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Table of Contents
Summary of Contents for ICFR Chainsaw
- Page 1 outh fricAn hAinSAw Afety & perAting Andbook January 2000...
- Page 2 No part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from ICFR. ICFR – Chainsaw Safety and Operating Handbook...
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Page 3: Table Of Contents
Standing start ...........................12 Reactive forces 13 Kickback ..........................13 Pull-in ..........................14 Pushback 14 Cutting with the chainsaw .......................15 Holding the chainsaw and proper stance .................15 Cutting actions .........................15 9.2.1 The down cut ......................15 9.2.2 The upcut .........................15 9.2.3 The bore/plunge cut ....................16... - Page 4 10.12.2 Safety requirements for hang-ups ................28 10.12.3 Methods of bringing down a hang-up ..............29 10.12.3.1 Rolling the hang-up ................29 10.12.3.2 Levering or pulling the hang-up .............29 10.12.3.3 Using a skidder or other mechanical winch ..........29 ICFR – Chainsaw Safety and Operating Handbook...
- Page 5 Introduction ..........................39 13.2 Trees requiring special techniques ..................39 13.2.1 Uprooted trees ......................39 13.2.2 Stems or crowns broken but still attached ...............39 13.2.3 Leaning trees ......................39 13.2.4 Hang-ups ........................39 13.2.5 Trees without tops/crowns ..................39 ICFR – Chainsaw Safety and Operating Handbook...
- Page 6 14.3.2.2 Rim sprocket .....................52 14.3.3 Sprocket wear ......................52 Chainsaw maintenance ........................53 15.1 Safety requirements .........................53 15.2 Refuelling ..........................53 15.3 Maintenance ..........................53 15.3.1 Pre-operational checks .....................53 15.3.2 Ongoing maintenance ....................53 15.3.3 Daily maintenance ....................54 References ............................55 ICFR – Chainsaw Safety and Operating Handbook...
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Page 7: Acknowledgements
The chainsaw is a highly engineered machine with a high torque engine and a high power to weight ratio. The operating speed of the chainsaw is in the vicinity of 12 000 to 14 000 rpm and has a chain speed in excess of 20 metres per second. - Page 8 Section 9 Describes the way in which the chainsaw Section 1 Provides the statutory requirements, in must be held and the proper stance during accordance with the Occupational Health cutting. The different cutting actions and Safety Act, which all employers and (down cut, upcut and bore cut) are also employees must comply with.
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Page 9: Statutory Requirements
(b) which case he shall report the incident as soon as and (d), or any other precautionary measures practicable thereafter. which may be prescribed, have been taken; ICFR – Chainsaw Safety and Operating Handbook... -
Page 10: External Components
The internal components, mechanics and characteristics kickback. Kickback is the violent up- or sideward of the two-cycle chainsaw engine are not dealt with in motion of the guide bar towards the operator. this Handbook. Refer to the owner’s manual or service agent for further information. - Page 11 Chain lubricant tank and filler cap further details. Starter grip 18. Bumper spike/felling dog To start the chainsaw the starter grip is pulled. The bumper spike/felling dog is a toothed or smoothed stop for holding the chainsaw steady against the timber Air filter cover to be cut, thus facilitating ease of cutting.
- Page 12 The chain and guide bar cover protects the saw Most modern-day chainsaws have some form of anti- chain and guide bar when the chainsaw is not in use vibration system to lessen the effect of engine and and during transportation. It also prevents possible cutting vibration to the operator’s hands.
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Page 13: Health Hazards
106 dB(A) 4 min High frequency vibration transmitted from the Levels to which 109 dB(A) 2 min chainsaw to the hand of the operator can affect the operators of petrol driven 112 dB(A) 1 min tactile sense of the hand and fingers. This phenomenon chainsaws are exposed 115 dB(A) 30 sec is known as VWF. It is caused by a reduced flow of... -
Page 14: Chainsaw Inflicted Injuries
• All chainsaw operators were equipped with personal protective equipment and all chainsaws Chainsaw inflicted injury statistics from various were fitted with safety devices. regions of the world, with similar conditions to those • Most accidents occured between 10:00 and 11:00. -
Page 15: Personal Protective Equipment And Other Equipment & Tools
Protect hands with gloves/mitts when operating the operator. chainsaw and handling the saw chain to avoid injury. Chainsaw operators are required to wear the following Adhere to the following: personal protective equipment: •... -
Page 16: Footwear
• Do not operate a chainsaw with one hand. • Do not operate a chainsaw above shoulder height. Do not operate a chainsaw in trees or off a ladder • if not qualified to do so. • Do not cut any material other than timber. -
Page 17: Transportation
When the chainsaw is running and needs to be carried TRANSPORTATION over shorter distances (e.g. walking from tree to tree in felling, debranching and cross-cutting operations), rAnSporting A chAinSAw by Vehicle use any of the following methods: • Carry the chainsaw in the left hand with the Ensure that a chain and guide bar cover is fitted. Secure... -
Page 18: Starting The Chainsaw
• Remove the chain and guide bar cover. • Ensure the manufacturer’s instructions for starting The chainsaw can be started on the ground, either in the chainsaw are adhered to. a standing or kneeling position, using the following • Place the left hand securely on the bend of the procedure: front handle (with the thumb under the handle). -
Page 19: Reactive Forces
A rotational force Kickback can be minimised and the severity reduced on the chainsaw, in a direction opposite to the chain if the following are adhered to: movement, is caused. This may kick the guide bar up •... -
Page 20: Pull-In
The reactive force when cutting with the bottom of the Be alert to forces or situations that may cause a • saw chain, tends to pull the chainsaw forward. This pull-in situation. reactive force is increased when the saw chain on the... -
Page 21: Cutting With The Chainsaw
It is the safest the handle is gripped between the thumb and and easiest cut as the chain action draws the chainsaw fingers, with the thumb under the handle. The towards the cut and away from the operator. Sawdust right hand should grip the rear handle, with the will shoot backwards towards the operator. -
Page 22: The Bore/Plunge Cut
Step 2: Align the chainsaw towards the horizontal with the chainsaw at full throttle. Step 3: Still at full throttle, press the guide bar straight into the log. ICFR – Chainsaw Safety and Operating Handbook... -
Page 23: Felling
• Assortments extracted (short length, long length, felling of such trees is unpredictable. tree length or full tree) • Ensure sufficient fuel is in the chainsaw to • Felling layout complete all cuts on the tree being felled. • Slope... -
Page 24: Felling Aids
• Ensure the required felling aids are at hand and used if required. • Prepare for felling as described in section 10.9. It is recommended that the chainsaw operator gives timely and adequate audible warning prior to completing the felling cut. Audible warning is not required if the operator... -
Page 25: Felling And Timber Losses
Felling also has an impact on subsequent given to felling parallel to the contour. operations. 10.7.3 t eAring At the Stump And Splitting Tearing at the stump is normally caused by poor felling technique. ICFR – Chainsaw Safety and Operating Handbook... -
Page 26: Individual Tree To Be Felled
Hold the chainsaw routes and landings according to the harvesting close to the body with the right foot in front of plan. -
Page 27: Felling Position
(smaller trees) Remove the guide bar from the top cut and grip the Rest the chainsaw in front of the tree with the sight front handle on the side, so that the guide bar is in the line on the chainsaw lined-up with the intended felling horizontal position. The trigger finger will revert from... -
Page 28: Position When Making The Felling Cut
Beware of your legs when the chainsaw is brought around to the back of the tree to start with the felling cut. Photo 12: Felling position for bottom... -
Page 29: Felling Techniques
Controls the speed of the fall. The felling cut The felling cut removes the wood from the back of the tree to leave the hinge and allows the tree to fall. Figure 12: Reducing a buttress ICFR – Chainsaw Safety and Operating Handbook... -
Page 30: Specialised Techniques
• Move into the planned escape route. Never stand standard technique. directly behind the tree. • Step 2: Insert the chainsaw in the centre of • Watch for falling material. the directional notch, leading with the • Watch for the tree kicking back or bouncing as it bottom edge of the guide bar to avoid hits the ground. -
Page 31: Trees That Lean At A Sharp Angle Towards The Felling Direction
To reduce butt wastage, a reverse directional notch behind the tree. can be made which results in the butt end of the log being cut square across. Ensure that the two cuts used to create the directional notch meet exactly. ICFR – Chainsaw Safety and Operating Handbook... -
Page 32: Trees That Split
Saw the second part of the felling cut than the guide bar width. up to the hinge. Tap the wedge in as the cut proceeds. Always finish the second part of the felling cut on the safe side of the tree. ICFR – Chainsaw Safety and Operating Handbook... -
Page 33: Felling In Variation Of Natural Lean
Always finish the second part of the felling cut on the safe side of the tree. • Step 6: Drive the wedge home when the cut has been completed. Figure 24: Trees that lean back ICFR – Chainsaw Safety and Operating Handbook... -
Page 34: Consequences If Cuts Are Not Properly Lined Up
The top and bottom cuts of the directional notch of the hazard, the risk zone under and around the ICFR – Chainsaw Safety and Operating Handbook... -
Page 35: Methods Of Bringing Down A Hang-Up
When this type of assistance is available, it is the Figure 27: Rolling the hang-up safest option. Once again, ensure that the cable is of sufficient length and strength. ICFR – Chainsaw Safety and Operating Handbook... -
Page 36: Machine Assisted Tree Felling
• Never allow people to work or stand “in the bight” in relation to line tension and pulling speeds. of an operating rope. ICFR – Chainsaw Safety and Operating Handbook... -
Page 37: Methods For Different Situations
• The chainsaw operator is responsible for the amount of tension applied. 10.13.3 m ethodS for different SituAtionS 10.13.3.1 d... -
Page 38: Cut-Up Trees
• If the felling cut is too tight for wedges to be inserted, remove the chainsaw from the cut or if that is not possible, remove the power head (if practicable). Re-cut the directional notch and felling cut in the reverse direction. -
Page 39: Debranching
• Work on the uphill side of slopes, if practicable. not over-reach. • Move the feet only when the chainsaw is on the • Work with a straight back and bend the knees, opposite side of the stem and the saw chain is not when required. -
Page 40: Debranching Quality
The Note the stance (photo 16) with the feet well apart. chainsaw rests on that knee or thigh and the top of the Rest the saw against the stem. Flex the knees. The guide bar is used to make the cut. -
Page 41: Debranching Thick Branches
If the distance between branches is too great to follow • Step 1: Cut off branches which may hinder steps 1 to 6, stop after step 3. Move the chainsaw to the operator by getting in the way. the far-side of the stem, move position and start the • Step 2:... -
Page 42: Cross-Cutting
• Presentation of timber must be in accordance with the operational requirements (stacked or non- All requirements in section 5 apply. stacked). • Do not nick trees or logs with the chainsaw. The following additional requirements must be adhered to: 12.5 • Ensure that felled trees are stable before cross-... -
Page 43: Tension On The Lower Side
As described previously, always start the cut on the Figure 44: Butting of the rootplate compression side (the inside of the curve). ICFR – Chainsaw Safety and Operating Handbook... -
Page 44: Hints To Reduce Pinching
• Never allow people to stand where they would be in danger of a rootplate springing back on them. Figure 46: Hints to reduce pinching • Never cut trees that have the rootplate still attached whilst standing on the stem. ICFR – Chainsaw Safety and Operating Handbook... -
Page 45: Salvaging Storm-Damaged Trees
Fell the trees using the technique in section 10.11.3.3 AttAched (trees that lean back). For partially broken trees, where the crown is resting on the ground but is still attached to the vertical stem, the following procedure must be used: ICFR – Chainsaw Safety and Operating Handbook... -
Page 46: Cutting Attachment
The saw chain is the component which does the actual cutting and could have the greatest influence on the results achieved. It is essential for the chainsaw operator, supervisor and manager to have a sound understanding of the cutting attachment. Correct use, maintenance and repair of the cutting... -
Page 47: Chain Dimensions
The front bottom part of the cutter is the toe and the rear bottom part is the heel. The rivets which hold the chain links together pass through the rivet holes. ICFR – Chainsaw Safety and Operating Handbook... -
Page 48: Cutter Profiles
The chip removed in When slight downward pressure is applied to the this way passes through the chip channel, under the chainsaw (the dead-weight of the chainsaw alone is top plate, and into the chip space between the cutters sufficient if the chain is correctly sharpened) the force where it remains until the cutters emerge from the cut. -
Page 49: Chain Tension
The slacken and eventually sag on the underside of drive link tangs distribute the lubricant over the length the bar, requiring the chain to be retensioned. of the guide bar. ICFR – Chainsaw Safety and Operating Handbook... -
Page 50: Sharpening
Frequently, against this background. more chainsaw power is used to compensate for poor sharpening, instead of better training and The amount of chain lubrication required differs discipline regarding chain maintenance. -
Page 51: Cutter Sharpening Terminology
Figure 62: (a) Round file and file holder, (b) File is 25°- 30° as specified by the manufacturer. handle, (c) Round file, (d) Flat file, (e) File gauge Wider filing angles increase cutting performance incorporating depth gauge tool ICFR – Chainsaw Safety and Operating Handbook... - Page 52 When all depth gauges are level their front edges must to the sides of the chain links and guide bar), or at the be rounded to the original profile. angle specified by the manufacturer. Figure 67: Rounding the front edge of a depth gauge Figure 65: File holder held horizontally ICFR – Chainsaw Safety and Operating Handbook...
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Page 53: Sharpening Errors
(metal, stone, etc.) has a destructive effect on the chain links concerned. Errors in sharpening and incorrect chain tension can also cause damage to individual links. ICFR – Chainsaw Safety and Operating Handbook... -
Page 54: Guide Bars
14.2.1 uide bAr deSign Ensure that the correct guide bar for the specific make and model of chainsaw is purchased and that it is compatible with the saw chain. The chain lubrication holes must also match. A continuous groove is machined into the outer edge of Figure 72: Groove width the guide bar. -
Page 55: Types Of Guide Bars
14.2.4.1 ressing guide bar raiLs to remove burrs Burrs on the guide bar rails result from normal wear over time. Remove the burrs regularly with a flat file, filing at a 45° angle. Figure 76: Replaceable sprocket nose guide bar ICFR – Chainsaw Safety and Operating Handbook... -
Page 56: Opening The Groove
A hammer is then The sprocket must be renewed if its teeth are worn or used to form the rivet heads so that they completely the roller bearing is damaged. fill the hole recesses. ICFR – Chainsaw Safety and Operating Handbook... -
Page 57: Replacing The Replaceable Nose
It is necessary to check whether the guide bar and star section that is welded to the clutch drum. sprocket nose rails are at the same height. If not, the projecting rails must be filed down to the same level. Figure 84: Filing down projecting rails Figure 86: Spur sprocket ICFR – Chainsaw Safety and Operating Handbook... -
Page 58: Rim Sprocket
The bottom faces of the chain links ride on the A new chain drive sprocket must always be installed with circumference of the rim so that the sprocket’s a new chain as a worn sprocket will ruin a new chain. ICFR – Chainsaw Safety and Operating Handbook... -
Page 59: Chainsaw Maintenance
Remember to consult the owner’s manual for specific starting. requirements. Only maintenace that is to be performed • Do not start the chainsaw where it was refuelled. by the chainsaw operator is included in this section. Move at least 3m away from the place of refuelling. Start the chainsaw only once refuelling and other checks have been completed. -
Page 60: Daily Maintenance
Sharpen the chain. Aily mAintenAnce Check the depth gauge settings. • Start the machine and do the standard field test by At the end of each working day the chainsaw operator checking: must perform a simple but most important daily Starting ability – easy starting. service. The importance of the daily service is that Idle ability. -
Page 61: References
STIHL, 1998. Instruction Manual Stihl 038. Stihl, Germany. STIHL, 1998. Stihl Catalogue. Stihl, Germany. TIMBER INDUSTRY MANPOWER SERVICES. 1980. Chainsaw Handling. TIMS, South Africa. WAIARIKI POLYTECHNIC. Chainsaws. Waiariki Polytechnic, New Zealand. ZAREMBA, W., 1976. Logging Reference Manual – Volume 2. Department of Forestry, Pretoria, South Africa. - Page 62 __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ ICFR – Chainsaw Safety and Operating Handbook...
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