Pipistrel Plus Operator's Manual

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Operator's manual

applies to "Plus", "Spider" and "Twister" trikes

updated in July, 2006

This is the original manual of Pipistrel d.o.o.

Should third-party translations to other languages contain any inconsistencies,

Pipistrel d.o.o. denies all responsibility.

WARNING!

As this manual applies to all models of trikes it is mandatory to designate

those specific parts of this manual that regard the aircraft you own.

This booklet MUST be present inside the cockpit at all times!

Should you be selling the aircraft make sure this manual is handed over to the new owner.

Table of Contents

Summary of Contents for Pipistrel Plus

Page 1 Operator’s manual applies to “Plus”, “Spider” and “Twister” trikes updated in July, 2006 This is the original manual of Pipistrel d.o.o. Should third-party translations to other languages contain any inconsistencies, Pipistrel d.o.o. denies all responsibility. WARNING! As this manual applies to all models of trikes it is mandatory to designate those specific parts of this manual that regard the aircraft you own.
Page 2 Trike Trike model: Serial number: Date of production: Aircraft emtpy weight (kg): Available fuel weight (kg): Available cargo weight (kg): Installed appliances included in aircraft empty weight: Date and place of issue: Ajdovščina,...
Page 3 Trike Index of revisions Enter and sign the list of revised pages in the manual into the spaces provided below. All revised pages should be clearly designated in the upper right corner of the page, also, any changes in page content should be clearly visible (e.g.
Page 4: Table Of Contents
Trike List of valid pages This manual contains _____ original and revised pages listed below. Pages State: Cover Original Page numbering Original Index of revised pages Original List of valid pages Original Table of contents Original General 7 - 9...
Page 5: Table Of Contents
Trike Table of contents General Limitations Emergency procedures Normal procedures Performance Weight and balance Aircraft and systems on board Handling and maintenance Appendix...
Page 6 Trike This page is intentionally left blank.
Page 7: General
Trike Splošno General Introduction Certification basis Notes and remarks Technical data & 3-view drawing Wing...
Page 8 OF AIRCRAFT Type Certificate. In case of aircraft damage or people injury resulting form disobeying instructions in the manual PIPISTREL d.o.o. Ajdovscina denies all responsibility. All text, design, layout and graphics are owned by PIPISTREL d.o.o. Ajdovscina. Therefore this manual and any of its contents...
Page 9 Trike General Technical data & 3-view drawing TRIKE Plus Spider Twister seats height 3,56 m 3,56 m 3,56 m length 2,5 m 2,5 m 2,5 m standard engine Rotax 503 Rotax 582 Rotax 912 engine power 39,5 kW 47,7 kW...
Page 10 Trike General Wing Hazzard 15 and Hazzard 12 by Sirio are wings made of alluminium alloy Erghal, which has a stiffness close to steel. The wing fabric is a combination of Trilam and reinforced Dacron materials. Both wings are exceptionally stiff and do not degrade in quality of geometry during time. Both wings are UV resistant, but the fabric is to be replaced after a prolonged period of time if porosity is noticed.
Page 11: Limitations
Trike Omejitve Limitations Introduction Operational velocities Engine, fuel, oil Weight limits Manoeuvre limits G-load factors Crew Types of operations Minimum equipment list Other restrictions Warning placecards...
Page 12 Trike Limitation Introduction This chapter provides information about operational restrictions, instrument markings and basic knowledge on safe operation of aircraft, engine and on-board appliances. Operational velocities Speed limits Hazzard 15M Hazzard 12M Velocity Remarks [km/h (kts)] [km/h (kts)] Never exceed this speed in horizontal flight.
Page 13 Trike Limitations Engine, fuel, oil Engine manufacturer: ROTAX Engine types: ROTAX 503, ROTAX 582, ROTAX 912 The engine TEMPERATURE °C / ROTAX ENGINE 503 UL 582 UL 912 UL cylinder head temp. (CHT); min., work, highest 100; 200; 250 110;...
Page 14 Trike Limitations Propeller TRIKE Plus Spider Twister standard propeler Pipistrel BAM 2 Pipistrel BAM 2 Pipistrel BAM 2 option Pipistrel VARIO Pipistrel VARIO Pipistrel VARIO Engine instrument markings WARNING: fill in engine specific values. Red line Green arc Yellow arc...
Page 15 Trike Limitation G-load factors max. positive wing load: + 4 G max. negative wing load: – 2 G Cockpit crew • There is NO LIMIT to the minimum cockpit crew weight. • Maximum takeoff weight (MTOM) MUST NOT, under any circumstances, exceed 350 kg.
Page 16 Trike Limitations Warning placecards Powered hang-gliders are categorised as an Ultralight aircraft and must wear a warning placecard as such. The placecard indicates the aircraft was not built according to the ICAO standards and is therefore flown completely at pilot’s own risk...
Page 17: Emergency Procedures
Trike Emergency procedures Emergency procedures Introduction Pre-stall flight Stall Engine failure Landing out Engine fire Electrical cable fire Carburator icing Exceeding VNE...
Page 18 Trike Emergency procedures Introduction This chapter provides information on how to react when confronted with typical flight hazards. Pre-stall flight The powered-hangglider typically begins to stall at airspeeds below 50 km/h (27 kts) , depending on the current weight. The powered-hangglider is constructed and built in such a manner that a pilot cannot maneuvre the aircraft into a deep stall where the aircraft would drop the nose and start to loose height rapidly.
Page 19 Trike Emergency procedures Engine failure Engine failure on take-off Ensure proper airspeed first (triangle back)! Land while maintaining runway heading and avoid even- tual obstacles. Master switch to ''OFF'' . WARNING! IF NOT ABSOLUTELY NECESSARY, DO NOT CHANGE YOUR COURSE AND DO NOT...
Page 20 Trike Emergency procedures Engine fire Engine fire on ground This phenomenon is very rare in the field of Ultralight aviation. However, coming across engine fire on ground, react as follows: 1. Come to a full-stop, engage starter and set throttle to full power.
Page 21: Normal Procedures
Trike Normal procedures Normal procedures Introduction Assembling and disassembling the aircraft Daily check-up Preflight check-up Normal procedures and recommended speeds...
Page 22 Trike Normal procedures Introduction This chapter provides information on everything needed to fly the trike safely. Assembling the powered-hangglider WARNING! The wing MUST be assembled only by the pilot himself! The help of friends should be limited only to lifting the wing at the beginning and at the end of the assembly. All other help, in- tentional or unintetnional may lead to a future accident for reasons of imperfect communication to the pilot or insufficient knowledge of the helpers.
Page 23 Trike Normal procedures The wing is now ready to be lifted. You will way. Use your other hand to move the fabric need some help to do this. Have a friend stand out of your eyesight. at the back of the middle tube, while you stand at the front.
Page 24 Trike Normal procedures Assembling the trike At the trike side, first unwrap the main tube, which is usuallly secured to the instrument bubble with foam for transportation. Remove the safety pins and bolts from the wing attachement joint. Remove the top part of the joint, which you then place between the spacers on the middle main spar of the wing.
Page 25 Trike Normal procedures Daily check-up The daily check-up matches the preflight check-up. Preflight check-up WARNING! Every single check-up mentioned in this chapter must be performed prior to EVERY FLIGHT, regardless of when the previous flight took place! The person responsible for the preflight check-up is the pilot from whom it is required to perform the check-up in the utmost thorough and precise manner.
Page 26 Trike Normal procedures Trike Check all the joints to verify there is no or very little free-play. Check the bolts, especially main engi- ne and engine mount bolts to make sure they are fastened. Check all safety lock at locking pins and the seat belts.
Page 27 Trike Normal procedures CAUTION! When the engine is very cold, the engine may refuse to start. Should this occur, jerk the choke handle fully backwards and hold it there for some 20 seconds to make mixture richer. Engine warm-up procedure A two-stroke engine should be warmed-up at 3500 RPM, a four-stroke, however, at 2500 RPM up to the point working temperature is reached.
Page 28 Trike Normal procedures CAUTION! Should the engine start to overheat because of long taxi and holding, shut down the engine and wait for the engine temperatures drop to reasonable values. If possible, point the aircraft’s nose towards the wind. This will provide radiators with airflow to cool down the engine faster.
Page 29 Trike Normal procedures Cruise Some 3600-4000 RPM are necessary to maintain horizontal flight if you're flying alone, about 4500 RPM if there's two persons on board. At these power settings the airspeed will stabilise at about 65 km/h (35 kts) if you have the powered- hangglider balanced towards the back (last hole).
Page 30 Trike Normal procedures Landing CAUTION! See chapter “Performance” for landing performance. In case your powered-hangglider is equipped with the VARIO propeller, set propeller pitch to flat (full left). Reduce throttle and fly into final approach. For the last 30 meters (100 ft) the airspeed should be 65 km/h (35 kts) if you're the single pilot or 70 km/h (38 kts) if two persons are on board.
Page 31 Trike Should you attempt to perform pre-stall flight in a slightly banked curve you shoud know the perfor- mance is rather the same. However, at banks exceeding 20° the nose drops significantly. With the triangle pushed completely forward and full throttle the powered-hangglider begins to climb and remains under full control authority.
Page 32 Trike This page is intentionally left blank.
Page 33: Performance
Trike Performance Performance Introduction Airspeed indicator calibration Take-off performance Climb performance Cruise Glide Landing performance Vg diagram Turn load diagram Noise levels...
Page 34 ICAO standard atmosphere Takeoff runway length may vary depending on the wind, temperature, elevation and wing & propeller surface condition. TRIKE, wing HAZZARD 15 Plus Spider Twister take-off run (single pilot - 220 kg) 70 m...
Page 35 Tailwind affects takeoff and landing performance by more than twice as much as headwind does. Climb The table below provides data on climb performace at different weights. TRIKE, wing HAZZARD 15 Plus Spider Twister 4,8 m/s 5.5 m/s 6,4 m/s...
Page 36 This may come in handy in case you will be forced to give way to other aircraft or if you simply need time to determine the most appropriate site to land out on. TRIKE Plus Spider Twister min. sink speed (H 15)
Page 37 150 meters , exactly at VNE, with engine power needed to maintain horizontally (500 feet) rightened flight. All versions of Pipistrel Trike noise levels measured in such manner have been offici- ally assessed to be below 65 dB.
Page 38 Trike This page is intentionally left blank.
Page 39: Weight And Balance
Trike Weight and balance Weight and balance Introduction Weighing procedure Equipment list Determination of CG...
Page 40 Trike Weight and balance Introduction This chapter provides information on aircraft’s weight and balance, which is essential for safe flying activity. Autostability A powered-hangglider is an autostable aircraft. This means that the mass centre of the trike will po- sition itself under the wing exactly in the centre of gravity of the whole aircraft.
Page 41 Trike Weight and balance Trim procedure Trim procedure is performed to adjust the neutral point of the control bar (triangle) more to the front or more to the back. Trim (lateral axis) Trimming along the lateral axis is possible only on the ground. It involves moving the attachment jo- int between the wing and the trike.
Page 42 Trike This page is intentionally left blank.
Page 43: Aircraft And Systems On Board
Trike Aircraft and systems on board Aircraft and systems on board Introduction Cockpit levers Instrument panel Undercarriage Seats and safety harnesses Pitot-static lining Air brakes (spoilers) Power plant and propeller Fuel system Electrical system Engine cooling system Engine lubrication system...
Page 44 Aircraft and systems on board Introduction The Pipistrel PLUS is the lightest model for beginners. With the popular Rotax engine 503 and gro- und adjustable composite 2-blade propeller (3-blade option) its the best compromise between price and flying characteristics. The kit version includes all cables, tubes, screws, and everything you need to complete the aircraft.
Page 45 Trike Aircraft and systems on board Control levers Throttle and brake levers (pedals) are located on the front wheel fork. Throttle is on the right, wheel brake pedal on the left. Just in front of the seats are hand throttle lever (if applicable), choke lever,...
Page 46 Trike Aircraft and systems on board Power plant and propeller Trikes may be equipped with various three engines. Engine types: Engine: ROTAX 503 (two-stroke inline, two cylinders, 497 cm twin carburated - double electronic ignition cooling: fan cooling lubrication:...
Page 47 3- or 4-blade, fixed pitch composite propeller - diameter 1660 mm propeller Pipistrel LN: 3- or 4-blade, fixed pitch composite propeller - diameter 1660 mm propeller Pipistrel VARIO : twin blade, variable pitch composite propeller - diameter 1620 mm VARIO propeller A variable pitch propeller significantly increases aircraft’s takeoff, cruise and glider performance.
Page 48: Fuel System
2 liters All fuel hoses are protected with certified glass-teflon cover. Plus's and Spider's fuel system are wit- hout fuel return circuit. Model 912’s (Twister) fuel system features fuel return circuit. Schematic on next side shows how the fuel feed to the engine is done.
Page 49: Electrical System
Trike Aircraft and systems on board Schematic fuel feed to the engine �� Electrical system description: Double separated magneto ignition. Standard, 12 V circuit charges the battery and provides power to all appliances and instruments.
Page 50 Trike Aircraft and systems on board Schematic electrical system (manual pulley starter) �� Schematic electrical system (electrical starter) �� ...
Page 51 Trike Aircraft and systems on board Schematic electrical system (electrical starter & instruments) �� ...
Page 52 Trike Aircraft and systems on board Rotax 912 cooling system The Rotax 912 engine’s cylinders are watercooled. The cooling-air intake is located on the right-hand bottom part of the engine cover. Cylinder heads are watercooled. Own water pump forces water through the radiator, placed behind the air intake opening on the top engine cover.
Page 53 Trike Aircraft and systems on board Engine lubrication system Rotax 503 and 582 are two-stroke engines and are adequately lubricated by oil/fuel mixture. Proper lubrication is ensured by adding 2% of syntetic of semi-syntetic oil into the fuel canister. However, both Rotax 503 and 582 may optionally be equipped with an oil injection pump.
Page 54 Trike This page is intentionally left blank.
Page 55: Handling And Maintenance
Trike Handling and maintenance Handling and maintenance Introduction Repairs and spare part replacements Preventative maintenance Special check-ups Draining and refuelling Connecting Auxilary po- wer supplies Tie down Storage Cleaning...
Page 56 Trike Handling and maintenance Introduction This chapter determines handling and (preventative) maintenance terms. Also, recommended gro- und handling is presented. Repairs, spare part replacements and preventative maintenance All major repairs and spare part replacements MUST be done by authorised service personnel.
Page 57 Trike Handling and maintenance first 5 daily hours hours hours hours hours hours hole roundness diagonal spar junction bolt (below seat) safety belts throttle bowden/cable wheel brake front wheel fork Main bolt comb joint on upper strut safety pins and locks...
Page 58 Trike Handling and maintenance first 5 daily hours hours hours hours hours hours HAZZARD WING main longitudinal tube side middle tubes main wing spar (tube) ribs (symetry check) swivels triangle and pyramid tubes fabric fabric stitching bottom wire ropes...
Page 59 Trike Handling and maintenance Draining and refuelling Whenever draining or refuelling make sure master switch is set to OFF (key in full left position). Refuelling CAUTION! Before refuelling it is necessary to ground the aircraft! Refuelling can be done by pouring fuel through the reservoir openings on top of the reservoir.
Page 60 Trike This page is intentionally left blank.
Page 61: Appendix
Trike Appendix Appendix Parachute rescue system: use, handling and maintenance Conversion tables...
Page 62 Trike Appendix Parachute rescue system: use, handling and maintenance System description The GRS rocket charged parachute rescue system provides you with a chance to rescue yourself and the aircraft regardless of the height, velocity and nose attitude. The system is placed inside a durable cylinder mounted on the right hand side of the baggage com- partment.
Page 63 Trike Appendix As a pilot you should know that the phase following parachute deployment may be a great unk- nown and a great adventure for the crew. You will be getting into situation for the first time, where a proper landing and the determination of the landing site are out of your control.
Page 64 Trike Appendix Conversion tables kilometers per hour (km/h) - knots (kts) - metres per sec. (m/s) km/h km/h km/h 1,853 0,37 63,00 18,34 124,16 36,15 3,706 1,07 64,86 18,88 126,01 36,69 5,560 1,61 66,71 19,42 127,87 37,23 7,413 2,15...
Page 65 Trike Appendix knots (kts) - metres per second (m/s) 0,51 1,02 1,54 2,05 2,57 3.08 3,60 4,11 4,63 0,51 5,65 6,17 6,66 7,20 7,71 8,23 8,74 9,26 9,77 10,28 10,80 11,31 11,83 12,34 12,86 13,37 13,89 14,40 14,91 25,43...
Page 66 Trike Appendix ICAN (international comitee for air navigation) temperatures, relative pressure, relative density and CAS to TAS correction factors as related to altitude Altitude Temperature Relative Relative Cor. factors pressure density feet metres °C °F -2.000 -610 18,96 66,13...
Page 67 Trike Appendix metres (m) to feet (ft) conversion table metres feet metres feet metres feet (ft) (ft) (ft) 0,304 3,280 10,36 111,5 20,42 219,81 0,609 6,562 10,66 114,8 20,72 223,09 0,914 9,843 10,97 118,1 21,03 226,37 1,219 13,12 11,27...
Page 68 Trike Appendix air pressure as related to altitude altitude (m) pressure (hPa) pressure (inch altitude (m) pressure (hPa) pressure (inch -1000 1139,3 33,6 1300 866,5 25,6 -950 1132,8 33,5 1350 861,2 25,4 -900 1126,2 33,3 1400 855,9 25,3 -850...
Page 69 Trike Appendix ICAO standard atmosphere n*10 1/S d (m 2 /s) (kg/m 4 ) (ft) (°C) (°K) (mmHg) (kg/m (kgs -1000 -3281 21,5 294,5 1,022 854,6 11619 1,124 0,137 1,347 1,099 0,957 344,2 13,4 -900 -2953 20,8 293,8 1,020...
Page 70 Trike This page is intentionally left blank.
Page 71 - in case that the customer has not ratified the General Terms of ownership with his/her signature; - in case the aircraft or the equipment is not used according to the Pipistrel d.o.o. ’ s instructions or aircraft’s manual and eventual supplemental sheets;...
Page 72 Trike Pipistrel d.o.o. Ajdovščina podjetje za alternativno letalstvo Goriška cesta 50a SI-5270 Ajdovščina Slovenia tel: +386 (0)5 3663 873 fax: +386 (0)5 3661 263 e-mail: pipistrel@siol.net www.pipistrel.si...

This manual is also suitable for:

Twister Spider