1
Amplitude
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
5
10
1
Amplitude
0.5
0
-0.5
-1
0
0.5
fig. 4a
sawtooth wave after limiting the spectrum
to the initial 10 partials
tudes of partials decrease with frequency). This
is achieved by changing the exponent γ with-
in the partial amplitude formula: A
This parameter can change from 3 (very
quick decay, dull sound), through 1 (like in
the sawtooth wave) down to nearly 0 (almost
flat spectrum, very bright sound) — see fig.
5. Note that this parameter has a significant
impact on the resulting energy of the signal.
Together, the density, warp, and peak-
ing parameters control the comb-like fre-
quency response imposed on the spectrum.
The notches of the comb are produced by a
15
20
25
Partial number
1
1.5
=A
n
1
Amplitude
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
30
0
5
1
Amplitude
0.5
0
-0.5
-1
2
0
Time
fig. 4b
sawtooth wave after limiting the spectrum
to the initial 5 partials
warped Sinc function in the frequency do-
main (fig. 6). Bear in mind the response re-
γ
/n
.
fers to the relative frequencies of partials, so
1
it scales with pitch. Depending on the den-
sity parameter, there may be zero to 256
notches, hence at minimum, the spectrum
is smooth, and at maximum, each second
partial is filtered out (only odd-numbered
partials remain), provided there is no warp.
Thus, with all other parameters set to de-
fault, turning the density knob morphs the
signal from a sawtooth to a square wave —
but quite differently than a simple crossfade!
8
10
15
0.5
1
20
25
30
Partial number
1.5
2
Time
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