with harmonic noise Signal after passing through the low pass filter Before ending the introduction to the Fourier series, we'll explain a few things. First is the formula for calculating the Fourier series coefficients.
Page 27 Overview of the Time and Frequency Domain Also keep in mind that the calculated value of the Fourier coefficients in each n represent the components of its multiplier (ie, harmonic). For example whether it is cos(3x) or sin(3x), they are all components of the third harmonic. If we use a spectrum analyzer to measure the third harmonic of the signals, a cos(3χ) &...
Page 28 GRF-1300A User Manual and Teaching Materials χ sin( ) χ sin( ) χ χ sin( )+cos( ) χ χ sin( )+cos( ) χ cos( ) χ cos( ) Performing measurement of the phase difference in the frequency domain is the same as performing vector signal analysis.
Page 29: An Introduction To Spectrum Analyzers
An Introduction to Spectrum N INTRODUCTION to SPECTRUM ANALYZERS Spectrum analyzers are one of the most important instruments for RF microwave measurements. Being familiar with spectrum analyzers in general is very important for operating high frequency microwave equipment or for performing communication measurements.
Page 30: Attenuator
GRF-1300A User Manual and Teaching Materials Figure B-1. The basic structure of a broadband Mixers Detection receiver RF Input & Display BPFs Unit Tunable LOs Next, we are going to introduce the other basic functional blocks that a spectrum analyzer is composed of. These blocks are often mentioned when instructed on how to use a spectrum analyzer.
Page 31: Resolution Bandwidth Filter
An Introduction to Spectrum Resolution Bandwidth Filter When the input signal frequency is converted to an IF, a RBW (resolution bandwidth) filter is used to distinguish the signals that are close to each other in frequency. Figure B-3 shows this concept. Figure B-3.
Page 32: Detector
GRF-1300A User Manual and Teaching Materials After passing the narrower RBW1 filter, the components of the two tone signal are clearly distinguished from each other as a result. But in the wider RBW2 filter, the result is not as clear as RBW1.
Page 33: Video Bandwidth Filter
An Introduction to Spectrum Video Bandwidth Filter However, a filter is employed after the detector to filter out the noise generated by the detector. This is the function of the VBW (video bandwidth) filter as shown in Figure B-7. Figure B-7. VBW filter Figure B-8 shows how the VBW affects the displayed output.
Page 34: Superheterodyne Spectrum Analyzer
GRF-1300A User Manual and Teaching Materials Superheterodyne Spectrum Analyzer* For example, if the system needs to reduce the frequency of an input test signal from 2.4GHz (2400MHz, fRF) down to 20MHz, we need a local oscillator with a frequency of 2420MHz...
Page 35 An Introduction to Spectrum lower frequency! We shifted the input signal (2400MHz) to a higher IF (3200MHz), but why didn’t we shift it to a lower frequency? As a spectrum analyzer is a broadband receiver, we must first shift the IF to a higher frequency and then shift the signal to a lower frequency in later stages.
Page 36: Rf Communication And Signals Experiments
In this chapter we will explain the basic operating principals of a spectrum analyzer and introduce the measurement experiments. Prior to this, we will briefly explain how to operate the GW Instek GSP-730 spectrum analyzer. For more detail about its operation, please refer to the GSP-730 user manual.
Page 37: Experiment 1: Basic Operation Of A Spectrum Analyzer
Test for Learning Outcomes Experiment 1: Basic Operation of a Spectrum Analyzer In addition to the sky, oceans and forests, there is an Relevant invisible, intangible, inaudible and complex electromagnetic information network in our living environment. This network is intertwined with wireless signals of various frequency bands.
Page 38 GRF-1300A User Manual and Teaching Materials The figure above is a screen shot from a typical spectrum analyzer display. The horizontal setting is frequency and the vertical axis is amplitude. Therefore a spectrum analyzer is basically used to perform frequency and amplitude-related measurements.
Page 39 Test for Learning Outcomes Step4 3. Now we should see some signals on the spectrum analyzer screen. Identify the three highest peaks and write down their frequency values. The reference level can be used to adjust the strength of the signal. 4.
Page 40 GRF-1300A User Manual and Teaching Materials Experiment results Table 1-1. Frequency and amplitude of mobile phone’s transmitter signal. Frequency: 946.17MHz Amplitude: -68.1dBm Frequency: 936.4MHz Amplitude: -69.3dBm In addition to the mobile phone signal, what other wireless Question signals can be measured in the environment? Ans: There are various other wireless signals with different frequencies in the environment.
Page 41: Experiment 2: Measuring A Baseband Waveform
Adapter N-SMA 1. Measurement and analysis on a basic signal. Experiment goals 2. To understand how to use the GRF-1300A system to output a baseband signal. Set the GRF-1300A to output a 1MHz sine waveform and Experiment principles use the GSP-730 to measure its spectrum.
Page 42 GRF-1300A User Manual and Teaching Materials Step3 3. Connect the baseband signal from the output port of the GRF- 1300A to the input terminal of the GSP-730 using the RF wire. 4. Set the GSP-730 as follows: • Center frequency: 2.5MHz •...
Page 43 Test for Learning Outcomes Step7 Marker Step8 Marker 6. A function signal generator can also be used as a signal source in the above measurement, but be aware that the amplitude of the output signal can’t be too high. dBm is a power unit that is referenced to 1mW. The formula for X dBm = 10*log(Px/1mW) Putting 10 mW into the above formula, we get 10 * log (10/1) = 10 * 1 = 10dBm.
Page 44 GRF-1300A User Manual and Teaching Materials Experiment results Table 2-1. 1MHz sine wave spectrum test results The 2 harmonic ratio is: 34.0dB The 3 harmonic ratio is:44dB...
Page 45 Test for Learning Outcomes 1. What is the spectrum of a theoretical sine wave and why is it Question different with the actual measured one? Ans: Theoretically the spectrum of a sine wave should only have one frequency. However, because the circuit that generates the sine wave has harmonic distortion, harmonics creep into the sine wave.
Page 46: Experiment 3: Different Baseband Waveforms And Their Harmonic Measurement
GRF-1300A User Manual and Teaching Materials Experiment 3: Different Baseband Waveforms and their Harmonic Measurement You should already be familiar with electrical signals in Relevant information general. We have already said that an oscilloscope is used to observe the amplitude of a waveform. In other words, it is used to observe how an electrical signal, X(t), varies over time.
Page 47 3. We won’t repeat it again here. We will become familiar with using a spectrum analyzer Experiment and how to use the GRF-1300A by analyzing the spectrum of a contents simple triangle and square wave signal. 1. Turn on the GRF-1300A and the GSP-730.
Page 48 3-1. Step6 Marker Step7 Marker Select t he square wave on the GRF-1300A Baseband module. Do the same spectrum measurements that were performed in the previous steps. Step8 7. Observe the square wave spectrum that appears on the spectrum analyzer.
Page 49 Test for Learning Outcomes harmonic ratio of each harmonic using the following steps: Step10 Marker Step11 Marker In accordance to the method that is used above to measure the harmonic ratio, students can try to measure the harmonic ratio of the higher order harmonics. After measuring the spectrum, connect the outp ut port to the input port of the oscilloscope and measure the time domain...
Page 50 GRF-1300A User Manual and Teaching Materials Table 3-2. Time domain waveform of the 1MHz triangle wave. Table 3-3. 1MHz square wave spectrum test results.
Page 51 Test for Learning Outcomes Table 3-4. Time domain waveform of the 1MHz square wave. 2. For the triangle waveform, measure the harmonic ratio of the and 5 harmonic. For the square waveform, measure the harmonic ratio of the 2 and 3 harmonic.
Page 52 GRF-1300A User Manual and Teaching Materials Harmonic ratio of the 5th harmonic for triangle wave (30bB) Harmonic ratio of the 2 harmonic for square wave (36.0dB)
Page 53 Test for Learning Outcomes Harmonic ratio of the 3 harmonic for square wave (10dB) 1. Compare the measurement results from the frequency domain Question and the time domain, and consider the relationship to the Fourier series theory. Ans: According to the Fourier theory, any periodic signal can be decomposed into a number of sine waves that are composed of a number of different frequencies.
Page 54 GRF-1300A User Manual and Teaching Materials ∫ ∫ ω ω − = − ) cos n t t ω ω = − ω ω ⎧ 1,3,5... ⎪ = ⎨ π 2, 4, 6... ⎪ ⎩ Thus we obtain the Fourier series of the triangular wave.
Page 55: Experiment 4: Measurement Of The Rf Carrier
GRF-1300A Trainer RF wire 800mm Adapter N-SMA Measure an RF signal from the GRF-1300A RF & Experiment goals Communication Trainer. Also perform measurements on more important parameters such as phase noise and harmonic distortion. A Phase locked loop (PLL) is a phase error control system.
Page 56 GRF-1300A User Manual and Teaching Materials Figure 4-1. PLL circuit structure Above: PD is the phase-locked loop phase detector, LF is the loop filter and VCO stands for voltage-controlled oscillator. The purity of the output signal from the VCO is directly related to the phase noise.
Page 57 2. Connect the RF/FM output port on the GRF-1300A to the input terminal on GSP-730 with the RF cable. 3. Set the GSP-730 as follows: • Span: Full Span • Reference level: 0dBm •...
Page 58 2. Set the GRF-1300A RF Synthesizer/FM as follows: • Carrier frequency: 875MHz Step1 3. Connect the RF/FM output port on the GRF-1300A to the input terminal on GSP-730 with the RF cable. 4. Set the GSP-730 as follows: • Center frequency: 875MHz •...
Page 59 Test for Learning Outcomes Step6 Marker Record the value, then calculate the phase noise according to the formula, and record the spectrum and measurement results in Table 4-3. 6. Adjust the PLL output frequency to 900MHz, and again measure the power and phase noise corresponding to the frequency.
Page 60 GRF-1300A User Manual and Teaching Materials of 100kHz. Use the Delta Marker function to a deviation ( on the spectrum analyzer to measure the value. Step14 Record the value, then calculate the phase noise according to the formula, and record the spectrum and measurement...
Page 61 Test for Learning Outcomes 1. Measurement of the RF signal spectrum. Experiment results Table 4-1. RF Signal Spectrum 2. RF Signal Harmonic measurements Table 4-2 2nd Harmonic measurement(14...
Page 62 GRF-1300A User Manual and Teaching Materials Table 4-2 3rd Harmonic measurement(24 .2dB) 3. Phase noise measurement results Table 4-3. Phase Carrier Experiment results Noise Frequency measurement results 875MHz Carrier frequency:875.09MHz Output power: -6.9dBm Phase noise: -30.9-10lg（1.2*50000）+2.5=- 76.18dBc/Hz（100KHz）...
Page 63 Test for Learning Outcomes 900MHz Carrier frequency:900.09MHz Output power: -8.0dBm Phase noise: -32-10lg(1.2*50000)+2.5=-77.28 dBc/Hz(100KHz) 910MHz Carrier frequency:910.1MHz Output power: -9.0dBm Phase noise: -32-10lg(1.2*50000)+2.5=-77.28 dBc/Hz(100KHz)
Page 64 GRF-1300A User Manual and Teaching Materials 1. A PLL circuit is formed by which parts? Explain the function Questions of each part. Ans: A Phase-locked loop is mainly composed of the phase detector, loop filter and voltage controlled oscillator (VCO).
Page 65: Phase Locked Loop
Test for Learning Outcomes Phase Locked Loop * A Phase locked loop (PLL) is a phase error control system. Experiment It compares the phase between a reference signal and an output principles signal to generate a phase error voltage for adjusting the frequency of the VCO –...
Page 66 GRF-1300A User Manual and Teaching Materials Figure 2. Practical application of a The frequency that is output from the reference signal frequency divider and the programmable divider are input into the phase detector. The phase detector contains two D flip-flops, two transistor switches, a charging circuit, an inverter and an AND gate.
Page 67 Test for Learning Outcomes State Table 1. The UP, High impedance DN and output state relationship Reset Up and DN zero Based on the table above, we can see what the output state is of U when U and U have different phases.
Page 68 GRF-1300A User Manual and Teaching Materials 2. The voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) The voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) is an oscillator in which its output signal frequency varies with a change of the input voltage. It can also be used as a voltage frequency converter, a frequency sweep signal generator or even as a frequency modulator.
Page 69 Test for Learning Outcomes system, you would need to reduce the bandwidth as much as possible in the PLL design so that its output voltage is as close to DC as possible. But if the bandwidth is too small, it will cause the locking time to be prolonged so much that the system can’t even go into the locked state.
Page 70: Experiment 5: Am Signal Measurement
GRF-1300A User Manual and Teaching Materials Experiment 5: AM Signal Measurement Message signals are usually of a low frequency. In Relevant information general, these low frequency signals are not appropriate for transmission. Therefore, modulation is required to transmit messages for communication and test systems. Modulation is a signal adjustment method used in signal transmission.
Page 71 Test for Learning Outcomes used: AM, FM and phase modulation. This experiment begins with AM to learn some modulation theory. AM uses the modulating signal to control the amplitude of the high-frequency carrier signal. The modulating signal is used to alter the amplitude of the carrier in proportion to the amplitude of the modulating signal.
Page 72 GRF-1300A User Manual and Teaching Materials Therefore, the information in a modulating signal is carried in the amplitude of an amplitude modulated wave. The following figure shows how a signal changes from a carrier signal (unmodulated state) to an AM wave (modulated state).
Page 73 2. Measure the spectrum of the AM wave with different carrier frequencies and with modulating signals with different amplitudes. 1. Turn on the power to the GRF-1300A and GSP-730. Experiment steps 2. Set the GRF-1300A as follows: • Set the GRF-1300A to the default power-on state.
Page 74 GRF-1300A User Manual and Teaching Materials Step4 5. Use the Marker function to measure the carrier component of the AM wave on the spectrum analyzer and the power of the upper and lower sidebands. Use the oscilloscope to measure the voltage at TP4 in relation to the position of the potentiometer (i.e., the modulating amplitude).
Page 75 Test for Learning Outcomes After completing the experiment steps above, press the Reset button, and then use the UP button on the RF Synthesizer/ FM module to change the frequency of the carrier signal. Is there is any change in the AM wave spectrum? Compare the experiment result with that of the original carrier frequency of 880MHz and record it to Table 5- Step11...
Page 76 GRF-1300A User Manual and Teaching Materials 1. Changing modulating voltage Experiment results Table 5-4. Modulating Experiment results Experiment voltage results: Changing the modulating Vpp:2.4Vpp voltage Carrier power: -27.8dBm Modulation index: : -27.8-6.0=-33.8dBm Lower sideband power: : 1 Vpp: 1.8Vpp Carrier power: -27.8dBm Modulation index: : -27.8-10.0=-37.8dBm...
Page 77 Test for Learning Outcomes Vpp: 0.6Vpp Carrier power: -27.8dBm Modulation index: : -27.8-17.0=-44.8dBm Lower sideband power: : 0.28 Conclusion: From the experimental data it can be seen that by changing the amplitude of the modulating voltage, a proportional change will occur in the amplitude of the upper sideband and lower sideband frequencies in the modulated waveform.
Page 78 GRF-1300A User Manual and Teaching Materials 2. Changing the modulating signal frequency. Table 5-5. Modulating Experiment results Experiment frequency results: Changing the modulating 100kHz signal frequency. Carrier power: : -27.8dBm Lower sideband power: : -27.8-3.9=-31.7dBm 300Khz Carrier power: : -27.8dBm...
Page 79 Test for Learning Outcomes 600kHz Carrier power: : -27.8dBm Lower sideband power: : -27.8-19=-46.8dBm Conclusion: The distance from upper sideband and lower sideband to carrier in the AM wave changes in respect to the changes to the frequency of the modulating signal, and it is equal to the frequency in the modulated signal.
Page 80 GRF-1300A User Manual and Teaching Materials 3. Changing the carrier frequency. Table 5-6. Carrier Experiment results Experiment Frequency results: Changing the carrier 882MHz frequency. 880MHz...
Page 81 Test for Learning Outcomes 878MHz Conclusion: Changing the carrier frequency does not affect the amplitude of the modulated signal. The frequency of the modulated signal sidebands on both sides of the carrier follow the change in frequency of the carrier. The distance to the carrier remains constant when the carrier moves.
Page 82: Experiment 6: Fm Signal Measurement
GRF-1300A User Manual and Teaching Materials Experiment 6: FM signal measurement Since frequency modulation is a common type of Relevant information modulation, it is important to learn the principles and characteristics of FM waves. Compared to AM waves, the amplitude of an FM wave doesn’t carry the modulating signal information.
Page 83 Test for Learning Outcomes 1. Time domain analysis. Frequency modulation is a type of Experiment principles modulation in which the instantaneous frequency deviation of the modulated signal with respect to the frequency of the carrier signal is directly proportional to the instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal.
Page 84 GRF-1300A User Manual and Teaching Materials In the positive half-period of the modulating signal, the frequency of the modulated signal is higher than the frequency of the carrier signal. At the peak of the positive half-period, the angular frequency of the modulated signal is at its peak.
Page 85 Test for Learning Outcomes ω ω Ω t m U Then we get, ω ω ω + Ω) + − Ω cos( cos( We can see when m <<1, the FM wave spectrum is composed of the carrier, ( ω + Ω...
Page 86 0.5 The FM circuit in the GRF-1300A uses a phase-locked loop. Using a PLL circuit for FM modulation not only solves the center frequency stability problems in direct FM modulation but also the narrow FM range limitations when using a crystal oscillator.
Page 87 Test for Learning Outcomes • Under the default state (the state from power-up), turn the potentiometer to the minimum position. • Connect the output port on the Baseband module to the FM in port on the RF Synthesizer/FM module with an RF cable. •...
Page 88 GRF-1300A User Manual and Teaching Materials of the FM wave change when the output amplitude of modulating signal changes? Follow the steps below to measure the frequency deviation and record it in Table 6-2. Step7 7. Adjust the potentiometer to the maximum position. Repeat the above steps and record the results in Table 6-2.
Page 89 Test for Learning Outcomes Step13 Adjust the carrier frequency again. See if there is any change on FM wave spectrum and record it to Table 6-4. Step14 1. Changing the amplitude of the modulating signal. Experiment results Table 6-2. Modulating Experiment result Experimental...
Page 90 GRF-1300A User Manual and Teaching Materials Vpp: 1.8Vpp Frequency deviation: 8.7MHz FM index: 87 Vpp:2.4Vpp Frequency deviation: 12.8MHz FM index: 128 Conclusion By keeping the modulating frequency unchanged, the frequency deviation of the modulated signal increases with the increase in amplitude of the modulating signal.
Page 91 Test for Learning Outcomes 2. Changing the frequency of an FM signal. Table 6-3. Modulating Experimental result Experimental frequency results: Changing the 100kHz frequency of the FM signal 300Khz...
Page 92 GRF-1300A User Manual and Teaching Materials 600kHz 1MHz Conclusion The frequency of the modulating signal affects the rate at which the side-frequency changes. Increasing the frequency of the modulation signal on the condition of keeping the amplitude of modulating signal unchanged will decrease the modulation index (Mf).
Page 93 Test for Learning Outcomes 3. Changing the carrier frequency Table 6-4. Carrier Experimental result Experimental frequency results: Changing the 875MHz carrier frequency 880MHz...
Page 94 GRF-1300A User Manual and Teaching Materials 890MHz Conclusion After the modulating signal is modulated onto the carrier signal, any changes to the carrier frequency have no effect on other modulation parameters. 4. Draw a table to record the time domain waveform of the AM wave that is measured by the oscilloscope.
Page 95: Experiment 7: Using A Spectrum Analyzer In Communication Systems
CDMA RF power and related fields. Experiment Item Equipment Quantity Note equipment Spectrum analyzer GSP-730 RF & Communication GRF-1300A Trainer RF wire 100mm RF wire 800mm Adapter N-SMA 1. To understand ACPR measurement principles and to perform Experiment actual ACPR measurements.
Page 96 GRF-1300A User Manual and Teaching Materials 1. ACPR Measurement Experiment principles ACPR (Adjacent Channel Power Ratio) is the ratio of the amount of power leaked to an adjacent channel from the main channel. It represents how much power from the transmitter leaks into the transmission band of other channels.
Page 97 1300A. contents 2. Measure the OCBW from the FM signal produced by the GRF- 1300A. 1. Turn on the GRF-1300A and GSP-730. Experiment steps 2. Set up the GRF-1300A as follows: • Set the GRF to the power-on default state.
Page 98 GRF-1300A User Manual and Teaching Materials 3. Set up the GSP-730 as follows: • Center frequency:880MHz • Span: 10MHz • Reference level: -10dBm • RBW: Auto Step1 Step2 Step3 Step4 4. Adjust the FM frequency deviation to 1MHz (2MHz in total) with the amplitude knob.
Page 99 Step4 The OCBW% is default at 90%. Record the measurement data in Table 7-2 Step5 Adjust the frequency deviation of FM wave by adjusting the potentiometer of GRF-1300A. Measure the OCBW% again and record the results to table 7-2. Record the measurement data in Table 7-2...
Page 100 GRF-1300A User Manual and Teaching Materials 1. ACPR measurement results Experiment results 1MHz frequency deviation results 2MHz frequency deviation results Item Table 7-1. ACPR measurement Test No. Lower ACPR1 Upper ACPR1 Lower ACPR2 Upper ACPR2 results -42.3 -43.0 -55.6 -55.9 -42.2...
Page 101 Test for Learning Outcomes 2. OCBW measurement results 1MHz frequency deviation results 2MHz frequency deviation results OCBW％：90% Table 7-2. OCBW measurement Test No. CH Power OCBW results 89.2 89.1 89.2 89.2...
Page 102 GRF-1300A User Manual and Teaching Materials Describe the definition for ACPR? Questions Ans: ACPR stands for adjacent channel power ratio. It is the average power ratio of the adjacent frequency to that of the transmission channel power. It represents how much energy from the transmitter falls within the transmission band of other channels.
Page 103: Experiment 8: Measurement Of Communication Products
Test for Learning Outcomes Experiment 8: Measurement of communication products The computer mouse has experienced nearly four decades Relevant information of evolution and development since its inception in 1968. With the popularity of consumer oriented computers over the past decade, the mouse has seen tremendous progress. From the early mechanical wheel mouse to the current mainstream optical mouse or the high-end laser mouse, each evolution of the mouse has been more enjoyable to use each time.
Page 104 GRF-1300A User Manual and Teaching Materials In this experiment we will use a 2.4G wireless mouse. It Experiment principles uses the so-called 2.4G frequency band. The advantage of the 2.4G band over the 27MHz band is that the 27MHz band has a shorter transmission distance and is prone to interference from other devices.
Page 105 Test for Learning Outcomes 4. A connection diagram is shown below. Antenna 5. A blue tooth device or wireless network card can also be used in the same way to create a signal to measure. Experiment results Transmitting frequency: 2.409GHz Transmitted signal power: -28.0 dBm What are the advantages for a wireless mouse to operate in the Question...
Page 106 GRF-1300A User Manual and Teaching Materials Use the Peak Hold function on the spectrum analyzer to capture the signal emitted from the wireless mouse. It is not easy to dynamically measure the signal.
Page 107: Experiment 9: Production Line Applications
This saves a lot of time and can improve the efficiency of a production line. In this experiment, we will imagine that the GRF-1300A is in a production line environment. We will use the limit line function to perform a simple test to see if a product has passed the test and return the test results using remote commands.
Page 108 GRF-1300A User Manual and Teaching Materials Set the amplitude and frequency of each point. Use the arrow keys to move the cursor to each of the different points. Use the same method is used to edit both the upper and lower limit lines.
Page 109 1. Turn on the GRF-1300A and GSP-730. Experiment steps 2. Set the GRF-1300A to the power-on default state. 3. Connect the RF wire from the output port on the baseband module to the FM in port on the RF Synthesizer/FM module.
Page 110 6. According to the procedures above, students can set the limit lines. 7. Adjust the amplitude knob on the GRF-1300A. Observe the Pass/Fail test results and record the results to table 9-1. 8. The same functionality can be achieved by sending remote...
Page 111 Test for Learning Outcomes Experiment results Table 9-1. Results for adjusting the position of the amplitude knob. 5MHz frequency deviation test results. 10MHz frequency deviation test results.
Page 112: Experiment 10: Mixer
GRF-1300A User Manual and Teaching Materials Experiment 10: Mixer In experiment 5 and 6 we introduced how the signal is modulated Relevant information onto a carrier. However, what are the other processes that need to be performed on the modulated signal before it can be transmitted? One thing called a frequency mixer is very import in this process.
Page 113 Test for Learning Outcomes decrease (down conversion) the carrier frequency. From the spectrum point of view, the essence of mixing is to linearly move the spectrum of the modulated signal along the frequency axis. Therefore, a mixer circuit must be composed of a non-linear device with a multiplicative function as well as band-pass filters, as shown in 10-1.
Page 114 GRF-1300A User Manual and Teaching Materials Down conversion conversion ω ω ω ω ω − We can see from the spectrum shift in the chart above that the mixing frequency signal is the addition and subtraction of the input signal and the LO signal. As the frequency mixing device...
Page 115 Test for Learning Outcomes Substituting U ω ω ω ( cos ω ω ω cos 2 cos 2 cos 2 ) ω ω ω cos 3 cos 3 cos 3 ) ω ω ω ω ± ± ± ..cos( cos( ω...
Page 116 GRF-1300A User Manual and Teaching Materials 10 lg In the formula, both the RF input power and IF output P use dBm as the unit. power There exists conversion loss when the conversion gain is <1, therefore, for passive diodes, which is expressed by Lc.
Page 117 Test for Learning Outcomes non-linear distortion as shown in Figure 10-3 The figure shows that the conversion compression point is the point in which the IF output power level deviates from the linear ideal by 1dB. Obviously, the conversion compression point indirectly expresses the extent of the nonlinear distortion of the frequency mixer.
Page 118 GRF-1300A User Manual and Teaching Materials 1. Observe frequency shift. Experiment contents 2. Measure port isolation and conversion gain. 3. Use the GRF-1300A to emit a 2.4GHz modulated signal. 1. Turn on the GRF-1300A and GSP-730. Experiment steps 2. Set up the GRF-1300A.
Page 119 Test for Learning Outcomes table 10-1. Step5 5. Adjust the frequency of the RF output in the RF Synthesizer/FM module. Observe the changes on the spectrum analyzer and record it in table 10-1. Step6 6. Adjust the frequency of the RF output in the RF Synthesizer/FM module.
Page 120 GRF-1300A User Manual and Teaching Materials Maintain the same connections as used in step 10. Connect the output port in the Base Band module to the FM port in the RF synthesizer/FM module with an RF cable. Adjust the potentiometer in the bassband so that the audio signal is at a certain level.
Page 121 Test for Learning Outcomes Frequency 880MHz shifting result Amplitude of each frequency point: Point 1:640MHz @-12.2dBm point 2:240MHz@-35Dbm Point 3:880MHZ@-24.6dBm Point 4:1520MHz@-17.3dBm Point 5:2.4GHz @-23.0dBm 890MHz Amplitude of each frequency point: Point 1:630MHz @-11.6dBm point 2:260MHz@-35.8dBm Point 3:890MHZ@-26.6dBm Point 4:1520MHz@-17.6dBm Point 5:2.41GHz @-21.6dBm 875MHz Amplitude of each frequency point:...
Page 122 GRF-1300A User Manual and Teaching Materials 2. Conversion gain for the down-converted product and the isolation degree of the IF In port. Conversion gain Table 10-2 Calculation of gain and isolation Gain:0.04 IF In port isolation...
Page 123 Test for Learning Outcomes Isolation:0.18 3. 2.4GHz modulated signal Table 10-3 Unmodulated signal 2.4GHz modulated signal FM modulated signal...
Page 124 GRF-1300A User Manual and Teaching Materials AM modulated signal 1. What are the characteristics of a bandpass filter? Questions A band-pass filter is a device that passes frequencies within a certain range and rejects (attenuates) frequencies outside that range. 2. Why are there 5 frequency points in the output spectrum of the...
Page 125: Mixer Circuit Introduction
Test for Learning Outcomes Mixer Circuit Introduction* Mixer circuits can be divided into 2 types of circuits: passive and Relevant information active circuits. Active mixer circuits are commonly formed from single transconductance types, such as single balanced mixers and the Double Balanced Gilbert Mixers. Common passive mixer circuits include diode mixer circuits and passive FET mixer circuits.
Page 126 GRF-1300A User Manual and Teaching Materials similar to a single gate configuration, but there is also a second field-effect transistor or a Schottky contact at the gate to form a dual gate field-effect transistor. Usually when simulating or analyzing a circuit design, a pair of single stage transistors are connected in a cascode configuration as it may be difficult to find a suitable dual gate field-effect transistor.
Page 127 Test for Learning Outcomes region and FET2 should be biased for saturation. When the LO input is input into the second base terminal, since the LO signal’ amplitude is high enough to change the bias voltage of the FET1 source, this results in the transistor operating in the linear region and the saturated regions to modulate FET1 transconductance values, resulting in a mixed signal.
Page 128 GRF-1300A User Manual and Teaching Materials Using this formula we can understand the working principals of the mixer. In addition, when a drain is connected to the LO Bypass, high frequency signals (RF and LO) can be filtered out to improve conversion gain.
Page 129: Test For Learning Outcomes
1: RF signal Fault Simulation The Instructor is to set the faults as follows on the GRF-1300A and let the students design a test project to analyze the cause of the malfunction(s). 1. Set the GRF-1300A to the default power-on state.
Page 130 The frequency on the RF module can’t be adjusted up or down. Fault The FM wave spectrum can be observed on the spectrum description: analyzer but the carrier frequency deviates from the displayed value on the GRF-1300A. Turn the potentiometer right and left to see if FM wave deviation changes.
Page 131 Test for Learning Outcomes FM modulation can be performed which means that both the Hypothesis: modulating signal and the carrier signal can be output normally. The possibility of the failure of these parts can be excluded. As the carrier frequency can’t be adjusted, the PLL is working in the unlocked state.
Page 132 3: AM Fault Simulation 1. Set the GRF-1300A to the default power-on state. 2. Disconnect the original connection. Connect the output port to the AM in port with an RF cable. Connect the RF/FM output port to the RF in port with an RF cable.
Page 133 Test for Learning Outcomes Amplitude modulation does not occur which means that the Hypothesis: modulating signal or carrier probably has something wrong. Meanwhile, the carrier frequency can’t be adjusted which means that the PLL does not work in the locked state. Use an oscilloscope to measure the waveform at Tp5.
Page 134: Additional Knowledge
GRF-1300A User Manual and Teaching Materials The instruction settings listed above are only for the analysis of some possible fault conditions. The instructor can increase the difficulty and set several fault conditions at the same time for students to analyze.
Page 135 Test for Learning Outcomes When ui(t) is a sine signal with a fixed frequency (θi(t) is a constant), under the interaction of the loop, the VCO output signal frequency can vary from the free-running frequency ωo(the frequency of the VCO when there is no input signal) to the input signal frequency ωi.
Page 136 Relays are set in each major part of the phase-locked loop on the GRF-1300A. The opening and closing of these relays are controlled by commands. By turning parts of the circuit on or off, we can observe the corresponding events to analyze how parts of the circuit interact.
Page 137: Appendix
Test for Learning Outcomes PPENDIX We have included some commonly-used conversion tables for use with the questions. dBm Conversion Table dBm, dBuV and dBmV are all absolute units. i.e., they represent a physical quantity. The corresponding conversion tables are below: dBuV dBmV ‐30 ...
Page 138: The Relationship Between Db And Dbc
GRF-1300A User Manual and Teaching Materials The relationship between dB and dBc The figures in the table above are based on a 50Ω load. As an example, as -30dBm is equal to 0.001mW or 10 W, therefore with a 50Ω load it is 7071.07 uV or 0.007071mV. The formulas and derivations from the above table are: ×...
Page 139: Resistor Values In Π-Type Resistance Attenuators
Appendix Resistor Values in π-type Resistance Attenuators 50Ω 50Ω 1 869.55 5.77 869.55 2 436.21 11.61 436.21 3 292.40 17.61 292.40 4 220.97 23.85 220.97 5 178.49 30.40 178.49 6 150.48 37.35 150.48 7 130.73 44.80 130.73 8 116.14 52.84 ...
Page 140: Resistor Values In T-Type Resistance Attenuators
GRF-1300A User Manual and Teaching Materials Resistor Values in T-type Resistance Attenuators 50Ω 50Ω 1 2.88 433.34 2.88 2 5.73 215.24 5.73 3 8.55 141.93 8.55 4 11.31 104.83 11.31 5 14.01 82.24 14.01 6 16.61 66.93 16.61 7 19.12 ...
Page 141: Modulation Index And Sideband Amplitude Comparison Table
Appendix Modulation Index and Sideband Amplitude Comparison Table...
Page 142: Declaration Of Conformity
GRF-1300A User Manual and Teaching Materials Declaration of Conformity GOOD WILL INSTRUMENT CO., LTD. No. 7-1, Jhongsing Rd, Tucheng Dist., New Taipei City 236. Taiwan. GOOD WILL INSTRUMENT (SUZHOU) CO., LTD. No. 69 Lushan Road, Suzhou City(Xin Qu), Jiangsu Sheng, China. declare that the below mentioned product Type of Product: RF &...

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