Armfield S12-MKII Instruction Manual
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Armfield S12-MKII Instruction Manual

Advanced environmental hydrology system
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Advanced Environmental
Hydrology System
Instruction Manual
S12-MKII
ISSUE 21
February 2014

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Summary of Contents for Armfield S12-MKII

  • Page 1 Advanced Environmental Hydrology System Instruction Manual S12-MKII ISSUE 21 February 2014...

  • Page 2: Table Of Contents

    Water Feeds ......................10 Sand Tank ......................11 Outlet Collecting Tank ................... 12 S12-MKII-50 (S12-MKII Including Data Logging and Educational Software) ..12 Overhead Spray Nozzles..................13 River Inlet Tank ..................... 13 Choice of Granular Material for the Sand Tank ............. 14 Accessories ......................
  • Page 3 Table of Contents Operation ........................22 Operating the PC Software..................22 Operating the Equipment..................24 Equipment Specifications..................25 Equipment Location....................25 Electromagnetic Compatibility ................25 Environmental Conditions..................25 Routine Maintenance ....................26 Responsibility ......................26 General........................26 Load Sensor ......................28 Laboratory Teaching Exercises.................

  • Page 5: Copyright And Trademarks

    Disclaimer This document and all the information contained within it is proprietary to Armfield Limited. This document must not be used for any purpose other than that for which it is supplied and its contents must not be reproduced, modified, adapted, published, translated or disclosed to any third party, in whole or in part, without the prior written permission of Armfield Limited.

  • Page 6: General Overview

    General Overview This floor-standing unit is the only Hydrology System that includes features making it suitable for studying fluvial geomorphology. It combines the capabilities of the S10 Rainfall Hydrographs and S11 Ground Water Flow Unit into a single comprehensive facility. The system is fully instrumented for investigation of rainfall/run-off hydrographs, ground water abstraction studies and unique to this apparatus, fluvial mechanics.
  • Page 7 General Overview Abstraction from wells is another way in which water can leave a catchment area and it can, therefore, be thought of as forming part of the run-off. A proper understanding of these processes and their inter-relationships is essential for many purposes.

  • Page 8: Equipment Diagrams

    Equipment Diagrams Figure 1: Front View of S12-MKII Hydrology System...
  • Page 9 Equipment Diagrams Figure 2: Plan View of S12-MKII Hydrology System...
  • Page 10 Armfield Instruction Manual Figure 3: End View of S12-MKII Hydrology System...

  • Page 11: Important Safety Information

    Supervision of users should be provided whenever appropriate. Your S12-MKII Hydrology System has been designed to be safe in use when installed, operated and maintained in accordance with the instructions in this manual.

  • Page 12: The Coshh Regulations

    You are also required to introduce suitable procedures for handling these substances and keep appropriate records. Since the equipment supplied by Armfield Limited may involve the use of substances which can be hazardous (for example, cleaning fluids used for maintenance or...
  • Page 13 Important Safety Information  Appropriate protective measures.  Appropriate storage and handling. Although these regulations may not be applicable in your country, it is strongly recommended that a similar approach be adopted for the protection of the students operating the equipment. Local regulations must also be considered.

  • Page 14: Description

    Description Where necessary, refer to the drawings in the Equipment Diagrams section. Overview The equipment consists of a sand tank (21) that is mounted on a support frame (1) with the necessary services, features and instrumentation to facilitate studies of ground water flow, ground water abstraction, flood hydrographs and fluvial mechanics.

  • Page 15: Sand Tank

    The shallow sand tank (21) is fabricated from stainless steel for corrosion resistance and should be filled with sand (not supplied by Armfield) or other granular material as appropriate to the studies (refer to page 15 for details on choosing a suitable granular material).

  • Page 16: Outlet Collecting Tank

    When version S12-MKII-50 has been supplied, additional instrumentation and a USB interface is included that can be used to measure both the water flow and the accumulation of sediment continuously using a PC.

  • Page 17: Overhead Spray Nozzles

    Description available USB port. Refer to the sections Installing the Software Operating the Software for further information. Alternatively, refer to the Help text in the software. The electronics associated with the load cell and pressure sensor are installed in an enclosure that is mounted underneath the support for the Outlet Collecting Tank.

  • Page 18: Choice Of Granular Material For The Sand Tank

    1000 microns. Accessories The S12-MkII is supplied complete with the following accessories: Tank Sealing Plate: Sometimes it is required to seal the end of the sand tank (e.g. for groundwater flow demonstrations where leakage through the stop-log weir is unacceptable).
  • Page 19 Description a. Fabricated trays and rings: Circular open ended ring, 500mm diameter x 60mm high Small square open ended ring, 300mm x 300mm x 60mm high Closed ring with removable central clear plastic standpipe, 500mm diameter x 60mm high Large rectangular open ended ring, 1000mm x 500mm x 60mm high Large rectangular closed ring with hole, 1000mm x 500mm x 60mm b.

  • Page 20: Installation

    120V supply to 230V to suit the equipment. The transformer should be sited adjacent to the 120V mains outlet socket in the laboratory, in a dry location. The mains lead from the S12-MKII or S12-MKII-50 is simply plugged into the 230V outlet socket on the front of the transformer.

  • Page 21: Cold Water Supply

    Installing the PC Software (Version S12-MKII-50 only) If it is required to operate S12-MKII using the optional software supplied with S12- MKII-50 then it will be necessary to install the software from the CD-ROM supplied with S12-MKII-50 onto an appropriate PC (PC not supplied).

  • Page 22: Installing The Equipment

    (26). Locate the outlet collecting tank on the support ensuring that it is positioned within the locating pegs. If assembling the S12-MKII-50 then it will be necessary to connect the lead from the pressure sensor on the side of the collecting tank to the connector on the front of the electrical enclosure.

  • Page 23: Commissioning

    Installation The load cell is permanently fitted underneath the outlet collecting tank and the lead is already connected to the electronics enclosure. 7. Place the various models and accessories in a cupboard or similar place to avoid damage or loss. Commissioning The following procedure is presented as a series of steps to check that the equipment is functioning correctly following installation.
  • Page 24 Armfield Instruction Manual 10. Ensure that the isolating valve (23) upstream of each spray nozzle is fully open. Connect the flexible tube from the overhead sprinklers to the quick release connector (15) on the feed outlet above the 3 l/min flowmeter. Open the appropriate feed flow control valve (13) fully then switch on the pump.

  • Page 25: Electrical Wiring Diagram

    Printed Versions of this Instruction Manual Please note, all wiring diagrams are appended at the rear of this manual. If viewing this Instruction Manual via Help Text in Armfield Software refer to the printed version of the manual for these diagrams.

  • Page 26: Operation

    Installing the PC Software Before operating S12-MKII-50 it will be necessary to install the software from the CD- ROM supplied with S12-MKII-50 onto an appropriate PC (PC not supplied). For instructions on how to install and run the software insert the CD-ROM into the optical drive on the PC (PC not supplied) then choose ‘Help’...
  • Page 27 USB port on a suitable computer running the Armfield S12-MKII-50 Software. The basic operation of the S12-MKII-50 can be confirmed by referring to the Operating the PC Software section.

  • Page 28: Operating The Equipment

    Armfield Instruction Manual Note that when using Part 2: Continuous Logging it will be necessary to zero the level sensor in the collecting tank and to enter the initial mass of the collecting tank when filled with water to obtain accurate results. These operations should be carried...

  • Page 29: Equipment Specifications

    Equipment Specifications Equipment Location The equipment is designed for installation on a solid floor capable of supporting the weight of the equipment when filled with sand and water. The equipment must be located adjacent to a cold water supply and an appropriate drain at floor level. Note: This equipment is heavy and must not be moved after filling with sand/water.

  • Page 30: Routine Maintenance

    Routine Maintenance Responsibility To preserve the life and efficient operation of the equipment it is important that the equipment is properly maintained. Regular maintenance of the equipment is the responsibility of the end user and must be performed by qualified personnel who understand the operation of the equipment.
  • Page 31 Routine Maintenance removed using the Allen key supplied. The nozzles should be refitted after cleaning using PTFE tape to seal the threads. 7. After prolonged use the marbles in the river inlet tank will become dirty. The marbles should be transferred to a suitable container, soaked in a weak bleach solution then rinsed using clean water.

  • Page 32: Load Sensor

    3.2 Bar. Tighten locknut to retain setting of relief valve. 11. Calibrating the electronic load sensor fitted to S12-MKII-50. When the optional data logging accessory is fitted, the electronic sensor used to measure the total weight of the outlet collecting tank may require re- calibration.

  • Page 33: Laboratory Teaching Exercises

    Laboratory Teaching Exercises Index to Exercises Exercise A - Rainfall-Runoff Relationships (Storm Hydrographs) Exercise B - Generation of Overland Flow Exercise C - Initiation and Characteristics of Bedload Motion Exercise D - Effect of Changing Stream Power on Channel Morphology Exercise E - Effect of Base Level Change Exercise F - Scour in Open Channel Flow Exercise G - Water Abstraction from a Well in a Confined Aquifer...
  • Page 34 Armfield Instruction Manual Constants Specific weight of sand = 2650 M/m³ Specific weight of water = 9810 N/m³, but alters with water temperature g (gravitational acceleration) = 9.81 m/s² Kinematic Viscosity (m²/s) = 0.00000114, but varies with temperature Median Grain Diameter of Sediment Bed = Determine from sand used Other Equations Channel cross-sectional area (m²) = Average channel width (m) x Average channel...
  • Page 35 Laboratory Teaching Exercises Total Sinuosity = Total thalweg length (m) Valley length (m) Nickpoint Speed (cm/min) = Distance travelled by nickpoint (cm) Time taken to move distance (min)

  • Page 36: Exercise A - Rainfall-Runoff Relationships (Storm Hydrographs)

    Exercise A - Rainfall-runoff relationships (storm hydrographs) Theory Rain falling on a catchment area will make its way to the point of concentration where it will leave the catchment. In a gravity flow situation, this is bound to be the lowest point in the catchment.
  • Page 37 Exercise A Figure A3 During the early stages of the rainstorm, so long as no recent rain has fallen, the ground will be able to absorb the water falling on it and add it to the ground water already present. When all the voids are filled, the excess must flow over the surface and enter the stream directly as surface flow.
  • Page 38 Armfield Instruction Manual Proceed as in a) but cut off rain while hydrograph is still rising Figure A4 will result. Figure A4 Figure A5...
  • Page 39 Exercise A c. Histogram The hydrograph should properly be shown as in Figure A4 and Figure A5 by plotting the results directly. It may be found that the best-shaped storm hydrographs are obtained when the "rain" is stopped just before the maximum run-off is obtained. That is to say, the duration of the storm is slightly less than the time of concentration for the catchment.
  • Page 40 Armfield Instruction Manual simulate detention reservoirs and it will be found that inverted dustbin lids serve well so long as they have a small drainage hole made in their centre. Effect of land drainage on run-off hydrograph One of the commonly employed methods of improving land drainage is the construction or renewal of ditch systems.

  • Page 41: Exercise B - Generation Of Overland Flow

    Exercise B - Generation of overland flow Theory Overland flow is the rainfall that fails to infiltrate the surface and subsequently travels over the ground until it reaches channel flow, infiltrates or evaporates. It is rarely seen, but may be important in a number of situations, for example where ground conditions are saturated or frozen, or where the soil is highly compacted or very dry.
  • Page 42 Armfield Instruction Manual Location and direction of Time since start Rainfall flow rate Tank outflow rate overland flow, including of run source areas (use references to (l/min) (l/min) (secs) sketch above) Conclusions What conditions produced the best examples of overland flow? What factors may...

  • Page 43: Exercise C - Initiation And Characteristics Of Bedload Motion

    Exercise C - Initiation and characteristics of bedload motion Theory Sediment can be transported along a river channel in three ways. Wash load originates in slope runoff and bank erosion, and is controlled by sediment supply rate rather than the river’s ability to transport sediment. The dissolved load represents the portion of sediment that is carried in solution, and derives from rock and soil weathering.
  • Page 44 Armfield Instruction Manual deep cut-out at the foot of the tank. The channel should be approximately 5 cm deep and 10 cm wide. Record the channel dimensions. Set the river inlet flow rate to 1.5 l/min and allow time for the sediment bed to become saturated.
  • Page 45 Exercise C Observations of Elapsed Sediment Channel Channel depth sediment time transport rate width transport (min) (g/min) processes Conclusion Basing your conclusion on your observations, is there a specific threshold of motion for river bedload? If so, is there a defining relationship between bed slope, river flow rate, Shields parameter and initiation of bedload motion? Are there any other factors that also appear to have an effect on the initiation and characteristics of sediment movement?

  • Page 46: Exercise D - Effect Of Changing Stream Power On Channel Morphology

    Exercise D - Effect of changing stream power on channel morphology Theory Channel planform reflects the hydrodynamics of flow within the channel and the associated processes of sediment transportation and energy dissipation. There is no current theory that can fully predict channel form, but it can be demonstrated that the channel morphology changes in response to stream power, sediment load and bank stability.
  • Page 47 Exercise D bedload transport over suspension and easily eroded non-cohesive banks. The onset of a braided planform is a significant geomorphic threshold within the planform continuum, as it marks the point where flow switches from a single thread to multithread configuration. Braiding intensity and total sinuosity are used to characterise the morphology of braided channels.
  • Page 48 Armfield Instruction Manual Elapsed time Sediment yield (min) (g/min) One method of making diagrams of the channel requires two rulers or measuring sticks, both of which must be rigid and one of which must be at least 1 metre in length.

  • Page 49: Exercise E - Effect Of Base Level Change

    Exercise E - Effect of base level change Theory The third dimension of adjustment in alluvial channel morphology is the long-profile. The long-profile can adjust through changes in bed elevation, channel gradient, and overall profile shape. Bed elevation changes occur through aggradation and degradation, and reflect the channel’s ability to transport sediment.
  • Page 50 Armfield Instruction Manual For a rise in base level, the observations should include a record of the position of the nickpoint, and of any secondary nickpoints that appear. Results Elapsed time Sediment yield (min) (g/min) One method of making diagrams of the channel requires two rulers or measuring sticks, both of which must be rigid and one of which must be at least 1 metre in length.

  • Page 51: Exercise F - Scour In Open Channel Flow

    Exercise F - Scour in open channel flow Theory Local conditions can affect channel flow. These can be natural conditions, but man- made obstructions and artificial structures are becoming increasingly common. Changes in land use can also affect channel conditions by altering runoff, transpiration and evaporation rates.
  • Page 52 Armfield Instruction Manual The experiment may be varied by altering the position of the obstruction within the width of the channel, and by using multiple obstructions. Results Diagrams of the channel planform, flow obstructions, flow turbulence and scour features should be made for each set of conditions.

  • Page 53: Exercise G - Water Abstraction From A Well In A Confined Aquifer

    Exercise G - Water abstraction from a well in a confined aquifer Theory An aquifer is a water-bearing layer in the ground in which horizontal flow is possible due to its inter-connecting void structure. These pores through which the flow takes place may be very small indeed and, generally, are between the limits 2mm - 0.02mm.
  • Page 54 Armfield Instruction Manual and the equation of continuity. Q = Q = constant, leads to Thiem's Formula in which Q = total rate of low in aquifer at radius r v = water velocity in aquifer at radius r H = thickness of aquifer...
  • Page 55 Exercise G The closed ring forms the upper impermeable stratum confining the aquifer (sand) and so producing the required radial flow distribution. It will be necessary to determine the depth of the aquifer (H) to use in equation (1) in "Water Abstraction from a Well in a Confined Aquifer".
  • Page 56 Armfield Instruction Manual s against r to represent these values. Further points can now be drawn on the same graph from the measure values obtained with the manometer tubes. Results Volume Time to Tapping Manometer collected collect position readings (=H-manometer reading) Calculate k from one of the two equations provided in the theory.

  • Page 57: Exercise H - Water Abstraction From A Well In An Unconfined Aquifer

    Exercise H - Water abstraction from a well in an unconfined aquifer Theory Fig. H1 shows an unconfined aquifer situated above an impervious base. There is no recharge by rainfall or loss of water by evapo-transpiration and the water table is consequently horizontal.
  • Page 58 Armfield Instruction Manual By substituting (H - s) for h this lead to the equation of Thiem. Procedure Cone of depression for a single well in an unconfined aquifer For this experiment no cap is placed over the sand in the area of the well and the sand surface should be horizontal and flat.
  • Page 59 Exercise H Calculate k from one the equation provided in the theory. Conclusion Compare the results obtained with typical permeability values of different types of aquifer.

  • Page 60: Exercise I - Water Abstraction From A Number Of Neighbouring Wells

    Exercise I - Water abstraction from a number of neighbouring wells Theory From Exercise H, The method of superposition allows the prediction of a complex situation by considering it to be made up of a number of simple elements and superimposing their resulting individual effects as described by the above equation.
  • Page 61 Exercise I In this experiment, the small square open ended ring is used to form the sides of the excavation by sinking it in the sand between the two well positions and removing the sand inside down to the lower level of the ring wall. If the sand in the catchment tank is now saturated by admitting water via the inlet control valves, the "excavation site"...
  • Page 62 Armfield Instruction Manual Results Conclusion Did the results observed fit with the results predicted by theory? Suggest reasons for any differences.

  • Page 63: Exercise J - Rainfall On A Circular Island With A Central Well

    Exercise J - Rainfall on a circular island with a central well Theory It is suggested that students read the theory of superposition described in Exercise I before proceeding with this experiment. Procedure Connect the flexible tubing from the spray nozzles to the quick release connector on the 5 l/min flow meter.
  • Page 64 Armfield Instruction Manual radius flowing to the well and outside to the "sea". When an island is set in a salt sea it is obviously very important that this water divide exists or salt water will be drawn through the soil to feed the well.

  • Page 65: Exercise K - Ground Water Flow Between Two Canals With And Without Rainfall

    Exercise K - Ground water flow between two canals with and without rainfall Theory When two neighbouring canals have their water surfaces maintained at different levels, there will be a flow of ground water between them from the higher to the lower.
  • Page 66 Armfield Instruction Manual Conclusion Did the experiment suggest that the theory of superposition is applicable to this simulation? How might simulations of this type be applied to civil engineering projects such as canal construction?

  • Page 67: Contact Details For Further Information

    Contact Details for Further Information Main Office: Armfield Limited Bridge House West Street Ringwood Hampshire England BH24 1DY Tel: +44 (0)1425 478781 Fax: +44 (0)1425 470916 Email: sales@armfield.co.uk support@armfield.co.uk Web: http://www.armfield.co.uk US Office: Armfield Inc. 9 Trenton - Lakewood Road...

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