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Summary of Contents for Mor Electric Heating Salamander
- Page 1 Salamander Ceramic Infrared Emitters Technical Manual Mor Electric Heating Assoc., Inc. 5880 Alpine Ave. NW, Comstock Park, MI 49321, USA Tel: 616-784-1121, 800-442-2581, Fax: 616-784-7775 E-Mail: sales@infraredheaters.com...
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Page 2: Table Of Contents
Table of Contents Introduction......................Agency Approvals....................Comparing Different Forms of Infrared Heat............Radiant Emission Patterns of Ceramic Emitters........... Ceramic Infrared Panel Design................Infrared Heating Basics..................Infrared Energy........................Emissivity..........................Electromagnetic Radiation...................... Infrared Spectrum........................Stefan-Boltzmann Law......................Planck's Law........................... Wien's Law..........................Surface Temperature and Radiation Emissions............... Emitter Surface Temperature................. -
Page 3: Introduction
Agency Approvals Salamander ceramic infrared emitters, manufactured by Mor Electric Heating Assoc., Inc., have been tested by Underwriters Laboratories of Northbrook, Illinois, USA. Emitters rated up to 240 volt are UR and C-UR recognized to the standard for safety of electric appliances UL-499 and C-22-2 number 72-M-1984 for electric heating elements. -
Page 4: Comparing Different Forms Of Infrared Heat
Comparing Different Forms of Infrared Heat Throughout the years many different forms of infrared heat sources have been developed. Some of the more familiar forms seen today are metal sheathed tubular heaters, quartz tubes, quartz lamps, gas- fired catalytic, flat faced panels, and ceramic emitters. Each source has its own distinctive set of properties: Metal Sheath Quartz Tube Quartz Lamp Catalytic Flat Faced Panels Ceramic Radiant... -
Page 5: Radiant Emission Patterns Of Ceramic Emitters
Uniform Wide Area Salamander ceramic emitters are manufactured with three basic emitter faces: concave, flat, and convex. These emitter face styles will result in the specific radiant emission patterns as shown above. Note: Infrared radiation is emitted at right angles to the emission surface. -
Page 6: Ceramic Infrared Panel Design
Ceramic Infrared Panel Design Typical Panel Configuration Ceramic Emitter Mounting 1" Ceramic Fiber Insulation 1.63" 3 Pole Ceramic (41mm) Terminal Block .59" (15mm) Click to add title Ceramic Emitter Reflector Polished Aluminized Steel or Stainless Steel Reflector, 20 to 24 Gauge Wiring Specifications: High temperature 842 °F (450°C) MG or similar style wire (with a suitable temperature and amperage rating) should be used for all electrical connections made... -
Page 7: Infrared Heating Basics
Infrared Heating Basics This section of the technical manual is a summary of the physics involved in all infrared heating systems. The information can be used as an aid in calculating system power requirements as well as determining the feasibility of a given infrared heating application. Infrared Energy: When infrared energy strikes an object it may be absorbed, transmitted, or reflected from the surface. -
Page 8: Electromagnetic Radiation
Electromagnetic Radiation: Infrared radiation is part of a broad electromagnetic spectrum. The relationship between electromagnetic radiation is as follows: λ = Where: λ = Wavelength in meters c = Speed of light ( 3 x 10 meters per second ) f = Frequency in hertz ( cycles per second ) Infrared Spectrum: U.V. -
Page 9: Planck's Law
Planck's Law: In order to understand the spectral distribution of infrared radiation from a source we must first understand Planck's Law. Planck's Law gives us the spectral distribution of radiation from a blackbody source. That is, a source that emits 100% infrared radiation at a given single temperature. It is important to understand at this point that in practice, infrared sources are made up of thousands of "point sources"... -
Page 10: Wien's Law
Notice in the Planck's Law curves shown on the previous page that the spectral radiancy of the source increases proportionally with the source temperature. In other words, the radiant infrared output from a source increases as the temperature of the source increases. The overall infrared emissions from a given source is equal to the area under the associated Planck's Law curve. -
Page 11: Surface Temperature And Radiation Emissions
Surface Temperature and Radiation Emissions: The curve shown below can be used as a quick reference to estimate the amount of infrared radiant energy emitted from a given source. The curves were derived using the Stefan-Boltzmann Law. For example, a 1000 °F (538°C or 811 K) infrared source with an emissivity value of .80 (80%) will have an approximate radiant emission (from the curves below) of 12.5 Watt / in . -
Page 12: Emitter Surface Temperature
The warm-up and cool-down curves shown below are based on the Salamander FTE style ceramic emitter. The curves for the Salamander HTE and LTE emitter can be approximated by using the following factors. If it is desired to know the time/temperature relationship for an HTE emitter, multiply the wattage of the desired HTE emitter by a factor of 2. -
Page 13: Spectral Absorption Curves
Spectral Absorption Curves Spectral Absorption Curves: The following spectral absorption curves show the range of wavelengths that a particular material will absorb infrared radiation as well as the percentage of absorption. These curves are only representative of a particular sample of a given "virgin" material. In actual practice, coloring agents and other additives will change the look of the curves. -
Page 14: Physical Properties Of Materials
Physical Properties Of Materials Material Density Specific Emissivity Thermal Latent Latent Melting Boiling Heat Conductivity Heat of Heat of Point Point Fusion Evaporation Btu · in lb/ft lb·ft hr · ft · °F Btu/lb Btu/lb °F °F Non-Metallic Solids: Asphalt 0.40 0.93 1.20... -
Page 15: Reference Data
Reference Data Temperature: °C = 5/9(°F -32) °F = 9/5(°C) +32 K = (°F +460)/1.8 K = °C + 273 °R = °F +460 Electrical: Ohms Law: E = Volts I = Amps R = Ohms W = Watts 3 Phase Wye (Balanced Load) 3 Phase Delta (Balanced Load) R(Ohm) V (Volt) R(Ohm) -
Page 16: Estimating Power Requirements
Estimating Power Requirements In a given heating system any or all of the three modes of heat transfer (convection, conduction, radiation) can be utilized. The intended purpose of the following examples is to focus on the infrared heating component only of each heating system. That is, it is assumed that 100% of the heat transfer in each example is by infrared radiation and any heat losses are considered to be negligible. - Page 17 Thermoforming Example (cont.): Warm-up Time: Watt-Hour / in Warm-up Time = x 60 Minutes Watt / in .179 1 min. = x 60 Watt / in Solve the "time" equation for Watt / in (.179)(60) Watt / in = 10.74 1 min Watt / in = 10.74...
- Page 18 Thermoforming Example (cont.): Two infrared heater panels will be used. One panel will heat the top of the PVC sheet, the other will heat the bottom of the PVC sheet. Heating both the top and bottom of the PVC sheet will minimize the temperature gradient within the sheet which could cause "part"...
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Page 19: Water Evaporation
Water Evaporation: Given: Estimate the amount of infrared radiation required to evaporate 4 grams of water per square foot every 5 seconds from a substrate material in a waterbased adhesive application. Assume the substrate to have a negligible mass. Calculations: Emissivity of the infrared source = .90 Emissivity of Water = .93... - Page 20 Water Evaporation Example (cont): Warm-up Time: Watt-Hour / in Warm-up Time = x 60 Minutes Watt / in 22.6 x 10 5/60 min. = x 60 Watt / in Solve the "time" equation for Watt / in (22.6 x 10 )(60) Watt / in = 16.27...
- Page 21 Notes:...
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