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PASCO ME-9215B Instruction Manual And Experiment Manual

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Instruction Manual and
012-06379B
Includes
Teacher's Notes
Experiment Guide for
and
Typical
Experiment Results
the PASCO scientific
Model ME-9215B
PHOTOGATE TIMER

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Summary of Contents for PASCO ME-9215B

  • Page 1 Instruction Manual and 012-06379B Includes Teacher’s Notes Experiment Guide for Typical Experiment Results the PASCO scientific Model ME-9215B PHOTOGATE TIMER...

  • Page 3: Table Of Contents

    012-06379B Photogate Timer Table of Contents Page Copyright, Warranty and Technical Support ............ ii Introduction ...................... 1 Operation ......................2 Accessories for the Photogate Timer ..............4 10 Copy-Ready Experiments: ................4 Experiment 1: Instantaneous vs Average Velocity ........5 Experiment 2: Kinematics on an Inclined Plane ........

  • Page 4: Copyright, Warranty And Technical Support

    Reproduction under any other circumstances, without the written consent of PASCO scientific, is prohibited. Limited Warranty For a description of the product warranty, see the PASCO catalog.

  • Page 5: Introduction

    Photogate timer beam is blocked The ME-9215B memory function makes it easy to time events that happen in rapid succession, such as an air track glider passing twice through the photogate, once before and then again after a collision.

  • Page 6: Operation

    Photogate Timer 012-06379B Operation Timing Modes Photogate Head Gate Mode: In Gate mode, timing begins when the beam is first blocked and continues until the beam is unblocked. Use this mode to measure the velocity of an object as it Photogate beam passes through the photogate.
  • Page 7 012-06379B Photogate Timer TIMING SUGGESTION ➤ ➤ ➤ ➤ ➤ NOTE: If additional photogate interruptions Since the source and detector of the photogate have a occur after the second time is measured, and before finite width, the true length of the object may not be the MEMORY switch is flipped to READ, they too the same as the effective length seen by the photo- will be measured by the timer and included in the...

  • Page 8: Accessories For The Photogate Timer

    Accessories for the Photogate Timer The following accessories are available to help extend the ME-9207B Free Fall Adapter utility of your model ME-9215B Photogate Timer. All For easy and accurate measurements of the acceleration the accessories work equally well with either model. See of gravity, the ME-9207B Free Fall Adapter is hard to the current PASCO catalog for more information.

  • Page 9: Experiment 1: Instantaneous Vs Average Velocity

    012-06379B Photogate Timer Experiment 1: Instantaneous Versus Average Velocity EQUIPMENT NEEDED: - Photogate Timer with Accessory Photogate - Air Track System with one glider. Introduction An average velocity can be a useful value. If you know you will average 50 miles per hour on a 200 mile trip, it’s easy to determine how long the trip will take.
  • Page 10 Photogate Timer 012-06379B Optional You can continue using smaller and smaller distances for D by changing your timing tech- nique. Tape a piece of cardboard on top of the glider, as shown in Figure 1.2. Raise the pho- togate so it is the cardboard, not the body of the glider, that interrupts the photogate. Use just one photogate and place it at x .

  • Page 11: Experiment 2: Kinematics On An Inclined Plane

    012-06379B Photogate Timer Experiment 2: Kinematics on an Inclined Plane EQUIPMENT NEEDED: -Photogate Timer -Meter stick -Ball and ramp, [A ball bearing (approximately 1.8 cm diameter) and a U-channel ramp (approximately 50 cm long with an inside width of approximately 1 cm) will work well, but the exact dimensions are not important].
  • Page 12 Photogate Timer 012-06379B If the graph doesn't turn out to be a straight line (as it shouldn't), manipulate the data math- ematically and replot it until you obtain a straight line graph. For example, try plotting dis- tance as a function of , 1/v, etc.

  • Page 13: Experiment 3: Speed Of A Projectile

    012-06379B Photogate Timer Experiment 3: Speed of a Projectile EQUIPMENT NEEDED: -Photogate Timer, with Accessory Photogate -Ball and ramp -Meter stick -Plumb bob -Carbon paper Introduction Projectile motion adds a new dimension, literally, to experiments in linear accelera- tion. Once a projectile is in motion, its acceleration is constant and in one direction only—down.
  • Page 14 Photogate Timer 012-06379B Set the Photogate Timer to GATE mode. Now move the ball to a starting point somewhere on the ramp. Mark this starting position with a pencil so you will be able to repeat the run, starting the ball each time from the same point. Hold the ball at this position using a ruler or block of wood.

  • Page 15: Experiment 4: Newton's Second Law

    012-06379B Photogate Timer Experiment 4: Newton’s Second Law EQUIPMENT NEEDED: -Photogate timer with Accessory Photogate (or two Photogate Timers) -Air TrackSystem with one glider -Masses -Pulley -Pulley Mounting Clamp -Universal Table Clamp Introduction There’s nothing obvious about the relationships governing the motions of objects. In fact, it took around 4,000 years of civilization and the genius of Isaac Newton to figure out the basic laws.
  • Page 16 Photogate Timer 012-06379B Again, start the glider from x . This time measure and record t , the time it takes the glider to pass between the photogates. Repeat this measurement four more times and record the aver- age of these measurements as t in Table 4.1.

  • Page 17: Experiment 5: The Force Of Gravity

    012-06379B Photogate Timer Experiment 5: The Force of Gravity EQUIPMENT NEEDED: -Photogate timer with Accessory Photogate -Air Track System with one glider. Introduction In this experiment, you will use Newton’s Second Law (F = ma) to measure Force of air cushion the force exerted on an object by the Earth’s gravitational field.
  • Page 18 Photogate Timer 012-06379B Change the mass of the glider by adding weights and repeat steps 6 through 8. Do this for at least five different masses, recording the mass (m) for each set of measurements. (If you have time, you may also want to try changing the height of the block used to tilt the track.) Data and Calculations θ...

  • Page 19: Experiment 6: Conservation Of Momentum

    012-06379B Photogate Timer Experiment 6: Conservation of Momentum EQUIPMENT NEEDED: -Air track system with two gliders -Two Photogate Timers. Introduction When objects collide, whether locomotives, shopping carts, or your foot and the sidewalk, the results can be complicated. Yet even in the most chaotic of collisions, as long as there are no ex- ternal forces acting on the colliding objects, one principle always holds and provides an excellent tool for understanding the dynamics of the collision.
  • Page 20 If you are using a PASCO airtrack, replace the bumpers with the wax and needle. Otherwise, velcro fasteners can be used with most gliders.

  • Page 21: Experiment 7: Kinetic Energy

    012-06379B Photogate Timer Experiment 7: Conservation of Kinetic Energy EQUIPMENT NEEDED: -Two Photogate Timers -Air Track System with two gliders. Introduction Momentum is always conserved in collisions that are isolated from external forces. Energy is also always conserved, but energy conservation is much harder to demonstrate since the energy can change forms: energy of motion (kinetic energy) may be changed into heat energy, gravitational potential energy, or even chemical potential energy.
  • Page 22 If you are using a PASCO air track, replace the bumpers with the wax and needle. Otherwise, velcro fasteners can be used with most gliders.

  • Page 23: Experiment 8: Conservation Of Mechanical Energy

    012-06379B Photogate Timer Experiment 8: Conservation of Mechanical Energy EQUIPMENT NEEDED: -Photogate timer and Accessory Photogate -air track system with one glider -block of wood of known thickness (approximately 1-2 cm). Introduction Though conservation of energy is one of the most powerful laws of physics, it is not an easy prin- ciple to verify.
  • Page 24 Photogate Timer 012-06379B photogates. Record t , the time during which the glider blocks the first photogate, and t , the time during which it blocks the second photogate. (If you have an ME-9215A Photogate Timer, the memory function will make it easier to measure the two times. If not, someone will need to watch the timer during the experiment and quickly record t1 before the glider reaches the second photogate.) Repeat the measurement several times and record your data in Table 8.1.

  • Page 25: Experiment 9: Elastic-Kinetic Energy

    012-06379B Photogate Timer Experiment 9: Elastic-Kinetic Energy EQUIPMENT NEEDED: -Photogate timer -Air Track with one glider -Weight hanger with weights -Flag (see Procedure 1 below) -Spring (with a low spring constant) Introduction It takes work to stretch or compress a spring. Suppose a spring has a natural (unstretched) length , and a spring constant k.
  • Page 26 Photogate Timer 012-06379B Repeat steps 5-8 four more times. Record your times as t through t in Table 9.2. Determine the average of these five times and record this value as t Repeat steps 5-9 for different distances of stretch of the spring up to 20 cm. Also try varying the mass of the glider by adding masses to it.

  • Page 27: Experiment 10: Pendulum Motion

    012-06379B Photogate Timer Experiment 10: Pendulum Motion EQUIPMENT NEEDED: -Photogate timer -Meter stick. -Pendulums of various masses and lengths (the pendulum bob should be no more than 3 cm in diameter) Introduction Protractor In this experiment, you will investigate two aspects of pendulum motion. First you will investigate the relationship between pendulum length, pen- dulum mass, and the period of oscillation.
  • Page 28 Photogate Timer 012-06379B Now adjust the position of the photogate as accurately as you can so that the photogate beam strikes the center of the pendulum bob. Support a meter stick just under the bob, so you can measure the position of the bob but the meter stick does not interfere with the photogate beam (see Figure 10.2).
  • Page 29 012-06379B Photogate Timer Questions Discuss your graphs of pendulum period versus mass and length. What relationship between mass and length produces a straight line graph? Did the period of your pendulum vary with the mass of the bob? Discuss why it did or did not. Was mechanical energy conserved during a single swing of the pendulum? No matter how high the initial height of the bob, the pendulum ultimately slows down and stops.
  • Page 30 Photogate Timer 012-06379B ®...

  • Page 31: Teachers Guide

    012-06379B Photogate Timer Teachers Guide Exp. 1 - Instantaneous Versus Average Velocity Notes - on Procedure, Experiment 1: Notes - on Analysis Instantaneous vs Average Velocity Here are the results for the measurement of average ve- In order to accurately measure D, allow D to the be the locities with Photogate Timers positioned at seven differ- distance between the points where the glider first trig- ent distances apart.
  • Page 32 Photogate Timer 012-06379B Exp. 2 - Kinematics on an Inclined Plane Notes - on Procedure, Experiment 2: Notes - on Analysis Kinematics on an Inclined Plane Here are the results for the measurement of the fnal ve- locities of the ball down the incline plane. If the ramp tends to wobble upon ball release, stabilize it by holding on to the upper end of the ramp.
  • Page 33 012-06379B Photogate Timer Exp 3 - Speed of a Projectile Notes - on Procedure If the ramp tends to wobble upon ball release, stabilize it by holding on to the upper end of the ramp using a Slide a horizontal plate against the ramp if needed to clamp.
  • Page 34 Photogate Timer 012-06379B Table 4.2 Constant Accelerating Force (m/s) (m/s) (m/s^2) 240.48 10.3 0.30 0.46 0.16 1.15 0.42 0.79 0.32 0.10 220.48 10.3 0.29 0.44 0.15 1.11 0.43 0.83 0.36 0.10 200.48 10.3 0.28 0.42 0.14 1.06 0.46 0.88 0.39 0.10 Notes - on Analysis yes.
  • Page 35 012-06379B Photogate Timer Exp 5 - The Force of Gravity Notes - on Procedure The tables below list the results from two experiemtnal conditions. The value of each parameter was the average In order to mantain a constant D throughout the derived after numerous trials.
  • Page 36 Photogate Timer 012-06379B Notes - on Questions No. The gravitional force by the earth on the moon and vice versa is described by Yes. This assumption can be tested by setting the photogates at a fixed distance apart but moving them along the air track to measure and compare the aver- where: age accelerations along the line of motion.
  • Page 37 012-06379B Photogate Timer Table 6.2 Both Gliders have Initial Velociies = 12.6 cm = 12.8 cm Distance Between Photogates = 60cm % Error (m/s) (m/s) (m/s) (m/s) (kg*m/s) (kg*m/s) (%) 180.2 261.3 0.362 0.422 0.312 0.589 0.35 -0.303 -0.40 0.22 -0.02 -0.02 3.31...
  • Page 38 Photogate Timer 012-06379B Exp 7 - Conservation of Kinetic Energy Notes - on Procedure The tables below list the results from two experiemtnal conditions. Table 7.1 presents the results of elastic colli- In order to ensure that the gliders are as close to sion with one glider being initially stationary.
  • Page 39 012-06379B Photogate Timer Table 7.2 Both Gliders have Initial Velociies = 12.6 cm = 12.8 cm Distance Between Photogates = 60cm % Error (m/s) (m/s) (m/s) (m/s) (kg*m/s) (kg*m/s) (%) 180.2 261.3 0.362 0.422 0.312 0.589 0.35 -0.30332 -0.40 0.22 0.02 0.02 9.03...
  • Page 40 Photogate Timer 012-06379B Table 8.2 d = 100 cm h = 2.6 cm θ= 0.026 rad D = 80 cm L = 12.6 cm Δ Δ Δ Δ Δ (mgh) % Error (m/s) (m/s) 180.2 0.25 0.16 0.51 0.80 0.02 0.06 0.03 0.04...
  • Page 41 012-06379B Photogate Timer Exp 10- Pendulum Motion Notes - on Analysis Part 1: Period of Oscillation versus Mass and Length The graphs below present the relationship between period and length of oscillation for four different masses. ®...
  • Page 42 Photogate Timer 012-06379B Part 2: Conservation of Mechanical Energy The table below present theresults for the conservation of energy with the pendulum dropped at varying heights. Δ Δ Δ Δ Δ d = 2 cm L = 100 cm Mass = 175.2 g θ...

  • Page 43: Maintenance

    012-06379B Photogate Timer Maintenance Battery Replacement The batteries probably need replacing when: The timer counts when there is no object interrupting the beam, The LCD display loses contrast, or The LCD display appears sluggish when switching from one number to another, To Replace the Batteries: Remove the two screws on the bottom of the timer and lift out the bottom panel.

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