Page 1 Hewlett-Packard to Agilent Technologies Transition This documentation supports a product that previously shipped under the Hewlett- Packard company brand name. The brand name has now been changed to Agilent Technologies. The two products are functionally identical, only our name has changed. The document still includes references to Hewlett-Packard products, some of which have been transitioned to Agilent Technologies.
Page 2 SPECTRUM ANALYZER 100 Hz - 2.5 GHz/2 - 22 GHz SERIAL NUMBERS This manual applies directly to Model 8566B RF Sections with serial numbers prefixed 2410A and IF- Display Sections with serial numbers prefixed 2403A. 0 Copyright HEWLETT-PACKARD COMPANY 1984 1212 VALLEY HOUSE DRIVE, ROHNERT PARK, CALIFORNIA.94928.
Page 3 CERTIFICATION Hewlett-Packard Company certifies that thb product met its published specifications at the time from shipment the factory. Hewlett-Packard further certifies that its calibration measurements are traceable to the United States National Bureau Standards, to the extent allowed by the Bureau’s calibration facility, and to the calibration facilities other International Standards Organization members.
Page 4: Manual Operation
Section I Manual Operation Chapter 1 -GETTING STARTED Chapter 2 - DATA Chapter 3 - FUNCTION Chapter 4 - CRT DISPLAY Chapter 5 - TRACE Chapter 6 - MARKER Chapter 7 - SCALE AND REFERENCE LINE Chapter 8 - COUPLED FUNCTION Chapter 9 - SWEEP AND TRIGGER Chapter 10 - INSTRUMENT STATE Chapter 1 1 - SHIFT KEY FUNCTIONS...
Page 5 GENERAL INFORMATION The HP 8566B is a high-performance spectrum analyzer which operates from 100 Hz to 2.5 GHz in the low frequency band and 2 - 22 GHz in the preselected microwave band. It uses a synthesized LO to provide accurate frequency tuning and an internal micro-computer to automate controls and provide useful operating features.
Page 6 RF and Display sections of the analyzer. For complete information on line voltage and fuse selection, refer to the HP 8566B Opera- tor’s Handbook. For information on line power cords for a specific country, contact the nearest Hewlett-Packard office.
Page 7 RF power must not exceed + 30 dBm (1 watt). DC Precaution: The HP 8566B cannot accept DC voltages in 0 dB ATTEN. With 10 dB or greater input attenuation, a maximum of k7V DC can be accepted without damage.
Page 8 CRT DISPLAY GENERAL INFORMATION Maximize amplitude response with FREQ ZERO adjustment. Error Correction Routine A 30 second internal error correction routine minimizes uncertainties due to control changes in the analyzer. To start the routine, press (,,,,, W (%?I. A “CORR’D” readout will appear on the left edge of the CRT upon completion of this routine. If the message “Adjust AMPTD CAL”...
Page 9: Front Panel Overview
GENERAL INFORMATION FRONT PANEL OVERVI FRONT PANEL OVERVIEW Control Groups CRT DISPLAY: Signal response and analyzer settings 2 TRACE: Control of signal response display 3 REFERENCE LINE: Measurement and display aids 4 SCALE: Selects logarithmic or linear amplitude scale KEY FUNCTION: Access to special functions 6 SWEEP and TRIGGER: Selects trace update trigger...
Page 10: Display Outputs
GENERAL INFORMATION REAR PANEL OUTPUTS REAR PANEL OUTPUTS 21.4 MHz IF Output IF Input/Output Video Input/Output Recorder Outputs External Trigger Display Outputs Sweep and Tune Output HP-IB Frequency Reference Connector 10 MHz Output Display Outputs Display outputs allow all the CRT information to be displayed on an auxiliary CRT display such as the HP 1310A Large Screen Display.
Page 11 GENERAL INFORMATION REAR PANEL OUTPUTS RECORDER Outputs RECORDER when keys or HP-IB LOWER UPPER commands are enabled Recorder LEFT RIGHT outputs Lower Upper Left Right SWEEP A voltage proportional to the horizontal sweep of the CRT trace that ranges from OV for the left left right edge and to + 1OV for the right edge.
Page 12 REAR PANEL OUTPUTS GENERAL INFORMATION Frequency Reference Input/Output To lock the spectrum analyzer to an external frequency reference, set the FREQ REFERENCE switch to EXT. Analyzer performance will be degraded unless frequency reference phase noise and spurious signals are < - 140 dBc single sideband (1 Hz) referred to 10 MHz at a 100 Hz to 10 kHz offset.
Page 13 REAR PANEL OUTPUTS GENERAL INFORMATION IF and Video Connectors Input 21.4 MHz input. Input is nominally - 11 dBm IF INP (with spectrum analyzer input attenuator set to 10 dB) .5OQ input impedance. VIDEO INP 0 - 2V 139Q input impedance. IF and Video Connectors 21.4 MHz output.
Page 14: General Description
GETTING STARTED GENERAL DESCRIPTION This chapter is intended to provide you with a quick overview of the use and capability of the HP 8566B Spectrum Analyzer. The chapters following provide the details on each aspect of operation. FRONT PANEL CONCEPT The basic controls on the HP 8566B front panel consist of FUNCTION keys and DATA control keys.
Page 15 MAKING A MEASUREMENT GE-l-l-ING STARTED e&c 0.0 d&n .Tllh 10 de 0- 2.5 GHz or 2 -22 GHz’ frequency span. Both :3 &I keys preset all the analyzer functions to automatically maintain a calibrated display during the course of the --_.
Page 16 GETTING STARTED DIRECT FREQUENCY AND AMPLITUDE READOUT and use the knob 0, step keys c) or numeric keyboard to position the peak of the signal on the top graticule line. .-. -. .- LEVEL I1 I I I I1 5pbN 1.. .“I SW’...
Page 17: Automatic Measurements
SAVE/RECALL GETTING STARTED SAVE/RECALL The HP 8566B instrument control settings can be saved in an internal memory and later recalled to make a measurement. [/ [I(c1111 m to 0 provide access to the six internal storage registers. SHIFT KEYS In addition to the front panel functions listed on the keys, another set of functions can be assigned to the same keys by pressing the blue B key prior to activating a front panel key.
Page 18: Data Controls
DATA DATA CONTROLS CHAPTER 2 DATA GENERAL DESCRIPTION DATA controls are used to change function values for functions such as center frequency, start frequency, resolu- tion bandwidth, or marker position. DATA CONTROLS The DATA controls are clustered about the FUNCTION keys which “call up” or activate the most frequently used spectrum analyzer control functions: center frequency, frequency span (or start/stop frequency), and reference level.
Page 19 DATA ENTRY READOUT DATA The DATA controls will change the activated function in a manner prescribed by that function. For example, center frequency can be changed continuously with the DATA knob 0 , or in steps proportional to the frequency span with the DATA STEP keys @ a , or set exactly with the DATA number/units keyboard.
Page 20 DATA DATA NUMBER/UNITS KEYBOARD DATA NUMBER/UNITS KEYBOARD The DATA number/units keyboard (or DATA keyboard) allows exact value entries to center frequency, frequency span (or start/stop frequency), reference level, log scale, marker positions, display line, threshold, and the COUP- LED FUNCTIONS. An activated parameter is changed by entering the number (with the CRT display providing a readout) then selecting the appropriate units key.
Page 21 F U N C T I O N GENERAL DESCRIPTION CHAPTER 3 FUNCTION GENERAL DESCRIPTION This chapter describes the use of the major function block- CENTER FREQUENCY FREQUENCY SPAN (or START/STOP FREQUENCY), and REFERENCE LEVEL. NCTION A FUNCTION is enabled by pressing the desired FUNCTION key Once enabled, the function, along with its current data value, is displayed in the active graticule area of the CRT as well as outside the graticule border.
Page 22: Center Frequency
CENTER FREQUENCY F U N C T I O N CENTER FREQUENCY The center frequency can be tuned continuously from 0 to 22 GHz using any combination of DATA controls. Additional band overlap enables the center frequency to tune up to 24 GHz and below to - 1 GHz. The center frequency can be set with 1 Hz resolution.
Page 23: Frequency Span
F U N C T I O N FREQUENCY SPAN Reducing the frequency span will increase the center frequency readout resolution. Press [Fj @ @ then (x] FREQUENCY SPAN The frequency span changes the total display frequency range symmetrically about the center frequency. Note that the frequency span readout refers to the total display frequency range;...
Page 24 FREQUENCY SPAN F U N C T I O N Example Use FREQUENCY SPAN to zoom in on signals. Connect CAL OUTPUT to RF INPUT press [06::1 This selects a convenient full span display from 0 to 2.5 GHz. Tune center frequency to 100 MHz with: [?%%-I 100 MHz.
Page 25 F U N C T I O N FREQUENCY SPAN Example Operating the spectrum analyzer in zero span. The modulation waveform of an AM signal can be displayed in the time domain. In the frequency domain, we can accurately deter- mine the modulation frequency and level.
Page 26 START/STOP FREQUENCY F U N C T I O N I/h i i i To select zero span, press [F) m a Video trigger can be used to trigger on the waveform. The sweep time control can be adjusted to change the horizontal scale.
Page 27: Reference Level
F U N C T I O N REFERENCE LEVEL Example Set start/stop frequency to monitor FM broadcast band t i i i i ii i i i I mu= I”.. WI , , f Y T ..YI . - 2.
Page 28 REFERENCE LEVEL F U N C T I O N DATA Entry with REFERENCE LEVEL In logarithmic scale, the changes are in 0.1 dB steps: in linear scale, the changes are made to the least significant digit. pi?-) In logarithmic scale, changes the reference level in steps according to dB/ division scale.
Page 29 FUNCTION/DATA SUMMARY F U N C T I O N FUNCTION/DATA SUMMARY CENTER FREQUENCY START/STOP REFERENCE LEVEL FREQUENCY SPAN FREQUENCY Change continuously KNOB Change continuously Continuous with 0.1 with up to 1 Hz reso- a with n x 2 Hz resolu- dB tuning resolution.
Page 30 ADJUSTMENT OF THE DISPLAY CRT DISPLAY CHAPTER 4 CRT DISPLAY GENERAL DESCRIPTION This chapter describes the CRT display adjustments, readouts, and graphics. ADJUSTMENT OF THE DISPLKY The adjustments for intensity, focus, and alignment simultaneously affect all the lines and characters on the display. CRT Display and Adjustments l N TENSl T Y Controls intensity for all the CRT writing.
Page 31 CRT DISPLAY OVERVIEW CRT DISPLAY Active Function The function which has been activated for DATA entry is read out in the graticule area shown. I OFF 8 0 d&l .TTEN 18 dtl !O do, START *.a c+I* 5TB Z2.B M, PFCI BY 3 *Hz 5111’...
Page 32 CRT DISPLAY CRT DISPLAY OVERVIEW Gralicule The display graticule is an internally generated 10 division by 10 division rectangle for referencing frequency, time, and amplitude measurements. Double markings at the left, right, and bottom designate the center axes. The graticule The graticule aspect ratio aspect ratio...
Page 33 CRT DISPLAY OVERVIEW CRT DISPLAY Display Unit One display unit is the distance between two points (see above) along an X or Y axis. The distance along the X axis between the far left graticule line and the far right graticule line is 1000 display units.
Page 34 CRT DISPLAY CRT DISPLAY OVERVIEW Locations of Permanent Readouts The vertical and horizontal graticule axes are scaled by these readouts: (iF -5.4 k 1s 4” Vertical scale Center frequency Frequency span (or start freq.) (or stop freq.) CeNrm 4aa.e - PIN I .
Page 35 CRT DISPLAY OVERVIEW CRT DISPLAY Other Readouts Marker amplitude and Title (see KEY FUNCTION) frequency (s_ee MARKER) Amplitude and/or AEc..b<...,23. Detection REF .?3.8 dam frequency scales Mode ,‘,’ deI uncalibrated A m p l i t u d e o f f s e t SAMYE (see s”l”...
Page 36 TRACE TRACE IDENTIFICATION CHAPTER 5 TRACE GENERAL DESCRIPTION This chapter describes the use of the TRACE functions for writing, storing, and manipulating trace data. TRACE ‘P TRACE Controls ‘Trace B Trace A Trace C TRACE IDENTIFICATION Traces are differentiated by intensity. Trace A is bright, trace B and trace C are dim. i and m allow positive identification.
Page 37 TRACE MODES TRACE TRACE MODES Four mutually exclusive functions or modes for trace A and trace B determine the manner in which the traces are displayed. Indicator lights by the keys show the current modes. WRITE Modes (sweeping): Displays the input signal response in trace selected. Displays and holds th e maximum responses of the input signal in trace selected.
Page 38 TRACE MODES TRACE NOTE It is important to understand the difference between sweep and refresh. Sweep refers to the spectrum analyzer sweeping from a start frequency to a stop frequency and storing measured amplitude data into a trace memory. Refresh refers to the transfer of display memory data to the CRT display.
Page 39 TRACE MODES TRACE This response can be stored: Press (,,,. A. Write the same signal with B and change its position relative to trace A: Press m B. t i i i j iii i ‘I-, i i [iii%-> a IIIIiI I Blank trace A;...
Page 40 TRACE TRACE EXCHANGE To display the drift of a signal, press a & Trace B sweeping Trace A liF .e & ATlD4 10 Y (Simulate frequency drift with (ZEC) 1e .” TRACE EXCHANGE m exchanges trace A and B, changing their relative intensities and storage memory locations and enables and B [,..
Page 41 TRACE TRACE C MODES TRACE C MODES A third trace, C, can be used to store a signal response. Trace C is not swept from the analyzer IF section as are traces A and B, but is input using a trace B into C function (B + C) or a B and C exchange function (B z C). Access to the trace C modes is through KEY FUNCTION @ The modes are: View C: Displays trace C.
Page 42 TRACE TRACE ARITHMETIC The display line is activated and set below the source/ analyzer response. DL[tlgll a. The difference between the display line (in display units) and the source/analyzer response is stored in trace B with I’;:’ Negative values of the [‘;:II line are stored even though not displayed.
Page 43 TRACE PRIORITY TRACE TRACE PRIORITY Functions which act upon a trace always act upon the highest priority trace. Priority is defined by the trace modes as follows: Highest priority view C [,,..,]A [.,,.,)B Lowest priority blank C Marker functions, for example, use trace priority to decide which trace to mark. See Chapter 6. 42 Manual Operation...
Page 44 GENERAL DESCRIPTION MARKER Chapter 6 MARKER GENERAL DESCRIPTION This chapter describes the use of the MARKER and DATA controls for making many measurements faster and with greater accuracy. Markers can be displayed only on TRACE A and TRACE B. Two types of functions make up the MARKER group; MARKER MODE , which enable or disable markers and their related functions;...
Page 45 MARKER MARKER OVERVIEW MARKER OVERVIEW FUNCTION Direct readout of the amplitude and frequency of a point along the trace. Direct readout of amplitude and frequency differences between points on the trace. ZOOM Expansion of a span about a specific frequency. Placing a single marker at the highest response.
Page 46 SINGLE MARKER-NORMAL MARKER DATA Entry Moves the marker continuously along the trace at about 5 horizontal divi- sions each full turn. The marker moves in display unit increments. Moves the marker along the trace one tenth of the total width per step. 0 moves marker to the right.
Page 47 MARKER DIFFERENTIAL MARKERS-A DIFFERENTIAL MARKERS - a activates a second marker at the position of a single marker already on the trace. (If no single marker has been activated, m places two markers at the center of the display.) The first marker’s position is fixed. The second marker’s position is under DATA control.
Page 48 MARKER DIFFERENTIAL MARKERS-A Example Set up m on the peaks of a fundamental (left) and its harmonic (right). With the display referenced and scaled as shown, the readout “.0100X” designates the fractional harmonic content. Percent is calculated as 100 x (.OlOO) = 1 .O%. With a linear amplitude scale and a reference level calibrated in voltage, the fractional amplitude readout is the simple linear ratio of the two markers.
Page 49 DIFFERENTIAL MARKERS-A MARKER The frequency readout for all MARKER m conditions has up to 4 significant digits, depending upon the portion of span measured. The amplitude readout in dB has a resolution of f .Ol dB for linear scale. The resolution for logarithmic scale depends upon the LOG m value: LOG SCALE RESOLUTION...
Page 50 MARKER DIFFERENTIAL MARKERS-A DATA Control Use for [,,,. The marker can be moved along the trace with the DATA knob 0 , and the frequency span can be changed about the marker with DATA step @ and @ . Each step also sets center frequency equal to the marker frequency.
Page 51 MARKERS-A DIFFERENTIAL a full span, select a signal using the marker with From Eli. To center the marker and signal and expand the fre- quency span in one step, press c) Expanding twice more with @ @ shows that the marker requires recentering on the signal.
Page 52 AUTOMATIC ZOOM MARKER Recenter w i t h 0 Continue using @ (and recentering the marker on the signal when necessary) until the desired resolution is achieved. AUTOMATIC ZOOM The analyzer can automatically zoom in on a signal specified by a marker. The desired frequency span is input from the DATA number/units keyboard.
Page 53: Peak Search
MARKER PEAK SEARCH Place a marker on the carrier with B 0 Press @FJ (,,:,,,I . Enter the span. -Aid F’;;ls m @ B , and auto zoom will be kt-42 PEAK SEARCH Peak Search Peak search places a single marker at the highest trace position of the highest priority trace. The active function is not changed.
Page 54 MARKER MARKER ENTRY Note that the marker seeks the maximum trace response, no matter what the cause of the response. A larger signal, or the local oscillator feedthrough, would have attracted the marker. MARKER to Next Peak The marker can also find the next highest peaks by successively pressing [,.,,,I K @ Marker to Minimum The minimum trace value can be located by pressing...
Page 55 MARKER ENTRY MARKER A marker entry can be made any time a marker is on the trace. ( @ “r;;? with only one marker displayed takes 0 Hz as the lower frequency.) The active function will not be changed. Example One of the fastest, most convenient ways to bring a signal to the center of the display is by using l”r:-) Activate a single marker and tune it to the desired sis- nal: (,,,I 0 .
Page 56 MARKER ENTRY MARKER Activate the second marker and place it at the other end of the span with m 0 Set the start and stop frequencies squal to the left and right marker frequencies with B a Marker m is activated. A + span will work the same with start/stop frequency readout.
Page 57 SIGNAL TRACK -AUTOMATIC FREQUENCY CONTROL MARKER a?“-“. -am-.. +a ” e 70 e. F O U R T H H A R M O N I C T H I R D H A R M O N I C HARMONIC S E C O N D Similar stepping can be accomplished using marker a into step size for intermodulation products or other...
Page 58 MARKER PRESELECTOR PEAK The upper carrier sideband is tracked with m then zoomed in with [T] Q m (%1. As the carrier frequency is changed, the sideband response will tend to remain in the center of the display. The center frequency and marker frequency reads out the sideband’s frequency. A combination of (::GKw:l and a allows the “real time”...
Page 59 MARKER LEVEL MEASUREMENT NOISE Press m to peak preselector tracking. Measure amplitude by reading marker. The specific preselector correction factor applied in the example above is stored. A [15::) INSTRUMENT PRESET will not erase the correction factor; however, another PEAKING routine in the same band will store a new correction factor in that band.
Page 60 NOISE LEVEL MEASUREMENT MARKER Noise level enabled: @ b Noise level disabled: [,,,,, b The noise level measurement readout is corrected for the analyzer’s log amplifier response, and the detector response. The value is also normalized to a 1 Hz bandwidth. Measurement and Readout Range Noise level measures noise accurately down to 10 dB above the spectrum analyzer’s noise level.
Page 61 MARKER NOISE LEVEL MEASUREMENT Read the noise at the marker by pressing OBrl) b The noise at 64 MHz is - 134 dBm in a 1 Hz bandwidth. This corresponds to - 134 dBm + 36 dB/4 kHz = - 98 dBm in 4 kHz voice channel bandwidth. Signal to noise measurements require the measurement of the noise level, as the example above, and the mea- surement of the absolute signal level.
Page 62 SCALE SCALE AND REFERENCE LINE Chapter 7 SCALE AND REFERENCE LINE GENERAL DESCRIPTION This chapter describes the use of SCALE and REFERENCE LINE control groups for setting the amplitude scale, and for making amplitude level measurements more conveniently. R E F E R E N C E L I N E E DISPLAY LINE THRESHOLD SCALE...
Page 63 SCALE SCALE AND REFERENCE LINE imme late y scales the amplitude proportional to input voltage. The top graticule remains the reference d’l level, the bottom graticule becomes zero voltage. Reference level, and all other amplitudes, are read out in voltage. However, other units may be selected. See AMPLITUDE UNITS SELECTION, Chapter 11. If m is pressed when the scale is linear, 10 dB per division will be automatically entered.
Page 64 SCALE SCALE REFERENCE LINE Modulated AM signal displayed in the 10 dB/division scale shows the carrier, its sidebands, and distortion products. Linear scaling enables the observation of the sidebands proportional to the carrier. Press (-J As in the MARKER m example, Chapter 6, a direct readout of the percent modulation can be made.
Page 65 REFERENCE LINE SCALE AND REFERENCE LINE Harmonic distortion of the modulating signal can be measured as in MARKER m , Chapter 6. The modulation frequency is 18.8 kHz and the distor- tion caused by the second harmonic is 2.4% (read out as .024X).
Page 66 SCALE AND REFERENCE LINE DISPLAY LINE The DISPLAY LINE can be positioned anywhere within the graticule. When activated after LINE power ON or m , the display line is placed 4.5 divisions down from the reference level. DISPLAY LINE m erases the line and readout from the CRT display but does not reset the last position. If the display line is activated again before LINE power ON or [a;l:l , it will return to its last position.
Page 67 SCALE AND REFERENCE LINE T H R E S H O L D THRESHOLD THRESHOLD (,.,,. (DATA entry) moves a lower boundary to the trace, similar to a base line clipper on direct- writing CRT spectrum analyzers. The boundary’s absolute amplitude level, in reference level units, is read out on The THRESHOLD can be positioned anywhere within the graticule.
Page 68 T H R E S H O L D SCALE AND REFERENCE LINE Example The THRESHOLD can be used as a go/no-go test limit. A series of signals can be tested for a specific THRESHOLD level by placing the THRESHOLD at the test level.
Page 69 GENERAL DESCRIPTION C O U P L E D F U N C T I O N Chapter 8 COUPLED FUNCTION GENERAL DESCRIPTION This chapter describes the COUPLED FUNCTION group and its use in various measurements. The COUPLED FUNCTIONS control the receiver characteristics of the spectrum analyzer. The values of the COUPLED FUNCTION are automatically selected by the analyzer to keep absolute amplitude and frequency calibration as frequency span and reference level are changed.
Page 70: Resolution Bandwidth
DATA ENTRY FOR COUPLED FUNCTIONS C O U P L E D F U N C T I O N Coupled Selects Function i::‘1 3 dB resolution bandwidth (IF filter) which largely determines the ability of the analyzer to resolve signals close together in frequency. 3 dB bandwidth of the post detection low pass filter that averages noise appearing on the trace.
Page 71 C O U P L E D F U N C T I O N V I D E O B A N D W I D T H Another use of manual resolution bandwidth is for better sensitivity over a given frequency span. The low level intermodulation products of a signal needs to be measured.
Page 72 V I D E O B A N D W I D T H C O U P L E D F U N C T I O N Example Signal responses near the noise level of the analyzer will be visually masked by the noise. The video filter can be narrowed to smooth this noise.
Page 73: Sweep Time
SWEEP TIME C O U P L E D F U N C T I O N SWEEP TIME m (DATA entry) sets the sweep time selection to manual and changes the rate at which the analyzer sweeps the displayed frequency or time span. The sweep times that can be selected are: SWEEP TIME SEQUENCE...
Page 74 C O U P L E D F U N C T I O N INPUT ATTENUATION ATID I. To quickly see signals present in the span, press I::::‘1 10 al and 0 several times. When the sweep completes its span, couple sweep time again with m Note that the MEAS UNCAL message appears auto- matically as the faster sweep time causes some distor- tion of the spectral response.
Page 75 C O U P L E D F U N C T I O N INPUT Al7ENUATlON Zero Attenuation a precaution to protect the spectrum analyzer’s input mixer, 0 dB RF attenuation can only be selected from the number/units keyboard, press (,,,.1 @(x- Reference Levels I - 100 dBm and >...
Page 76 C O U P L E D F U N C T I O N CENTER FREQUENCY STEP SIZE hp e -I..8 h Increase the RF attenuation by 10 dB. Press m 0 1. .” (If the reference level changes, it will be necessary to return it back to its original value.) cwa-rm 1m.114 Y(* WIN 1”...
Page 77 CENTER FREQUENCY STEP SIZE C O U P L E D F U N C T I O N When the center frequency is activated with step size in MANUAL, the active function readout includes both the center frequency and the step size value. WAN 2.5.
Page 78 C O U P L E D F U N C T I O N CENTER FREQUENCY STEP SIZE Set the step size to 50 MHz, (‘::::‘I reactivate center frequency with [Zg) and step to 225 MHz. cwnw f---3 Now each u sets the center frequency to the next 50 MHz span for a span by span surveillance of the spectrum.
Page 79 SWEEP SWEEP AND TRIGGER Chapter 9 SWEEP AND TRIGGER This chapter describes the use of SWEEP and TRIGGER control functions. SWEEP controls enable: m continuous, or repetitive sweeping (sweep time L 20 msec) . B a single sweep which will repeat only on demand (sweep time I 20 msec) . TRIGGER controls select the function which will begin a sweep: B as soon as possible, [.,, line voltage passes through zero on a positive swing,...
Page 80 SWEEP TRIGGER TRIGGER The SWEEP light indicates that a sweep is in progress. The light is out between sweeps and during data entry. (The light is out for sweep times 110 msec.) After a sweep, the next sweep will be initiated only if: continuous sweep mode is selected or a single sweep demand is made, the trigger conditions are met, data is not entered continuously from the front panel DATA controls or the HP-IB.
Page 81 TRIGGER SWEEP AND TRIGGER EXTERNAL TRIGGER INPUT B allows the next sweep to start if the detected RF envelope voltage rises to a level set by the LEVEL knob. The LEVEL corresponds to detected levels displayed on the CRT between the bottom graticule (full CCW) and the top graticule (full CW).
Page 82 INSTRUMENT STATE FULL SPAN INSTRUMENT PRESET (2 - 22 GHz) Chaper 10 INSTRUMENTSTATE GENERAL DESCRIPTION This chapter describes the INSTRUMENT STATE keys. Each key allows access to or activation of a specific set of functions and their values. Some of the sets are built into the analyzerand some are user defined. I N S T R U M E N T S T A T E Instrument states that can be selected: FULL SPAN...
Page 83 INSTRUMENT STATE FULL SPAN INSTRUMENT PRESET (2 - 22 GHz) Front Panel Preset m enables all the front panel functions designated by keys with white lettering. It will save a trace response in TRACE B, but not A or C. ,m, FUNCTIONS ACTIVATED WITH FULL SPAN KEY To be precise: FUNCTION:...
Page 84 FULL SPAN 0 - 2.5 GHz INSTRUMENT STATE SWEEP: Continuous TRIGGER: Free run INSTR CHECK: An internal instrument check is made. If the check is false, lights will stay on. KEY FUNCTION: Normal [auto] FUNCTIONS: Chapter 11, m KEY FUNCTION , discusses the implications of activating instrument preset during [,.,, FUNCTION use.
Page 85 INSTRUMENT STATE SAVING AND RECALLING INSTRUMENT STATES Some [,.., KEY FUNCTION values or states cannot be saved. Neither can information in the display memories, such as a title or trace. Example When a test sequence is used over and over, the instrument states can be set up in the registers prior to testing for recall during the procedure.
Page 86: Local Operation
INSTRUMENT STATE LOCAL OPERATION LOCAL OPERATION @ enables front panel control after an HP-IB remote LISTEN or TALK command has been executed. An HP-IB local lockout will disable @ until an HP-IB return to local command is executed or the LINE power is turned to STANDBY then ON again.
Page 87 (,,,rr KEY FUNCTIONS GENERAL DESCRIPTION Chapter 11 I KEY FUNCTIONS GENERAL DESCRIPTION This chapter describes access and use of the B KEY FUNCTION. Shift functions supplement a front panel function or provide unique measurement capabilities. The @ functions are not named on the front panel but are coded by the blue characters beside the keys. For- example, the frequency offset function is designated by the code V On the front panel the code V is found in the FUNCTION section : The shift functions are activated by pressing (WTII and then the front panel key with the appropriate blue code.
Page 88 FUNCTION SUMMARY k& KEY FUNCTIONS FUNCTION SUMMARY General Display Instrument State o Annotation blanked r HP-IB Service request ( Save registers locked P Enter HP-IB address p Annotation on ) Save registers unlocked f Power on in last state w Display correction data T Fast preset 2 - 22 GHz z Display Address g CRT beam off...
Page 89 (,.,,, -,v,z 151111 KEY FUNCTIONS DATA entries to shift functions are made only from the number/units keyboard. The ENABLED light remains off even though data may be entered. Data is entered (that is, changes the instrument state) only when a units key is pressed. If the entry has no units (an address, for example), use the p!!.
Page 90 i”“;? KEY FUNCTIONS When an offset is entered, its value is displayed on the CRT iji i i i DATA entry from the keyboard can be in Hz, kHz, MHz, or GHz for frequency and dB, - dB, mV and FV for amplitude.
Page 91 (,.,,, V -, A, B, C, D m KEY FUNCTIONS Frequency offset is entered as a negative value since the input frequency to the converter is lower than the output. EFFECTIVE MIXER LEVEL The effective mixer level is equal to the REFERENCE LEVEL minus the INPUT ATTENUATOR setting. It speci- fies the maximum signal level that will be applied to the input mixer for a signal that is equal to or below the REFERENCE LEVEL.
Page 92 H I, =,/ k& KEY FUNCTIONS EXTEND REFERENCE LEVEL RANGE Normally, the reference level can be set from - 89.9 dBm to + 30.0 dBm in coupled operation. The limits of the range can be extended to a maximum of - 139.9 dBm and + 60 dBm. press B m The lower limit of reference level depends upon resolution bandwidth and scale.
Page 93 kd KEY FUNCTIONS kd u, K, N MARKER SWEEPS Stop Sweep at Marker, TALK after Marker To stop the sweep at the marker, press MARKER I--] and press 11*0 u A marker must be activated to enter this sweep function. Each time a sweep is triggered, it will stop at the marker, even if the marker has been moved.
Page 94 m KEY FUNCTIONS k2 m, n, o, p, g, h, w GRATICULE AND ANNOTATION ON/OFF The graticule and character readouts can be selectively blanked with key functions. This is valuable when alterna- tive graphics are drawn on the CRT through the HP-IB. Graticule Blank: press [,,,, m...
Page 95 I KEY FUNCTIONS (,.lrll E, c, a, e, b, d TITLE The user can write a message in the top CRT display line. When the title is activated, the front panel blue characters, number keyboard numbers, decimal, backspace, and space can be typed onto the top line starting at the left of the display.
Page 96: Normal Mode
FUNCTIONS (,,,,, a, e, b, d Track A I D C R T V i d e o M e m o r y COtlV~rtW Display S i g n a l H o l d During a sweep, only a specified amount of time is available for writing data into each of the 1001 trace memory addresses.
Page 97 m KEY FUNCTIONS k!Yd j, k, I Readout Here, the same signal response is displayed with each trace detection mode. N O R M A L SAMPLE POSITIVE PEAK NEGATIVE PEAK TRACE C A third trace memory is available for the storage and display of trace information. Only the storage modes (view and blank) can be used.
Page 98 (,,,,1 i, I, B, j, m KEY FUNCTIONS The sweep will be suspended, the trace in memory B will be read and written into trace C from left to right in about 20 msec. Trace C is viewed. Sweeping will then resume from where suspended. The trace information in B is not changed.
Page 99 m A, ‘2, H KEY FUNCTIONS Change the modulation level again and press m A, and store with (,,,. A. The three traces are differenti- ated by intensity. VIDEO AVERAGING Video averaging is a trace display routine that averages trace responses from sweep to sweep without requiring a narrow video bandwidth.
Page 100 I”;;! KEY FUNCTIONS The advantage of video averaging over narrowing the video filter is the ability of the user to see changes made to the amplitude or frequency scaling of the display while smoothing the noise response. For example, when a 100 Hz video bandwidth is used with a 200 kHz frequency span, the sweeptime is 2 sec.
Page 101 bt KEY FUNCTIONS tY.L k, G, x, y, (, ) where Fn latest average amplitude value in display units current sample number Tn _ 1 last average amplitude in trace memory (TRACE A or B) new amplitude entry from analyzer (Trace C) The new amplitude value, yn, is weighted more heavily by the last average amplitudeij, _ 1 than the new amplitude entry, yn.
Page 102 Correction can be turned on or off using m X and (,.,,, Y after the routine has been successfully completed. See DISPLAY CORRECTION DATA in this chapter. For more information on accuracy, see the 8566B Spectrum Analyzer Data Sheet. 104 Manual Operation...
Page 103 ERROR CORRECTION ROUTINE m KEY FUNCTIONS The readout of the correction factors is as follows: Correction Values Displayed Line Parameter LOG and LIN scale Amplitude offset error between log and lin- (Res BW L 100 kHz) ear scale. Reference at 1 dB log. 10 dB/ Amplitude errors due to changing log scale.
Page 104 i2d T, U, Q, U, u S,R,t, i KEY FUNCTIONS FAST PRESET/HP-IB A partial instrument preset can be initiated with [,,,, T or B U. These key functions operate essentially the same as the @ instrument preset in that a specific full span is set, functions automatically coupled, and shift functions turned off.
Page 105 DIAGNOSTIC AIDS To aid in servicing the spectrum analyzer, there are a are listed here. Their operation and use are covered in number of diagnostic shift functions. These functions the HP 8566B Service Manual. CODE Frequency diagnostic on Disable step gain...
Page 106 USER DEFINED KEYS ENTERING A COMMAND LIST Chapter 12 USER DEFINED KEYS GENERAL DESCRIPTION This chapter describes the procedure for defining a numeric key(s) to allow the storage and execution of a list of commands. The procedure for remote storage and execution of command lists is contained in Section II of this manual.
Page 107 EXECUTING A SOFT KEY USER DEFINED KEYS EXECUTING A SOFT KEY After a command list is stored under a numeric key(s), it can be executed Press: (,,,, (shift light on) Enter defined numeric key(s) : 10 (shift light off) Terminate by pressing: #I Cm<...
Page 108 PLOTTER OUTPUT EXECUTING PLOTTER OUTPUT Chapter 13 PLOTTER OUTPUT GENERAL DESCRIPTION This chapter describes the procedure for executing the PLOTTER OUTPUT function, and provides information for preventing problems that may arise while attempting to execute it. EXECUTING PLOTTER OUTPUT Connect an HP plotter via HP-IB to the spectrum analyzer: Set the HP-IB address on the plotter to address 5: 4+1=5 ADDRESS...
Page 109 PLOTTER PENS PLO-lTER O U T P U T You can also blank the HP logo from the display. To do this from a computer, execute: OUTPUT 718; “DA 2174; DW 32;32;” Or, to execute it from the front panel, press: PLOTTER PENS Traces A, B, and C, and the annotation and graticule are individually plotted with four different pens, provided there are four pen locations in the plotter.
Page 110 Section II Programming FUNCTIONAL INDEX PROGRAMMtNG COMMANDS PROGRAMMiNG NOTES...
Page 111 Appendix H explains how to use the first LO output as a tunable microwave source. Appendix I describes some differences of operation between the HP 8566A and HP 8566B. Appendix J lists new HP 8566B commands and original HP 8566A commands that function identically. Programming 1...
Page 112 REMOTE OPERATION OVERVIEW The standard HP 8566B Spectrum Analyzer with an HP-IB controller allows: Remote operation of the analyzer front panel functions, including the shift key functions. Output of any analyzer function value or trace amplitude. See individual commands, including OL. See Appendix C.
Page 114 SW’ 26.6 -..c HP-IB Controller Any HP-IB compatible controller can be used to operate the HP 8566B. The overall system measurement speed and capability depend to a large extent on the computing, storage, and interrupt capabilities of the controller. The HP Series 200 Desktop Computers, HP Models 16, 26, and 36, are the computing controllers in this manual.
Page 115 Addressing the Spectrum Analyzer Communications between instruments via HP-IB require that a unique address be assigned to each instrument. The analyzer address, preset at the factory to 18, appears on the CRT display when the LINE power is turned from STANDBY to ON. L.-------- _________ iL ________ dev’...
Page 116 The read/write address of the HP 8566B can be changed from the front panel or via HP-IB by using the shift function I? Pressing [,.,, b. Q a @ sets the address to 18. To set the address to 8, press (,,,, b (TJ @.
Page 117 HP-IB only with POWER ON. Similar HP-IB disruption may result from pressing @ when the HP-IB is active. Thus, a local lockout is recommended during HP 8566B automatic operation. After analyzer power-on, wait 5 seconds before addressing it. Shift Function Codes Programming a shift function requires a code sequence similar to the manual procedure for activating a shift function;...
Page 118 Data Entry Via HP-IB A data entry through the HP-IB must meet the same requirements as a front panel DATA entry. It must have a number (value) and a message that terminates the entry, signaling the analyzer to assign the function value. The number code within the quote field must be a string of (ASCII) decimal numbers plus an optional decimal point.
Page 119 These non-unit code terminators originate in the controller’s language. A terminated entry without a units code defaults to the fundamental units for the function activated. The default units of power depend upon the amplitude readout units selected. Default Units Frequency Power dBm, dBmV dBpV or dB Voltage...
Page 120 FUNCTIONAL INDEX FREQUENCY CONTROL Specifies center frequency Couples step size Specifies start frequency Specifies stop frequency FOFFSET Specifies frequency offset Specifies full frequency span as defined by instrument Unlocks frequency band Specifies frequency offset Locks frequency band Specifies frequency span Specifies center frequency step size INSTRUMENT STATE CONTROL Sets instrument parameters to preset values...
Page 121 Specifies video bandwidth Specifies coupling ratio of video bandwidth and resolution bandwidth SWEEP AND TRIGGER CONTROL ‘CONTS Selects continuous sweep mode Couples sweep time Continues sweep from marker Stops sweep at active marker Sets external trigger (eliminates auto-refresh) Sets video trigger (eliminates auto-refresh) Specifies sweep time Selects single sweep mode SNGLS...
Page 122 MKTYPE Sets marker type *MT0 Turns off marker signal track Turns on marker signal track Turns off active marker Turns on active marker and moves it to center screen Turns on delta marker Turns on marker zoom COUPLING CONTROL ‘CA Couples input attenuation Couples resolution bandwidth * c s...
Page 123 DISPLAY CONTROL *ANNOT Turns annotation on or off. Preset condition is on. AUNITS Specifies amplitude units for input, output, and display Specifies display line level in dBm Turns display line on and off Turns graticule on or off. Preset condition is on. *GRAT Turns off CRT beam *KSh...
Page 124 CLRW Clear-writes specified trace register Stores and views trace C Stores and blanks trace C Writes to display memory in fast binary KS{ 39) KS{ 123) Reads display in binary units KS{ 125) Writes to display memory in binary units KS{ 126) Outputs every nth value of trace Moves source to the destination...
Page 125 TRPRST Sets trace operations to preset values TRSTAT Returns current trace operations TWNDOW Formats trace information for fast fourier analysis (FFT) VARIANCE Returns amplitude variance of trace USER-DEFINED COMMANDS *DISPOSE Frees memory previously allocated by userdefined func- tions. Instrument preset disposes ONEOS, ONSWP, and TRMATH functions.
Page 126 INFORMATION AND SERVICE DIAGNOSTICS COMMANDS Reads data word at analyzet’s internal input/output bus Writes data word to analyzer’s internal input/output bus Returns results of processor test Returns the HP model number of analyzer used (HP 85668 or HP 8568B) Shifts YTO by intermediate frequency Allows manual control of DAC Unlocks frequency band Turns frequency diagnostics on...
Page 127 Outputs trace B *TDF Selects trace data output format as 01,02,03,04, A-block data field, or l-block data field. Preset format is 03. Provides upper right x-y recorder output voltage at rear panel SYNCHRONIZATION DONE Sends message to controller after preceding commands are executed Takes a sweep SERVICE REQUEST...
Page 128 PROGRAMMING COMMANDS All the commands in this section are immediately executed. Command syntax is represented pictorially. All characters enclosed by a rounded envelope must be entered exactly as shown. Words enclosed by a rectangular box are names of items also used in the command statement. These items are described in the table below, and are also described in the tables below the syntax diagrams for each command.
Page 129 Function Label User-defined label declared in FUNCDEF statement. Alpha character of 2 to 12 characters: AA through ZZ and “-” (ASCII character 95). Recommend “-” Command List, I-Block Data Field Indefinite block data field consisting of and END. Key Number Integer (0 to 999) representing number of user-defined key declared in KEYDEF statement.
Page 130 Variable Identifier User-Defined Identifier declared in VARDEF statement. Alpha character of 2 to 12 characters: AA through ZZ and “-” (ASCII character 95). Recommend “-” as second character. Measurement-Variable Identifier Alpha characters representing instrument identifiers: AT, FB, KS/, MA, RL, VB, CF KSv, MF, SP DA, KSZ, OA, ST DL, RB, TH, FA, KSP LG Trace Element Dis-...
Page 131 Secondary Keywords Enclosed in Circles amplitude average detection 8-bit byte decibel (unit) absolute decibel milliwatt (unit) decibel millivolt DBMV decibel microvolt DBUV delta DELTA absolute decibel milliwatt (unit) decreases the parameter one step size pauses program operation for data entry from front panel equal external fast fourier transform (MKREAD command only)
Page 132 turn function on period peak-to-peak average detection PK-PIT peak minus average detection PK-AVG positive peak detection position seconds (unit) sample detection sweep time trace A trace B trace C increases the parameter one step size microvolts (unit) microseconds (unit) volts (unit) video 2-byte word returns a query response containing the value or state of the associated parameter...
Page 133 A D D r OPERAND 1 7 r D E S T I N A T I O N 7 r OPERAND 2 7 Item Description/Default Range Restriction Alpha character. User-defined AA-ZZ and _ TRACE LABEL statement. label declared in TRDEF 2-12 characters required.
Page 134 (Continued) ADD The following program demonstrates the ADD command. 0UTPUT718;“SNGLS;" OTJTPUT7l8;“VARDEFCOUNT,0:VARDEFSCORE,0;" OUTPUT 718;“FUNCDEF C-LOP,""" OUTPUT718;“REPEATTS;" OUTPUT7l8;“ADDCOUNT,COUNT,1;" OUTPUT 718;"UNTIL COUNT,EQ,3;""" OUTPUT718;“REPEAT;" OUTPUT718;“C,LOp;" OUTPTJT718;“ADDSCORE,SCORE,1;" 100 OUTPUT718;“UNTILSCORE,EQ,4;" The operands and results of trace math are truncated if they are not within certain limits. If operating on traces A, B, or C, results must be within 1023.
Page 135 A-B-‘A The AMB command subtracts trace B from trace A, point by point, and sends the difference to trace A A - B - > A The functions of the command AMB, the command C2, and front panel 11 key are identical. See Cl and C2.
Page 136 AMBPL A-B + display line -+A The AMBPL command subtracts trace B from trace A, point by point, adds the display line value to the difference, and sends the result to trace A, as demonstrated in the program below. A - B + display line + A OUTPUT 718;“IP;SNGLS;TS;A3;”...
Page 137 ANNOT Annotation ANNOT The ANNOT command turns the annotation on or off. OUTPUT 718;“ANNOT ON;” When queried (?), ANNOT returns the annotation state: on or off. The state is followed by carriage-return/line- feed (ASCII codes 13, 10). The end-or-identity state (EOI) is asserted with line feed. (See KSo and KSp.) 2 8 P r o g r a m m i n g...
Page 138 A+B-+A The APB command adds trace A and trace B, point by point, and sends the result to trace A. Thus, APB can restore the original trace after an A-minus-B function (AMB) is executed. A+B+A To successfully add all trace elements, place trace A in VIEW or BLANK display mode before executing APB. The sample program below has both traces in STORE mode.
Page 139 Attenuation real The AT command specifies the RF input attenuation from B to 70 dB, in 10 dB steps. The input attenuator is coupled to the reference level. This coupling keeps the mixer input level at or below a threshold, when a continuous wave signal is displayed on the spectrum analyzer screen with its peak at the refer- ence level.
Page 140 AUNITS Amplitude Units AUNIT The AUNITS command sets the amplitude readouts (reference level, marker, display line, and threshold) to the specified units. (See KSA, KSB, KSC, and KSD.) P r o g r a m m i n g 3 1...
Page 141 Average r D E S T I N A T I O N 7 ,-- OPERAND 7 v a r i a b l e -) i d e n t i f i e r i d e n t i f i e r n u m e r i c -c field data...
Page 142 (Continued) AVG The average counter may be set to 1 with the CLAVG command. 0UTPUT718;“SNGLS;A1;TS;RL;-50;B1;TS;" ForI=lTOlOO OUTFWT718;“AVGTRB,TRA,1ElO" NEx!rI P r o g r a m m i n g 3 3...
Page 143 Exchange A and B The AXB command exchanges trace A and B, point by point. The functions of the AXB and EX commands are identical. (Refer to Chapter 5 in Section I.) OUTPUT 718;“AXB;" Only trace information in display addresses 1 through 1001 and 1025 through 2025 is exchanged. 3 4 P r o g r a m m i n g...
Page 144 Clear-Write A The Al command enables the clear-write mode, which continously displays any signals present at the spectrum analyzer input. OUTPUT 718;"Al;" The Al command initially clears trace A, setting all trace A elements to a zero amplitude level. The sweep trigger then signals the start of the sweep, and trace A is continuously updated as the sweep progresses.
Page 146 View A The A3 command displays trace A and stops the sweep. Thus, trace A is not updated. When A3 is executed, the contents of trace are stored in display memory addresses 1 through 1001. A3 writes instruction word 1040’ into address PI. Therefore, any information stored in memory address 0 is always lost whenever A3 is executed.
Page 147 Blank A The A4 command blanks trace A and stops the sweep; the trace is not updated. When A4 is executed, the contents of trace A are stored in display memory addresses 1 through 1001. A4 writes instruction word 1072’ into address 0. Therefore, any information stored in address PI is lost when A4 is executed. If you have used address f3 for a graphics program or label, you may wish to save its contents before executing For additional information, refer to Appendix A.
Page 148 B-Display Line +B @ML) The BL command subtracts the display line from trace B and sends the difference to trace B. B - display line ---t B The functions of the BL and BML commands, and the front panel m key are identical. (Refer to Chapter 7 in Section I.) The following program demonstrates the BL command.
Page 149 BLANK Blank BLANK The BLANK command blanks trace A, B, or C and stops the sweep; the trace is not updated. Trace A and C are discussed below. For detailed information about trace B, see B4 in this section. ANALOG DISPLAY V I D E O _ MEMORY...
Page 150 B-display line *B The BML command subtracts the display line from trace B, point by point, and sends the difference to trace B. BML - display + B The functions of the BML and BL commands, and the front panel m key are identical. (Refer to Chapter 5 in Section I.) The following program demonstrates the BML command.
Page 151 Bus Read ANALYZER INTERNAL I / O B U S / - A D D R E S S T Range Restriction Item Description/Default INTEGER ASCII decimal number representing analyzer internal I/O bus address. The BRD command reads a two-byte word at the internal input/output bus of the spectrum analyzer, at the indicated address.
Page 152 B-I-C Transfer B to C The BTC command transfers trace B to trace C. Note that trace C is not a swept, active function. Therefore, transfer trace information to trace C as follows: Select single sweep mode (S2). Select desired analyzer settings. Take one complete sweep (TS) .
Page 153 Bus Write Word ANALYZER INTERNAL I/O B U S / - A D D R E S S 7 /-MESSAGE 3\ Range Restriction Item Description/Default ASCII decimal number INTEGER representing analyzer internal I/O bus address. decimal number INTEGER ASCII representing two-byte word. The BWR command writes a two-byte word to the spectrum analyzer internal input/output bus, at the indicated address.
Page 154 B X C Exchange B and C (KSi) The BXC command exchanges traces C and B, point by point. Note that trace C is not a swept, active function. Therefore, exchange traces C and B as follows: Select single sweep mode (SNGLS) . Select desired analyzer settings.
Page 155 Clear-Write Bl The Bl command enables the clear-write mode, which continuously displays any signals present at the spectrum analyzer input. O U T P U T 718;“Bl;” The Bl command initially clears trace B, setting all trace B elements to a zero amplitude level. The sweep trigger then signals the start of the sweep, and trace B is continuously updated as the sweep progresses.
Page 157 View B (--=--pQ The B3 command displays trace B and stops the sweep. Thus, the trace is not updated. OUTF’UT 718;“B3;” When B3 is executed, the contents of trace B are stored in display memory addresses 1025 through 2025. B3 writes the instruction word 1048’...
Page 158 Blank The B4 command blanks trace B and stops the sweep; the trace is not updated. When I34 is executed, the contents of trace B are stored in display memory addresses 1025 through 2025. B4 writes the instruction word 1072 * B4 is executed.
Page 159 Couple Attenuation During normal operation, the spectrum analyzer is coupled to the reference level. This coupling keeps the mixer input level at or below a threshold, when a continuous wave signal is displayed on the spectrum analyzer screen so that its peak is at the reference level. The CA command sets the threshold to - 10 dBm (or a value specified by KS or ML).
Page 160 Center Frequency real The CF command specifies the value of the center frequency, performing the same function as the front panel (xii-) key. (Refer to Chapter 3 in Section I.) When queried (OA or ?), CF returns the center frequency value as a real number, followed by carriage-return/line- feed (ASCII codes 13, 10).
Page 161 CLRAVG Clear Average The CLRAVG command sets the average counter to 1. The average counter is active during execution of the AVG command. OTJTPU’l’ 718; “CLRAVG;” 5 2 P r o g r a m m i n g...
Page 162 CLRW Clear/Write The CLRW command enables the clear-write mode, which continuously displays any signals present at the spectrum analyzer input. The CLRW command operates on either trace A or trace B. Trace A is discussed below. For detailed information about the clear-write mode and trace B. see Bl in this section. The CLRW command initially clears trace A, setting all trace A elements to a zero amplitude level.
Page 163 CNVLOSS Conversion Loss integer Description/Default Range Restriction Item INTEGER Selects reference level offset to O-60 compensate for conversion loss. The CNVLOSS command offsets the reference level. The reference level is calibrated when the analyzer is in external mixing mode by compensating for the conversion loss of an external mixer with the CNVLOSS offset. If a harmonic of the analyzer LO is not locked before the CNVLOSS command is executed, the message “NOT HARMONIC LOCKED”...
Page 164 COMPRESS Compress COMPRESSION ,r ALGORITHM 7 , - D E S T I N A T I O N 7 r SOURCE 7 t r a c e COMPRESS I abe I Description/Default Range Restriction Item Alpha character. User-defined label in AA-ZZ and _ TRACE LABEL TRDEF statement.
Page 165 COMPRESS (Continued) The compression algorithms determine how the compressed values are computed. Specifying AVG (average) computes the average value of the points in the interval as the compressed value. Specifying POS (positive) selects the highest point in the interval as the compressed value. Specifying NEG (negative) selects the lowest point in the interval as the compressed value.
Page 166 CONCAT Concatenate r OPERAND 17 / - D E S T I N A T I O N 7 r OPERAND 2 7 CONCAT Item Description/Default Range Restriction TRACE LABEL Alpha character. User-defined label AA-Zz and _ declared in TRDEF statement. 2- 12 characters required.
Page 167 CON-S Continuous Sweep The CONTS command sets the analyzer to continuous sweep mode. In the continuous sweep mode, the analyzer continues to sweep (sweep times L 20 ms) at a uniform rate from the start frequency to the stop frequency, unless new data entries are made from the front panel or via HP-IB.
Page 168 Couple Resolution Bandwidth The CR command couples the resolution bandwidth with the video bandwidth and sweep time. The counterpart to the CR command, the RB command, breaks coupling. Use CR to reestablish coupling after RB has been executed. The functions of the CR command and the front panel key (,,,, are identical P r o g r a m m i n g 5 9...
Page 169 Couple Step Size The CS command couples the center frequency step size to the span width, so that step size equals 10 percent of the span width, or one major graticule division. The counterpart to the CS command, the SS command, breaks coupling.
Page 170 Couple Sweep Time The CT command couples the sweep time with the resolution and video bandwidths. The counterpart to the CT command, the ST command, breaks coupling. Use CT to reestablish coupling after ST has been executed. OUTPUT 718;“CT;" The functions of the CT command and the front panel m key are identical. Programming 6 1...
Page 171 Convert to Absolute Units /- DESTINATION -x r OPEHAND 7 Range Restriction Description/Default Item AA-ZZ and _ Alpha character. User-defined VARIABLE 2- 12 characters required. IDENTIFIER identifier declared in VARDEF statement. Alpha character. Measurement- variable identifier representing amplitude value, such as MKA. NUMERIC Real DATA FIELD...
Page 172 C-I-M Convert to Display Units ,- DESTINATION 7 r OPERAND 7 Item Description/Default Range Restriction VARIABLE Alpha character. User-defined AA-Z2 and _ IDENTIFIER identifier declared in VARDEF 2- 12 characters required. statement. Alpha character. Measurement- variable identifier representing amplitude value, such as MKA. NUMERIC Real DATA FIELD...
Page 173 Couple Video Bandwidth The CV command couples the video bandwidth with the resolution bandwidth and sweep time. The counterpart to the CV command, the VB command, breaks coupling. Use CV to reestablish coupling after VB has been executed. OUTPUT 718; “Cv;” The functions of the CV command and the front panel (,,,, key are identical.
Page 174 A-B off The Cl command turns off the A-minus-B mode. OUTF’UT 718;“Cl;” The functions of the Cl command and the front panel (,,I] key, located above the 0 key, are identical. (Refer to Chapter 5 in Section I. Also see AMB and CZ.) P r o g r a m m i n g 6 5...
Page 175 A-B-A (AMB) The C2 command subtracts trace B from trace A, point by point, and sends the difference to trace A. A-B-A OUTF’UT 718; “C2;” The A-minus-B mode is turned off with the Cl command. The function of C2 is identical with that of the command AMB, and the front panel (, key.
Page 176 Display Address ,-DISPLAY MEMORY 7 ADDRESS Range Restriction Item Description/Default Represents analyzer display memory p, - 4095 INTEGER address. The DA command selects a specified display memory address to be the initial current (in-use) register. The display address register can then be accessed and advanced one address at a time with the DW, DD, and DR commands. Refer to Appendix B for additional information on the DA command.
Page 177 Display Write Binary i n t e g e r Item Description/Default Range Restriction INTEGER Represents 16-bit binary byte that is 4095 transmitted as two &bit bytes. The DD command writes two &bit bytes into the current or specified (with DA command) display memory address, and advances the address selection to the next higher address.
Page 178 (Continued) DD Refer to Appendix B for additional information about instruction words and display programming. The Consoli- dated Coding table in Appendix B is especially useful. P r o g r a m m i n g 6 9...
Page 179 Input Detector The DET command selects the kind of spectrum analyzer input detection: normal, sample, positive peak, or negative peak. Normal (NRM) enables the Rosenfell detection algorithm that selectively chooses between positive and negative peak values. The IP command (instrument preset) also activates normal detection. Sample (SMP) displays the instantaneous signal value detected at the analog-to-digital converter output.
Page 180 DISPOSE Dispose 7 OPERAND --\ f u n c t i o n DISPOSE I a b e l Item Description/Default Range Restriction TRACE LABEL Alpha character. User-defined AA -ZZ and _ label declared in TRDEF 2-12 characters required. statement. VARIABLE Alpha character.
Page 181 DISPOSE (Continued) If the analyzer remains locked up- that is, it does not respond to remote commands but does respond to front panel commands - and interface clear (shift reset) does not free up the analyzer, then execute the following lines: Send 7;...
Page 182 Divide r DEST I NAT ION r OPERAND 17 /- OPERAND 27 D I V Item Description/Default Range Restriction TRACE LABEL Alpha character. User-defined AA-ZZ and _ label declared in TRDEF 2-12 characters required. statement. ’ VARIABLE Alpha character. User-defined AA-ZZ and _ IDENTIFIER identifier declared in...
Page 183 DIV (Continued) The operands and results of trace math are truncated if they are not within certain limits. If operating on traces A, B, or C, results must be within 1023. If operating on user-defined traces, results must be within 32,767. 7 4 P r o g r a m m i n g...
Page 184 Display Line Range Restriction Item Description/Default Alpha character. User-defined AA-ZZ and _ VARIABLE 2-12 characters required. identifier declared in VARDEF statement. Alpha character. Measurement- variable identifier, such as CF or MA. Trace element, such as TRA [ 101 CRT. The level is in dBm The DL command defines a display line level and displays it on the and can be used in arithmetic functions, such as DIV or MXM.
Page 185 DL (Continued) When queried (? or OA), DL returns the display line level as a real number, folowed by carriage-return/line-feed (ASCII codes 13, 10). The end-or-identify state (EOI) is asserted with line feed. (See DLE.) 7 6 P r o g r a m m i n g...
Page 186 Display Line Enable The DLE command enables or disables the display line. The function of this command is similar to that of the DL and LI2) commands, and the display line mm and ‘m keys on the front panel. When queried (?), DLE returns the display line state, ON or OFF followed by carriage-return/line-feed (ASCII codes 13, 10).
Page 187 DONE Done command DONE l i s t Description/Default Range Restriction Item spectrum analyzer commands COMMAND LIST from this Remote section The DONE command is a synchronizing function. When DONE follows a command list, it sends the controller a 1 after the command list is executed.
Page 188 Display Read The DR command sends the contents of the current display address to the controller. Thus, the controller “reads” the contents of the display memory address. Use the DA command to specify the display memory address when executing DR for the fist time. After DR is executed, the display address is automatically advanced to the next higher address.
Page 189 DSPLY Display F I E L D DECIMAL r-WIDTH--\ r- PLACES I DSPLY Description/Default Range Restriction Item INTEGER Specifies number of digits decimal point. INTEGER Specifies number of digits to 0 to 9 Alpha character. User-defined AA-22 and _ VARIABLE 2-12 characters required.
Page 190 D-l- Define Terminator Range Restriction Description/Default Item TERMINATOR Marks end of text. ASCII codes 0 - 255 In the sample program below, the @ symbol is defined as a terminator by the DT command immediately preced- ing it. In line 30, separates the command string “RL -5ODM”...
Page 191 Display Write Item Description/Default Range Restriction INTEGER Integers representing display 0 - 4095 memory values or instruction words. The DW command sends a decimal number from the controller to the current or specified (with the DA com- mand) display memory address, and advances the address selection to the next higher address. If the DW command is followed by more than one number, they are all loaded into consecutive display addresses.
Page 192 Display Size Normal Display Size Full CRT Display Size Expand Display size commands Dl, D2, and D3 set the display size for CRT graphics. BEX is a fourth display size that can only be accessed by a display control instruction: graph, label, or vector mode. 256 (big expand) must be added to the control word, i.e., graph (1024 + 256).
Page 193 Dl , D2, D3 (Continued) Display size 4 can only be accessed by a display control instruction such as graph, label, or vector mode. Big expand (256) must be added to the word selected (i.e., label is 1025 + 256). A display program word can be a value from P, to 4095.
Page 194 (Continued) Dl , D2, D3 The display size commands combine the size instructions as follows: Consolidated Origin Ratio Display Coding Shifted to Dl Size Instructions none 1.00 1.13 bex and exs 1 . 6 8 1.49 big expand The display size determines the position and number of rows and columns for characters on the CRT display. This can be an important consideration when labeling graph lines or points.
Page 195 Dl, D2, D3 (Continued) Display memory is set up to contain 64 character spaces per line with respect to display size 1. When using the third and fourth display sizes, a label can only be a maximum of 44 characters. The remaining 20 characters of the label will be stored in display memory, but will not show up on the CRT display due to the expansion of D3 and bex.
Page 196 (Continued) Dl , D2, D3 OUTPUT 718; “D2;” The above program line selects display size 2 for the CRT display of the analyzer. Ascender Limit Character Boundary hand except for p, 11, Base Line Descender Limit /’ R aference Distance from References are in Display Units Single Character Space A single character space (see above) has an absolute outside limit of 16 (x) by 32 (y) units in any display size.
Page 197 Dl , D2, D3 (Continued) The first character of text will be positioned as shown: ‘9” - 304- 176- Character Spaces Lower Left Display Units at Center 8 8 P r o g r a m m i n g...
Page 198 Enable Entry The EE command sends values entered by the operator on the analyzer DATA keyboard to the controller. Gener- ally, the sequence of programmed events is as follows: A program loop prevents the controller from using the entered value until the operator signals that the entry is complete.
Page 199 EE (Continued) Using this program, the outputs printed by pressing particular DATA keys are as follows: (There is no response to pressing DATA [0] .) Method 2: Testing when an entry has been completed, and then exiting the program loop with a service request. OUTPUT718;“R1;R4;EE;"...
Page 200 (Continued) EE Some DATA entries and the corresponding printed outputs, as executed by this program, are shown in the following table. output DATA Entry Programming 91...
Page 201 Enable Knob The EK command allows data entry with the front panel data knob when the analyzer is under remote control. The front panel ENABLED indicator lights, indicating the data knob is functional, but other front panel functions remain inoperative. The following program requests the operator to position a marker on a signal that needs further analysis, while the program is paused.
Page 202 ELSE IF THEN ENDIF r OPERAND 1 > ,- OPERAND 2 7 THEN command command ELSE END I F I ist 1 ist Item Description/Default Range Restriction COMMAND LIST Alphanumeric character. Any spectrum analyzer command from this section VARIABLE AA-ZZ and _ Alpha character.
Page 203 IF THEN ELSE ENDIF (Continued) The following program uses the IF THEN ELSE ENDIF command to place a marker on the largest signal that is greater than the threshold level. OUTPUT 718;“IP;LF;TH-35DM;" OUTPUT718;“TS;MKPKHI;MA;" OUTPUT718;“IFMA,GT,TH" 0UTPUT718;“THENCF20MZ;" OUTPUT7l8;“ELSECF100MZ;TS;M.KPKHI;" OUTPUT718;“ENDIF;" E N D The program below does not incorporate the ELSE branch of the IF THEN ELSE ENDIF command.
Page 204 Erase Trace C Memory The EM command clears display memory addresses 3072 through 4095, which contain instruction words and amplitude information for trace C. The EM command loads the instruction word 1044 into addresses 3072 through 4095, and then establishes address 3072 as the current (in-use) address, placing this address in the display address register.
Page 205 ENDIF IF THEN ELSE rOPEAAND 1 \ / - O P E R A N D 2 7 n u m e r i c W U . n,ume,r.i CL(LTbi 9 6 P r o g r a m m i n g...
Page 206 ENDIF IF THEN ELSE (Continued) Range Restriction Item Description/Default COMMAND LIST Alphanumeric character. Any spectrum analyzer command from this section. AA-22 and _ Alpha character. User-defined identifier VARIABLE declared in VARDEF statement. 2- 12 characters required. IDENTIFIER Alpha character. Measurement-variable identifier, such as CF or MA.
Page 207 ENDIF (Continued) IF THEN ELSE The following program uses the IF THEN ELSE ENDIF command to place a marker on the largest signal that is greater than the threshold level. OUTPTJT718;“IP;LF;TH-38DM;" OUTPUT718;“TS;MKPKHI;MA;" OUTPUT718;“IFMA,GT,TH" OUTPUT718;“THENCF20MZ;" OUTPUT718;“ELSECF100MZ;TS;MKPKHI;" OUTPUT718;“ENDIF;" E N D The program below does not incorporate the ELSE branch of the IF THEN ELSE ENDIF command. The program lowers any signal positioned above (off) the analyzer screen.
Page 208 Exchange A and B command exchanges traces A and B, point by point. OUTPUT 718;“EX;" The functions of the AXB and EX commands are identical. (Refer to Chapter 5 in Section I.) P r o g r a m m i n g 9 9...
Page 209 Exponential SCALING rDESTINATION T r OPERAND ? /- FACTOR 7 Item Description/Default Range Restriction TRACE LABEL Alpha character. User-defined label declared in AA- 22 and _ TRDEF statement. 2- 12 characters required. VARIABLE Alpha character. User-defined identifier AA--and- IDENTIFIER declared in VARDEF statement. 2- 12 characters required.
Page 210 External Mixing Mode The EXTMXR command presets the external mixing mode, setting the frequency range from 18.0 GHz to 26.5 GHz. The frequency range is derived from the sixth harmonic of the analyzer local oscillator (LO). The preset conditions are as follows: Specifies the fifth LO harmonic as the start harmonic for the signal identification routine.
Page 211 EXTMXR (Continued) Line 20: Presets the instrument. Line 30: Sets a start frequency of 6.0 GHz which automatically selects the second harmonic. Line 40: Sets the analyzer to single sweep mode and takes one complete sweep of the current display. Line 50: Locks the second harmonic of the local oscillator.
Page 212 Peak Search The El command positions the marker at the signal peak. See MKPK OUTPUT 718;“El;" Programming 103...
Page 213 Marker to Center Frequency (MKCF) The E2 command centers the active marker on the analyzer screen, moving the marker to the center frequency. OUTF'UT 718; “E2;" The functions of the E2 and MKCF commands, and the front panel @ key are identical. 104 Programming...
Page 214 Delta Marker Step Size (MKSS) (--G---)-Q The E3 command establishes the center frequency step size as the frequency difference between the delta and active markers. (See M3 or MKD.) OUTPUT 718;“E3;" The functions of the MKSS and E3 commands are identical. Programming 105...
Page 215 Marker to Reference Level (MKRL) The E4 command moves the active marker to the reference level. OUTPTJT 718;“E4;" The functions of the E4 and MKRL commands, and the front panel @ key are identical. 106 Programming...
Page 216 Start Frequency real The FA command specifies the start frequency value. The function is identical with that of the front panel key The program line below illustrates command syntax. OTJTPUT718;“FA88MZ;" When queried (? or OA), FA returns the start frequency value, a real number, followed by carriage-return/line- feed (ASCII codes 13, 10).
Page 217 Stop Frequency The FB command specifies the stop frequency value. The function is identical with that of the front panel ‘““, key The program below illustrates command syntax. OUTPUT 718;"FB 88MZ;" When queried (? or OA), FB returns the stop frequency value, a real number, followed by carriage-return/line- feed (ASCII codes 13, 10).
Page 218 Fast Fourier Transform rWIND0W-x ?DESTINATION -\ rSOURCE 7 Item Description/Default Range Restriction AA-Z2 and _ TRACE LABEL Alpha character. User-defined label declared in TRDEF statement. 2- 12 characters required. Trace length must be 1008. For window, TRACE LABEL is also defined by TWNDOW The FFT command performs a forward fast fourier transform on a trace array.
Page 219 FFT (Continued) ORIGINAL S A M P L E D WAVEFORM ANALYSIS I N T E R V A L . =SWEEPTIME SAMPLED A N A L Y T I C . WAVEFORM The TWNDOW command allows the source trace array to be modified so the amplitude of the trace endpoints gradually diminish to zero.
Page 220 (Continued) FFT The amplitude and frequency uncertainty of the FFT display depends on the choice of the window, and the analyzer sweeptime. Amplitude uncertainty is maximum when the spectral component falls midway between the filter shapes. Passbands that are flatter in shape, like the FLATTOP filter, contribute less amplitude uncertainty, but frequency resolution and sensitivity are compromised (see TWNDOW) Of the three algorithms, the FLATTOP has the least amplitude uncertainty and greatest frequency uncertainty.
Page 221 FFT (Continued) - 2 0 - 3 0 - 4 0 - 5 0 - 6 0 - 7 0 - 1 0 0 -110 - 1 2 0 - 1 9 0 - 1 4 0 -150 ’ -180 ’...
Page 222 (Continued) FFT In summary, keep the following in mind when executing FFT: Perform fourier transforms on trace A, B, or C, or user-defined traces containing 1008 elements (FFT only. automatically creates a 1008 point array from trace A, B, or C.) FFT is designed to be used in transforming zero span information into the frequency domain.
Page 223 FOFFSET Frequency Offset integer Range Restrictions Item Description/Default Default is hertz. INTEGER The FOFFSET command selects a value that offsets the frequency scale for all absolute frequency readouts, such as center frequency. Relative values, like span, and delta marker, are not offset. After execution, the FOFFSET command displays the frequency offset in the active function readout.
Page 224 FORMAT STATEMENTS 01,02,03,04 The spectrum analyzer outputs must be formatted appropriately for the controller and measurement requirements. The spectrum analyzer transmits decimal or binary values, via the Hewlett-Packard Interface Bus (HP-IB), to a controller or other HP-IB device, such as a printer. The decimal and binary values represent trace information or instructions.
Page 225 FORMATSTATEMENTS (Continued) 03 Format The 03 format transmits trace amplitude information only, in measurement units: Hz, dBm,dB, volts, or seconds. The 03 format cannot transmit instruction words. A carriage-return/line-feed (ASCII codes 13, 10) always follows any data output. The end-or-identify state (EOI) is asserted with line feed.
Page 226 FORMATSTATEMENTS (Continued) 04 Format The 04 format transmits trace amplitude information only as a binary number. The binary number is one 8-bit byte composed from the bytes established with the 02 format. o o o o x x x x x x x x x x x x 0 2 11 ////// x x x x x x x x The 04 output is the fastest way to transmit trace date from the spectrum analyzer to the HP-IB bus.
Page 227 FORMATSTATEMENTS (Continued) OUTPUT @Sa; “ DA 0 03 DR ” 6 0 E N T E R @Sa;Dr3 OUTPUT @Sa; “ DA 0 04 DR” ENTER @Sa USING “#,B”;Dr4 9 0 P R I N T Drl,DrB,Dr3,Dr4 100 END Running the program above produces the following responses on the controller display. Note that all the responses are decimal numbers.
Page 228 FPKA Fast Preselector Peak The FPKA command automatically adjusts the preselector frequency to yield the greatest signal level at the active marker. The FPKA command peaks the preselector faster than the preselector-peak command, PI? Although this command can be executed in all frequency spans, it performs best when the instrument is in zero span.
Page 229 Full Span The FS command selects the full frequency span of 0 - 2.5 GHz. OUTPUT 718; “FS; ” The functions of the commands FS and LF; and the front-panel m function, are identical. 1 2 0 P r o g r a m m i n g...
Page 230 FULBAND Full Band (External) FULBAND Item Description/Default Range Restriction Specifies waveguide band. INTEGER 6to 17 Band Frequency Range Mixing Harmonic 18.0- 26.5 GHz 2 6 . 5 - 4 0 . 0 7 (A) 33.0- 50.0 9 U) 40.0- 60.0 10 W) 50.0- 75.0 11 (El...
Page 231 FUNCDEF Function Define ,p STRING DATA F I ELD -\ iunct ion string command FUNCDEF I abet del imi ter I ist ,p A-BLOCK DATA FIELD -\ iength ,p I - B L O C K D A T A F I E L D ‘-\ Item Description/Default Range Restriction...
Page 232 Graph integer Item Description/Default Range Restriction INTEGER Represents display memory Y-axis values. PI- 4095 The GR command, in the trace modes of operation only, plots HP-IB inputs as graphs on the analyzer CRT It is also used with auxiliary function codes to modify the appearance on the CRT of stored trace data (highlighting a portion of the trace, for example).
Page 233 GRAT Graticule GRAT The GRAT command turns the graticule on and off. 0UTPUT718;"GRAT;" When queried (?) , GRAT returns the graticule state: ON or OFF (See also KSn and KSm.) 124 Programming...
Page 234 Hold Data Entry (-X->-c;) The HD command disables data entry via the front panel DATA keyboard and blanks the active function readout. OUTPUT 718; “HD; ” Programming 125...
Page 235 HNLOCK Harmonic Lock integer HNLOCK Range Restriction Item Description/Default Real number representing an LO harmonic. INTEGER 1 - 6 4 The HNLOCK command prevents the analyzer from tuning with other than the specified LO harmonic. This command also restricts the tuning range of the LO to 6.2 GHz. If the harmonic specified with the HNLOCK command is not compatible with the current START and STOP frequency settings, these settings are automatically changed.
Page 236 (Continued) HNLOCK ASSIGN @Sa TO 718 OTJTPUT @Sa; “Yp,” OUTPUT @Sa;“FAG.P)GZ;” OUTPUT @Sa; “S2;TS;” OUTPTJT @Sa; “HNLOCK;” OUTPUT @Sa;“Sl;” OU’ITUT @Sa;“FAS.PIGZ;FB12.5GZ;” Line 20: Presets the instrument. Line 30: Sets a start frequency of 6.0 GHz which automatically selects the second harmonic. Line 40: Sets the analyzer to single sweep mode and takes one complete sweep of the current display.
Page 237 HNUNLK Harmonic Bank Unlock The HNUNLK command removes the harmonic lock established with the HNLOCK command, thus allowing the analyzer to tune over the whole input frequency range. The functions of the HNUNLK and KSQ commands are identical. 128 Programming...
Page 238 Input B The IB command transmits the contents of an array, located in the controller to trace B memory. Use IB with the 02 format, which formats data in two &bit bytes. The IB command cannot be executed when it is followed by a carriage-return/line-feed. Two examples of termi- nating the IB command are shown below: OUTPUT 718;“IB;“;...
Page 239 Identify The ID command returns the instrument identity to the controller: HP 8568B or HP 8566B. OUTPUT 718;“ID;" 130 Programming...
Page 240 IDSTAT Signal Identifier Status IDSTAT The IDSTAT command returns a 1,8, or - 1, representing the completion status of the signal identifier routine, to the controller. The 1 means the signal was found, indicating signal identification routine identifies signal and moves signal to center screen.
Page 241 THENELSEENDIF rOPERAND 1 -\ rOPERAND 2 I v a r i a b l e v a r i a b l e THEN i d e n t i f i e r i d e n t i f i e r n u m e r i c n u m e r i c d a t a f i e l d...
Page 242 (Continued) IF THENELSEENDIF The following program uses the IF THEN ELSE ENDIF command to place a marker on the largest signal that is greater than the threshold level. OTJTPUT718;“IP;LF;TH-35DM;" OUTPTJT718;“TS;MKPKHI;MA;" OUTPUT718;“IFMA,GT,TH" 0TJTPUT718;“THENCF20MZ;" OUTPUT7l8;“ELSECF100MZ;TS;MKPKHI;" OUTPUT718;“ENDIF;" E N D The program below does not incorporate the ELSE branch of the IF THEN ELSE ENDIF command. The program lowers any signal positioned above (off) the analyzer screen.
Page 243 Instrument Preset The instrument preset command, IP executes the following commands: Clears and writes trace A. CLRW A (Al) Blanks trace B . BLANK B (B4) Couples resolution bandwidth. Couples input attenuation. Couples step size. Couples sweep time. Couples video bandwidth. Turns off A-B mode.
Page 244 (Continued) IP Instrument preset automatically occurs when you turn on the analyzer, and is a good starting point for many measurement processes, especially when followed by the TS command. (When IP is executed remotely, the analyzer does not necessarily execute a complete sweep.) OTJTF’UT 718;...
Page 245 KEYDEF Key Define f u n c t i o n l a b e l KEYDEF Item Description/Default Range Restriction KEY NUMBER Integer 0 through 999 FUNCTION LABEL Alpha character. User-defined label declared in AA---and- FUNCDEF statement. 2- 12 characters required. The KEYDEF command associates a numbered key with a programming routine, which can be executed remotely or from the front panel.
Page 246 (Continued) KEYDEF To execute key 999 from the front panel, press these front panel keys: ~@@(g@ Once a key is defined, the routine is saved, even when the analyzer loses power or is preset. Use the DISPOSE command to clear a user-defined key When queried, KEYDEF returns the command list in a A-block data format.
Page 247 KEYEXC Key Execute Item Description/Default Range Restriction KEY NUMBER INTEGER. User-defined key number delcared 0 to 999 in KEYDEF statement. The KEYEXC command executes the specified defined key. The program below executes key 2, which contains a programming routine called M-AIN. The routine consists of several user-defined functions, declared with the FUNCDEF command, which sweep the analyzer over different frequency ranges.
Page 248 Amplitude in dBm The KSA command sets the amplitude readouts (reference level, marker, display line, and threshold) to dBm units. OUTPUT 718;“KSA;" The KSA command is identical to manual operation of the front panel (,,,, (,,,, keys, (See AUNITS.) Programming 139...
Page 249 Amplitude in dBmV The KSB command sets the amplitude readouts (reference level, marker, display line, and threshold) to dBmV units. OUTPUT 718;“KSB;" The KSB command is identical to manual operation of the front panel m m keys. (See AUNITS.) 1 4 0 P r o g r a m m i n g...
Page 250 Amplitude in dBuV The KSC command sets the amplitude readouts (reference level, marker, display line, and threshold) to dBuV units. OUTPUT 718; “KSC;” The KSC command is identical to manual operation of the front panel [,,,, h keys. (See AUNITS.) P r o g r a m m i n g 1 4 1...
Page 251 Amplitude in volts The KSD command sets the amplitude readouts (reference level, marker, display line, and threshold) to V units. OUTPUT 718;‘KSD;” The KSD command is identical to manual operation of the front panel (,,,, a keys. (See AUNITS.) 1 4 2 P r o g r a m m i n g...
Page 252 Title Mode Range Restriction Description/Default Item ASCII codes 32 through 126. Represents text displayed on screen. Character Represents text displayed on screen. REAL ASCII codes 0 through 255 Terminator Character defined in OT command that terminates text. ASCII code 13 Terminates text.
Page 253 KSE (Continued) To erase the message, execute instrument preset (IP) or recall an instrument state with the RCLS or RC command. The message can also be erased by executing a KSE command that does not contain a message, as in the program below.
Page 254 Shift YTO The KSF command is a diagnostic aid used for servicing the spectrum analyzer. The KSF command removes the IF offset from the YIG-tuned oscillator so that the start frequency can be tuned directly from the front panel. The functions of the KSF command and the m [:‘;1 keys are identical. P r o g r a m m i n g 1 4 5...
Page 255 Video Averaging On The KSG command enables video averaging. During video averaging, two traces are displayed simultaneously. Trace C contains signal responses as seen at the input detector. Trace A or B contains the same responses digitally averaged. The digital reduces the noise floor level, but does not affect the sweep time, bandwidth, or any other analog characteristics of the analyzer.
Page 256 Video Averaging off The KSH command disables $e video averaging function of the analyzer. The KSH command is identical with manual operation of the ( , . I , fz-& keys. OTJTPUT 718;“KSH;” (See KSG and VAVG .) P r o g r a m m i n g 1 4 7...
Page 257 Reference Level Range (Extended) The KS1 command extends the analyzer reference level range to maximum limits of - 139.9 dBm and + 60 dBm. The functions of the KS1 command and the m l&, keys are identical. The lower limit of the reference level depends on resolution bandwidth and scale selection, log or linear. When the reference level is set at minimum, the level may change if either resolution bandwidth or scale selection is changed.
Page 258 DAC Control Range Restriction Item Description/Default ASCII code 13 Carriage Return Sets all DACs to the specified value. Sets all DACs to the specified value. ASCII code 10 Line Feed Asserts end of text. The KSJ command is a diagnostic aid used for servicing the spectrum analyzer. The KSJ command allows the DACs on the Al6 Scan Generator and the A19 Digital-Analog Converter to be manually controlled from the front panel.
Page 259 Marker to Next Peak If an active marker is on screen, KSK moves the marker to the next signal peak of lower amplitude. See MKPK. The functions of the KSK command and the (snln b keys are identical. 1 5 0 P r o g r a m m i n g...
Page 260 Marker Noise Off The KSL command disables the noise level function which displays the RMS noise level at the marker. (See MKNOISE or KSM.) KSL does not blank the marker. Use MKOFF or Ml to blank the marker. (Because MKOFF and M2 remove the marker from the screen, they also disable the noise level mode.) 10 OIJTRJT718;“MKF50MZ;"...
Page 261 Marker Noise On The KSM command displays the RMS noise level at the marker. The RMS value is normalized to a 1 Hz band- width. The KSM command averages the amplitude of 32 elements about the location of the marker, in the frequency or time scale.
Page 262 Marker Minimum (MKMIN) The KSN command moves the active marker to the minimum value detected. (See also MKMIN.) OUTPUT 718; “KSN; ” The functions of the KSN and MKN commands are identical. See MKPK. The functions of the KSN command and the a m keys are identical. P r o g r a m m i n g 1 5 3...
Page 263 Marker Span (MKSP) The KS0 command operates only when the delta marker is on. (See MKD or M3.) When the delta marker is on, and KS0 is executed, the delta marker and active marker specifies start frequency, and the right marker specifies stop frequency If delta marker is off, there is no operation.
Page 264 HP-IB Address Item Description/Default Range Restriction Integer Id thru 30 The KSP command enables the user to display or change the current read/write HP-IB address of the analyzer. The KSP command is identical with manual operation of the front panel (,,,, ’ keys.
Page 265 Band Unlock The KSQ command unlocks the analyzer from a specific band (harmonic number). The functions of the KSQ keys are identical. command and the front panel m Q Either one of the full span keys, @ or m, will also unlock a preselected band. OUTPUT 718;...
Page 266 Diagnostics On The KSR command is a diagnostic aid used for servicing the spectrum analyzer. The KSR command displays specific internal frequency control parameters in the upper left corner of the CRT display. These parameters are the programmed values determined by the Controller Assembly, A15. The following is a sample of what might appear when KSR is executed.
Page 267 Fast HP-IB Remote Operation The KSS command enables fast HP-IB operation that allows the analyzer to operate faster than normal under remote operation. Fast HP-IB operation (KSS) remains in effect until deactivated by one of the following commands: IP LF, KSU, RCLS, or a local message (e.g.
Page 268 KS-I- Fast Preset 2-22 GHz The KST command enables a fast preset (2-22 GHz), similar to an instrument preset (IP) ypt that the internal bus check is not performed. The functions of the KST command and the front panel m keys are identical.
Page 269 Fast Preset External Mixer The KSU command presets the external mixer mode by setting the frequency range to 18.0-26.5 GHz. This frequency range is derived from the 6th harmonic of the analyzer local oscillator. The functions of the KSU command and the front panel m U4 keys are identical. ‘When KSU is executed, the analyzer does a fast preset (similar to KST) and readies the analyzer for external mixing by locking the frequency range to the 6th harmonic.
Page 270 Frequency Offset reai i The KSV command selects a value that offsets the frequency scale for all absolute frequency readouts, such as center frequency Relative values, like span and delta marker, are not offset. After execution, the KSV command displays the frequency offset in the active function readout. The offset value is always displayed beneath the CRT graticule line, as long as the offset is in effect.
Page 271 Error Correction Routine The KSW command executes a built-in error correction routine. This routine takes approximately 30 seconds to run and when completed, the instrument returns to its previous state. The functions of the KSW command and the front panel @ W keys are identical.
Page 272 Correction Factors On The KSX command automatically incorporates the error correction factors into measurements taken by the analyz- er. The CRT readout values are automatically offset by the error correction value. The functions of the KSX command and the front panel [,,I, @ keys are identical. The error correction factors are generated by an error correction routine.
Page 273 Correction Factors Off The KSY command prevents the error correction factors from being used in measurements taken by the analyzer. The functions of the KSY command and the front panel m ’ keys are identical. STOP PREP OUTPUT 718;“KSY;" KSW, KSw, and KSX. 164 Programming...
Page 274 Reference Level Offset (ROFFSET) Item Description/Default Range Restriction Default value for units is dBm (DM) REAL +-3OOdB The KSZ command offsets all amplitude readyts on the CRT display without affecting the trace. The functions of the KSZ command and the front panel (,,,, [-Tq keys are identical. Once activated, the KSZ command displays the amplitude offset in the active function block.
Page 275 Normal Detection The KSa command selects normal input detection for displaying trace information. This enables a detection algorithm called the Rosenfell detection, which selectively chooses between positive and negative peak values. The choice depends on the type of video signal present. OTJTPUT 718;...
Page 276 Positive-Peak Detection The KSb command selects positive-peak input detection for displaying trace information. During this mode, the trace elements are updated only when the detected signal level is greater than the previous signal level. (See DET.) OUTPUT 718; “KSb;” The KSb function and the front-panel m Ial function are identical. Programming 167...
Page 277 A+B+A (APB) The KSc command adds trace A to trace B, point by point, and sends the result to trace A. Thus, KSc can restore the original trace after an A - minus - B function (AMB) is executed. A + B - > A To successfully add all trace elements, place trace A in VIEW or BLANK display mode before executing KSc.
Page 278 Negative-Peak Detection The KSd command selects negative-peak input detection for displaying trace information. During this mode, the trace elements are updated only when the detected signal level is less than the previous signal level. (See DET) The functions of the KSd command and the I,-] b keys are identical. Programming 169...
Page 279 KSC? Sample Detection The KSe command selects the sample detection modeefor displaying trace information. The KSe command is identical with manual operation of the front panel m I-] keys. In sample mode, the instantaneous signal value of the final analog-to-digital conversion for the sample period is stored in trace memory.
Page 280 Protect Instrument State During Power Loss Use the KSf command to recall any instrument configuration in the event of power loss. If KSf is the last command executed, and the analyzer loses power, the instrument state at the time of power loss is restored when power returns.
Page 281 CRT Beam Off The KSg command turns off the CRT beam power supply to avoid unnecessary wear of the CRT in cases where the arlyzer is in unattended operation. The KSg command is identical with manual operation of the front panel @@jjj keys.
Page 282 CRT Beam On The KSh command turns the CRT beam on and is activated automatically with an instrument preset. The KSh command is identical with manual operating of the front panel [,.lrr h keys. OUTPUT 718;“KSh;" The above program line activates the CRT beam power supply of the analyzer. Programming 173...
Page 283 Exchange B and C The KSi command exchanges traces C and B, point by point. Note trace C is not a swept, active function. Therefore, exchange traces C and B as follows: 1. Select single sweep mode (SNGLS) . 2. Select desired analyzer settings. 3.
Page 284 View Trace C The KSj command displays trace C. Amplitude information for trace C is contained in display memory addresses 3073 through 4073. The KSj command displays this trace information on the analyzer display. KSj also sends the instruction word, 1048 , to address 3072.
Page 285 KSj (Continued) Line 50: Exchanges trace B and trace C. Trace C (containing no trace data) now appears on the display as trace B. The asterisk (‘) in the top right corner of the analyzer does not agree with the current display.
Page 286 Blank Trace C The KSk command blanks trace C. Amplitude information for trace C is contained in display memory addresses 3073 through 4073. The KSk command blanks trace C but does not alter the information stored in these addresses. KSk also sends the instruction word, 1044*, to address 3072. Therefore, any information stored in address 3072 is lost when KSk is executed.
Page 287 Transfer B to C W-C) The KS1 command transfers trace B to trace C. Note trace C is not a swept, active function. Therefore, transfer trace information to trace C as follows: 1. Select single sweep mode (S2). 2. Select desired analyzer settings. 3.
Page 288 Graticule Off The KSm command blanks the graticule on the analyzer display. The KSm command is identical with manual operation of the front panel m b keys. OUTFVT 718; “KSm.” 9 See also GRAT. Programming 179...
Page 289 Graticule On The KSn command turns on the graticule of the analyzer display. The KSn command is identical with manual operation of the front panel I,nml b keys. OUTPUT 718;“KSn;" See GRAT and KSm . I80 Programming...
Page 290 Characters Off The KSo command blanks the annotation on the analyzer display. The functions of the KSo command and the front panel [,.,,, & keys are identical. OUTPUT 718; “KSo;” See ANNOT and KSp. Programming 18 1...
Page 291 Characters On The KSp command turns on all annotation on the analyzer display. The functions of the KSp command and the front panel (,., p (,,, keys are identical. OUTPUT 718;“KSp;” See KSo and ANNOT. 182 Programming...
Page 292 Step Gain Off The KSq command is a diagnostic aid used for servicing the spectrum analyzer. The KSq command uncouples the step gain amplifiers (from attenuator changes) of the IF section (A4A5 Step Gain and A4A8 Attenuator-Bandwidth Filter). The functions of the KSq command and the (,.,, & key are identical. Programming 183...
Page 293 Service Request 102 The KSr command sends service request 102 to the controller, notifying the controller that the operator has requested service. See Appendix D. fLlN The functions of the KSr command and the (,,I, [ keys are identical. 184 Programming...
Page 294 Harmonic Lock (HNLOCK) The KSt command (harmonic lock) limits the tuning range of the analyzer to a specific harmonic of the local oscillator as selected by start and stop frequencies. The functions of the KSt command and the front panel (,., I-1 keys are identical.
Page 295 Marker Stop (X-- The KSu command stops the sweep at the active marker. (See also MKSTOF?) The functions of the KSu command and the @ b keys are identical. 186 Programming...
Page 296 External Marker Signal Identifier The KSv command enables a signal identifier routine that use the active marker to automatically identify the signal under observation in the external mixing mode. OUTPUT 718;“KSv;” If a marker is present on screen when KSv is executed, KSv determines the frequency and mixing harmonic of the signal at the marker.
Page 297 View Correction Data The KSw command displays the correction data of the error correction routine of the analyzer. KSW executes the correction routine. (See KSW.) The functions of the KSw command and the front panel i w [,I., keys are identical.
Page 298 (Continued) KSw Error Correction Table Parameter Specification + 1 dB typical LOG and LIN scale, BW <lOO kHz LOG 10 dB/ k (0.5 dB - 1 dB reading) L O G 5dB/ L O G 2dB/ + 0.5 dB LOG 1 dB/ &ldB’...
Page 299 External Trigger The KSx command activates the normal external trigger mode, but eliminates the automatic refresh for sweepti- mes less than 20 msec. (The T3 and TM commands do not inhibit the automatic refresh.) The functions of the KSx command and the front panel m $ keys are identical. When the KSx command is executed, the RF input signal is displayed only when the external trigger signal exceeds the threshold of the trigger level.
Page 300 Video Trigger The KSy command activates the normal video trigger mode, but eliminates the automatic refresh for sweeptimes less than 20 msc. (The T4 and TM commands do not inhibit the automatic refresh.) The functions of the KSy command and the front panel (,., ’ Trigger keys are identical.
Page 301 Storage Address The KSz command displays the specified display memory address of the analyzer from 0 to 4095. If an address is not specified, the analyzer displays the current address. The functions of the KSz command and the front panel keys are identical.
Page 302 Mixer Level (ML) The KS, command specifies the maximum signal level that is applied to the input mixer for a signal that is equal to or below the reference level. The effective mixer level is equal to the reference level minus the input attenuator setting. When KS, is activated, the effective mixer level can be set from - 10 dBm * to - 70 dBm in 10 dB steps.
Page 303 Automatic Preselector Tracking Use the KS= command to reinstate automatic preselector tracking after KS/ has been executed. Normally, the center of the preselector filter automatically tracks signal responses in the four frequency bands of the 2 to 22 GHz range. The KS/ command allows manual adjustment of the preselector tracking.
Page 304 Lock Registers The KS( command secures the contents of registers one through six. When the registers are secured, the SV and SAVE commands cannot save more instrument states in the registers, but instead write “SAVE LOCK” on the analyzer display. To save an instrument state in a locked register, first execute KS) to unlock the registers. The recall function of the analyzer is not affected by this function.
Page 305 Unlock Registers The KS) command unlocks the registers where instrument states are stored with SV and SAVE commands. The functions of the KS) command and the front panel (,.,, keys are identical. (,,,, When the registers are unlocked, new instrument states can be saved in registers one through six. Each time new states are stored, the original register contents are erased.
Page 306 The KS1 command writes the instruction word or data value into the specified display memory address. The functions of the KS1 command, the front panel [,,,) 1 keys, and the DW command are all identical. The sample program lines below demonstrate how to format the KS1 command. 10 OUTPTJT 718;“KSI;"...
Page 307 The KS# command turns off the YIG#tuned mixed (YTX) self-heating correction factor. The functions of the KS# command and the front panel (,., IL keys are identical. ,” Normally, preselector tracking is controlled by the preselector digital-to-analog converter (DAC) , and the thermal correction factor determined by the microprocessor.
Page 308 K S / Manual Preselector Tracking Use the KS/ command to manually adjust the internal preselector tracking. Normally, preselector tracking is automatically adjusted. (See PP and KS = .) However, the KS/ function is useful for adjusting preselector tracking of unstable signals, such as drifting signals or pulse modulated signals. To manually adjust tracking, execute KS/ and then use the spectrum analyzer data knob to peak the signal response at the marker position.
Page 309 KS39 Write to Display Memory ANALYZER MEMORY r ADDAESS y/1 DATA I r TERMINATOR 7 ‘ Item Description/Default Range Restriction 1 to 4095 Represents the analyer display memory INTEGER address. Must be sent to analyzer as two 8-bit bytes. 0 to 1022 INTEGER Represents amplitude data.
Page 310 (Continued) KS39 Sends the content of trace memory to the controller. Refer to the description of the KS123 Lines 10 to 100: mnemonic for a complete explanation of these lines. Lines 120 to 150: Erases trace A, B, and C memories and blanks the annotation and graticule. Line 170: Sends the KS39 command and the display memory address to the analyzer.
Page 311 KS43 Frequency Limit SRQ The KS43 command tells the analyzer to send the service request (SRQ) called “102” to the controller, if the analyzer current frequency band has been exceeded. In effect, KS43 lets the controller determine if the analyzer (because of commands given by the controller which exceed the analyzer frequency band) has automatically readjusted the start or stop frequency to keep it in the current band, or changed bands.
Page 312 KS91 Read Amplitude Error KS91 sends an amplitude correction value to the controller. This correction value improves measurement accuracy when it is subtracted from the amplitude measured by the analyzer. The analyzer compiles the KS91 correction value from calibration data stored in its memory by the KSW com- mand, the error correction routine.
Page 313 KS92 Write in Display Units r DATA I integer Item Description/Default Range Restriction INTEGER Represents display line, threshold, active 1 to 1022 marker, or delta marker amplitude in display units. The KS92 command tells the analyzer to receive the display line (DL), threshold line (TH), marker normal (M2), or delta marker (M3) position in display units.
Page 314 KS94 Read LO Harmonic Number The KS94 command reads the analyzer current LO harmonic number. On execution of KS94, the analyzer sends a binary code to the controller, which represents the LO harmonic number. The decimal equivalent of this binary code represents the LO harmonic number such that B represents the 1st harmonic, 1 represents the 2nd harmon- ic, 2 represents the 3rd harmonic, and so forth.
Page 315 KS 123 Read Display Memory The KS123 command sends the contents of display memory to the controller. Thus, the controller “reads” display memory. Starting at a designated address, KS123 sends 1001 of the 4096 analyzer display memory values to the control- ler.
Page 316 (Continued) KS 123 OPTIONBASE 1 DIM M$(B)[ 10241 O U T P U T 718;“02;” Da=0 FORI=lTO8 OUTPUT 718;“DA”;Da;“;KS”;CHB$( 123) ENTER 718 USING “#,1024A”;M$(I) Da=Da+512 100 NEXT1 110 ! 120 OUTPUT 718;“;A3;B3;Ml;LP);KSm;KSo;” 130 OUTPUT 718;“EM;KSi;EM; EX;KSi;EM;” 140 PRINT “OBSERVE BLANK SCBEEN;PBESS CONTINUE” 180 PAUSE 18C ! 170 OUTPUT 718 USING “#,K,B,W,“;“KS”;39;0...
Page 317 KS125 Write to Display Memory r DATA -\ Range Restriction Item Description/Default INTEGER Represents amplitude data. Each trace data o- 1022 value must be sent as two &bit bytes. Up to (1001 values) can be sent. 2002 bytes The KS125 command writes data, which is formatted in 2-byte binary, into the analyzer display memory The KS125 syntax requires a specified starting address that immediately precedes KS125.
Page 318 (Continued) KS1 25 Line 130: Places trace B in the view mode. This is necessary to prevent the analyzer from writing over the data placed back into trace B by KS125. Lines 40 to 150: Sets the analyzer display address to 1024 with the DA command and sends the KS125 command to the analyzer.
Page 319 KS126 Read Every Nth Value 7 VALUE 7 Item Description/Default Range Restriction Represents every Nth value of trace A, B, or C INTEGER PI- 1022 display memory. KS126 sends every Nth value in display memory to the controller. This is useful when more trace data than required are available.
Page 320 KS127 Write to Display Memory r DATA 7 l o c a l command Item Description/Default Range Restriction INTEGER Represents amplitude data. p! to 1022 LOCAL COMMAND Return spectrum analyzer to local control. Controller dependent. The KS127 command sends data, formatted in 2-byte binary, to the analyzer display memory All of the display memory addresses can be written to with a single execution of KS127.
Page 321 Label Item Description/Default Range Restriction CHARACTER Represents text displayed on screen. ASCII codes 32- 126 REAL Represents text displayed on screen. TERMINATOR Terminates text. Character defined in DT ASCII codes g- 255 command. End of text. ASCII code 3 The LB command writes text (label) on the CRT display with alphanumeric characters specified in the program. The text characters are each specified by 8 bits in a 12-bit data word which immediately follows the LB command.
Page 322 (Continued) LB When using LB, the end of the text must be terminated. If the text is not terminated, instructions and other text following the actual label statement are displayed on the CRT The label mode can be terminated with an ASCII end-of-text code (decimal code 3), or with a character specified by the DT command.
Page 323 (Continued) A sample program using the blink-on and blink-off codes is shown below. ASSIGN @?Sa TO 718 OUTPUT @Sa; “IPi” OUTPUT @Sa;“A4;KSo;D3;” UTPUT @Sa;“PU;PA 344,656;LB”;CHRS(17);“LABEL”;CHRJb(l8);CHR$(3); E N D For a binary format, line 50 can be written as follows: OUTPUT @Sa USING “K,B,K,B,B “;“PU;PA 344,666;LB”;l7;“LABEL”;l8.3; Line 30: Presets the instrument.
Page 324 (Continued) LB COdl (NLLI ’ ” 19’ l6’i & > 23’4 (LF) (VT) (FMFI (CR) I I0 I 1 I 5Kl6 5K32 I IL( 2L(2 (EKOF: 5K6Y 21 I I IS 1’19 I I7 I I8 2111 2’46 ‘Be ‘32 ‘2q >...
Page 325 PresetO-25GHz The LF command selects start/stop frequencies of $4 Hz and 2.5 GHz (in full span), a reference level of fiI dBm, and sets all the coupled functions to automatic. The functions of the LF command and the front panel FULL SPAN a key are identical.
Page 326 Log Scale integer Range Restriction Item Description/Default INTEGER 1,2,5, 10 The LG command specifies the vertical graticule divisions as logarithmic units without changing the reference level. The vertical scale may be specified as or 10 dB per major division. If no value is specified, as shown below, 1,2,5, the logarithmic scale is 10 dB per division.
Page 327 Lower Left The LL command sends a voltage to the rear panel RECORDER OUTPUTS. The voltage level remains until a different command is executed. Use the LL command to calibrate the lower left dimension of a recorder. The LL command is illustrated in the sample program below. 10 OUTPUT 718;“LL;"...
Page 328 Linear Scale The LN command scales the amplitude (vertical graticule divisions) proportional to input voltage, without chang- ing the reference level. The bottom graticule line represents a signal level of zero volts. The LN command selects V mV or UV as the vertical scale, depending on the vertical scale before LN is executed. Units other than V/DIV MV/DIV or uV/DIV can be selected by changing the reference level after executing LN.
Page 329 Logarithm SCAL INB r D E S T I N A T I O N 7 r OPERAND \ r FACTOR Y v a r i a b l e i d e n t i f i e r n u m e r i c d a t a f i e l d - Item...
Page 330 (Continued) LOG operands differ in length, the last element of the shorter operand is repeated for processing. When the operands are longer than the destination, they are truncated to fit. OUTF'TJT718;“LOGTRC,!J!RA10;" Programming 22 1...
Page 331 Display Line Off The LPI command disables the display line. The functions of the Llzl command and the front panel, reference line (ORj key are identical. The display line also can be turned on or off by the DLE and DL commands. OUTPUT 718;“L0;"...
Page 332 Marker Amplitude Output The MA command returns the amplitude level of the active marker to the controller, if the marker is on screen. If both the delta marker and active marker are on screen, MA returns the amplitude difference between the two markers.
Page 333 MBRD Processor Memory Block Read ANALYZER NUMBER MEMORY - A D D R E S S - / - - - BYTES- MBRD Range Restriction Item Description/Default ASCII decimal number representing analyzer INTEGER memory address. ASCII decimal number indicating number of INTEGER bytes to read.
Page 334 MBWR Processor Memory Block Write ,p S T R I N G D A T A F I E L D .-\ MBWR ,- A-BLOCK DATA F I ELD --\ /- I-BLOCK DATA F I ELD -\ Range Restriction Item Description/Default STRING Mark beginning and end of command string.
Page 335 Measurement Data Size The MDS command formats binary measurement: B selects a data size of one &bit byte. W selects a data size of one word, which is two 8-bit bytes. 226 Programming...
Page 336 Measurement Data Units The MDU command returns values for the CRT base line and reference level, in display units and measurement units. For example, the program below returns the following to the controller: 1000 -110 This means the vertical scale spans B to 1000 display units, or 100 dB, and the reference level is -10 dBm. OUTPUT718;“Ip;O3;"...
Page 337 MEAN Mean trace MEAN l a b e l Item Description/Default Range Restriction TRACE LABEL Alpha character. User-defined label declared in AA-ZZand- TRDEF statement. 2- 12 characters required. The MEAN command returns the mean value of the trace, in display units. Note that the value must be moved into a variable to be accessed.
Page 338 Memory The MEM command returns the amount of unused memory available for user-defined functions. These functions include TRDEF VARDEF FUNCDEF, ONSW, ONEOS, and TRMATH. The MEM command returns the number of available bytes to the controller followed by a carriage-return/line-feed (ASCII codes 13, 10).
Page 339 Marker Frequency Output The MF command returns the frequency level of the active marker to the controller, if the marker is on screen. If both the delta marker and active marker are on screen, MF returns the frequency difference between the two markers.
Page 340 Minimum r D E S T I N A T I O N \ r OPERAND 1 y r OPERAND 2 7 t r a c e t r a c e l a b e l l a b e l * v a r i a b l e i d e n t i f i e r n u m e r i c...
Page 341 Marker Amplitude Range Restriction Description/Default Item Amplitude range of analyzer REAL screen. The MKA command specifies the amplitude of the active marker in dBm, when the active marker is the fixed or amplitude type. (Instrument preset (IP) selects an amplitude marker. See MKTYPE.) When queried (?), MKA returns the marker amplitude, a real number, followed by a carriage-return/line-feed (ASCII codes 13, 10).
Page 342 MKACT Marker Active Item Description/Default Range Restriction MARKER NUMBER Integer. Default is 1. 1,2,3,4 The MKACT command establishes the active marker. There can be four different numbered markers, but only one marker can be active at any time. A variety of commands listed in this remote section operate on the active marker. Most of them begin with the letters “MK.”...
Page 343 MKCF Marker to Center Frequency The MKCF command centers the active marker on the analyzer screen, moving the marker to the center frequen- OUTPUT 718; “MKCF;” The functions of the MKCF and E2 commands, and the front panel (“2:-) key are identical. 234 Programming...
Page 344 MKCONT Marker Continue The MKCONT command resumes the sweep after execution of a MKSTOP or KSu command. Execute MK- CONT after MKSTOP or KSu . The functions of the MKCONT and KSt commands are identical. Programming 235...
Page 345 Marker Delta (M3) DELTA MARKER / FREOUENCY - real Item Range Restriction Description/Default Selects delta marker frequency. Default units is REAL The MKD command computes the frequency and amplitude difference of the active marker and a special marker, called the delta or differential marker. These values are displayed in the display readout. Differential value = active marker frequency - delta marker frequency Differential value = active marker amplitude - deIta marker amplitude If a delta marker is not on screen, MKD places one at the specified frequency, or at the right side of the CRT If an...
Page 346 (Continued) When queried(?), MKD returns the frequency difference between the delta and active markers. The frequency difference is returned as a real number, followed by a carriage-return/line-feed (ASCII codes 13, 10). The end-or-identify state (EOI) is asserted with line feed. Programming 237...
Page 347 Marker Frequency Range Restriction Description/Default Item Marker frequency limited to Represents marker frequency. REAL frequency range of spectrum analyzer display. Default value for units is Hz. The MKF command specifies the frequency value of the active marker. OIJTTUT718;“MKF 1OOMZ;” W h e n q u e r i e d (?), M K F r e t u r n s t h e a c t i v e m a r k e r f r e q u e n c y a s a r e a l n u m b e r f o l l o w e d b y a carriage-return/line-feed (ASCII codes 13, 10).
Page 348 Marker Minimum The MKMIN command moves the active marker to the minimum value detected. (See also KSN.) OUTPUT 718; “MKMIN;” Programming 239...
Page 349 Marker Normal 0’42) MARKER - F R E Q U E N C Y - > real Description/Default Range Restriction Default value for units is Hz. The MKN command moves the active marker to the marker frequency. If the active marker is not declared with MKACT, the active marker number is 1.
Page 350 Marker Noise MKNOI SE The MKNOISE command displays the RMS noise level at the marker. The RMS value is normalized to a 1 Hz bandwidth. OTJTPUT 718;“Ip;O3;" OUTPUT 718;“MKACT 1;" OUTPUT718;“MKF3GZ;" OTJTPUT7l8;“MKNOISEON;" OTJTPUT7l8;"MXNOISE?;" ENTER718;A$ PRINTA$ E N D When queried (?), MKNOISE returns ON or OF followed by a carriage-return/line-feed (ASCII codes 13, 10). The end-or-identify state (EOI) is asserted with line feed.
Page 351 MKOFF Marker Off MKOFF The MKOFF command turns off either the active or all markers displayed on the CRT Up to four markers can be displayed at one time. OTJTPTJT 718;"MKOFF;" 242 Programming...
Page 352 Marker Position Range Restriction Description/Default item 1 to 1001 INTEGER The MKP command specifies the marker position horizontally, in display units. The program line below positions the marker at the first major graticule line OUTPUT 7 18; “MKP 100;” When queried (?) , MKP returns the active marker frequency as a real number followed by a carriage-return/line- feed (ASCII codes 13, 10).
Page 353 MKPAUSE Marker Pause DELAY rPERIOD-\ Item Description/Default Range Restriction Delay time in seconds. 0 to 1000 seconds. REAL The MKPAUSE command pauses the sweep at the active marker for the duration of the delay period. OUTPUT 718;“MKPAUSE 100;” When queried (?), MKPAUSE returns the value of the delay period as a real number followed by a carriage-return/line-feed (ASCII codes 13, 10).
Page 354 MKPK Marker Peak The MKPK command positions on the active marker on signal peaks. OUTPUT 718;“MXPK NR;" Executing MKPK HI, or simply MKPK, positions the active marker at the highest signal detected. If an active marker is onscreen, NH, NR, and NL move the marker accordingly: Specifying NH moves the active marker to the next signal peak of lower amplitude.
Page 355 MKPX Marker Peak Excursion The MKPX command specifies the minimum signal excursion for the analyzer internal signal-identification routine. The default value is 6 dB. In this case, any signal with an excursion of less than 6 dB on either side is not identified. If MKPK HI (peak search) were executed on such a signal, the analyzer would not place a marker at the signal peak.
Page 356 MKREAD Marker Readout MKREAD The MKREAD command selects the type of active trace information displayed by the analyzer marker readout: marker frequency, period, sweep time, inverse sweep time, or fast fourier transform readout. When queried (?) , MKREAD returns the marker readout type, followed by carriage-return/line-feed (ASCII codes 13, 10).
Page 357 MKRL Marker to Reference Level (E4) The MKRL command moves the active marker to the reference level. OUTF'UT 718;‘WKRL;" The functions of the MKRL and E4 commands, and the front panel @ key are identical. 248 Programming...
Page 358 MKSP Marker Span The MKSP command operates only when the delta marker is on. (See MKD or M3.) When the delta marker is on and MKSP is executed, the delta marker and active marker determine the start and stop frequencies. The left marker specifies start frequency, and the right marker specifies stop frequency.
Page 359 Delta Marker Step Size (E3) The MKSS command establishes the center frequency step size as the frequency difference between the delta and active markers. (See M3 or MKD.) OUTPUT 718; “MKSS;” The functions of the MKSS and E3 commands are identical. 250, Programming...
Page 360 Marker Stop (KS4 The MKSTOP command stops the sweep at the active marker. (See also KSu.) OUTPUT 718;“MKSTOp;” Programming 251...
Page 361 MKTRACE Marker Trace MKTRACE The MKTRACE command moves the active marker to a corresponding position in trace A, B, or C. 0UTPUT718;“MKTRACETRB;" 252 Programming...
Page 362 MKTRACK Marker Track MKTRACK The MKTRACK command keeps the active marker at the center of the display. To keep a drifting signal at center screen, place the active marker at the desired signal before executing MKTRACK. (See MT1 and MT@. Also see (!@ key in Section I.) OTJTPlJT7l8;“MKTRACKON;"...
Page 363 MKTYPE Marker Type ( M K T Y P E )- The MKTYPE command specifies the kind of marker, Specifying MKTYPE AMP allows markers to be positioned according to amplitude, as shown in the line below, which positions a marker on a signal response at the -3 dBm level. OUTPTJT718;“TS;MKTYPEAMP;M.KA-3;"...
Page 364 Mixer Level (KS,) The ML command specifies the maximum signal level that is applied to the input mixer for a signal that is equal to or below the reference level. The effective mixer level is equal to the reference level minus the input attenuator setting. When ML is activated, the effective mixer level can be set from - 10 dBm* to - 70 dBm in 10 dB steps.
Page 365 Move r D E S T I N A T I O N 7 r OPERAND 7 trace - t r a c e l a b e l l a b e l data f i e l d Range Restriction Item Description/Default...
Page 366 M P Y Multiply r D E S T I N A T I O N y r OPERAND 1 -, rOPERAN 2 T Item Description/Default Range Restriction TRACE LABEL Alpha character. User-defined label declared in AA- 22 and _ 2- 12 characters required.
Page 367 MPY Continued The results and operands of trace math are truncated if they are not within certain limits. If operating on traces A, B, or C, results must be within 1023. If operating on user-defined traces, results must be within 32,767. OUTF’UT 718;“Ml’Y TFLA,TFLC,TRB;”...
Page 368 Memory Read Word ANALYZER MEMORY r-ADDRESS 7 integer Range Restriction Item Description/Default ASCII decimal number representing analyzer Must be even. INTEGER memory address. The MRD command reads two bytes, starting at the indicated spectrum analyzer memory address, and returns the word to the controller.
Page 369 MRDB Memory Read Byte ANALYZER MEMORY FADDRESS- MRDB Range Restriction Description/Default INTEGER ASCII decimal number representing analyzer memory address. The MRDB command reads the 8-bit byte at the analyzer memory address, and returns the byte to the controller, as ASCII code. 260 Programming...
Page 370 Marker Track Off The MTP) command disables the marker tracking mode. (See MKTRACK and MT1 . Also see @ key in Section OUTPUT 718;“IWl’0;” Programming 261...
Page 371 Marker Track On (X--)--Q The MT1 command keeps the active marker at the center of the display. To keep a drifting signal at center screen, place the active marker at the desired signal before executing MTl. (See MKTRACK and MT@. Also see @ key in Section I.) OUTPUT 718;“MTl;”...
Page 372 Memory Write Word ANALYZER MEMORY - A D D R E S S - - M E S S A G E - - \ i n t e g e r Item Description/Default Range Restriction INTEGER ASCII decimal number representing analyzer Must be even number.
Page 373 MWRB Memory Write Byte ANALYZER MEMORY - M E S S A G E - - ADDRESS - MWRB Range Restriction Item Description/Default ASCII decimal number representing analyzer INTEGER memory address. ASCII decimal number representing one 8-bit INTEGER byte. to a command writes a one-byte message memory address in the analyzer.
Page 374 Maximum rOPERAND 1 -\ r OPERAND 2 T r D E S T I N A T I O N 7 Item Range Restriction Description/Default Alpha character. User-defined label declared in AA-Z.Zand- TRACE LABEL 2- 12 characters required. TRDEF statement. AA-22 and _ VARIABLE Alpha character.
Page 375 MXM (Continued) The operands are truncated if they are not within certain limits. The limit for operands other than trace A, B, or C, is 32,767. OuTpuT718;"MxMTRA,TRC,TRB;" 266 Programming...
Page 376 MXMH Maximum Hold The MXMH command updates each trace element with the maximum level detected, while the trace is active and displayed. The functions of the MXMH and A2 commands, and front panel Iz] key are identical. ANALOG DISPLAY MEMORY V I D E O _ AMPL I TUDE CTROT...
Page 377 Marker Off The Ml command blanks any markers present on the CRT (See also M2, MKOFF, and MKN.) OUTPUT 718;"Ml;" 268 Programming...
Page 378 Marker Normal - M A R K E R F R E O U E N C Y \ r e a l Item Description/Default Range Restriction Real Default value for units is Hz. The M2 command moves the active marker to the marker frequency. If the active marker is not declared with MKACT, the active marker number is 1.
Page 379 Delta Marker DELTA MARKER - FREOUENCY \ Range Restriction Item Description/Default REAL Selects delta marker frequency. Default value for units is Hz. The M3 command computes the frequency and amplitude difference of the active marker and a special marker, called the delta or differential marker. These values are displayed in the display readout. Differential value = active marker frequency - delta marker frequency Differential value = active marker amplitude - delta marker amplitude If a delta marker is not on screen, MKD places one at the specified frequency, or at the right side of the CRT If an...
Page 380 (Continued) M3 OUTPUT 718; “M3 120MZ;” The M3 command function is identical with that of the MKD command, and similar to that of the front panel a key. Programming 27 1...
Page 381 Marker Zoom The M4 command activates a single marker at center frequency, the DATA knob changes the position of the marker and the STEP keys change the frequency span and sets the center frequency equal to the marker frequen- cy The functions of the M4 command and the front panel Marker Mode a key are identical. Once a single marker is positioned anywhere on the display, executing the M4 command immediately positions the marker at center frequency.
Page 382 NSTART Start Harmonic NSTAAT Description/Default Range Restriction Item INTEGER Real number representing analyzer LO 4- 63 harmonic. The NSTART command specifies the start harmonic for the signal identification (SIGID) routine. The signal identification routine searches with all harmonics between the start harmonic (NSTART) and the stop harmonic (NSTOP) .
Page 383 NSTOP Stop harmonic NSTOP I--- ~ ~ Item Description/Default Range Restriction number representing analyzer LO INTEGER Real 4-63 harmonic. The NSTOP command specifies the stop harmonic for the signal identification (SIGID) routine. The signal identifi- cation routine searches with all harmonics between the start harmonic (NSTART) and the stop harmonic (NSTOP) .
Page 384 Output Learn String The OL command transmits information to the controller that describes the state of the analyzer when the OL command is executed. This information is called the learn string. The learn string can be sent from the controller memory back to the analyzer to restore the analyzer to its original state.
Page 385 ONEOS On end of sweep ,- STRING DATA F I ELD a\ s t r i n g command O N E O S ) d e l i m i t e r I i s t ,- A-BLOCK DATA F I ELD -, l e n g t h 1 ,- I - B L O C K D A T A F I E L D -, Description/Default...
Page 386 ONSWP On Sweep ,- S T R I N G D A T A F I E L D \ s t r i n g command ONSWP d e l i m i t e r I ist ,- A - B L O C K D A T A F IELD -, command l e n g t h I i s t...
Page 387 Output Parameter The OP command returns parameter values, Pl and P2, which represent the dimensions of the lower left, and upper right analyzer display. The values returned represent X and Y in display units. A typical response to OP is O,O, 1023,1023; 0 , 1 0 2 3 , 1 0 2 3 OUTFVT 718;...
Page 388 Output Trace Annotations (T-J--Q The output annotations command sends 32 character-strings, each up to 64 characters long, to the controller. These character strings contain all the CRT annotations except annotations written with the label command, LB, the title mode, KSE, or the text command, TEXT The controller must read all 32 strings to successfully execute the command.
Page 389 OT (Continued) OUTPTJT718;"OT" FORN=lTO32 ENTER718;A$[N] N E X T N FORN=lTO32 100 PRINTA$(N) 110 N E X T N 120 E N D After turning line power on, an OT command and print routine print the following string array contents: RES BW 3 MHz VBW 3 MHz SWP 500 msec...
Page 390 01,02,03,04 FORMAT STATEMENTS The spectrum analyzer outputs must be formatted appropriately for the controller and measurement requirements. The spectrum analyzer transmits decimal or binary values, via the Hewlett-Packard Interface Bus (HP-IB), to a controller or other HP-IB device, such as a printer. The decimal and binary values represent trace information or instructions.
Page 391 01,02,03,04 (Continued) 03 Format The 03 format transmits trace amplitude information only, in measure units: Hz, dBm, dB, volts, or seconds. The 03 format cannot transmit instruction words. A carriage-return/line-feed (ASCII codes 13, 10) always follows any data output. The end-or-identify state (EOI) is asserted with line feed.
Page 392 (Continued) 01,02,03,04 04 Format The 04 format transmits trace amplitude information only as a binary number. The binary number is one 8-bit byte composed from the bytes established with the 02 format. 0 0 0 0 x x x x x x x x x x x x 0 2 ll////// x x x x x x x x The 04 output is the fastest way to transmit trace data from the spectrum analyzer to the HP-IB bus.
Page 393 01,02,03,04 (Continued) ENTER @Sa USING “# W”:Dr2 OUTPUT @Sa;” DA 0 03 DR ENTER @Sa;Dr3 OUTPUT @Sa;” DA 0 04 DR” ENTER @Sa USING “#,B”;Dr4 PRINT Drl,Dr2,Dr3,Dr4 1 0 0 EN-D Running the program above produces the following responses on the controller display Note that all the responses are decimal numbers.
Page 394 Plot Absolute rX POSITION7 ,-Y POSITION7 integer Item Description/Default Range Restriction Represents x,y coordinates of vector 0- 1022 INTEGER endpoint(s), in display units. The PA command specifies in display units a vector location on the CRT relative to display reference coordinates 0,O.
Page 395 Pen Down / - C O O R D I N A T E -\ r C O O R D I N A T E 7 Description/Default Range Restriction Item 0- 1022 INTEGER Represents x,y coordinates of vector endpoint(s), in display units. The PD command draws one or more vectors on the analyzer screen.
Page 396 Probability Distribution in Amplitude RESOLUTION r PARAMETER -\ rDESTINATION- - S O U R C E --\ Item Description/Default Range Restriction REAL Default is dBm. TRACE LABEL Alpha character. User-defined label declared in AA-ZZand- TRDEF statement. 2- 12 characters required. The PDA command loads the destination trace according to the pattern of amplitude values in the source trace.
Page 397 Probability Distribution in Frequency rDESTINATION-\ r SOURCE -\ Item Description/Default Range Restriction Alpha character. User-defined label declared in AA- 22 and _ TRACE LABEL TRDEF statement. 2- 12 characters required. When the PDF command is executed, elements of the source trace that are above the threshold value cause corresponding elements in the destination trace to be increased in amplitude by one display unit.
Page 398 PEAKS Peaks rDESTINATION- r SOURCE - PEAKS Range Restriction Description/Default AA- 22 and _ TRACE LABEL Alpha character. User-defined label declared in TRDEF statement. 2- 12 characters required. The PEAKS command sorts signal peaks by frequency or amplitude. PEAKS sorts the source trace and sends sorted results to the destination trace.
Page 399 PEAKS (Continued) PEAKS also returns the number of signal peaks found. To access this value, execute ENTER718;N PRINTN after line 40 of the example program. To access the data in the destination trace once PEAKS is executed, move the indexed trace data into a variable and display the variable on the screen, or return it to the controller by querying the variable.
Page 400 PLOT Plot PLOT Item Description/Default Range Restriction Plotter-dependent values that specify lower left Plotter dependent plotter dimension. Plotter-dependent values that specify upper Plotter dependent right plotter dimension. The trace data, graticule, and annotation of the analyzer’s screen can be directly transferred via HP-IB to a Hewlett- Packard plotter such as the 7245A/B, 724OA,7470A, 9872C, or 7550 using the PLOT command.
Page 401 Preselector Peak The PP command optimizes preselector tracking to peak the amplitude of a signal at the active marker. If a marker is not on screen, PP places a marker at the highest signal level, and optimizes preselector tracking at that frequency. Normally, preselector tracking is automatically maintained so that the center of the preselector filter tracks the sweep.
Page 402 Plot Relative r C O O R D I N A T E 7 7 COOR&NATE 7 Item Description/Default Range Restriction 0- 1022 INTEGER Represents CRT beam x and y coordinates, in display units, relative to the last beam position. The PR command specifies a plot location on the CRT relative to the last plot point coordinates.
Page 403 Skip Page The PS command causes the address pointer to skip over the addresses in the remaining portion of the display memory page in use, and go to the first address at the beginning of the next display memory page. Display control work 1056 (DW 1056) can be substituted for the PS command.
Page 404 Pen-up The PU command blanks the CRT beam to prevent plot vectors from being displayed on the CRT. A typical use of the PU command is shown in the sample program below. ASSIGN@SaTO718 OUTPUT @Sa;“IP,A4;KSm;KSo;" OUTPUT@Sa;“D2;PU;" OUTPUT@Sa;“PA700,500PD900,500" OUTPUT @Sa;“900,300,700,300,700" E N D Line 20: Presets the instrument and clears the display.
Page 405 PWRBW Power Bandwidth PERCENT OF rTOTAL POWER- PWRBW Item Description/Default Range Restriction TRACE LABEL Alpha character. User-defined label declared in 2.7 and _ TRDEF statement. 2- 12 characters required. REAL 0 to 100 The PWRBW command first computes the combined power of all signal responses contained in a trace array. The command then computes the bandwidth equal to a percentage of the total power, and returns this value to the controller.
Page 406 Resolution Bandwidth -o--b The RB command specifies the resolution bandwidth. Available bandwidths are 10 Hz, 30 Hz, 300 Hz, 1 kHz, 3 kHz, 30 kHz, 100 kHz, 300 kHz, 1 MHz, and 3 MHz. The resolution bandwidths, video bandwidths, and sweep time are normally coupled.
Page 407 Recall Last State (RCLS) Range Restriction Description/Default Item 1 through 9 Specifies analyzer register. DIGIT The RC command recalls registers containing a set of instrument states. Registers one through six are reserved for the user, and contain instrument states (such as front panel configuration) sorted with the SAVES or SV com- mands.
Page 408 Recall State Register RCLS Item Description/Default Range Restriction DIGIT Specifies analyzer register. 1 through 9 The RCLS command recalls registers containing a set of instrument states. Registers one through six are reserved for the user, and contain instrument states (such as front panel configuration) stored with the SAVES or SV commands.
Page 409 REPEAT UNTIL c o m m a n d UN1 I L I ist Description/Default Range Restriction Item Alpha character. User-defined identifier AA-U and _ VARIABLE 2- 12 characters required. IDENTIFIER declared in VARDEF statement. Do not follow identifier with semicolon. Alpha character.
Page 410 (Continued) REPEAT UNTIL Use the FUNCDEF command to nest a REPEAT UNTIL command within another REPEAT UNTIL looping construct. The program below defines “C-LOP” as a looping construct in lines 30 through 60. The construct is then nested into the REPEAT UNTIL command in line 80. OUTPUT718;“SNGLS;"...
Page 411 Revision The REV command returns the firmware revision number and HP date code. O U T P U T 718;“FLEV,” 3 0 2 P r o g r a m m i n g...
Page 412 Reference Level The RL command specifies the amplitude value of the top CRT graticule line, which is called the reference level. The reference level can be specified from - 89.9 dBm to + 30 dBm with 0.1 dB resolution. The reference level and input attenuator are coupled to prevent gain compression. Any signals with peaks at or below the reference level are not affected by gain compression.
Page 413 Root Mean Square Item Range Restriction Description/Default TRACE LABEL Alpha character. User-defined label declared in AA- 22 and _ 2- 12 characters required. TRDEF statement. The RMS command returns the RMS value of the trace, in display units. Note that the value must be moved into a variable to be accessed.
Page 414 ROFFSET Reference Level Offset (KSZ) ( R O F F S E T ) ROFFSET Item Description/Default Range Restriction REAL Default value for units is dBm (DM) . +-3OOdB The ROFFSET command offsets all amplitude readouts on tp CRT display without affecting the trace. The functions of the ROFFSET command and the front panel [,,,, fy) keys are identical.
Page 415 SRQ Mask Range Restriction Description/Default Item Integer representing a bit mask for service @- 255 INTEGER requests (SRQ) . The RQS command sets a bit mask for service requests (SRQ command). On execution of a SRQ command, the analyzer logically ANDs the RQS mask with the binary equivalent of the SRQ operand.
Page 416 Illegal Command SRQ The Rl command deactivates all analyzer service requests (SRQs) except SRQ140, the illegal-command service request. See Appendix D for more information on the Rl command Programming 307...
Page 417 End-of-Sweep SRQ The R2 command activates the end-of-sweep and illegal-command service requests. See Appendix D for more information on the R2 command. 308 Programming...
Page 418 Hardware-Broken SRQ The R3 command activates the hardware-broken and illegal-command service requests. See Appendix D for more information on the R3 command. Programming...
Page 419 Units-Key-Pressed SRQ The R4 command activates the units-key-pressed and illegal-command service requests. See Appendix D for more information on the R4 command. 310 Programming...
Page 420 SAVES Save State NUMERIC DATA rFIELD-. SAVES Range Restriction Item Description/Default l - 6 DIGIT Specifies register for storage of instrument states. The SAVES command saves the current spectrum analyzer state in any of registers one through six. Register contents are not affected by power loss, but previously saved data is erased when new data is saved in the same register.
Page 421 Signal Identification Delta Value SIBDEL integer Item Description/Default Range Restriction INTEGER Specifies maximum difference allowed 0,5, 10, 15,20, between the amplitude of a signal 25,30, and 35. and its image, in dB. The SIGDEL command specifies the maximum difference allowed between the amplitude of a signal and its image for the internal signal identification routine, used for external mixing bands.
Page 422 Signal Identification The SIGID command enables a signal identifier routine that uses the normal marker to automatically identify the signal under observation in the external mixing mode. The functions of the SIGID and KSv commands, and the front panel [,,,, ~ keys, are identical.
Page 423 SMOOTH Smooth n u m b e r o f p a i n t s SMOOTH Range Restriction Item Description/Default AA-22 and _ TRACE LABEL Alpha character, User-defined label declared in 2- 12 characters required. TRDEF statement. 1 < number of points < 39 Integer representing number of points for NUMBER OF Must be odd number.
Page 424 SNGLS Single Sweep The SNGLS command sets the analyzer to single sweep mode. Each time single sweep is pressed, one sweep is initiated if the trigger and data entry conditions are met. The functions of the SNGLS and S2 commands, and front-panel (,,,,, key are identical.
Page 425 Frequency Span r e a l The SP command changes the total display frequency range symmetrically about the center frequency. The frequency span readout displays the total display frequency range. Divide the readout by ten to determine the frequency span per division. Specifying 111 Hz enables zero span mode, which configures the analyzer as a fix-tuned receiver.
Page 426 Square Root - D E S T I N A T I O N - - S O U R C E - t r a c e t r a c e I abel l a b e l v a r i a b l e i d e n t i f i e r r e a l...
Page 427 User-defined SRQ Range Restriction Item Description/Default Integer representing a service request. 8- 255 INTEGER The SRQ command sends a service request to the controller when the SRQ operand fits the mask specified with the RQS command. On execution of a SRQ command, the analyzer logically ANDs the RQS mask with the binary equivalent of the SRQ operand.
Page 428 Center Frequency Step Size Item Description/Default Range Restriction REAL Default is Hz. The SS command specifies center frequency step size, and is the same function as the [“-“I key. OUTPUT 718;“SS 10MZ;CF up;” The above program line changes center frequency by 10 MHz. Programming 3 19...
Page 429 Sweep Time =--IQ r e a l The ST command specifies the rate at which the analyzer sweeps the displayed frequency or time span. The sweep times available are shown below. SEQUENCY SWEEP TIME FREQUENCY SPAN continuously 20 ms to 1500 set (>...
Page 430 STDEV Standard Deviation STDEV Range Restriction Item Description/Default AA-Z2 and _ Alpha character. User-defined label declared in TRACE LABEL 2- 12 characters required. statement. TRDEF The STDEV command returns to the controller the standard deviation of the trace amplitude in display units. OUTPUT 718;“IP;TS;S!I’DEV TRA;”...
Page 431 Subtract r D E S T I N A T I O N I r OPERAND 1 7 r OPERAND 2 7 Item Description/Default Range Restriction TRACE LABEL Alpha character. User-defined label declared in AA-22 and _ TRDEF statement. 2- 12 characters required. AA-ZZ and _ VARIABLE Alpha character.
Page 432 (Continued) SUB The results and operands of trace math are truncated if they are not within certain limits. If operating on traces A, B, or C, results must be within 1023. If operating on user-defined traces, results must be within 32,767. See TRMATH .
Page 433 Range Restriction Item Description/Default Alpha character. User-defined label declared in AA-22 and _ TRACE LABEL 2- 12 characters required. TRDEF statement. The SUM command sums the amplitudes of the trace elements, and returns the sum to the controller. OTJTPUT 718;“Ip; SNGLS;...
Page 434 SUMSQR Sum Square Description/Default Range Restriction AA-ZZ and _ TRACE LABEL Alpha character. User-defined label declared in 2- 12 characters required. TRDEF statement. The SUMSQR command squares the amplitude of each trace element, and returns the sum of the squares to the controller.
Page 435 Save State (SAVES) Range Restriction Description/Default l - 6 register for storage of instrument DIGIT Specifies states. The SV command saves the current spectrum analyzer state in any of registers one through six. Register contents are not affected by power loss, but previously saved data is erased when new data is saved in the same register. The functions of the SAVES and SV command, and front panel a key are identical.
Page 436 Skip to Next Control Instruction (----G--)-Q The skip-to-next-control-instruction command, SW, instructs the display to skip to the next control word from the present display memory address. Use SW to omit labels, markers, etc. from the display Display control word 1027 (DW 1027) can be substituted for programming command SW ASSIGN @Sa TO 718 OTJTPUT @Sa;...
Page 437 Continuous Sweep (CONT) The Sl command sets the analyzer to continuous sweep mode. In the continuous sweep mode, the analyzer continues to sweep (sweep time L 20 ms) at a uniform rate, from the start frequency to the stop frequency, unless new data entries are made from the front panel or via HP-IB.
Page 438 Single Sweep (SNGLS) The S2 command sets the analyzer to single sweep mode. Each time single sweep is pressed, one sweep is initiated if the trigger and data entry conditions are met. OUTPUT 718;“52;” The functions of the S2 and SNGLS commands and the front panel II-] key are identical. Programming...
Page 439 Transfer A The TA command transfers trace A amplitude values, in display units, from the analyzer to the controller. The display unit values are transferred in sequential order (from left to right) as seen on the CRT display. Display unit values that are stored in the display memory can be transferred to the controller in any one of the four output formats of the analyzer (01,02,03, or 04).
Page 440 (Continued) ASSIGN @Sa TO 718 PRINTER IS 701 DIM A( 1001) OUTPUT @a; “TP,LF;” ODTPDT @Sa;“CFlOOM3;SP2M3;S2;TS;” OUTPDT @Sa;“Ol;TA;” FOR N = 1 TO 1001 ENTER @Sa;A(N) N E X T N 110 ! FORN=490TO810 PRINT A(N) N E X T N 180 E N D Line 30: Reserves controller memory for 1001 amplitude values.
Page 441 Transfer B The TB command transfers trace B amplitude values, in display units, from the analyzer to the controller. The display unit values are transferred in sequential order (from left to right) as seen on the CRT display. Display unit values that are stored in the display memory can be transferred to the controller in any one of the four output formats of the analyzer (01,02,03, or 04).
Page 442 (Continued) ASSIGN@SaTO718 PRINTJZRIS701 DIMA(1001) OUTPTJT@Sa;“IP;LF;" OUTPTJT@Sa;"CF100MZ;SP2MZ;S2,TS;" OUTPUT @Sa;“Ol;TB;" FORN=lTOlOOl EN'IlZR@Sa;A(N) N E X T N 110 ! FORN=490TO810 PRINTA N E X T N 180 E N D Line 30: Reserves controller memory for 1001 amplitude values. Line 50: Presets the instrument. Line 60: Sets analyzer to 100 MHz center frequecy with 2 MHz frequency span.
Page 443 T D F Trace Data Format The TDF command formats trace information for return to the controller. OUTPUT 718; “TDF B;” Specifying M enables the 01 format and returns values in display units, from 0 to 1001. Specifying P enables the 03 format and returns absolute measurement values, such as dBm or Hz. Specifying A returns data as an A-block data field.
Page 444 T E X T Text TEXT Range Restriction Item Description/Default Must match. Marks beginning and end of !“$%&‘/: = @\S STRING command list. DELIMITER Alphanumeric characters. ASCII character 32 through Characters 126. The TEXT command writes text on the spectrum analyzer screen at the current pen position. OUTPUT 718;...
Page 445 Threshold TH TH Item Description/Default Range Restriction Threshold value defaults to nine major divisions below reference level. UP or DN to step threshold by 10 dB. The TH command blanks signal responses below the threshold level, similar to a base line clipper. The threshold level is nine major divisions below the reference level, unless otherwise specified.
Page 446 T H E Threshold Enable The THE command disables or enables the threshold level. The threshold level is specified by the TH command. OUTF’UT 718;“THE OFF;" When queried (? or OA), TH returns the threshold line state, followed by carriage-return/line-feed (ASCII codes 13, 10).
Page 447 THEN ELSE ENDIF / - O P E R A N D 11 r OPERAND 2 7 v a r i a b l e v a r i a b l e THEN i d e n t i f i e r i d e n t i f i e r n u m e r i c n u m e r i c...
Page 448 THEN ELSE ENDIF (Continued) OUTPUT718;“IP;LF;TH-35DM;" OUTPUT718;"T8;MKPKHI;MA;" OUTPUT718;“IFMA,GT,TH" OUTPUT718;“THENCF20MZ;" 0TJTPUT718;"EL8ECF100MZ;TS;MKPKHI;" OUTPUT718;“ENDIF;" E N D The program below does not incorporate the ELSE branch of the IF THEN ELSE ENDIF command. The program lowers any signal positioned above (off) the analyzer screen. OUTPUT718;“S2;TS;El;"...
Page 449 Trigger Mode The TM command selects trigger mode: free, video, line, or external trigger. See Tl, T2, T3, and T4. The query response return the trigger mode. OUTPUT 718;“TM EXT;" 340 Programming...
Page 450 TRDEF Trace Define trace TRDEF l e n g t h Range Restriction Item Description/Default AA- ZZ and _ Trace Label Alpha character. User-defined label declared in 2- 12 characters required. TRDEF statement. p, to 1008 TRACE LENGTH Determines the number of elements (points) in a trace.
Page 451 TRDSP Trace Display TRDSP The TRDSP command displays a trace or turns if off. The command does not affect any other trace operations. OUTPUT718;“TRDSPTRC,ON;" 342 Programming...
Page 452 TRGRPH Trace Graph TRACE EXPAND I NG r ARRAY 7 rFACTOR I The TRGRPH command displays a trace A, B, or C, or a user-defined trace anywhere on the spectrum analyzer display. The X and Y positions orient the trace above and to the right of a point on the CRT specified by the display address.
Page 453 TRMATH Trace Math ,- S T R I N G D A T A F I E L D -\ s t r i n g command ( T R M A T H -% del i m i t a r I i s t ,- A - B L O C K D A T A F I E L D ‘-, ,-- I - B L O C K D A T A F I E L D ‘-\...
Page 454 (Continued) TRMATH The program below halves the amplitude of trace A and moves it to trace B. If trace A is in log mode, this is equivalent to the square root of trace A. 10 OUTPUT718;“A1;B3;" 12 OUTPUT7l8;“DISPOSETRMA!FH;" 20 OTJTPUT718;"TFtMATH! DIVTFLB,TRA,2! ;" See DISPOSE.
Page 455 TRPST Trace Preset The TRPST command executes the following commands: DISPOSE ONEOS DISPOSE TRMATH DISPOSE ONSWP 346 Programming...
Page 456 TRSTAT Trace State TRSTAT The TRSTAT command returns trace states to the controller: clear-write, off, view, or blank. Trace Is Swept and Updated Trace Is Displayed Trace Clear/Write CLRW Trace Off TRDSP Trace View VIEW Trace Blank BLANK Programming 347...
Page 457 Take Sweep The take sweep command, TS, starts and completes one full sweep before the next command is executed. One TS command is required for each sweep in the single mode. The function, marker, trace, coupled function, preselector peak, automatic zoom and video average commands, and a number of the shii functions require one complete sweep to update the display and trace memory.
Page 458 Threshold Off The TP) command removes the threshold boundary and its readout from the CRT display. OUTPUT 718;"TO;" The function of the TpI command and the THRESHOLD m key are identical. 350 Programming...
Page 459 Free Run Trigger The Tl command sets the analyzer sweep to free run trigger mode. The functions of the Tl command and front panel a key are identical. See TM. OUTPTJT718;T1;" Programming 35 1...
Page 460 Line Trigger The T2 command sets the analyzer sweep to line trigger mode. This function triggers the analyzer sweep when the line voltage passes through zero in a positive direction. The functions of the T2 command and front panel m key are identical.
Page 461 External Trigger The T3 command sets the analyzer to external trigger mode. This function triggers the analyzer sweep when an external voltage passes through approximately 1.5 volts in a positive direction. The external trigger signal level must be between 0 and 5 volts. The functions of the T3 command and front panel (,,, trigger are identical.
Page 462 Video Trigger The T4 command sets the analyzer sweep to video trigger mode. This function triggers the analyzer sweep when the voltage level of a detected RF envelope reaches the level set by the trigger LEVEL knob. The level (set by the LEVEL knob) corresponds to detected levels displayed on the CRT between the bottom graticule (full CCW) and the top graticule (full CW) .
Page 463 UNTIL REPEAT C O N D I T I O N command R E P E A T U N T I L I ist Range Restriction Description/Default Item AA-Z2 and _ Alpha character. User-defined identifier VARIABLE Z- 12 characters required. declared in VARDEF statement.
Page 464 UNTIL (Continued) REPEAT Use the FUNCDEF command to nest a REPEAT UNTIL command within another REPEAT UNTIL looping construct. The program below defines “C-LOP” as a looping construct in lines 30 through 60. The construct is then nested into the REPEAT UNTIL command in line 80. OUTPUT718;“SNGLS;"...
Page 465 Upper Right Recorder Output The UR command sends a voltage to the rear panel RECORDER OUTFWTS. The voltage level remains until a different command is executed. Use the UR command to calibrate the upper right dimension of a recorder. OUTPUT 718; “U-R; ” UPPER RIGHT key are identical (See Introduction in Section I.)
Page 466 USTATE State - A-BLOCK DATA F I EL0 \ Range Restriction Description/Default Item Two 8-bit bytes specifying length of command LENGTH list, in 8-bit bytes. The most significant byte is first: MSB LSB. ASCII characters 0 to 255. 8-bit bytes of data representing command list. DATA BYTES The USTATE command configures or returns configuration of user-defined states defined by these commands: ONEOS...
Page 467 VARDEF Variable Define variable VARDEF real identifier Item Description/Default Range Restriction VARIABLE User-defined identifier. Alphanumeric AA-ZZ and _ IDENTIFIER character. 2- 12 characters required. The VARDEF command assigns a real value to a variable. The value is assigned immediately after VARDEF execution and reassigned during any instrument preset.
Page 468 VARIANCE Description/Default Range Restriction Alpha character. User-defined label declared in TRACE LABEL AA-22 and _ TRDEF statement. 2- 12 characters required. The VARIANCE command returns to the controller the amplitude variance of the specified trace, in display units. OUTPUT 718;“VARIANCE TRC;” 20 ENTER 718;N PRINTN 360 Programming...
Page 469 VAVG Video Average VAVG Item Description/Default Range Restriction AVERAGE LENGTH Real. Default is 100. Represents maximum number of sweeps executed for averaging. The VAVG command enables video averaging. During video averaging, two traces are displayed simultaneously. Trace C contains signal responses as seen at the input detector. Trace A or B contains the same responses digitally averaged.
Page 470 Video Bandwidth The VB command specifies the video filter bandwidth, which is a post-detection filter. Available bandwidths are 1 Hz, 3 Hz, 10 Hz, 30 Hz, 100 Hz, 300 Hz, 1 kHz, 3 kHz, 10 kHz, 30 kHz, 100 kHz, 1 MHz, and 3 MHz. The program line below sets the video bandwidth to 10 kHz.
Page 471 Video Bandwidth Coupling Offset The VBO command specifies the relation between the video and resolution bandwidths that is maintained when these bandwidths are coupled. The bandwidths are usually coupled, unless the RB or VB commands have been executed. Selecting P, sets the ratio to one, that is, the resolution and video bandwidths are always equal. Selecting 1 sets the video bandwidth one step wider than the resolution bandwidth: Resolution Bandwidth Video Bandwidth...
Page 472 VIEW View VIEW The VIEW command displays trace A, B, or C, and stops the sweep. Thus, the trace is not updated. Trace A and C are discussed below. For detailed information about trace B. see B3 in this section. DISPLAY - C% MEMORY...
Page 473 Exchange - D E S T I N A T I O N - - , / - - - D E S T I N A T I O N \ t r a c e l a b e l t r a c e l a b e l v a r i a b l e i d e n t i f i e r v a r i a b l e i d e n t i f i e r...
Page 474 Appendix E - FAST REMOTE OPERATJON (KSS AND KST) Appendix F -TUNING CURVES Appendix G - CENTER FREQUENCY/SPAN TUNJNG CHARACTERISTICS Appendix H - 1 ST LO OUTPUT Appendix I - OPERATING DIFFERENCES Appendix J - EQUIVALENT HP 8566B AND HP 8566A COMMANDS...
Page 475 DISPLAY MEMORY STRUCTURE APPENDIX A Appendix A DISPLAYMEMORYSTRUCTURE This appendix describes the spectrum analyzer display memory A summary of trace data manipulation by the trace mode functions is also included. The display memory is defined as the digital storage allocated in the spectrum analyzer for the information that is presented on the CRT display.
Page 476 APPENDIX A DISPLAY MEMORY STRUCTURE 1 0 2 3 1 0 0 0 7 0 0 6 0 0 Y P O S I T I O N 5 0 0 i n D i s p l a y U n i t s 4 0 0 3 0 0 2 0 0...
Page 477 APPENDIX A DISPLAY MEMORY STRUCTURE addresses on each line are those of the instructions for each readout. Address Contents * 2048-2049,2060-2064 controls marker, display line, threshold annotation and graticule on/off functions 2050 - 2054 marker dot 1 marker dot 2 2055 - 2059 center line marks 2065 - 2084...
Page 479 APPENDIX A DISPLAY MEMORY STRUCTURE B l a n k A 4 B 4 The sweep is stopped and the trace is not displayed. Exchange A and B The sweep is stopped. If either trace is in a CLEAR WRITE or MAX HOLD mode, it is placed in VIEW. The contents of traces A and B are exchanged.
Page 480 ADVANCED DISPLAY PROGRAMMING APPENDIX B Appendix B ADVANCED DISPLAY PROGRAMMING This appendix describes CRT display programming with the analyzer display language. A display program increases the CRT graphics capability of the spectrum analyzer. Explicit display programming generally uses less display memory, allowing more efficient use of the 4,096 display addresses available. Appendix A, Display Memory Structure, provides background material for information in this appendix.
Page 483 ADVANCED DISPLAY PROGRAMMING APPENDIX B clear x position (clx) : Reset the x axis display position to the far left (0,~). big expand (hex) : Amplify the x and y CRT beam deflection by a 1.9 factor. 1 expand and shift (exs) : Amplify the x and y CRT beam deflection by a 1.13 factor (expand) and shifts the (zero,zero) reference point to the lower left of the CRT screen.
Page 484 ADVANCED DISPLAY PROGRAMMING APPENDIX B NOTE Subroutines must not contain label or graph control words. A subroutine may not call another subroutine. The skip-to-next control instruction (skc) causes program execution to go to the next instruction in memory The skip-to-next page (skp) instruction causes program execution to go to the next address that is an integer multiple of 1024.
Page 485 ADVANCED DISPLAY PROGRAMMING APPENDIX B position. The second use is the count register for the decrement and skip-on-zero (dsz) instruction. The interpreta- tion for these two uses is shown below: 1110 load count register (Idc) - C O U N T I (lto255) 0110xxxxxxxx load threshold...
Page 487: Table Of Contents
APPENDIX B ADVANCED DISPLAY PROGRAMMING carriage return (CR) blink on (bkon) blink off (bkof) space (SP) skip to next 16 block (sk16) skip to next 32 block (sk32) skip to next 64 block (sk64) A blink on (bkon) will cause blinking of everything drawn on the display until a subsequent blink off (bkof) or an end of display (end) instruction is encountered with program execution.
Page 488 APPENDIX B ADVANCED DISPLAY PROGRAMMING The load program is: OUTPUT 718;"DA 3072;DW 1026,450,2498,2972,100:" Vector and Label (vtr and Ibl). To demonstrate the display instructions, a simple block diagram is drawn and labelled. Then the control words are modified with some of the auxiliary functions to demonstrate their use. First a graphics plan is drawn: (-300.0) Relative (0, -200)
Page 489 APPENDIX B ADVANCED DISPLAY PROGRAMMING address description program word 3072 1026 vector absolute 3073 x = 300 absolute 3074 y = 300 pen up 3OO+ZO48 2348 3075 x = + 300 relative 2048 2348 3076 o + o y = 0 pen down 3077 0+2O48 2048...
Page 490 ADVANCED DISPLAY PROGRAMMING APPENDIX B The display can now be modified by adding various auxiliary functions to the existing control words. Brighten the “INPUT” term by adding 128 (brt) to the label address 3089 (1025 + 128 = 1153). O U T P U T 718;“1153, 7 3 , 7 8 , 80, 85, 8 4 , 1028:” The label “INPUT”...
Page 491 APPENDIX B ADVANCED DISPLAY PROGRAMMING Note that a write binary (wtb) is used to transmit a mix of characters and non-character codes. PROGRAMMING WITH PROGRAM CONTROL INSTRUCTION WORDS These examples use both the commands listed in Section II and instruction words. End-of-Display (end) and Skip-to-Next-Memory-Page (skp) Instruction Words.
Page 492 APPENDIX B ADVANCED DISPLAY PROGRAMMING OUTPUT 718;"IP;S2;TS;DA 100;DW 1056;” (Note that programming code PS can be substituted for DW 1056.) A skp written into the trace C page skips the refresh pointer to DA 0 (trace A). This may cause an increase in the does trace intensity because the program not wait for a refresh trigger before beginning the next execution of the...
Page 493 ADVANCED DISPLAY PROGRAMMING APPENDIX B Before the program is loaded the display might look like this: After the following lines are executed the CRT would appear like this: OUTPUT 718;“IP;S2;TS;DA 500:DW 1024;” OUTPUT 718;“DA 100:DW 1035, 500;” The trace data that would have been shown between display addresses 100 and 500 is omitted and the data for addresses 501- 1001 is displayed at x positions 100 through 600.
Page 495 APPENDIX B ADVANCED DISPLAY PROGRAMMING The display would appear similar to this: Once a subroutine is written in a given location, care must be exercised that it is not accidentally changed. For example, storing a trace in trace C would destroy the subroutine beginning at DA 3080.
Page 496 ADVANCED DISPLAY PROGRAMMING APPENDIX B The program can then be written, loading the words sequentially as listed in the prior plan. OUTPUT 718;"IP;KSo;KSm:A4:"~ OUTPUT 718;"DA 3072:DW 1026,600,2348," 718;"1163,3199,1026,188,2348,1163," OUTPUT 718:"3199,1028:" OUTPUT OUTPUT 718;"DA 3199;DW 1026,1546,1026," OUTPUT 718;"2048,2073,2348,0,2048,2073," OUTPUT 718;"2772,0,1099." OUTPUT 718;"1035,3201," 718;"1227:HD;"...
Page 498: Blink On (Bkon)
APPENDIX B ADVANCED DISPLAY PROGRAMMING INSTRUCTION AND DATA WORD SUMMARY Display Control Instruction Data Word graph kw4 1024 amplitude: position unblanked position blanked y + 2048 negative blanked 4096-1~1 label (Ibl) 1025 character ASCII or special character code (~25f blink on (bkon) blink off (bkof) skip to next 16 block (sk16) * skip to next 32 block (sk32)
Page 499 LEARN STRING CONTENT APPENDIX C Appendix C LEARN STRING CONTENT The following table describes the learn string contents and coding, and the control settings restored when the learn string command, OL, is executed. (See OL.) A p p e n d i x 2 5...
Page 500 LEARN STRING CONTENT APPENDIX C HP 8566B LEARN STRING DECODING (1 OF 6) BIT USAGE BYTE NUMBEF EXAMPLE EXAMPLE DESCRIPTION 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 (decimal) Notifies analyzer that a learn string follows...
Page 501 APPENDIX C LEARN STRING CONTENT HP 8566B LEARN STRING DECODING (2 OF 6) BIT USAGE BYTE NUMBEA EXAMPLE EXAMPLE DESCRIPTION 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 l o - - - - - - 1 =Off l = L L...
Page 502 LEARN STRING CONTENT APPENDIX C HP 8566B LEARN STRING DECODING (3 OF 6) BIT USAGE BYTE NUMBER EXAMPLE EXAMPLE DESCRIPTION 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 3 MHz llll---- Resolution Bandwidth (RES BW) 15=3MHz 6=1 kHz 14= 1 MHz...
Page 503 LEARN STRING CONTENT APPENDIX C HP 8566B LEARN STRING DECODING (4 OF 6) BIT USAGE BYTE NUMBER EXAMPLE EXAMPLE DESCRIPTION 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 O------- l= - o= + Positive REF LEVEL Offset (KSZ), Sign - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0...
Page 504 LEARN STRING CONTENT APPENDIX C HP 8566B LEARN STRING DECODING (5 OF 6) BIT USAGE BYTE NUMBER EXAMPLE EXAMPLE DESCRIPTION 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Active Marker Y-axis position 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1...
Page 505 APPENDIX C LEARN STRING CONTENT HP 85668 LEARN STRING DECODING (6 OF 6) BIT USAGE BYTE NUMBER EXAMPLE EXAMPLE DESCRIPTION 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SWEEP TIME in pet. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0...
Page 506 SERVICE REQUESTS APPENDIX D Appendix D SERWCE REQUESTS This appendix describes the analyzer service request (SRQ) capability and the use of service requests to interrupt an HP-IB controller to obtain service. A service request is an analyzer output that tells the controller a specific event has taken place in the analyzer.
Page 507 APPENDIX D NOTE A serial polling technique must be used by the HP-IB controller to test for service requests. The analyzer does not respond to HP-IB parallel polling. The HP-IB controller response to a service request depends on the controller. The operating manuals for each controller discuss that control&s reaction to setting the SRQ line true.
Page 508 SERVICE REQUESTS APPENDIX D BASIC 2.0 SERVICE ROUTINE COMMANDS Interrupt Statements Example Comments ON INTR 7 GOSUB Shutoff ON INTR Declares the name of the service routine where program execution branches on interrupt from the peripheral speci- fied by select code 7. ENABLE INTR ENABLE INTR 7;2 Enables the calculator to accept an SRQ interrupt from...
Page 509 APPENDIX D SERVICE REQUESTS The CRT SRQ number is an octal number based on the binary value of the status byte. This octal number always begins with a “1” since this is translated from bit 6, the universal HP-IB service request bit. For example, the status byte for an illegal analyzer command (SRQ 140) is as follows: bit number status byte...
Page 510 APPENDIX D SERVICE REQUESTS SRQ(d SRQ Activating Cancelled Message Comments Command Allowed Illegal Command 140 only None Always activated, Rl dis- ables all SRQ’s but SRQ 140. End of Sweep 104 & 140 Also gives SRQ on comple- tion of CAL routine, video averaging, preselector peak, and auto-zoom.
Page 511 SERVICE REQUESTS APPENDIX D The “InterpreLsrq” subroutine. Lines 130 to 200: Turns off further interrupts from the HP-IB. This prevents the cascading of interrupts Line 130: generated by another service request from the analyzer. Line 140: Assigns the status byte to the variable “Status- byte”. This clears the analyzer’s SRQ (i.e., the status byte is reset).
Page 512 APPENDIX D SERVICE REQUESTS Executes the “Recorcldata” subroutine when an interrupt at select code 7 occurs. Lines 20 and 30: Enables interrupts from the HP-IB interface card. Lines 50 and 60: Sets the analyzer for the measurement. The TS command (take sweep) is the last command sent to the analyzer, and the controller CR/LF is suppressed with a semico- lon terminator.
Page 513 SERVICE REQUESTS APPENDIX D Lines 10 and 20: Executes the “Read-entry” subroutine when an interrupt at select code 7 occurs. Enables interrupts from the HP-IB interface card. Lines 70 to 90: Any main program. Line 100: Disables the R4 service request. Lines 130 to ZOO: Forms a subroutine that records the operator’s entry.
Page 514 SERVICE REQUESTS APPENDIX D DIM A(l001) DIM A$[201 ENABLE INTR 7;2 430” PRINT “Pressing S on the controller stops program when data is received.” LOCAL 20" 1dle:REPEAT ON INTR 7 GOSUB Which-inst ON KBD ALL GOSUB Stop UNTIL Idle llo stop:STOP 130 !*wl*****s******ff**ff* 140 Which inst:OFF INTR 7 150 !ff**i~****i*4k***~*4f**...
Page 515 APPENDIX D SERVICE REQUESTS HP4B A N A L Y Z E R C O N T R O L L E R Operator 3 performs Idle tests on device (lines 70 through 110) serial number 123 Stores results in trace B Service analyzer 18 SRQ Subroutine...
Page 516: Normal Operation
FAST REMOTE OPERATION (KSS AND KST) APPENDIX E Appendix E FAST REMOTE OPERATION (KSS AND KST) This section describes the execution time reduction for commonly used commands that involve sweeping, tuning, or active functions (for example - TS, CF; or El). NORMAL OPERATION During normal operation, the analyzer repeats a specific cycle of operations each time it sweeps.
Page 517 APPENDIX E FAST REMOTE OPERATION (KSS AND KST) Because KSS removes operation 4 and part of operation 5 from the sweep cycle, it reduces the execution time of commands involving a sweep cycle, tuning, or annotation. The following commands are some of those that execute faster with KSS: TS, CR, El, RB, SF? If a command does not require a sweep, or fetches information directly from the analyzer memory, its execution time is not affected by KSS.
Page 518 APPENDIX E FAST REMOTE OPERATION (KSS AND KST) To deactivate KSS and leave the analyzer in the same state, execute this command: OUTPUT 718;"RC0" NOTE The p) in “RCO” is a zero and not the letter 0. FAST PRESET (KST) The instrument preset command, IP initiates a cycle of operations similar to the five steps outlined before, but with the addition of an internal bus check.
Page 519 APPENDIX F TUNING CURVES Appendix F TUNING CURVES 50.1 40.t 3o.t ‘f3 22.0 (b - 20.0 16.0 16.0 14.0 12.0 10.0 ko GHz) A p p e n d i x 4 5...
Page 520 CENTER FREQUENCY/SPAN TUNING CHARACTERISTICS APPENDIX G Appendix G CENTERFREQUENCY/SPANTUNING CHARACTERJSTICS At the location of the band overlap (2.0- 2.5 GHz) or on band edges (- 1.0 GHz and 24 GHz), the frequency span may change as center frequency is tuned near the above locations. This situation occurs when the frequency, span is such that the equivalent start/stop frequency exceeds the tuning range of the analyzer.
Page 521 CENTER FREQUENCY/SPAN TUNING CHARACTERISTICS APPENDIX G Since the maximum stop frequency in low band is 2.5 GHz, the analyzer will reduce the span by changing the START FREQ in order to enable the center frequency to be tuned to 2.2. GHz. Hence, the equivalent START/ STOP FREQ is now 1.9 GHz/2.5 GH z, which yields a 600 MHz span.
Page 522 1 ST LO OUTPUT The 1st LO OUTPUT provides a nominal + 5 dBm signal that is tunable from 2.3214-6.1214 GHz. Since the HP 8566B is synthesized, the 1st LO can be used as a precise tunable microwave source. Example Using the 1st LO OUTPUT as a precision source;...
Page 523 The HP 8566A does not have an input buffer, and the HP-IB can be reset with an interface clear (IFC) . To reset the input buffer in the HP 8566B, use a device clear (CLEAR 718). This way, any commands in the input buffer of the HP 8566B are executed before instrument preset (IP) occurs.
Page 524 SWEEP + TUNEOUTPUT The Tuning Algorithm in the HP 8566B causes large pulses to appear at the end of a sweep or at a band crossing. These pulses do not appear on the HP 8566A.
Page 525 However, all examples have the potential to cause problems, because they don’t follow “B” syntax requirements. The HP 8566B interprets “A” software written like the above examples as invalid commands. As a result, the commands are not executed and an HP-IB command error should appear on the analyzer CRT Fortunately, this command error can be used as a method of finding software errors.
Page 526 APPENDIX J Appendix J EQUIVALENT HP 8566B AND 8566A COMMANDS The following list shows combinations of 8566B commands and secondary keywords that are equivalent to other 8566B commands common to the HP 8566A. The commands are interchangeable when programming the 8566B.
Page 527 APPENDIX J EQUIVALENT HP 8566B AND HP 8566A COMMANDS Mphabetical Listing of Alphabetical Listing of Equivalent Equivalent Commands Common Commands Common 8566B Command 8566B Command to the 8566A to the 8566A CLRWTRA DETNEG M X M H T R A...
Page 528 Section IV INDEX...
Page 529 INDEX BWR, 44 BXC, 45 A-B-,A,40,41 Bl, 46 A-B*AOFF;40 B2,47 A + B+A(KSc), 97 B3,48 As,,,39 B4,49 Active function, 30 ADD, 24 - 25 Addressing the spectrum analyzer, 5 Advanced display programming, App B C (TRACE) (see also Trace C modes), 99, 103 ALIGN, 29 CA, 50 Alphabetical keycode summary, 90...
Page 530 Entering a command lit, 109 Equivalent HP 8566B and HP 8566A commands, DA, 67 APP. Data CONTROLS, 15,16 Error correction routine (KSW), 4, 104 - 105 entries, 16,17 EX, 99 entry, via HP-IB, 8 Excessive input power, 3 entry, via front panel, under remote control, 9...
Page 531 Functional index, 11 - 18 FUNCTION keys, 11, 19 KEYDEE 136 - 137 Function summary, 90 Function/data summary, 27 Key definition, 109 KEYEXC, 138 Knob, 11 - 13, 15 - 16 KSA (amplitude in dBm) ,93,139 KSa (normal detection), 97, 166 KSB (amplitude in dBmv) ,93, 140 General Information, 1 KSb (positive peak detection), 97, 167...
Page 532 KSx (remove external trigger automatic refresh), 80, to next peak (KSK), 95 103,190 noise level measurement, 58 - 60 KSY (do not use correction data), 104, 164 NORMAL, 44 - 45 KSy (remove video trigger automatic refresh), 80, 103, OK44 on, 44 PEAK SEARCH, 52 - 53 KSZ (amplitude offset), 91, 165...
Page 533 MTl, 262 MWR, 263 MWRB, 264 PA, 285 MXM, 265 - 266 PD, 286 MXMH, 267 PDA, 287 Ml, 268 PDE 288 M2,269 Peak detection modes (KSa, KSb) ,97 - 99 M3,270 - 271 PEAKS, 289 - 290 M4,272 PEAK SEARCH, 52 Performance, 1 PLOT 291 Plotter addresses, 112...
Page 534 Remote operation overview, 2 - 9 Step size, center frequency, 76 Resolution bandwidth (RES BW) , 70 - 71 Step size, marker, 53 REPEAT UNTIL, 300 - 30 1 STOP FREQUENCY 24 Resolution of markers, 44 Stop sweep at marker (KSu) , 95 REV 302 STORE modes, 36 RF attenuation, 74...
Page 535 priority, 42 store mode, 37 - 39 transfer trace B to C (KSI) ,99 VARDEE 359 VIEW, 35,36,37 VARIANCE, 360 write modes, 36,37 VAVG, 361 Traces, 31- 32 VB, 362 TRDEE 341 VBO, 363 TRDSP 342 Vector, 32 TRGRPH, 343 Video Trigger, 79,80 - 81 averaging (KSG, KSH), 72,101- 103...
Page 536 HEWLETT-PACKARD SALES AND SERVICE OFFICES To obtain servicing information or to order replacement parts, contact the nearest Hewlett-Packard Sales and Service Office listed in the HP Catalog, or contact the nearest regional office listed below: IN THE UNITED STATES IN GERMAN FEDERAL REPUBLIC CALIFORNIA Hewlett-Packard GmbH Vertriebszentrale Frankfurt...
Page 537 HEWLETT PACKARD Printed in USA HP Part Number 08566-90040...

Agilent Technologies 8566B Operating And Programming Manual

Quick Links

Related Manuals for Agilent Technologies 8566B

Summary of Contents for Agilent Technologies 8566B

Table of Contents