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Related Manuals for National Instruments 776570-00
Summary of Contents for National Instruments 776570-00
- Page 1 SCXI ™ SCXI-1120/D User Manual Eight-Channel Isolated Analog Input Module and Eight-Channel Wide Band Isolated Analog Input Module for Signal Conditioning SCXI-1120/D User Manual September 1999 Edition Part Number 320425D-01...
- Page 2 Switzerland 056 200 51 51, Taiwan 02 2377 1200, United Kingdom 01635 523545 For further support information, see the Technical Support Resources appendix. To comment on the documentation, send e-mail to techpubs@natinst.com. © Copyright 1992, 1999 National Instruments Corporation. All rights reserved.
- Page 3 The SCXI-1120 and SCXI-1120D are warranted against defects in materials and workmanship for a period of one year from the date of shipment, as evidenced by receipts or other documentation. National Instruments will, at its option, repair or replace equipment that proves to be defective during the warranty period. This warranty includes parts and labor.
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Page 4: Table Of Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction About the SCXI-1120/D ....................1-1 What You Need to Get Started ..................1-2 Unpacking ........................1-3 Software Programming Choices ..................1-3 National Instruments Application Software ............1-3 NI-DAQ Driver Software ................1-4 Optional Equipment .......................1-5 Chapter 2 Configuration and Installation Module Configuration....................2-1 Digital Signal Connections................2-4 Using Jumpers W42 and W43 ............2-5... - Page 5 Contents Rear Connector Signal Descriptions ................3-9 Analog Output Signal Connections..............3-10 Chapter 4 Theory of Operation Functional Overview ..................... 4-1 Power-Up State ....................4-2 SCXIbus Connector and Digital Interface..............4-3 Digital Control Circuitry ....................4-4 Analog and Timing Circuitry ..................4-5 Analog Input Channels..................
- Page 6 DAQ Device Pin Equivalencies ............3-11 Table 5-1. Calibration Potentiometers Reference Designators.......5-2 Table A-1. Input Signal Range ................A-5 Table A-2. System Noise RTI (0.1 Hz to 50 kHz) ..........A-6 Table A-3. Switching Supply Noise (approximately at 100 kHz)......A-7 © National Instruments Corporation SCXI-1120/D User Manual...
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Page 7: About This Manual
This manual describes the electrical and mechanical aspects of the SCXI-1120 and SCXI-1120D (SCXI-1120/D) modules and contains information concerning their installation and operation. The SCXI-1120 and SCXI-1120D are National Instruments Signal Conditioning eXtensions for Instrumentation (SCXI) Series modules. The SCXI-1120/D provides eight isolated input channels. Each channel is independently configurable through jumpers. -
Page 8: National Instruments Documentation
DAQ hardware, and application hints. • Software documentation—You may have both application software and NI-DAQ software documentation. National Instruments application software includes ComponentWorks, LabVIEW, LabWindows/CVI, Measure, and VirtualBench. After you set up your hardware system, use either your application software documentation or the NI-DAQ documentation to help you write your application. -
Page 9: Introduction
(CJC) of thermocouples is included on the terminal block. This cold-junction reference (CJR) is either multiplexed along with the eight channels or connected by jumpers to a different channel of the DAQ device. © National Instruments Corporation SCXI-1120/D User Manual... -
Page 10: What You Need To Get Started
Chapter 1 Introduction With the SCXI-1120/D, the SCXI chassis can serve as a fast-scanning signal conditioner for laboratory testing, production testing, and industrial process monitoring. Detailed specifications of the SCXI-1120/D are listed in Appendix A, Specifications. What You Need to Get Started To set up and use your SCXI-1120/D, you will need the following items: SCXI-1120 or SCXI-1120D module SCXI-1120/D User Manual... -
Page 11: Unpacking
• Remove the module from the package and inspect the module for loose components or any other sign of damage. Notify National Instruments if the module appears damaged in any way. Do not install a damaged module into your SCXI chassis. -
Page 12: Ni-Daq Driver Software
ANSI standard C programming language. The LabWindows/CVI Data Acquisition Library, a series of functions for using LabWindows/CVI with National Instruments DAQ hardware, is included with your NI-DAQ software kit. The LabWindows/CVI Data Acquisition Library is functionally equivalent to the NI-DAQ software. -
Page 13: Optional Equipment
Macintosh, or Sun) or Sun) Figure 1-1. The Relationship between the Programming Environment, NI-DAQ, and Your Hardware Optional Equipment National Instruments offers a variety of products to use with your SCXI-1120/D, as follows: • Cables and cable assemblies, shielded and ribbon •... -
Page 14: Configuration And Installation
Configuration and Installation This chapter describes how to configure the SCXI-1120/D jumpers and how to install the SCXI-1120/D into the SCXI chassis. Module Configuration The SCXI-1120/D includes 46 jumpers that are shown in Figure 2-1. © National Instruments Corporation SCXI-1120/D User Manual... -
Page 15: Figure 2-1. Scxi-1120/D Parts Locator Diagram
Product Name, Assembly Number, Output Null and Serial Number Adjust Potentiometers Terminal Input Null Thumbscrew Block Adjust Second-Stage Mounting Potentiometers Filter Jumpers Hole Rear Signal Connector Front Connector Connector and Shell Mounting Holes SCXIbus Connector Grounding Digital Terminal Screw Jumpers Block First-Stage Mounting... - Page 16 W44 does not exist. Note The revision letter is located on the National Instruments label located on the side of each SCXI-1120/D module. The revision letter is found in the part number and is the letter found in that part number.
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Page 17: Digital Signal Connections
Chapter 2 Configuration and Installation Tables 2-1 to 2-2 list the description and configuration of the user-configurable jumpers. To change the configuration of the module, refer to Figures 2-1 and 2-2 as you perform the following steps: Remove the grounding screw of the SCXI module top cover. Snap out the top cover of the shield by placing a screwdriver in the groove at the bottom of the module and pushing down. -
Page 18: Using Jumpers W42 And W43
SERDATOUT line. The SERDATOUT line is driven with an open-collector driver. (An open-collector driver drives low or goes to a high-impedance state, relying on a pullup resistor to make the signal line go high.) © National Instruments Corporation SCXI-1120/D User Manual... -
Page 19: Using Jumper W44 On Revisions A And B Of The Scxi-1120
Chapter 2 Configuration and Installation When using a single chassis, leave W42 and W43 in position 1 on the SCXI-1120/D that is connected to the DAQ device. In this setting, the module drives MISO to SERDATOUT and connects the necessary pullup resistor to the SERDATOUT line. -
Page 20: Table 2-1. Digital Signal Connections, Jumper Settings
Applies only to SCXI-1120 Revisions C or later and all SCXI-1120D modules. Position 3—Parking position (not connected on Revisions A and B of the SCXI-1120). Position 1—Connects MISO to SERDATOUT (factory-default setting). Position 3—Parking position © National Instruments Corporation SCXI-1120/D User Manual... -
Page 21: Analog Configuration
Chapter 2 Configuration and Installation Table 2-1. Digital Signal Connections, Jumper Settings (Continued) Jumper Description Configuration Connects SLOT0SEL* to the SCXIbus INTR* line after buffering (factory-default setting). Applies to Revision A and B of the SCXI-1120 modules only. Factory-default setting Analog Configuration The SCXI-1120/D has 42 analog configuration jumpers. -
Page 22: Table 2-2. Jumper W46 Settings
OUTREF, pin 19, of the rear signal connector to the analog reference. Use when SCXI-1120/D has to operate with DAQ devices that have NRSE input. Do not use with DIFF input DAQ devices. © National Instruments Corporation SCXI-1120/D User Manual... -
Page 23: Direct Temperature Connection
Chapter 2 Configuration and Installation Direct Temperature Connection Jumper W41 Table 2-3. Jumper W41 Settings Description Configuration Position 1—Temperature sensor accessed in MTS mode (factory-default setting) Position 3—Temperature sensor accessed in DTS mode, DAQ device configured for NRSE or RSE mode. Can access sensor in parallel with other eight outputs or scan with other channels without software... -
Page 24: Table 2-5. Gain Jumper Positions
To determine the overall gain of a given channel on the SCXI-1120D use the following formula: × × Overall Gain -- - First-Stage Gain Second-Stage Gain Table 2-5. Gain Jumper Positions Gain Setting Jumper Position First-stage A (factory-default setting) © National Instruments Corporation 2-11 SCXI-1120/D User Manual... -
Page 25: Scxi-1120 Filter Jumpers
Chapter 2 Configuration and Installation Table 2-5. Gain Jumper Positions (Continued) Gain Setting Jumper Position Second-stage D (factory-default setting for the SCXI-1120) E (factory-default setting for the SCXI-1120D) SCXI-1120 Filter Jumpers Two-stage filtering is also available on your SCXI-1120 module. The first stage is located in the isolated section of the input channel, whereas the second stage is located in the nonisolated section of your input channel. -
Page 26: Scxi-1120D Filter Jumpers
Your SCXI-1120D is shipped in the 4.5 kHz position. Verify that both stages are set to the same bandwidth to ensure that the required bandwidth is achieved. Notice that one jumper block is available for each filter stage. © National Instruments Corporation 2-13 SCXI-1120/D User Manual... -
Page 27: Hardware Installation
Chapter 2 Configuration and Installation Hardware Installation You can install the SCXI-1120/D in any available SCXI chassis. The following are general installation instructions. Consult your SCXI chassis manual for specific instructions and warnings. Turn off the computer that contains the DAQ device or disconnect it from your SCXI chassis. -
Page 28: Signal Connections
If the device is damaged, turn the device off and do not use until service-trained personnel can check its safety. If necessary, return the device to National Instruments for service and repair to ensure that its safety is not compromised. - Page 29 MUST wires for the highest input voltage. National Instruments is not liable for any damages or injuries resulting from inadequate signal wire insulation. Use only 26 to 14 AWG wire with a voltage rating of 300 V and 60 °C for measuring 250 to 300 V; use only 600 V and 60 °C for measuring 480 V.
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Page 30: Scxi-1120/D Front Connector
CH2- CH3+ CH3- CH4+ CH4- CH5+ CH5- CH6+ CH6- CH7+ CH7- RSVD RSVD RSVD +5 V MTEMP CHSGND DTEMP - This symbol represents no physical pin Figure 3-1. SCXI-1120/D Front Connector Pin Assignments © National Instruments Corporation SCXI-1120/D User Manual... -
Page 31: Front Connector Signal Descriptions
Chapter 3 Signal Connections Front Connector Signal Descriptions SCXI-1120/D front connector signal descriptions are listed in Table 3-1. Table 3-1. SCXI-1120/D Front Connector Signal Descriptions Signal Name Description CHSGND Chassis Ground—Tied to the SCXI chassis. DTEMP Direct Temperature Sensor—Connects the temperature sensor to pin 18 of the rear signal connector MCH7- when the terminal block is configured for direct temperature connection... -
Page 32: Analog Input Channels
SCXI-1120/D. High Module Figure 3-2. Ground-Referenced Signal Connection for the SCXI-1120/D with High Common-Mode Voltage Module Figure 3-3. Floating Signal Connection for the SCXI-1120/D Referenced to Chassis Ground for Better Signal-to-Noise Ratio © National Instruments Corporation SCXI-1120/D User Manual... -
Page 33: Floating Ac-Coupled Signal Connection For The Scxi-1120
Chapter 3 Signal Connections Module Figure 3-4. Floating AC-Coupled Signal Connection for the SCXI-1120 bias High Module Figure 3-5. AC-Coupled Signal Connection for the SCXI-1120 with High Common-Mode Voltage ♦ SCXI-1120 When you connect AC-coupled signals to the SCXI-1120, connect an external resistor from the positive input channel to the signal reference to provide the DC path for the positive input bias current. -
Page 34: Temperature Sensor Connection
Pins C2 and C4 are dedicated for connecting to a terminal block temperature sensor. The temperature sensor is not isolated and is referenced to the chassis ground. The connection is overvoltage protected to ±25 VDC with power on and ±15 VDC with power off. © National Instruments Corporation SCXI-1120/D User Manual... -
Page 35: Scxi-1120/D Rear Connector
SCXI-1120/D Rear Connector Note If you will be using the SCXI-1120/D with a National Instruments DAQ device and cable assembly, you do not need to read the remainder of this chapter. If you will also be using the SCXI-1180 feedthrough panel, the SCXI-1343 rear screw terminal adapter, or the SCXI-1351 one-slot cable extender with the SCXI-1120/D, you should read this section. -
Page 36: Rear Connector Signal Descriptions
DAQ device and causes the SCXI-1120/D to change channels. SERCLK Serial Clock—This signal taps into the SCXIbus SPICLK line to clock the data on the MOSI and MISO lines. RSVD Reserved. © National Instruments Corporation SCXI-1120/D User Manual... -
Page 37: Analog Output Signal Connections
Chapter 3 Signal Connections All other pins are not connected. The signals on the rear connector can be classified as analog output signals, digital I/O signals, or timing I/O signals. Signal connection guidelines for each of these groups are given in the following section. Analog Output Signal Connections Pins 1 through 19 of the rear connector are analog output signal pins. -
Page 38: Table 3-3. Scxibus To Scxi-1120/D Rear Connector To Daq Device Pin Equivalencies
DIO0 DOUT4 D*/A DAQD*/A DIO1 DOUT5 INTR* SLOT0SEL* DIO2 DOUT6 SPICLK SERCLK EXTSTROBE* DOUT7 MISO SERDATOUT DIO4 DIN6 Specifications and ratings for the digital I/O lines are given in Appendix A, Specifications. © National Instruments Corporation 3-11 SCXI-1120/D User Manual... -
Page 39: Theory Of Operation
SCXI-1120/D. Isolated Section SCXIbus Nonisolated Section Input Channel 0 Digital Interface Input Channel 1 Control Timing Input Channel 6 Analog Output Stage Input Channel 7 Temparature Sensor Figure 4-1. SCXI-1120/D Block Diagram © National Instruments Corporation SCXI-1120/D User Manual... -
Page 40: Power-Up State
Chapter 4 Theory of Operation The major components of the SCXI-1120/D are as follows: • SCXIbus connector • Digital interface • Digital control circuitry • Timing and analog circuitry The SCXI-1120 consists of eight isolated amplifier channels with gains of 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 250, 500, 1,000, and 2,000. -
Page 41: Scxibus Connector And Digital Interface
4 × 24 metral receptacle and to the DAQ device through a 50-pin ribbon-cable header. The digital interface circuitry buffers the digital signals from the DAQ device and the SCXIbus and sends signals back and forth between the DAQ device and the SCXIbus. © National Instruments Corporation SCXI-1120/D User Manual... -
Page 42: Digital Control Circuitry
Chapter 4 Theory of Operation Digital Control Circuitry Figure 4-3 diagrams the SCXI-1120/D digital control. Serial Data Out Module ID Register Buffered Serial Data In Configuration Input Channel Buffered Digital Register Select Control Signals Output SCANCLK Stage Path Control Control Hardware Scan Control... -
Page 43: Analog And Timing Circuitry
(a connection can be made by another device). The DAQ device analog input and timing is the interface between the SCXI-1120/D output and the DAQ device. © National Instruments Corporation SCXI-1120/D User Manual... -
Page 44: Analog Input Channels
Chapter 4 Theory of Operation Analog Input Channels Figure 4-4 shows the analog input block diagram. Input Channel 0 SCXI-1120D Only To Output 511 kΩ 511 kΩ Stage Input Channel 1 SCXI-1120D Only To Output 511 kΩ 511 kΩ Stage Input Channel 2 SCXI-1120D Only To Output... - Page 45 G ≤ 100. Refer to Appendix A, Specifications, for Gain versus BW for the SCXI-1120D. All the amplifier input channels are overvoltage protected to 250 V with power on or off. © National Instruments Corporation SCXI-1120/D User Manual...
- Page 46 Chapter 4 Theory of Operation The isolated amplifiers fulfill two purposes on the SCXI-1120/D module. They convert a small signal riding on a high common-mode voltage into a single-ended signal with respect to the SCXI-1120/D chassis ground. With this conversion, the input analog signal can be extracted from a high common-mode voltage or noise before being sampled and converted by the DAQ device.
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Page 47: Analog Output Circuitry
Figure 4-5. Analog Output Circuitry The SCXI-1120/D output circuitry consists of a buffered-output multiplexer and channel-select hardware. The channel-select hardware consists of a counter. This counter is needed when the module is operating in the multiplexed-output mode. © National Instruments Corporation SCXI-1120/D User Manual... - Page 48 Chapter 4 Theory of Operation In the parallel-output mode, the counter is disabled and amplifier channel 0 is selected at the output multiplexer and is connected to MCH0. The seven other channels are hardwired to MCH1 through MCH7 on the rear connector.
- Page 49 0 and continues). You can program the SCXI-1120/D to start scans with any channel. Note The SCXI-1120/D parallel outputs continuously drive the RSC pins even when the module is configured in multiplexed mode. © National Instruments Corporation 4-11 SCXI-1120/D User Manual...
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Page 50: Calibration
Record the measurement indicated by the DMM display. This is the DMM inherent offset and it should be subtracted from subsequent measurements. Short the desired channel inputs together and then to chassis ground. Set the amplifier gain to 1. © National Instruments Corporation SCXI-1120/D User Manual... -
Page 51: Table 5-1. Calibration Potentiometers Reference Designators
Chapter 5 Calibration Connect the amplifier output to the DMM. Make sure that the DMM can achieve the accuracy and resolution you need. Adjust the output potentiometer of the desired channel until the output is 0 ± 3 mV. Set the DMM range to the smallest range that can measure ±6 mV. Set the amplifier gain to 1,000. -
Page 52: Appendix A Specifications
± -------------------------- - Offset drift RTI ....... Gain Gain drift......... 20 ppm/°C Input bias current ........±80 pA Input resistance Normal ..........1 GΩ Power off......... 50 kΩ Overload.......... 50 kΩ © National Instruments Corporation SCXI-1120/D User Manual... - Page 53 Appendix A Specifications for SCXI-1120 Output resistance Multiplexed-output mode ....100 Ω Parallel-output mode .......330 Ω Filtering (jumper selectable)....4 Hz (–10 dB) or 10 kHz (–3 dB), 3-pole RC Output selection time (with 5 V step, all gains) 0.012% accuracy ......5.2 µs typ 7 µs max 0.012% accuracy ......3 µs...
- Page 54 Operating temperature ......0 to 50 °C Storage temperature ......–20 to 70 °C Relative humidity ........5% to 90% noncondensing Module designed to meet IEC-1010 standard for double or reinforced insulation for category II pollution degree 2 © National Instruments Corporation SCXI-1120/D User Manual...
- Page 55 Appendix A Specifications for SCXI-1120 Safety Designed in accordance with IEC 61010-1, UL3111-1, and CAN/CSA C22.2 No. 1010.1 for electrical measuring and test equipment. Approved at altitudes up to 2000 m Installation Category II Pollution Degree 2 SCXI-1120/D User Manual www.natinst.com...
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Page 56: Table A-1. Input Signal Range
1000 ±5 mV 14 K 3.5 K Input coupling ........DC or AC with TBX-1329 or SCXI-1305 Maximum working voltage (Signal + CMV) ........250 V Overvoltage protection......250 V on or off © National Instruments Corporation SCXI-1120/D User Manual... -
Page 57: Table A-2. System Noise Rti (0.1 Hz To 50 Khz
Appendix A Specifications for SCXI-1120D Transfer Characteristics Nonlinearity ..........0.04% FSR Offset error RTI ........±(6 µV ±3 mV/gain) Gain error..........0.4% of reading typ 0.6% max Amplifier Characteristics Input impedance Power on..........1 MΩ Power off and overvoltaged.....500 kΩ Input bias current ........15 pA .........≥... -
Page 58: Table A-3. Switching Supply Noise (Approximately At 100 Khz
Type ............Second order low-pass RC filter Cutoff frequency (–3 dB) ....... 4.5 kHz, 22.5 kHz Stability Recommended warm-up ......30 min. Offset drift RTI ........± (20 ± 220/gain) µV/°C Gain drift ..........± 50 ppm/°C © National Instruments Corporation SCXI-1120/D User Manual... - Page 59 Appendix A Specifications for SCXI-1120D Digital I/O Absolute maximum voltage input rating..........5.5 V with respect to DIG GND Digital input specifications (referenced to DIG GND): input logic high voltage .... 2 V min input logic low voltage....0.8 V max input current leakage ....
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Page 60: Technical Support Resources
Technical Support Resources This appendix describes the comprehensive resources available to you in the Technical Support section of the National Instruments Web site and provides technical support telephone numbers for you to use if you have trouble connecting to our Web site or if you do not have internet access. - Page 61 If you have trouble connecting to our Web site, please contact your local National Instruments office or the source from which you purchased your National Instruments product(s) to obtain support. For telephone support in the United States, dial 512 795 8248. For...
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Page 62: Glossary
AB0– Negative Analog Bus 0 signal AB0EN Analog Bus 0 Enable bit ACH# data acquisition device Analog Input Channel Number analog-to-digital AOGND Analog Output Ground signal amperes, root mean square American Wire Gauge © National Instruments Corporation SCXI-1120/D User Manual... - Page 63 Glossary bandwidth Celsius CH#+ Positive Input Channel Number signal CH#– Negative Input Channel Number signal CHAN Channel Select bit Chassis bit CHSGND Chassis Ground signal cold-junction reference CLKEN Clock Enable bit CLKOUTEN Scan Clock Output Enable bit CLKSELECT Scan Clock Select bit Count bit D*/A Data/Address signal...
- Page 64 FOUTEN* Forced Output Enable bit Forced Retransmit bit GBWP gain bandwidth product GUARD Guard signal hexadecimal HSCR Hardscan Control Register HSRS* Hardscan Reset bit hertz input current leakage inches INTR* Interrupt signal input/output © National Instruments Corporation SCXI-1120/D User Manual...
- Page 65 Glossary kelvin LOAD* Load bit least significant bit meters megabytes of memory MCH#+ Positive Analog Output Channel Number signal MCH#– Negative Analog Output Channel Number signal multifunction I/O MISO Master-In-Slave-Out signal Module Number bit MOSI Master-Out-Slave-In signal most significant bit MTEMP Multiplexed Temperature Sensor signal multiplexed tempe...
- Page 66 (input) RSVD Reserved bit/signal resistance temperature detector RTEMP Read Temperature bit referred to input referred to output RTSI Real-Time System Integration SCANCLK Scan Clock signal SCANCLKEN Scan Clock Enable bit © National Instruments Corporation SCXI-1120/D User Manual...
- Page 67 Glossary SCANCON Scanning Control signal SCANCONEN Scan Control Enable bit SCXI Signal Conditioning eXtensions for Instrumentation (bus) Software Developer's Kit seconds SERCLK Serial Clock signal SERDATIN Serial Data In signal SERDATOUT Serial Data Out signal Slot bit SLOT0SEL* Slot 0 Select signal Serial Peripheral Interface SPICLK Serial Peripheral Interface Clock signal...
- Page 68 Glossary volts direct current input logic high voltage input logic low voltage output logic high voltage output logic low voltage volts, root mean square watts © National Instruments Corporation SCXI-1120/D User Manual...
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Page 69: Index
CH7+ through CH0+ signals (table), 3-4 SCXI-1120D CH7- through CH0- signals (table), 3-4 AC-coupled signal connections CHSGND signal (table), 3-4 (figure), 3-7 ComponentWorks software, 1-3 description, 3-7 floating AC-coupled signal connections (figure), 3-7 © National Instruments Corporation SCXI-1120/D User Manual... - Page 70 2-10 parts locator diagram, 2-2 documentation steps for configuring, 2-4 conventions used in manual, ix-x user-configurable jumpers, 2-3 National Instruments documentation, x removing SCXI module cover DTEMP signal (table), 3-4 (figure), 2-4 revision letter location (note), 2-3 Configuration Register, 4-4...
- Page 71 See also configuration. National Instruments application software, hardware installation, 2-14 1-3 to 1-4 unpacking the SCXI-1120/D, 1-3 National Instruments Web support, B-1 to B-2 NI-DAQ driver software, 1-4 to 1-5 jumpers analog configuration, 2-8 to 2-13 online problem-solving and diagnostic...
- Page 72 1-2 parallel mode, 4-10 revision letter location (note), 2-3 parts locator diagram, 2-2 software programming choices, 1-3 to 1-5 physical specifications National Instruments application SCXI-1120, A-3 software, 1-3 to 1-4 SCXI-1120/D, A-8 NI-DAQ driver software, 1-4 to 1-5 pin assignments...
- Page 73 B-1 to B-2 selection, 2-8 temperature connection, direct, 2-10 settings (table), 2-9 temperature sensor connection, 3-7 Web support from National Instruments, theory of operation, 4-1 to 4-11 B-1 to B-2 analog and timing circuitry, 4-5 to 4-11 online problem-solving and diagnostic...