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TSI Incorporated 3563 Operation And Service

Integrating nephelometer
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P a r t i c l e I n s t r u m e n t s
Model 3563
Integrating Nephelometer
Operation and Service Manual
P/N 1933563, Revision F
December 2005

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  • Page 1 P a r t i c l e I n s t r u m e n t s Model 3563 Integrating Nephelometer Operation and Service Manual P/N 1933563, Revision F December 2005...

  • Page 3: Table Of Contents

    Product Overview Unpacking and Model 3563 Setting Up the Integrating Nephelometer Hardware Operations Overview Operation and Service Manual Using NephLog Software December 2005 Using Nephelometer Software Using Serial Data Commands Theory of Operation Performing Maintenance Contacting Customer Service Appendixes...
  • Page 4 M a n u a l H i s t o r y The following is a history of the Model 3563 Integrating Nephelometer Instruction Manual, part number 1933563. Revision Date Preliminary February 1994 Preliminary 1 August 1994 Preliminary 2...
  • Page 5 Part Number 1933563 / Revision F / December 2005 Copyright ©TSI Incorporated / 1994–2005 / All rights reserved. Address TSI Incorporated / 500 Cardigan Road / Shoreview, MN 55126 / USA Fax No. (651) 490-3824 Email Address particle@tsi.com Limitation of Warranty...
  • Page 6 If any malfunction is discovered, please contact your nearest sales office or representative, or call TSI’s Particle Instruments at 1-800-874-2811 (USA) or (651) 490-2811. Model 3563 Integrating Nephelometer...
  • Page 7 S a f e t y This section gives instructions to promote safe and proper handling of the Model 3563 Integrating Nephelometer. C a u t i o n High temperatures that can cause burns. To avoid personal injury, disconnect power to the Nephelometer and allow the halogen lamp and the lamp housing to cool before handling.
  • Page 8 L a b e l s Figure 1 shows the special warning and caution labels and their approximate location inside the Nephelometer. Figure 1 Nephelometer Warning and Caution Labels viii Model 3563 Integrating Nephelometer...

  • Page 9: Product Overview

    C o n t e n t s Manual History ..............iv Warranty................v Software License (effective March 1999) ........ vi Safety ................. vii Labels .................. viii About This Manual .............xvii Purpose................xvii Reusing and Recycling ............xvii Submitting Comments ............xvii Notational Conventions ............
  • Page 10 Action Commands ............6-18 Read Commands (Polled) ..........6-21 Unpolled Commands ............6-25 Unpolled Record Formats ..........6-26 How to Input Commands and Troubleshoot the Results . 6-30 CHAPTER 7 Theory of Operation.........7-1 History ................7-1 Model 3563 Integrating Nephelometer...
  • Page 11 Construction ............... 7-2 Theory of Integration ............7-4 Theory of Wavelength Dependence ........7-6 Signal Processing ..............7-8 Description............... 7-9 Equations/Calculations ........... 7-9 Detection Optics..............7-16 Calibration ................ 7-16 CHAPTER 8 Performing Maintenance ......... 8-1 Removing Nephelometer Covers: Top, Bottom, and PMT ..8-2 Removing the Top Cover ...........
  • Page 12 Index F i g u r e s Nephelometer Warning and Caution Labels ....... viii 1-1 TSI Model 3563 Nephelometer .......... 1-1 1-2 A Cross-Section View of the Nephelometer ......1-3 2-1 Power Supply Module ............2-2 2-2 Ventilation Requirements ..........2-3 2-3 COM Port Connector............
  • Page 13 5-10 The Set Nephelometer Parameters Display Shows the Current Parameters of the Nephelometer......5-13 5-11 Select a Filename After Choosing the Open Log File Command ..............5-15 5-12 Select a Filename After Choosing the Log Data Command ..............5-16 5-13 Select the Print Command from the File Menu....5-17 5-14 Types of Graphs.
  • Page 14 8-36 Top Cover Screws, Bottom Cover Screws, Fan Cover Screws, and I/O Panel Screws........8-41 8-37 Humidity and Temperature Sensor Locations ....8-41 8-38 PMT Cover ..............8-43 8-39 Red, Blue and Green PMTs with Setscrews ..... 8-44 Model 3563 Integrating Nephelometer...
  • Page 15 8-40 PMT Cover ..............8-46 8-41 Red, Blue and Green PMTs with Setscrews ..... 8-47 8-42 Bandpass Filter .............. 8-48 8-43 PMT Cover ..............8-49 8-44 Red, Blue and Green PMTs with Setscrews ..... 8-50 T a b l e s 2-1 Packing List with Accessories ...........

  • Page 17: About This Manual

    A b o u t T h i s M a n u a l P u r p o s e This is an operation and service manual for the Model 3563 Integrating Nephelometer. R e u s i n g a n d R e c y c l i n g As part of TSI Incorporated’s effort to have a minimal negative...

  • Page 18: Notational Conventions

    UPPERCASE Uppercase letters indicate names of programs, files or commands. Bold Bold type indicates names of fittings as they appear on the instrument and commands appearing on the display. xviii Model 3563 Integrating Nephelometer...

  • Page 19: Product Description

    P r o d u c t D e s c r i p t i o n The Model 3563 Integrating Nephelometer, shown in Figure 1-1, is designed for long-term monitoring of visual range and air quality in ground-based and airborne studies.

  • Page 20: Beer-Lambert Law

    The third area is a translucent portion of the chopper, illuminated by the halogen lamp, which provides a measure of the light-source signal. In this way, over time, any change in the light source or in detector efficiency is compensated. Model 3563 Integrating Nephelometer...

  • Page 21: A Cross-Section View Of The Nephelometer

    Figure 1-2 A Cross-Section View of the Nephelometer In backscatter mode, the backscatter shutter rotates under the lamp to block light in the 7 to 90° range. When light is blocked, only light scattered in the backward direction is transmitted to the PMT detectors.

  • Page 23: Packing List

    U p t h e H a r d w a r e Use the information in this chapter to unpack and set up the hardware components of a Model 3563 Integrating Nephelometer. This chapter contains these main sections: Packing List...

  • Page 24: Unpacking Instructions

    2811. Chapter 9, “Contacting Customer Service,” gives instructions for returning the Nephelometer to TSI Incorporated. C o n n e c t i n g P o w e r This section describes connecting power to the power supply module and connecting the power supply module to the Nephelometer sensor, as well as using another power source for the Nephelometer sensor.

  • Page 25: Connecting The Power Supply Module To The Nephelometer

    Connecting the Power Supply Module to the Nephelometer The power supply module includes a 4-meter (12-ft.) cord with four- conductor, quarter-turn quick connectors. Before connecting the cord, make sure the power switch is in the Off position. Connect the pin end to the power supply and the socket end to the POWER AC INPUT connector (Figure 2-1) on the Nephelometer sensor.

  • Page 26: Connecting A Computer

    PMT box at the top and the light trap end at the bottom (Figure 2-5). Note: Other positions are possible but consider dust collection opposite the lamp or on the lens. Dust raises the background noise level and necessitates cleaning more often. Model 3563 Integrating Nephelometer...

  • Page 27: Nephelometer Resting On Its Feet

    Figure 2-4 Nephelometer Resting on its Feet Figure 2-5 Nephelometer in the Optimal Orientation Unpacking and Setting Up the Hardware...

  • Page 28: Space Requirements

    Use the four mounting holes, two on each leg, to mount the Nephelometer sensor (Figure 2-6c). Use four 6 mm (¼ in.) diameter bolts or screws to mount the instrument to a secure bracket, if needed. Model 3563 Integrating Nephelometer...

  • Page 29: Inlet And Outlet Ports

    Inlet and Outlet Ports The inlet and outlet ports are 1 in. diameter female NPT (pipe threaded) fittings (Figure 2-6a). These fittings can be used with adapters to mate to smaller or larger rigid tubing or can be fastened directly to 1 in. pipe with a 1 in. NPT end. Rigid PVC tubing is often used to bring a sample into the instrument and to exhaust the sample from the instrument.

  • Page 30: Connecting An External Blower

    Blower Bracket Screws (2) Figure 2-7 Blower Bracket 5. Install the external blower bypass fitting by pressing it into the hole in the mounting plate (Figure 2-8) and reattaching the blower bracket. Model 3563 Integrating Nephelometer...

  • Page 31: Calibrating The Nephelometer

    Mounting Hole Blower Bypass Fitting Figure 2-8 Mounting the External Blower C a l i b r a t i n g t h e N e p h e l o m e t e r After you set up the Nephelometer, take a sample reading and make a printout of the reading.

  • Page 33: Serial Communications

    C H A P T E R 3 O p e r a t i o n s O v e r v i e w Before you set up the Nephelometer, it is important to consider how you will use the data you collect. This chapter provides an operations overview with these main sections: Serial Communications Hardware Components...

  • Page 34: Power Failures

    The PMT dark current is also affected by temperature. If the temperature of the environment is much above 70°F (21°C), as the dark current increases, sensitivity decreases and the PMT voltage may not be optimal. In this case, voltages may need to be lowered. Model 3563 Integrating Nephelometer...

  • Page 35: Heater

    Heater If the Nephelometer is installed in an air conditioned area and is sampling hot, humid air, use the Nephelometer heater to prevent condensation. Generally the Nephelometer produces enough heat to maintain a sample temperature that is equal to or above the inlet temperature.

  • Page 36: Setting Up Parameters

    Chapter 5, all of the parameters can be set using the firmware commands described in Chapter 6 or by using the terminal emulation program on a computer. Model 3563 Integrating Nephelometer...
  • Page 37 Nephelometer. Sample averaging time and lamp power are the two primary user-controlled parameters affecting sensitivity. Backscatter Measurements Model 3563 Nephelometer is equipped with a backscatter shutter. The motor-operated shutter either runs synchronously with the reference chopper (in backscatter mode) or is parked (in total scatter mode).
  • Page 38 Normal Mode In normal mode, the Nephelometer makes an auto zero measurement at preset intervals (see "Time Parameters" in this chapter). Model 3563 Integrating Nephelometer...

  • Page 39: Time Parameters

    Air-Chop Mode Air chop mode is similar to normal mode, but the zero baseline calculation is based on two or more auto zero cycles. This mode is generally used in very “clean” (low particle scatter) environments. Time Parameters This section discuss the several user-controlled time parameters for Nephelometer operation.

  • Page 40: Polled And Unpolled Communications

    This is useful in airborne work where several hours of fast response data may be taken. Ground-based measurements may opt for longer averaging times to reduce the amount of data gathered over long-term operation. Model 3563 Integrating Nephelometer...

  • Page 41: Typical Time Settings

    The following chart represents some typical settings for the previously mentioned time parameters. Table 3-1 Typical Time Settings Parameter Ground Based Ground Based (clean) Airborne Avg Time 60 to 300 1500 Zero Blanking AZ Period 3600 Manual AZ Mode Normal Air Chop (SMZ = 5) Manual When using long averaging times (greater than 300 seconds), all...

  • Page 43: Overview Of Nephlog Software

    O v e r v i e w o f N e p h L o g S o f t w a r e The NephLog program is a PC-based application designed to acquire and record continuous long-term data from Model 3563 Nephelometer. NephLog is compatible with Microsoft Windows operating system for Intel-based computers and does the following: Reads and displays current data and instrument status.

  • Page 44: Installing The Nephlog Software

    If AutoPlay is not enabled, select Run from the Start menu and type: D:\autorun in the Open box and press OK. (D is the letter corresponding to your CD drive.) ® Windows is a registered trademark of Microsoft Corporation. Model 3563 Integrating Nephelometer...

  • Page 45: Start-Up Screen

    Figure 4-1 Start-up Screen 3. Follow the instructions as the setup program runs. When setup is complete, you may be asked if you want to read the readme.htm file. You should read the readme.htm file if one is available. This file contains important information that could not be included in this manual.

  • Page 46: Setting Up The Nephlog Software

    3. Start the NephLog program by clicking on the NephLog icon ). The NephLog Program interface is displayed (Figure 4-2). Figure 4-2 Setup Options 4. Click the Communications tab. The Communications tab options become available (Figure 4-3). Model 3563 Integrating Nephelometer...

  • Page 47: Selecting The Communications Port

    Figure 4-3 Selecting the Communications Port 5. In the list under Available Ports, select the communications port to which the Nephelometer is attached. If you are not sure which port the Nephelometer is attached to, do the following: a. Highlight a port under Available Ports and click Test under Test comm port.

  • Page 48: Communications Port Error

    Description Neph Model The Nephelometer model. Click the down arrow to change model number. The available options are: 3551 or 3563.Select 3563. Previously available Model 3551 has been discontinued and should not be selected. Mode Set the Nephelometer to one of the following...
  • Page 49 Option Description Select the following log file properties. Enable: Check to activate logging of all unpolled records. Check New File Daily or New File Weekly: Select one to specify when a new log file should be created. New files are created at midnight either daily or on Sundays if weekly option is selected.

  • Page 50: Open Data File Dialog

    11. Click the Data tab (Figure 4-2) and then the Start Data button. As shown in Figure 4-5, an Open File dialog box opens (if Log | Enable box is checked in the Setup Tab. See step 8). Figure 4-5 Open Data File Dialog Model 3563 Integrating Nephelometer...

  • Page 51: Data Display Options

    12. Select a path and file name for the data. Note: You may use long file names, but if the files are to be retrieved with the Windows Nephelometer program, the files are converted to an eight character file name format. Once data collection starts, the Nephelometer data is displayed in the following Data tab fields (Figure 4-6).
  • Page 52 Inlet Temp The temperature at the sample inlet. Sample Temp The temperature at the sample outlet. Rel Humidity The percentage of relative humidity at the sample outlet. Inlet Pressure The pressure at the sample inlet. 4-10 Model 3563 Integrating Nephelometer...

  • Page 53: Overview Of Nephelometer Software

    O v e r v i e w o f N e p h e l o m e t e r S o f t w a r e The Nephelometer program is a PC-based application designed to retrieve and display Model 3563 Nephelometer data that has been previously recorded using NephLog software. It is also capable of recording short-term data (less than 24 hours).

  • Page 54: Hardware And Software Requirements

    2. With the computer on and Windows running, insert the Nephelometer Software CD-ROM in your CD drive. To run the autorun.exe from the CD: ® Pentium is a registered trademark of Intel Corporation. ® Microsoft and Windows are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation. Model 3563 Integrating Nephelometer...

  • Page 55: Start-Up Screen

    a. If AutoPlay is enabled on your PC, the setup program begins automatically and the introduction screen is displayed on the Windows desktop (see Figure 5-1). b. If AutoPlay is not enabled, select Run from the Start menu and type: D:\autorun in the Open box and press OK. (D is the letter corresponding to your CD drive.) Figure 5-1 Start-up Screen...

  • Page 56: Quick Start

    Before you begin, verify the Nephelometer is powered up and connected to the computer. Start the Nephelometer program by double-clicking on its icon. The main menu appears (Figure 5-2). Figure 5-2 The Main Menu of the Windows-Based Nephelometer Program Model 3563 Integrating Nephelometer...

  • Page 57: Step 1. Verify Com Port

    Step 1. Verify COM Port Choose the COM Port command from the Config menu. The COM Port Setup display is shown (Figure 5-3). Figure 5-3 The COM Port Setup Display Verify that the communications port indicated on this display is the one connected to your Nephelometer (refer to Chapter 2 necessary).

  • Page 58: Step 3. View Data And Nephelometer Status

    Data is updated on this display at approximately one second intervals but data is written to the data files at intervals set by the averaging time. If no data is displayed after 60 seconds, check that the Nephelometer is running. Model 3563 Integrating Nephelometer...

  • Page 59: Select Data Display To View Data As It Is Collected By The Nephelometer

    Figure 5-5 Select Data Display to View Data as it is Collected by the Nephelometer 2. Double-click on the Neph State icon (you don’t need to close the Data Display window) to display the Neph State window, Figure 5-6. Figure 5-6 The Nephelometer State Display Shows the Status of the Nephelometer This window displays the status of various Nephelometer components.

  • Page 60: The Photon Frequency Display Shows The Current Photon Frequency Calculations

    Nephelometer so far (Figure 5-8). Figure 5-8 The Graph Display Shows Current Data The graph displays the data that has been collected by the Nephelometer up to this point. Model 3563 Integrating Nephelometer...

  • Page 61: Step 4. Print A Graph

    Step 4. Print a Graph There are two ways to print this graph. You can select either Print or Print Screen from the File menu. Before doing either, however, select Pause from the main menu. You should always Pause data collection before printing. Before using the Print Screen function, the Print Screen key must be pressed to capture the current active screen to the clipboard.

  • Page 62: Basic Nephelometer Operations

    Although you may be comfortable using the program from these instructions, take the time to read the detailed information provided in the reference portion of this chapter so you are familiar with it when you have specific questions about program operation. 5-10 Model 3563 Integrating Nephelometer...

  • Page 63: Basic Windows Nephelometer Operations

    Table 5-1 Basic Windows Nephelometer Operations To... Perform the Following Steps Log data to a file 1. Select Log Data from the File menu. 2. Enter the filename and select OK. 3. Select Data Collection from the Run menu. Perform Step 3 then 1 then 2. Start collecting data (not Select Data Collection from the Run menu.

  • Page 64: Clean Air Test

    Nephelometer and it is able to collect data. 1. Select Pause from the main menu to temporarily stop data collection. 2. Select the Nephelometer option from the Config menu. The Set Nephelometer Parameters display appears (Figure 5-10). 5-12 Model 3563 Integrating Nephelometer...

  • Page 65: The Set Nephelometer Parameters Display Shows The Current Parameters Of The Nephelometer

    Figure 5-10 The Set Nephelometer Parameters Display Shows the Current Parameters of the Nephelometer 3. Change the Valve Position parameter to Zero (in the middle of the display) and note the Averaging Time (just to the right). The Averaging Time is the interval between data collection points. 4.

  • Page 66: Menus And Commands: A Reference Guide

    View menu, see below, for the options that are available for viewing, graphing, copying and printing this data. Log Data Choose the Log Data command from the File menu to identify the file you want the Nephelometer to log data to (Figure 5-12). The 5-14 Model 3563 Integrating Nephelometer...

  • Page 67: Select A Filename After Choosing The Open Log File Command

    filename defaults to the last name you specified (file extension .DAT). You can type the filename (including drive and directory) in the filename box or select a file using the list boxes. The file can be a new file or an existing file. Note: Before data is logged to a file, you MUST have selected a filename using the Log Data command.

  • Page 68: Select A Filename After Choosing The Log Data Command

    You can print a scatter data graph or a status graph and, if desired, add a message header to describing the graph (Figure 5-13). The Date/Time Stamp box lets you automatically imprint the time and date the graph was printed. Graphs are printed in landscape mode. 5-16 Model 3563 Integrating Nephelometer...

  • Page 69: Select The Print Command From The File Menu

    Figure 5-13 Select the Print Command from the File Menu Before you print a graph, be certain you Pause data collection. (Select Pause from the main menu.) Once you send the graph to the printer, select Resume to continue collecting data. Select the Setup button from the Print display to set up the printer.

  • Page 70: Using The Config Menu

    Choose the Exit command to exit (close) the program and return to Windows. Using the Config Menu The Config menu commands let you configure the Nephelometer and select the communications port that the Nephelometer is connected to. 5-18 Model 3563 Integrating Nephelometer...

  • Page 71: Choose Nephelometer From The Config Menu

    Nephelometer Choose the Nephelometer command from the Config menu to read the current parameters of the Nephelometer or make changes to the Nephelometer settings (Figure 5-15). Note: Setup is not the same as calibration. Select the Calibration command from the Run menu to calibrate or recalibrate the Nephelometer.

  • Page 72: Nephelometer Setup Parameters

    Channel (assign) an analog data type to a hardware output on the PROGRAMMABLE I/O (BNC) connector. Select the Set button after assigning a data type to each channel. Channel No. 0 = PROGRAMMABLE I/O port 5-20 Model 3563 Integrating Nephelometer...
  • Page 73 Equivalent Serial Parameter Data Command Description Analog Data Type Select one of the following data types for each channel (the default channel number is shown in parenthesis): External Host Value (not assigned) Barometric Pressure (1) Sample Temperature (2) Blue σsp (3) Green σsp (4) Red σsp (5) Blue σbsp (6)

  • Page 74: Using The View Menu

    The View menu commands let you display information collected by the Nephelometer and check Nephelometer configuration and status. Note: The Data, Graph, Photon Frequency, and Neph State commands can be selected only when data collection is ongoing. 5-22 Model 3563 Integrating Nephelometer...

  • Page 75: The Data Display Shows Current (Raw) Data Values Collected By The Nephelometer

    Data Select the Data command from the View menu to display data as it is being collected by the Nephelometer (Figure 5-17). Note: When you start data collection, the Data Display window is automatically opened and minimized. You can double-click on the Data Display icon to open its window instead of selecting it from the View menu.
  • Page 76 Graph Display icon to open its window instead of selecting it from the View menu. The default graph options show the scattering coefficients over time in the top graph and status parameters in the lower graph. 5-24 Model 3563 Integrating Nephelometer...

  • Page 77: Graph Data Of The Current Log Data File

    Figure 5-18 Graph Data of the Current Log Data File Select Graph Options from the Graph Display to customize the graph (Figure 5-19). The parameters you can select are described in Table 5-4. To print the graph, select Print from the File menu. Figure 5-19 The Graph Options Window Lets You Customize Your Graphs Using Nephelometer Software...

  • Page 78: Graph Options For The Graph Display

    Note: When you start data collection, the Photon Frequency window is automatically opened and minimized. You can double-click on the Photon Frequency icon to open its window instead of selecting it from the View menu. 5-26 Model 3563 Integrating Nephelometer...

  • Page 79: Photon Frequency Display

    Figure 5-20 Photon Frequency Display The Photon Frequency display shows the raw photon frequency calculated by the software from the raw photon counts collected by the Nephelometer. The raw photon frequency is displayed for each section of the calibrate shutter (calibrate, measure, dark), at each wavelength (blue, green, red).

  • Page 80: The Status Of The Nephelometer Is Displayed By Selecting Neph State From The View Menu

    NEPHCNFG.DAT, which is the default config file used by the software. You can display current configuration parameters or read a configuration file from disk when the Use Default Config File option is selected. 5-28 Model 3563 Integrating Nephelometer...

  • Page 81: Nephelometer Configuration Data Is Displayed By Selecting Neph Config Data From The View Menu

    The information in this display is useful for analyzing system problems because you can view all of the parameters as a group. It is also useful because you can store, then easily retrieve, different configurations if the current Nephelometer configuration should become lost or corrupted.

  • Page 82: Nephelometer Configuration Data

    Open Log File command from the File menu. Large files can take a long time to process and load. Watch the bottom of the screen to verify the file is being processed. 5-30 Model 3563 Integrating Nephelometer...

  • Page 83: Display Log File Records In Tabular Format By Selecting Log Data Table From The View Menu

    Figure 5-24 Display Log File Records in Tabular Format by Selecting Log Data Table from the View Menu Up to eighteen (18) data records are displayed in the window at one ↑ ↓ → ← time. Use the < > or < >...

  • Page 84: Select The Type Of Graph From The Log Data Graph Options

    (Figure 5-25). Select the appropriate type of graph and press OK. Figures 5-26 through 5-30 shows the type of information shown in each graph. Figure 5-25 Select the Type of Graph from the Log Data Graph Options 5-32 Model 3563 Integrating Nephelometer...

  • Page 85: Operating Status Graph

    Figure 5-26 Operating Status Graph Figure 5-27 Photon Counts (Calibrator) Graph Figure 5-28 Photon Counts (Dark) Graph Using Nephelometer Software 5-33...

  • Page 86: Photon Counts (Measure) Graph

    (only the record types marked will be copied), the delimiter that will be used between fields, and the destination of the data (clipboard or disk file). If you mark the “Include Header Message,” the header information—Row, Date/Time, TotScat...etc.—is copied along with the data. 5-34 Model 3563 Integrating Nephelometer...

  • Page 87: Using The Run Menu

    Figure 5-31 The Destination Dialog Box If you select Disk File from the Destination dialog box, a Save Disk File dialog box appears. If you select Clipboard, the data is copied to the Clipboard and can be pasted into another Windows application such as Microsoft ®...

  • Page 88: The Nephelometer Calibration Data Display

    The New Avg Time button is available on this display to let you set/reset a new averaging time without going to the Nephelometer Setup display. This allows you to select a lower averaging time to 5-36 Model 3563 Integrating Nephelometer...

  • Page 89: Calibration Parameters Setup Screen

    have a better response time in viewing the low span gas being purged and replaced by the high span gas. Note: If the averaging time is changed to a low number (such as 5 sec) to view purging, be sure to change the averaging time back to a higher number (default is 300 sec).
  • Page 90 CO C a u t i o n Use calibration gases only in a well-ventilated area or exhaust the gases outside. Many gases used for calibration can cause asphyxiation if used in a confined area. 5-38 Model 3563 Integrating Nephelometer...
  • Page 91 Note: If you are using air as the low span gas and CO as the high span gas, perform the calibration steps in the order given. If you are using a gas other than air as the low span gas (like helium), refer to calibration process given at the end of this procedure.

  • Page 92: Performing

    Select to write an identifying label for the calibration performed. The label can include the serial number of the Nephelometer, the calibration date, the low span and high span gases used, and the initials of the person performing the calibration. 5-40 Model 3563 Integrating Nephelometer...
  • Page 93 Step Explanation 14. Save Cal Data (K2 & If the new K2 and K4 calibration constants K4) to Neph are satisfactory, select 14 to write the new K2 and K4 constants to the Nephelometer. After selecting step 14, 1. Remove the high span gas and the inlet and outlet plugs from the Nephelometer.

  • Page 94: Plugs For Inlet And Outlet And Gas Line With The Blue Dq Filter

    You can maximize (restore) these icons to view the data being collected or check Nephelometer status. To verify that data collection is underway, look in the lower right corner of the display. It should indicate Polled. 5-42 Model 3563 Integrating Nephelometer...

  • Page 95: Selecting Data Collection From The Run Menu

    Figure 5-35 Selecting Data Collection from the Run Menu To stop data collection, select Data Collection from the Run menu again. Data files can become quite large if you have a short averaging time and allow data to accumulate over a long period of time. As a rule or thumb, do not allow files to get much larger than 450 kbytes.

  • Page 96: Using The Window Menu

    When you select to pause, the menu name changes to “Resume,” so when you want to start collecting data again, select Data Collection from the Resume menu. Data collection then continues and data is logged to the same log file as before. 5-44 Model 3563 Integrating Nephelometer...

  • Page 97: Using The Help Menu

    Using the Help Menu The Help menu commands provide access to the program help database. This help function is patterned after Windows Help, so if you are familiar with Help in Windows, you should find this function easy to use. If you are unfamiliar with Windows Help, review your Windows documentation.

  • Page 98: About Shows The Current Version Of Your Software And The Copyright Notice

    Choose the About command from the Help menu to display the version level and copyright notice for this Windows-based Nephelometer program (Figure 5-38). Figure 5-38 About Shows the Current Version of Your Software and the Copyright Notice 5-46 Model 3563 Integrating Nephelometer...

  • Page 99: Pin Connectors

    C H A P T E R 6 U s i n g S e r i a l D a t a C o m m a n d s This chapter contains information you need if you are writing your own software for a computer or data acquisition system.

  • Page 100: Baud Rate

    Set commands, which set all the operating parameters for the Nephelometer Action commands, which control mechanical components of the Nephelometer Read (polled) commands, in which the Nephelometer sends data in response to a specific request from the computer Model 3563 Integrating Nephelometer...
  • Page 101 Unpolled commands, in which the Nephelometer automatically outputs data records at specific intervals. No line feed characters are transmitted. Either the requested data or an "OK" is returned if the command is understood. The word “ERROR” is returned if the command is not understood or if the command has an invalid parameter.

  • Page 102: Set Commands

    Read AuxiliarY data record Read Zero background data record Unpolled Commands Unpolled operation Begins Unpolled Data record Unpolled mode Ends Unpolled Photon counts Unpolled Time and date Unpolled AuxiliarY status data record Unpolled Zero background data record Model 3563 Integrating Nephelometer...
  • Page 103 Set Commands Set commands allow you to set up operating parameters for the Nephelometer. If a set command is sent with no parameter, the current parameter is echoed. Note: Some of the commands directly affect or are affected by other commands.
  • Page 104 9 (Relative humidity) Examples To make channel 0 computer controlled: SB0,0 Note: The SX command automatically achieves the same results as SB0,0. To assign Barometric Pressure to channel 0: SB0,1 To echo the channel 1 assignment: Model 3563 Integrating Nephelometer...
  • Page 105 Set Calibration points SC allows you to calibrate the four internal sensors by entering low and high calibration points. also SCxr1,v1,r2,v2, where: x = internal sensor I = Inlet temperature units P = barometric Pressure units R = Relative humidity units S = Sample temperature sensor units r1 = raw A/D converter bits corresponding to data value v1 For I, the inlet temperature in K (0–65534)
  • Page 106 See the “Unpolled Record Formats” section in this chapter. 2 sets the output delimiter to a tab. Examples To set the output delimiter to a comma character: To echo the delimiter: Model 3563 Integrating Nephelometer...
  • Page 107 Set K calibration constants SK allows you to enter calibration constants for each of the detection colors (blue, green, and red). SKcaaaaa,b.bbbe-b,c.ccce-c,ddde-d where: c defines the color channel for the calibration constants: B = blue G = green R = red aaaaa = K1, which defines the photon count input pulse width, also called "Dead Time,"...
  • Page 108 "v" measured autozero baselines are averaged together. Examples To set the autozero mode to air-chop, with a baseline zero value based on the average of the last twelve readings: SMZ12 To echo the autozero mode: 6-10 Model 3563 Integrating Nephelometer...

  • Page 109: Timelines For Data Measurement

    Measurement Zero Baseline (Air-Rayleigh) Zero Scattering (Perfect Vacuum) Nephelometer responses in unpolled mode are sent at the rate set by the averaging time (STA). Unpolled response of data taken between times 1 and 2. Beginning of zero baseline measurement cycle. Measurement data is suspended and valve is rotated to filtered air position to begin purging the Nephelometer.

  • Page 110: Comparison Of Manual, Normal, And Air Chop Modes

    Set lamp Power SP sets the input power of the lamp. SPwww also where: www = watts (0 to 150) Examples To set the input lamp power to 75 watts: SP75 To echo the lamp power setting: 6-12 Model 3563 Integrating Nephelometer...
  • Page 111 Set Time for Averaging STA sets the running average length, in seconds, over which the sample is measured. STA also affects the time between unpolled reports. See Figure 6-2. STAtttt where: tttt = averaging time (1 - 9960 seconds) Internally, the Nephelometer uses a sliding average called "boxcar,"...
  • Page 112 = the range (10 - 9999 seconds) Note: The STP value must be greater than 2(STB) + STZ. Examples To set the time between autozeros to 3600 seconds: STP3600 To echo the autozero period: 6-14 Model 3563 Integrating Nephelometer...
  • Page 113 Set Time and date STT sets the time and date of the Nephelometer's internal clock. STTyyyy,mm,dd,hh,nn,ss where: yyyy is the year (1994 - 2999) mm is the month (1 - 12) dd is the date (1 - 31) hh is the hour (0 - 23) nn is the minute (0 - 59) ss is the second ( 0 - 59) Examples...
  • Page 114 To set the external host analog value to 2.50 volts: SX2500 To set the external host analog value to 5.0 volts: SX5000 Note: Auxiliary Programmable I/O will read maximum (5 volts). To echo the auxiliary PROGRAMMABLE I/O output: 6-16 Model 3563 Integrating Nephelometer...
  • Page 115 Set Zero baseline (background) SZ allows you to externally set zero baseline (background) values, normally measured during an autozero measurement. SZ also also clears previous zero data taken in air-chop mode. In air-chop mode, the supplied values are first in the running average of zero baseline values.
  • Page 116 0 turns the heater control off. Lamp control where: also c = 1 or 0 1 turns the lamp on to the power set by the SP command; 0 turns the lamp off. 6-18 Model 3563 Integrating Nephelometer...
  • Page 117 Power Down PD places the Nephelometer in a minimum power ("sleep") mode. When the PD command is given, this sequence occurs: 1. Lamp power off. 2. Heater power off (if on). 3. Chopper and shutter motors stop. 4. Valve switched to filtered air position (zero). 5.
  • Page 118 Zero command Z causes the Nephelometer to perform a zero baseline measurement. In air-chop mode, the zero baseline measurement is also averaged with the previous baseline data as defined in the SMZ command. 6-20 Model 3563 Integrating Nephelometer...

  • Page 119: Read Commands (Polled)

    Read Commands (Polled) Read commands are polled, which means the Nephelometer sends data in response to a specific request from the computer Note: Some of the commands directly affect or are affected by other commands. Refer to other commands where indicated. Read raw Analog bit values RA allows the reading of pressure, sample temperature, inlet temperature, and relative humidity in analog bit value format.
  • Page 120 Read Inlet temperature (K) Example Response 295.4 Read Lamp voltage and current (volts and amps) Example Response 12.5,4.1 indicates the lamp is operating at 12.5 volts and 4.1 amps. 6-22 Model 3563 Integrating Nephelometer...
  • Page 121 Read Noise (sensitivity) levels Read noise levels based on photon counting statistics. This command requires clean filtered air and varies with the lamp also power (SP), averaging time (STA), and PMT voltages (SV). Example Response ????. Read accumulated On time of Nephelometer (not including power down time) Example Response...
  • Page 122 See the Status Record (Y) in the "Unpolled Record Formats" section of this chapter. Read Zero background data record Example Response See the Zero Background Data Record (Z) in the "Unpolled Record Formats" section of this chapter 6-24 Model 3563 Integrating Nephelometer...

  • Page 123: Unpolled Commands

    Unpolled Commands Use unpolled commands to cause the Nephelometer to automatically output data records at specific intervals. In unpolled mode, 0 disables a record and 1 enables the record. During unpolled operation, records that have been enabled are sent at the end of each averaging time.

  • Page 124: Unpolled Record Formats

    Delimiters other than a space, cause the record to be packed with no added white space. Time Record (T) T YYYY MM DD HH NN SS where: = Time record = Year YYYY = Month = Day = Hour = Minute = Second 6-26 Model 3563 Integrating Nephelometer...
  • Page 125 Photon Count Records (B, G, and R) B CCCCCCCCC SSSSSSSSS DDDDDD RRRRR LLLLLLLL MMMMMMMMM NNNNNN VVVVV PPPP.P TTT.T where: = Photon count record for B , R or G (Blue, Red, or Green) CCCCCCCCC = Photon counts from calibrator (total scatter) SSSSSSSSS = Photon counts from measure (total scatter) = Photon counts from dark DDDDDD...
  • Page 126 = Sample temperature (degrees K) TTT.T = Inlet temperature (degrees K) III.I RR.R = Relative humidity (%) = Lamp voltage VV.V AA.A = Lamp current = BNC input voltage (millivolts) BBBB FFFF = Status flags (hex) 6-28 Model 3563 Integrating Nephelometer...
  • Page 127 Zero Background Data Record (Z) Z +B.BBBe-B +G.GGGe-G +R.RRRe-R +A.AAAe-A +B.BBBe-B +C.CCCe-C +D.DDDe-D +E.EEEe-E +F.FFFe-F where: = Zero background record +B.BBBe-B = Scattering value from last zero (blue) +G.GGGe-G = Scattering value from last zero (green) +R.RRRe-R = Scattering value from last zero (red) +A.AAAe-A = Scattering value from last zero (blue backscatter) +B.BBBe-B = Scattering value from last zero (green...

  • Page 128: How To Input Commands And Troubleshoot The Results

    If you are in a command string, use the <Backspace> key to back up and make changes. Do not use <arrow> keys. At the end of a command string, press <Enter> to complete the string. 6-30 Model 3563 Integrating Nephelometer...

  • Page 129: Contacting

    Troubleshooting Input Use Table 6-3 as a troubleshooting guide. Table 6-3 Troubleshooting Software Commands Symptom Possible Problem Refer to • An invalid command; command does • Table 6-3 in this section. "Error" message after pressing not exist. <Enter> • An invalid parameter, which includes •...
  • Page 131 C H A P T E R 7 T h e o r y o f O p e r a t i o n This chapter contains the theory of operation for the Model 3563 Integrating Nephelometer with these main sections:...

  • Page 132: Nephelometer Schematic

    The reflector focuses the light onto one end of an optical pipe where the light is carried into the internal cavity of the instrument. The optical pipe is used to thermally isolate the lamp from the sensing volume. Model 3563 Integrating Nephelometer...

  • Page 133: Reference Chopper Zones

    The output end of the optical light pipe is an opal glass diffuser that acts as a cosine (Lambertian) light source. Within the measuring volume, the first aperture on the detection side of the instrument limits the light integration to angles greater than 7°, measured from the horizontal at the opal glass.
  • Page 134 = term for absorption by gases σ = term for absorption by particles The integrating nephelometer measures the σ term and scat generates the σ term by subtracting the σ term from σ using scat (equation 7-2). Model 3563 Integrating Nephelometer...

  • Page 135: Chapter 7 Theory Of Operation

    〉 σ 〉〉 σ Since it is often assumed that σ or that σ for areas other than those having high concentrations of soot particles, the measure of σ often gives a good estimate of the aerosol contribution to σ .
  • Page 136 Rayleigh's equation is as follows: π − θ θ μ < 0 05 λ [equation 7-8] Where m is the index of refraction and R is the distance of the particle, at angle θ , from the light. Model 3563 Integrating Nephelometer...
  • Page 137 å , for example near 0, scattering at different wavelengths are nearly equal. Because the Model 3563 Nephelometer can calculate the logarithm of σ as an analog output, a simple numerical exercise yields the quantity å...
  • Page 138 S i g n a l P r o c e s s i n g This section describes the microprocessors and equations used in the Nephelometer firmware to calculate various scattering coefficients from the raw scatter data and calibration data. Model 3563 Integrating Nephelometer...

  • Page 139: Examples Of Raw Count Data

    Description All electronics are located inside the nephelometer. Two microprocessors are used to control all functions. A Motorola 68HC711D3 microprocessor is used to control the brushless DC motors used to spin the reference chopper and optional backscatter shutter. A Motorola 68HC16Z1 microprocessor is used to control all other signal processing and input/output operations.

  • Page 140: Comparisons Between Gate Width And Physical

    F = C *( C + 1) [equation 7-16] where: = constant based on pulse width (picoseconds/counts) = scaled count rate (Hz) F = corrected count rate (Hz) 7-10 Model 3563 Integrating Nephelometer...

  • Page 141: Counts Normalize To Photon Frequency (Hz)

    When the numbers from the Table 7-1 are run through equation 7-15 and equation 7-16, the results are shown in Table 7-3. Table 7-3 Counts Normalize to Photon Frequency (Hz) Color Total Scatter Backscatter Calibrate Signal Dark Calibrate Signal Dark Blue 156950 1083...
  • Page 142 )*( T [equation 7-20] where: R = aerosol Rayleigh scatter = Rayleigh scatter of air for given color = pressure of aerosol = temperature of aerosol = standard pressure (1013.3 mbar) = standard temperature (273.2 K) 7-12 Model 3563 Integrating Nephelometer...
  • Page 143 These parameters allow us to calculate a variety of interesting numbers for each of the three colors: W = B – R [equation 7-21] where: W = filtered air wall scatter = filtered air raw scatter signal = filtered air Rayleigh scatter –...
  • Page 144 Equations 7-25 and 7-26 are equal to zero because there are no particles present, and therefore, no scattering by particle ( σ = 0). Scattering is only from the wallscatter and the Rayleigh scatter of the gas. 7-14 Model 3563 Integrating Nephelometer...
  • Page 145 We have two equations, two unknowns K and W (wall). Subtract equation 7-25 from 7-26 to eliminate W To get: − − − − − − − [equation 7-27] Solve for K − − − − − − [equation 7-28] Generally, the low span gas in filtered air and the high span gas is or CCl can be calculated using the backscatter data and K...
  • Page 146 (e.g., STP), and using two simple equations, the calibration constants are easily calculated. For more detail on the calculations see “Calibration Calculations” earlier in this chapter. 7-16 Model 3563 Integrating Nephelometer...

  • Page 147: Maintenance Overview

    P e r f o r m i n g M a i n t e n a n c e Use the procedures in this chapter to maintain the Model 3563 Integrating Nephelometer. Most maintenance procedures do not have specific time guidelines, but should be performed based on...

  • Page 148: Nephelometer Showing Top, Bottom, And Pmt Covers

    To remove the top cover of the Nephelometer: 1. Remove power from the Nephelometer and from any instruments connected to the Nephelometer. 2. Loosen the four screws fastening the Nephelometer cover and remove the cover (Figure 8-2). Model 3563 Integrating Nephelometer...

  • Page 149: Top Cover Screws, Bottom Cover Screws, Fan Cover Screws, And I/O Panel Screws

    C a u t i o n To avoid damage to the electronic circuitry, use electrostatic discharge (ESD) precautions when removing the top or bottom Nephelometer cover: Use only a table top with a grounded conducting surface. Wear a grounded, static-discharging wrist strap. Figure 8-2 Top Cover Screws, Bottom Cover Screws, Fan Cover Screws, and I/O Panel Screws...
  • Page 150 C a u t i o n To avoid damage to the electronic circuitry, use electrostatic discharge (ESD) precautions when removing the Nephelometer cover: Use only a table top with a grounded conducting surface. Wear a grounded, static-discharging wrist strap. Model 3563 Integrating Nephelometer...

  • Page 151: Pmt Cover

    Figure 8-3 PMT Cover C a l i b r a t i n g t h e N e p h e l o m e t e r Calibrate the Nephelometer before an intensive experiment, calibrate periodically to verify no drift has occurred, calibrate if the reference chopper is dirty or scratched, or if you clean the chopper as part of periodic maintenance.

  • Page 152: Fan Covers And Foam Inserts

    Note: Cleaning solvents will dissolve the foam inserts. 3. Replace the foam inserts in the fan covers and snap the fan covers back in place. Model 3563 Integrating Nephelometer...
  • Page 153 R e p l a c i n g t h e M a i n M i c r o p r o c e s s o r E P R O M The Nephelometer sensor contains a 68HC16Z1 main microprocessor that controls signal processing and input/output operations.

  • Page 154: Top Cover Screws

    Nephelometer and make sure the chip is seated correctly. 13. Remove power from the Nephelometer, and replace the top cover, attaching the cover with the four screws. 14. Apply power to the Nephelometer and start the Nephelometer software. Model 3563 Integrating Nephelometer...
  • Page 155 15. Select Neph Config. Data from the View Menu. 16. Select Read Data from Disk located in the bottom of the Neph Config Data screen. After data is read from the file, select Write data to Neph . 18. After data is written, press < Esc > to go to the Run Menu and choose "Data Collection"...

  • Page 156: Microprocessor And Eprom Locations On The Digital Circuit Board

    Note: If the LEDs do not function, remove power from the Nephelometer and make sure the chip is seated correctly. 7. Remove power from the Nephelometer, and replace the top cover, securing the cover with the four screws. 8-10 Model 3563 Integrating Nephelometer...

  • Page 157: Top Cover Screws

    R e p l a c i n g t h e L a m p The lamp is a projector-type halogen bulb with a built-in elliptical dichroic mirror. The lamp is rated at 75 watts with a recommended maximum of 12 volts. The lamp has an estimated life of 3000 hours of continuous operation at the maximum power (75 watts).

  • Page 158: Lamp Shield

    8. After applying power to the Nephelometer, check the operation of the lamp either by observing the light inside the sensor or by selecting “Data Collection” from the Main Menu of the TSI software. 8-12 Model 3563 Integrating Nephelometer...

  • Page 159: Top Cover Screws

    R e p l a c i n g A e r o s o l F i l t e r s The Nephelometer has two aerosol filters: A large white HEPA filter that can be switched into the inlet to filter all sample air coming into the sensor.

  • Page 160: Bottom Cover Screws Securing End Plate

    Use the nylon nut to attach the elbow fitting to the outlet of the filter. Reattach the end plate using the three screws. k. Replace the two bottom cover screws. 8-14 Model 3563 Integrating Nephelometer...

  • Page 161: White Hepa Filter

    Figure 8-11 White HEPA Filter 4. To replace the blue DQ filter: ⁄ a. Remove the in. ID silicone tubing from both ends of the blue filter (Figure 8-12). b . Making sure the arrow of the new filter is pointing away from the inlet block, install the new DQ filter, reattaching the silicone tubing.

  • Page 162: Top Cover Screws

    1. Remove power from the Nephelometer and from any instruments connected to the Nephelometer. 2. Loosen the four screws fastening the top cover of the Nephelometer and remove the cover (Figure 8-13). Figure 8-13 Top Cover Screws 8-16 Model 3563 Integrating Nephelometer...

  • Page 163: Lamp Shield

    3. Unscrew the two screws attaching the lamp shield (Figure 8-14). Remove the shield, supporting the shield so that it does not hang by the sensor wires. Figure 8-14 Lamp Shield 4. Allow the lamp to cool and push up the lamp lever to force the lamp from the socket.

  • Page 164: Light Pipe Lens

    After applying power to the Nephelometer, check the operation of the lamp either by observing the light inside the sensor or by typing the RF command on the computer and checking the status flags (see “Read Commands” in Chapter 6). 8-18 Model 3563 Integrating Nephelometer...
  • Page 165 C h e c k i n g f o r L e a k s This section describes procedures for checking the vacuum integrity of the Nephelometer. Tools needed A vacuum pump (capable of 18 in. Hg vacuum), manometer or vacuum gauge, leak check solution (bubble solution) pump capable of 5 psi pressure, 1”...

  • Page 166: Top Cover Screws, Bottom Cover Screws, Fan Cover Screws, And I/O Panel Screws

    The more difficult method is to pry off the bottom cover without removing the I/O panel and the fan panel. Unscrew the four bottom cover screws (Figure 8-16). Carefully remove 8-20 Model 3563 Integrating Nephelometer...
  • Page 167 the bottom cover, working alternately at both ends. Pry the edges of the cover apart, and ease the cover away from the body of the Nephelometer. The easier method takes more time. After removing the I/O panel, the fan panel and the end plate, slide the bottom cover off the body of the instrument.

  • Page 168: Circuit Board Mounting Screws

    6. Disconnect the J25 connector attaching a wide ribbon cable from the PMT box to the digital circuit board. 7. Remove the three screws attaching the PMT end plate to the outlet section of the Nephelometer (Figure 8-18). 8-22 Model 3563 Integrating Nephelometer...
  • Page 169 Figure 8-18 PMT End Plate Screws 8. Using one hand to hold the PMT box, use the other hand to slide the aperture assembly from the outlet section of the Nephelometer. Note: Be careful not to let the inner tube drag inside the outer tube and scrape the paint.

  • Page 170: Aperture Assembly

    Remove the three screws and washers attaching the circuit board and plate 1 to plate 2 (Figure 8-20). c. Separate plate 1 and circuit board from plate 2 and turn plate 1 so that the shutter is facing you (Figure 8-21). 8-24 Model 3563 Integrating Nephelometer...

  • Page 171: Aperture Plates And Circuit Board

    Screws (3) Circuit Board and Plate 1 Plate 2 Figure 8-20 Aperture Plates and Circuit Board Plate 1 Reference Chopper Plate 2 Figure 8-21 Reference Chopper 13. Use a cotton swab and alcohol to clean only the frosted or reflective aluminum surfaces of the reference chopper. Note: Although TSI recommends isopropyl alcohol to clean the chopper, alcohol will remove black paint from components.
  • Page 172 22. Replace the top cover of the Nephelometer and attach with the four screws. 23. Recalibrate the Nephelometer after you clean the reference chopper. Refer to Chapter 5, "Using Nephelometer Software," for the calibration procedure using TSI software commands. 8-26 Model 3563 Integrating Nephelometer...

  • Page 173: Top Cover Screws, Bottom Cover Screws, Fan Cover Screws, And I/O Panel Screws

    C l e a n i n g t h e L i g h t P i p e O u t l e t a n d t h e B a c k s c a t t e r S h u t t e r The light pipe is a solid glass rod that transfers light from the lamp to the measurement volume, providing a thermal break between the lamp and the measurement volume.

  • Page 174: Lamp Shield

    Unscrew the three screws securing the end plate to the inlet section of the instrument and remove the end plate. 8-28 Model 3563 Integrating Nephelometer...

  • Page 175: Disconnect Connectors And Tubing

    d. Unscrew the four bottom cover screws, and carefully slide the cover off the end of the instrument. 6. Using Figure 8-24 as a reference: a. Remove the connector for the lamp on the analog board. b. Remove the ribbon cable connector from the inlet block. c.

  • Page 176: Nephelometer Sections Together

    Flocked Paper Figure 8-26 Nephelometer Sections Apart 8. To clean the light pipe outlet: a. Unscrew the four screws, one on each corner, on the aluminum lamp base. Two of the screws are recessed (Figure 8-27). 8-30 Model 3563 Integrating Nephelometer...

  • Page 177: Lamp Base

    b. Check to make sure the backscatter shutter is located underneath the light pipe. If not, rotate the shutter with your fingers. Figure 8-27 Lamp Base Performing Maintenance 8-31...

  • Page 178: Removing The Lamp Base Assembly From The Sensor

    (Figure 8-29). Use a cotton swab and alcohol to clean the outlet, making sure the swab does not touch black components. Note: Although TSI recommends isopropyl alcohol to clean the outlet, alcohol removes black paint from components. 8-32 Model 3563 Integrating Nephelometer...

  • Page 179: Light Pipe Outlet And Backscatter Shutter

    e. Use a soft dry cloth to clean the backscatter shutter. If necessary, use a soft cloth and a mild detergent solution followed by a soft dry cloth. Figure 8-29 Light Pipe Outlet and Backscatter Shutter Grease the O-ring on the backbone of the sensor (Figure 8-30) and replace the O-ring.

  • Page 180: O-Ring On The Sensor Backbone

    11. Using Figure 8-23 as a reference: a. Attach the connector for the lamp to the analog board. b. Attach the ribbon cable connector to the inlet block. c. Attach the motor controller ribbon cable connector to the lamp block. 8-34 Model 3563 Integrating Nephelometer...
  • Page 181 d. Connect these sensor connectors (as marked): 1 (lamp temperature), 2 (valve position), 3 (valve motor), 4 (heater), and 6 (fan). e. Connect the blue DQ filter silicone tubing at the elbow connector on the backbone and at the elbow connector on the inlet.

  • Page 182: Top Cover Screws, Bottom Cover Screws, Fan Cover Screws, And I/O Panel Screws

    Unscrew the four bottom cover screws, and carefully slide the cover off the end of the instrument. 4. If the Nephelometer is resting on its feet, support the underside of the instrument. 8-36 Model 3563 Integrating Nephelometer...

  • Page 183: Disconnect Connectors And Tubing

    5. Using Figure 8-32 as a reference: a. Remove the connector for the lamp on the analog board. b. Remove the ribbon cable connector from the inlet block. c. Remove the motor controller ribbon cable connector from the lamp block. d.

  • Page 184: Nephelometer Sections Together

    Figure 8-33 Nephelometer Sections Together Flocked Paper O-ring Figure 8-34 Nephelometer Sections Apart 8-38 Model 3563 Integrating Nephelometer...

  • Page 185: Flocked Paper Outside The Nephelometer

    7. Pull the flocked paper from the outlet section (Figure 8-35). Figure 8-35 Flocked Paper Outside the Nephelometer 8. To clean the flocked paper, use a vacuum to take up or a compressed air source to blow away the dirt. Note: If the paper has bald patches, it should be replaced.
  • Page 186 PC board, and O-ring grease. 1. Remove power from the Nephelometer and from any instruments connected to the Nephelometer. 2. Loosen the four screws fastening the top cover of the Nephelometer and remove the cover (Figure 8-36). 8-40 Model 3563 Integrating Nephelometer...

  • Page 187: Top Cover Screws, Bottom Cover Screws, Fan Cover Screws, And I/O Panel Screws

    Figure 8-36 Top Cover Screws, Bottom Cover Screws, Fan Cover Screws, and I/O Panel Screws 3. Disconnect the ribbon cable from the appropriate sensor (Figure 8-37). 4. Remove the four screws from the appropriate PC board and remove the sensor assembly. Figure 8-37 Humidity and Temperature Sensor Locations Performing Maintenance...
  • Page 188 Light sensitive components. To avoid damage to the photomultiplier tubes (PMT), remove power from the Nephelometer and open the PMT box in subdued lighting. Exposing the photomultiplier tubes to direct light may affect tube performance. 8-42 Model 3563 Integrating Nephelometer...

  • Page 189: Pmt Cover

    1. Remove power from the Nephelometer and from any instruments connected to the Nephelometer. 2. Unscrew the four screws attaching the PMT cover to the sensor and remove the cover (Figure 8-38) Figure 8-38 PMT Cover 3. Each PMT fits inside a magnetic shield (Figure 8-39). To remove the shield and PMT, support the sensor frame with one hand and use your other hand to gently rock the shield from side to side as you pull it from its socket.

  • Page 190: Red, Blue And Green Pmts With Setscrews

    (green), and 700 nm (red) wavelengths. Although located within a protective can, the filters may need periodic cleaning if they accumulate dust or dirt. In addition, exposure to high humidity can attack the coatings on the filters causing them to cloud. 8-44 Model 3563 Integrating Nephelometer...
  • Page 191 Tools and Parts You need a Phillips-head screwdriver, an S-shaped Phillips-head screw driver, and a bandpass filter: • Blue filter P/N 2502486 • Green filter P/N 2502485 • Red filter P/N 2502487 W A R N I N G High voltages that can shock or burn. The box that houses the photomultiplier tubes (PMT) contains a high voltage source.

  • Page 192: Pmt Cover

    Go to step 7 of this procedure. If the filter is cloudy, remove the filter for a closer inspection. Go to step 5 of this procedure. 8-46 Model 3563 Integrating Nephelometer...

  • Page 193: Red, Blue And Green Pmts With Setscrews

    Figure 8-41 Red, Blue and Green PMTs with Setscrews 5. Use the S-shaped Phillips-head screwdriver to unscrew the two screws holding the filter in place, and remove the filter (Figure 8-42). 6. Hold the filter up to the light. If the filter is not transparent, or if there is clouding around the edges, replace the filter.
  • Page 194 The box that houses the photomultiplier tubes (PMT) contains a high voltage source. Components within this box should only be serviced by a qualified technician. Disconnect all power to the Nephelometer and contact TSI personnel before disassembling the PMT box. 8-48 Model 3563 Integrating Nephelometer...
  • Page 195 C a u t i o n Light sensitive components. To avoid damage to the photomultiplier tubes (PMT), remove power from the Nephelometer and open the PMT box in subdued lighting. Exposing the photomultiplier tubes to direct light may affect tube performance. 1.

  • Page 196: Red, Blue And Green Pmts With Setscrews

    6. Replace the tube into its socket, noting the alignment of the center pin of the tube with its mating socket. 7. Replace the PMT cover and attach with the four screws. Figure 8-44 Red, Blue and Green PMTs with Setscrews 8-50 Model 3563 Integrating Nephelometer...
  • Page 197 This chapter gives directions for contacting people at TSI Incorporated for technical information and directions for returning the Model 3563 Integrating Nephelometer for service. T e c h n i c a l C o n t a c t s a t T S I...

  • Page 199: Specifications For The Nephelometer Sensor

    A P P E N D I X A S p e c i f i c a t i o n s Table A-1 lists the specifications for the Nephelometer sensor and Table A-2 lists the power supply. These specifications are subject to change.

  • Page 200: Dimensions

    <5 kg (<11 lb) Power requirements ......85–260 VAC, 50–60 Hz at <100 W Fuse (not replaceable by user) ... ~F 7A FB/250V (Internal—not accessible by operator) TSI and the TSI logo are registered trademarks of TSI Incorporated. Model 3563 Integrating Nephelometer...
  • Page 201 A P P E N D I X B B i b l i o g r a p h y Prepared for TSI Incorporated Robert J. Charlson, Ph. D. Instrument Principles, Design and Calibration 1. Beuttell, R.G. and A. W. Brewer, (1949), "Instruments for the Measurement of the Visual Range,"...
  • Page 202 Direct Measurement of Atmospheric Light Scattering Coefficient for Studies of Visibility and Pollution," Atmospheric Environment, 1, 469-478. 2. Horvath, H. and K. E. Noll, (1969), "The Relationship Between Atmospheric Light Scattering Coefficient and Visibility," Atmospheric Environment, 3, 543-550. Model 3563 Integrating Nephelometer...
  • Page 203 3. Waggoner, A. P., R. E. Weiss, N. C. Ahlquist, D. S. Covert, S. Will, and R. J. Charlson, (1981), "Optical Characteristics of Atmospheric Aerosols," Atmospheric Environment, 15, 1891- 1909. 4. Dzubay, T. G., R. K. Stevens, C. W. Lewis, D. H. Hern, W. J. Courtney, J.
  • Page 204 (1985), "Visibility as Related to Atmospheric Aerosol Constituents," Atmospheric Environment, 19, 1525-1534. 5. Dzubay, T. G., R. K. Stevens, C. W. Lewis, D. H. Hern, W. J. Courtney, J. W. Tesch, and M. A. Mason, (1982), "Visibility Model 3563 Integrating Nephelometer...
  • Page 205 and Aerosol Composition in Houston, Texas," Environmental Science and Technology, 16, 514-525. 6. Sloane, C. S., (1988), "Forecasting Visibility Impairment: A Test of Regression Estimates," Atmospheric Environment, 22, 2033-2045. 7 White, W. H., (1986), "On the Theoretical and Empirical Basis for Apportioning Extinction by Aerosols: A Critical Review,"...

  • Page 206: Observation Of Aerosols In Remote Locations With The Integrating Nephelometer

    Nephelometer Measurements at South Pole," Geophysical Research Letters, 8, 539-542. 3. Bodhaine, B. A., J. M. Harris and G. A. Herbert, (1981), "Aerosol Light Scattering and Condensation Nuclei Measurements at Barrow, Alaska," Atmospheric Environment, 15, 1375-1389. Model 3563 Integrating Nephelometer...

  • Page 207: The Use Of Integrating Nephelometer Data In Radiation And Climate Studies

    4. Heintzenberg, J., (1980), "Particle Size Distribution and Optical Properties of Arctic Haze," Tellus, 32, 251-260. 5. Clarke, A. D. and R. J. Charlson, (1985), "Radiative Properties of the Background Aerosol: Absorption Component of Extinction," Science, 229, 263-265. 6. Bodhaine, B. A., (1989), "Barrow Surface Aerosol: 1976-1986," Atmospheric Environment, 23, 2357-2369.
  • Page 209 A P P E N D I X C N e p h e l o m e t e r S e n s o r C o n n e c t o r s This appendix contains a drawing for the Nephelometer sensor connectors.
  • Page 211 A P P E N D I X D W i n d o w s P r o g r a m F i l e s The program files required for the Nephelometer software are described below. Note: In addition to these files, your directory will also contain data files and possibly other files.

  • Page 213: Reader's Comments

    TSI Incorporated 500 Cardigan Road Shoreview, MN 55126 U.S.A. Fax: (651) 490-3824 E-mail Address: particle@tsi.com Manual Title: Model 3563 Integrating Nephelometer P/N: 1933563 Rev.: F 1. Was the manual easy to understand and use? Please identify any problem area(s) ____________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________ 2.

  • Page 215: Calibration Procedure

    I n d e x checking for leaks, 8-19 circuit board about, 5-46 EPROM location, 8-10 accessories, 2-1 clean air test, 5-12 action commands, 6-4, 6-18 clear buffer, 5-39, 5-40 aerosol filter color type, 5-38 replacing, 8-13 COM, 3-1 air chop mode, 3-7 COM port, 5-22 analog output channel, 5-20 pin designations, 6-1...
  • Page 216 5-32 data display options, 4-10 log data setup, 5-16 enable logging, 4-7 log data table, 5-30 installation, 4-2 log data to file, 5-11 overview, 4-1 NephLog software (continued) Query button, 4-6 main microprocessor EPROM Index-2 Model 3563 Integrating Nephelometer...

  • Page 217: Serial Commands

    requirements, 4-1 setup, 4-4 read commands, 6-4, 6-21 setup options, 4-6 read data from disk, 5-30 synchronizing time and date, 4-8 read data from Neph, 5-30 Test button, 4-5 reader’s comments sheet (Reader's Comments next data, 4-10 Sheet) normal mode, 3-6 README.TXT file, 4-3, 5-3 reference chopper cleaning, 8-19...
  • Page 218 5-28 valve blinking time, 3-8 valve position, 5-21 ventilation, 2-3 verify COM port, 5-5 view configuration data, 5-11 view data, 5-6 view data saved to file, 5-11 view graph of current activity, 5-11 Index-4 Model 3563 Integrating Nephelometer...
  • Page 219 TSI Incorporated 500 Cardigan Road, Shoreview, MN 55126 U.S.A. Web: www.tsi.com P/N 1933563 Revision. F Copyright © 2005 by TSI Incorporated All Rights Reserved...

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