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Table of Contents
Troubleshooting
Summary of Contents for CSI PowerMax
- Page 1 PowerMAX Reference Manual Part Number 875-0112-000 Date: April 2004...
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Page 2: Copyright Notice
Copyright Notice © Copyright 2004 CSI Wireless Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this manual may be stored in a retrieval system, transmitted, or reproduced by any means, including, but not limited to photocopy, photograph, digitizing, or otherwise, without the prior written permission from CSI Wireless Inc. -
Page 3: Limitation Of Liability
Products. Products are not intended for primary navigation or for use in safety of life applications. The potential accuracy of Products as stated in CSI Wireless literature and/or Product specifications serves to provide only an estimate of achievable accuracy based on: •... - Page 4 Obtaining Warranty Service In order to obtain warranty service, the end purchaser must bring the Product to a CSI Wireless approved dealer, along with the end purchaser’s proof of purchase. For any questions regarding warranty service or to obtain information regarding the location of any of CSI Wireless’s dealers, contact CSI Wireless at the following address: CSI Wireless Inc.
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Page 5: Table Of Contents
World Wide Web Site............................... xiii Document Conventions............................. xiii Notes, Cautions, and Warnings..........................xiii Quick Start.................................. 1 Receiving Your Shipment........................... 1 Unpacking Your PowerMAX System ....................... 1 Cable Connections.............................. 1 Configuring the PowerMAX..........................2 NMEA 0183 Message Interface......................... 2 Binary Message Interface............................ 3 PocketMAX................................ - Page 6 System Parts List ..............................11 Cable Interface ..............................11 3.2.1 Routing and Securing the Cable......................11 Environmental Requirements ..........................12 Power Requirements............................12 Antenna Placement............................12 Powering the PowerMAX Receiver.......................13 Serial Port Interface............................13 Bluetooth Interface............................14 Factory Default Parameters ..........................15 3.10 LED Indicators..............................15 Operation Basics..............................17 Powering PowerMAX............................17 Communicating with PowerMAX........................17...
- Page 7 External Corrections ............................35 6.10 Installation ................................35 Troubleshooting...............................37 Troubleshooting Checklist ..........................37 Using the LEDs to Troubleshoot........................37 Appendix A - Specifications..............................39 Appendix B - Interface................................41 Appendix C – Introduction to GPS, SBAS and Beacon....................44 Appendix D – Resources ..............................58 Index .....................................60 PowerMAX User Manual...
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Page 8: List Of Figures
Figure 1-1 Cable Interface..............................2 Figure 3-1 Cable Interface..............................11 Figure 3-2 DB9 Socket Numbering ............................14 Figure 3-3 PowerMAX Front Panel............................16 Figure B-1 Serial Interface..............................41 Figure B-2 RTCM Data Output From Serial Port ......................42 Figure B-3 RTCM Data Input to Serial Port ........................43 Figure C-1 WAAS Coverage...............................52... - Page 9 Table 5-11 ZDA Data Message Defined..........................27 Table 5-12 RD1 Data Message Defined ..........................28 Table 5-13 DSP Status................................28 Table 5-14 ARM Status.................................28 Table 5-15 NavCondition..............................29 Table 5-16 PCSI Data Message Defined ..........................29 Table 7-1 Troubleshooting..............................37 Table 7-2 LED Functions..............................38 PowerMAX User Manual...
- Page 10 Table A-1 PowerMAX Enclosure Specifications......................39 Table A-2 MGL-3 Antenna Specifications.........................39 PowerMAX User Manual...
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Page 11: Preface
Hz output. The PowerMAX features raw measurement output for post processing applications, and delivers excellent phase measurement quality. It also features Bluetooth and serial communications. We have written this document to assist a customer in becoming familiar with the PowerMAX functionality and system operation, but also with GPS, and DGPS. -
Page 12: Customer Service
In the event that your equipment requires service, we recommend that you contact your dealer directly. However, if this is not possible, you must contact CSI Wireless Customer Service to obtain a Return Merchandise Authorization (RMA) number before returning any product to CSI Wireless. If you are returning a product for repair, you must also provide a fault description before CSI Wireless will issue an RMA number. -
Page 13: World Wide Web Site
World Wide Web Site CSI Wireless maintains a World Wide Web home page at the following address: www.csi-wireless.com A corporate profile, product information, application news, GPS and DGPS literature, beacon coverage information, and software are available at this site. Document Conventions Bold is used to emphasize certain points. -
Page 14: Quick Start
32 VDC) and to the MGL-3 combination GPS and beacon antenna. The power connector on the PowerMAX is a miniature 2 -pin, circular locking connector and the RF connector is a TNC socket. The power connector is labeled ‘Power’ and the GPS RF input connector is labeled ‘Antenna’. -
Page 15: Configuring The Powermax
To communicate with the PowerMAX, you have two options, one DB9 socket connector is available on the back panel, labeled ‘Data’, giving access to the RS-232 serial port of the PowerMAX. The other option is Bluetooth communication (which is wireless) using a Bluetooth-enabled PDA with a Bluetooth compatible software such as CSI’s PocketMAX. -
Page 16: Binary Message Interface
PowerMAX, in addition to providing an interface for its control. The PocketMAX Manual is available for download from the CSI Wireless website. We recommend that you gain your initial experience with the PowerMAX using this utility and then, if you wish, migrate your work to a dumb terminal. -
Page 17: Pin-Outs
Max DGPS Age Elevation Mask 1800 seconds 5° 1.9 Pin-Outs The following tables detail the pin-out of the serial port of the PowerMAX. Table 1-5 Serial Port Pin-out, RS-232C Interface Level Signal Description TXD – serial NMEA 0183, binary, and RTCM output RXD –... -
Page 18: Introduction
Since the PowerMAX will be used in the real world, blockage of the line of sight to SBAS satellites is often inevitable. In this case, beacon may be used instead. Our COAST technology provides solace from obstruction of SBAS or beacon services for up to 30 to 40 minutes, depending on the amount of tolerable performance drift. -
Page 19: Update Rates
2.1.3 Update Rates The update rate of each NMEA and binary message of the PowerMAX can be set independently with a maximum that is dependant upon the message type. Some messages have a 1 Hz maximum, for example, while others are 5 Hz. -
Page 20: Radiobeacon Dgps
The receiver’s primary channel locks to the first identified DGPS broadcast, while the second channel continues searching in the background for superior beacon signals. If no signal is available, the PowerMAX will initiate a fresh Global Search, continuing this cycle until it finds a valid station. PowerMAX User Manual... -
Page 21: Receiver Performance
In Manual tune mode, you may select a specific frequency and bit rate for the receiver to tune, or specify the frequency only, allowing the PowerMAX to identify the correct MSK bit rate on its own. This mode of operation is most useful when working in an area where you know the frequency though not necessarily the MSK bit rate of the closest beacon. -
Page 22: Post Processing
Our static testing has shown that the PowerMAX achieves a performance better than one meter 95% of the time. The qualifier of 95% is a statistical probability. Often you may see manufacturers using a probability of ‘rms’... - Page 23 If you require assistance in developing a test setup or procedure for evaluating the PowerMAX, please contact CSI Wireless. PowerMAX User Manual...
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Page 24: Features
3. Features This chapter describ es the main features of the PowerMAX system. The PowerMAX system is composed primarily of the following parts: • A PowerMAX receiver • An MGL-3 antenna • Associated cables This chapter provides details on the fundamental operating modes of the PowerMAX receiver and its associated default parameters. -
Page 25: Environmental Requirements
This system accepts an input voltage between 9.5 and 32 VDC. There is a second option for powering the PowerMAX. It is possible to power it through the serial port (labeled Data) instead of through the power connector. The PowerMAX is specially set up to receive power on pin 8 and power ground on pin 6. -
Page 26: Powering The Powermax Receiver
3.7 Serial Port Interface There is one serial port on the PowerMAX and it is compatible with the RS-232C interface level to communicate with external data loggers, navigation systems, PC computers, PDAs and other devices. -
Page 27: Bluetooth Interface
Bluetooth is a wireless communication technology that enables seamless data connections between a wide range of devices through short-range digital two-way radio. In the case of the PowerMAX, it is equipped with Bluetooth technology and requires another Bluetooth device with which to communicate (a Bluetooth-capable PDA, for example). -
Page 28: Factory Default Parameters
The PowerMAX features diagnostic LEDs that provide a quick indication of the receiver’s status. These LEDs are visible on the front panel display. The five diagnostic LEDs visible on the front panel display of the PowerMAX provide the following information:... -
Page 29: Figure 3-3 Powermax Front Panel
Yellow GPS lock indicator – this LED will blink a few times on startup. Once the PowerMAX achieves a solid GPS lock, this LED will remain illuminated. If this LED continues to blink, it could be an indication of a receiver hardware failure. -
Page 30: Operation Basics
With the application of power, the PowerMAX system will proceed through an internal start-up sequence, however it will be ready to communicate immediately. When installed such that the antenna has an unobstructed view of the sky, the PowerMAX will provide a position quickly, within approximately 60 seconds. SBAS lock requires approximately 30 seconds to acquire. -
Page 31: Binary Interface
PowerMAX and also contain the required information from the PowerMAX. You may configure a selection of NMEA 0183 data messages on one port at various update rates (each message has a maximum update rate) and a different selection of NMEA 0183 messages with different rates on the other port. -
Page 32: Configuring Powermax
• Setting the satellite elevation angle cut-off mask 4.4 Firmware The software that runs the PowerMAX is often referred to as firmware since it operates at a low level. There are two types of firmware within the PowerMAX for the on -board digital signal processor (DSP) and the ARM processor. -
Page 33: Configuring Data Message Output
The PowerMAX Serial port can be used to accommodate externally supplied corrections input according to the RTCM SC-104 protocol. To use the Serial port of the PowerMAX for correction in put you must set the PowerMAX to operate in other differential mode using the following command while connected to the Serial port: $JDIFF,THIS<CR><LF>... - Page 34 PowerMAX: $JDIFF,WAAS<CR><LF> To return to using beacon as the correction source, send the following command to the PowerMAX: $JDIFF,BEACON<CR><LF> You will find detailed information on NMEA messages supported by the PowerMAX in Chapter 6 NMEA 0183 Messages. PowerMAX User Manual...
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Page 35: Nmea 0183 Messages
5. NMEA 0183 Messages The PowerMAX GPS module supports a selection of NMEA 0183 and proprietary binary messages. This chapter identifies the selection of standard and proprietary NMEA 0183 messages for the PowerMAX receiver. 5.1 NMEA Message Elements NMEA 0183 messages have a common structure, consisting of a message header, data fields, checksum, and carriage return/line feed message terminator. -
Page 36: Data Messages
Antenna altitude Altitude units, M = meters ±xxxx.xx Geoidal separation (needs geoidal height option) Geoidal separation units, M = meters Age of differential corrections in seconds Reference station identification Checksum <CR><LF> Carriage return and line feed PowerMAX User Manual... -
Page 37: Gll Data Message
Satellites used in the position solution, a null field occurs if a channel is unused Position Dilution of Precision (PDOP) = 1.0 to 9.9 Horizontal Dilution of Precision (HDOP) = 1.0 to 9.9 Vertical Dilution of Precision (VDOP) = 1.0 to 9. 9 Checksum <CR><LF> Carriage return and line feed PowerMAX User Manual... -
Page 38: Gst Data Message
Total number of satellites in view Satellite number Elevation in degrees, ee = 0 to 90 Azimuth (true) in degrees, aaa = 0 to 359 SNR (dB) + 30, ss = 0 to 99 Checksum <CR><LF> Carriage return and line feed PowerMAX User Manual... -
Page 39: Rmc Data Message
Table 5-9 RRE Data Message Defined Field Description Number of satellites used in position computation Satellite number Range residual in meters hhh.h Horizontal position error estimate in meters vvv.v Vertical position error estimate in meters Checksum <CR><LF> Carriage return and line feed PowerMAX User Manual... -
Page 40: Vtg Data Message
Day, dd = 0 to 31 Month, mm = 1 to 12 yyyy Year Local zone description in hours, xx = -13 to 13 Local zone description in minutes, yy = 0 to 59 Checksum <CR><LF> Carriage return and line feed PowerMAX User Manual... -
Page 41: Rd1 Data Message
Frame synchronization has been achieved on the first satellite Carrier lock The following table describes the ARM status. Table 5-14 ARM Status Field Description GPS lock DGPS valid data The ARM processor has lock DGPS solution DGPS solution is good Not used Not used PowerMAX User Manual... -
Page 42: Pcsi,1 Beacon Status Message
This message contains a variety of information relating to the status of the beacon engine inside the PowerMAX. This information is included as the $PCSI,1 output message from the PowerMAX is intelligently routed through the PowerMAX to the port from which the $PCSI,1 message was requested. -
Page 43: Frequently Asked Questions
Q – How does the PowerMAX compare to competitor’s products? A – The PowerMAX is a unique solution in that it is very compact, yet offers a high degree of performance. There are a number of DGPS products on the marketplace, however, very few of these are suitable for commercial use in applications such as Agricultural Guidance or GIS &... -
Page 44: Support And Repairs
6.3 Troubleshooting Q - What do I do initially if I have a problem with the operation of the PowerMAX module? A - Try to isolate the source of the problem. Problems are likely to fall within one of the following categories. -
Page 45: Power, Communication, And Configuration
19200, or vice versa. Q - Am I able to have the PowerMAX output different NMEA messages through the two ports? A - Yes, you may have different NMEA messages turned on for the two serial ports. Further, these NMEA messages may also be at different update rates. -
Page 46: Gps Reception And Performance
LEDs that give indication of receiver status. Q - Do I have to be careful when using the PowerMAX to ensure that it tracks properly? A – For best performance, you have to be careful such that the hemisphere above the PowerMAX’s antenna is unob structed for satellite tracking. -
Page 47: Beacon Reception And Performance
The PocketMAX utility discussed in the PocketMAX Manual is a useful tool that provides this information without needing to use NMEA commands. Q - Does it matter much if the PowerMAX is frequently losing lock on beacon signals due to a noisy environment or weak signals? A - No, provided that the receiver is receiving a full set of corrections relatively often. -
Page 48: E-Dif
• Make sure that the differential source is set to receive RTCM by issuing a $JDIFF,THIS<cr><lf> on the Serial port. • Check to see that the baud rates of the port used by the PowerMAX matches that of the external correction source •... - Page 49 PowerMAX performance? A – No, all methods of mounting the PowerMAX are equally suited for its use. Q - Can I use a vehicle’s power system to operate the PowerMAX system or do I need a dedicated battery? A - Yes you can - the internal power supply of the PowerMAX is designed for use with industrial vehicles.
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Page 50: Troubleshooting
Check receiver power status (this may be done with an ammeter) • Verify that PowerMAX is locked to a valid DGPS signal (this can often be done on the receiving device or with the use of Hyperterminal running on a PC) •... -
Page 51: Table 7-2 Led Functions
The default value for $JLIMIT is 10 meters). Bluetooth LED: (blue) This LED will remain off until a Bluetooth connection is established between the PowerMAX and the other device. It will remain on until the connection is broken. PowerMAX User Manual... -
Page 52: Appendix A - Specifications
Appendix A - Specifications This appendix provides the operational, mechanical, electrical, physical, and environmental specifications of the PowerMAX receiver. Table A-1 PowerMAX Receiver Specifications Internal GPS Engine Operational Specifications Item Specification Frequency 1.575 GHz Channels 12 parallel tracking Horizontal accuracy <... - Page 53 128 mm (5.06”) Height 84 mm (3.33”) Weight 450 g (1.0 lb) Mounting Thread 1-14-UNS-2B Connector TNC-S Extension Cable RG-58 Environmental Specifications Item Specification Storage temperature -40°C to 80°C Operating temperature -30°C to 70°C Humidity 100% Condensing PowerMAX User Manual...
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Page 54: Appendix B - Interface
To establish communications between the PowerMAX receiver and your data logging or navigation device in this mode of operation, you must: • Connect Pin-2 - transmit (TX) of the PowerMAX Serial Port to the receive pin (RX) of the data logging or navigation device. -
Page 55: Figure B-2 Rtcm Data Output From Serial Port
External Correction Input In this operating mode, an external correction device inputs RTCM correction data through the Serial port. In order to accomplish this, the PowerMAX must be commanded to use external corrections using the $JDIFF command. To configure external correction input on the Serial port you must:... -
Page 56: Figure B-3 Rtcm Data Input To Serial Port
• Communicate with the PowerMAX on the Serial Port. Ensure that the baud rate of the Serial Port and the external correction source match by issuing the appropriate $JBAUD command. • Issue a $JDIFF,THIS<CR><LF> command through the Serial port. To establish communications between the PowerMAX and an external GPS receiver, you must: •... -
Page 57: Appendix C - Introduction To Gps, Sbas And Beacon
SPS so that the positioning accuracy was limited to 100 meters 95% of the time. This intentional degradation is called Selective Availability (SA). The effect of SA has been turned to zero since mid-2000, however, it has not been officially ‘turned off’. PowerMAX User Manual... -
Page 58: Differential Gps
PowerMAX also has a documented binary raw measurement protocol. A RINEX translator is available from CSI Wireless in the event that this may be useful, in addition to some C code snippets to aid in integrating the binary format itself into your own application. -
Page 59: Dgps Format
Space Based Augmentation Systems (SBAS) such as the European Geostationary Navigation Overlay System (EGNOS) and the Japanese MT-SAT Satellite-based Augmentation System (MSAS) use this data format. The PowerMAX receiver is compatible with each of these differential services. Note – When using a differential correction service, the resultant position may be referenced to a local datum rather than the WGS-84 ellipsoid. - Page 60 The resulting corrector is geographically independent, so minimal decorrelation occurs with respect to position within the network. The ionosphere and the troposphere both induce measurement errors on the signals being PowerMAX User Manual...
- Page 61 The effect of latency is mitigated by new COAST technology within the PowerMAX. This technology is especially valuable in conditions of DGPS signal loss where the age of corrections increases for each second of signal loss.
- Page 62 Japan Civil Aviation Bureau (JCAB). China has a similar program for a SBAS and the service is named the Chinese Satellite Navigation Augmentation System (SNAS). The PowerMAX is capable of receiving correction data from all compatible SBAS.
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Page 63: How It Works
• The Space Segment includes geostationary satellites (For example, WAAS and EGNOS use Inmarsat-III transponders). • The user segment consists of the user equipment, such as a PowerMAX receiver and antenna A SBAS uses a state-based approach in their software architecture. This means that a separate correction is made available for each error source rather than the sum effect of errors on the user equipment’s range measurements. - Page 64 When using SBAS correction data, the PowerMAX is able to provide you with the azimuth and elevation of the SBAS available satellites via a NMEA serial port command to aid in determining their position with respect to the built-in antenna.
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Page 65: Figure C-1 Waas Coverage
(with correctors) must be available to compute a DGPS position. The next section provides further information on the ionospheric map features of SBAS and the PowerMAX receiver. Figure C -1 WAAS Coverage PowerMAX User Manual... -
Page 66: Figure C-2 Egnos Coverage
To improve upon the ionospheric map provided by SBAS, the PowerMAX receiver extrapolates a larger ionospheric map from the broadcast coverage map, extending its effective coverage. This allows the PowerMAX to be used successfully in regions that competitive products may not. -
Page 67: Figure C-3 Broadcast Waas Inonspheric Correction Map
WAAS map in the first place. This difference may lead to minor accuracy degradation. Figures C-3 and C -4 depict the broadcast WAAS ionospheric map extent and the CSI Wireless extrapolated version, respectively. As can be seen from Figure C-3, the coverage compared to Figure C-1 extends further in all directions, enhancing usable coverage. -
Page 68: Figure C-5 Broadcast Egnos Inonspheric Correction Map
The strength of a signal decreases with distance from the transmitting station, due in large part to spreading loss. This loss is a result of the signal’s power being distributed over an increasing surface area as the signal radiates away from the transmitting antenna. PowerMAX User Manual... -
Page 69: Radiobeacon Reception
Noise generated by this type of equipment can mask the beacon signal, reducing or impairing reception. Radiobeacon Coverage The Figure below shows the approximate radiobeacon coverage throughout the world. In this figure, light shaded regions note current coverage, with beacon stations symbolized as white circles. PowerMAX User Manual... -
Page 70: Figure C-7 World Dgps Radiobeacon Coverage
Figure C -7 World DGPS Radiobeacon Coverage The world beacon networks continue to expand. For more current coverage, consult the CSI www.csi -wireless.com. Wireless Web site at PowerMAX User Manual... -
Page 71: Appendix D - Resources
Interfaces, ICD-GPS-200, April 12, 2000, 2250 E. Imperial Highway, Suite 450, El Segundo, CA 90245-3509, www.navcen.uscg.gov/gps/geninfo/default.htm CSI Web Site This following address is the CSI Wireless Web site which provides detailed information on all products offered by CSI Wireless. www.csi-wireless.com FAA WAAS Web Site This site offers general information on the WAAS service provided by the U.S. - Page 72 PowerMAX User Manual...
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Page 73: Index
Geometry, 49 SBAS Performance, 6 Latency, 48 Selective Availability (SA), 45 Multipath, 49 Serial Port Defaults, 3 Proximity, 47 Serial Port Pin-out, 4, 14 Differential Corrections, 46 Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR), 8 Differential GPS (DGPS), 46 PowerMAX User Manual... - Page 74 Temperature, 12 WAAS Troubleshooting, 37 Bit Error Rate, 6 Tune Mode Receiver Performance, 6 Automatic Beacon Search (ABS), 7, 8 WGS-84, 44 Manual, 8 www.csi-wireless.com, xiii WAAS Automatic Tracking, 6 Update Rates, 6 PowerMAX User Manual...
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