Summary of Contents for White Motor Company White Steamer M
- Page 1 WHITE STEAM SERVICE MANUAL EFFICIENCY REPORT MISCELLANEOUS From: Arnoud Carp Heuvellaan 5 1217 JL Hilversum The Netherlands...
- Page 2 NOTE This complete service manual is a true copy of The White Steamer handbook written in 1910 by A. T. Edmonson, Chicago, Illinois. K. Ziesemer of 3211 N. 5th St., Milwaukee, Wisconsin, steam car owner, enthusiast, and mechanic recognized the scarcity of manuals on steam cars and the dire need for such.
-
Page 3: Table Of Contents
INDEX CHAPTER I THE WHITE CAR CHAP TER II HINTS ON ECONOMY CHAPTER III LUBRICATION CHAPTER IV INSTRUCTIONS FOR ADJUSTING TEMPERATURE ON OLD REGULATION NEW REGULATION DIRECTION FOR VALVE SETTING ON THE OLD TYPE ENGINES DIRECTIONS FOR VALVE SETTING ON THE NEW TYPE ENGINES DIRECTIONS FOR SETTING PISTON DIRECTIONS FOR PACKING STUFFING BOXES TO DRAIN THE CAR FOR STORAGE OR SHIPPING... - Page 4 INDEX (Cont.) DIRTY GENERATOR BRAKES DRAGGING FUEL TOO LIGHT A GRADE ITEMS CONCERNING THE GENERATOR EXCESSIVE PRESSURE AFTER CLOSING THROTTLE PRESSURE DROPS QUICKLY WHEN CAR SPEED IS CONSTANT EXCESSIVE PRESSURE AFTER STOPPING A FEW MINUTES. A SLOW GAS LEAK EXCESSIVE LOSS OF PRESSURE AFTER STANDING A FEW MINUTES HAND PUMP OR BOILER CHECK LEAKING SAFETY VALVE LEAKING OR ANY STEAM LEAK FIRE BURNS TOO LONG IN ORDER TO MAKE STEAM PRESSURE REACH BYPASS POINT...
-
Page 5: The White Car
CHAPTER I THE WHITE CAR All the forces controlled by man for industrial purposes are derived from three main sources. The first of these is the muscular force of man and animals; the second is the attraction of the earth which we know as gravity; and the third, being chemical combinations. - Page 6 Stephenson gear, which was formerly used. Summing everything up, it is just an ordinary steam engine, with the exception of being very compactly built of excellent material. The splendid results achieved are due to the generator and the high degree of superheat given to the steam. Usually a small steam plant is very extravagant of fuel and steam, sometimes using as high as 100 lb.
-
Page 7: Hints On Economy
CHAPTER II HINTS ON ECONOMY Webster says, "Economy avoids all waste and extravagance." The popular definition of being the opposite of expense. Such is not exactly so. It is, however, the direct opposite of needless expense. Applied to the case of the automobile, economy means the avoiding of all the expense of up-keep which is unnecessary and which ought not exist. - Page 8 The man who persists in overloading his car shows up his total ignorance of the laws of mechanics. When an engineer designs a bridge he makes it a certain number of times stronger than is necessary to carry the greatest load it will ever be expected to accommodate.
- Page 9 As this is the power absorbed by one brake, the total by both 2x1.6=3.2 HP Assuming that the friction remains the some at all speeds (which is not exactly true) the power at thirty miles per hour equals 4.8 HP, and at sixty miles per hour equals three times that of twenty miles per hour, which gives the great figures of 9.6 HP wasted.
-
Page 10: Lubrication
CHAPTER III LUBRICATION Lubrication is the process of introducing some substance between two moving contact surfaces in order to preserve them from wear. If the surface of a bearing, no matter how finely finished could be viewed through a microscope, it would have a very rough and ragged appearance. When two such surfaces are moving in different directions, while in contact, these "tiny mountain ranges"... - Page 11 When first startling a cold engine it is advisable to give the hand oil pump a few strokes. The feed pipe may have become partly empty, and as the automatic pump feeds very slowly, the engine would run some time before the oil reached the cylinders.
- Page 12 the car. On cars having slip joint square in. the engine flywheel, the plate, (held by four screws), must be removed to apply the grease. If a smooth running car is desired, all drive shaft bearings must be kept well greased. The work done by the front wheel bearings is usually underestimated.
-
Page 13: Instructions For Adjusting Temperature On Old Regulation
CHAPTER IV INSTRUCTIONS FOR ADJUSTING TEMPERATURE ON OLD REGULATION Before any attempt is made to regulate the temperature on a White car there are several things that it is positively necessary to do before any satisfactory results can be obtained by changing the adjustment of the thermostat. -
Page 14: Directions For Valve Setting On The New Type Engines
open. If it is open the same amount as it was on the other end of the stroke, the valve is set correctly. The valve should be opened the same amount on each end when the piston is at the respective ends of its stroke. The lead is now divided equally. - Page 15 When car is thoroughly warmed up, shut off the fire a moment and let the pumps force a little extra water into the generator. Stop engine. Disconnect union on suction hose, which connects the tank with the pumps, and allow water to run from water tank.
-
Page 16: Miscellaneous Suggestions
CHAPTER V MISCELLANEOUS SUGGESTIONS Avoid racing engine when steaming up car. The steam pressure rises no faster by so doing. Run engine slowly, with simpling pedal pressed down, until all water is out of cylinders. This will save many connecting rods and cylinder heads. To loosen stubborn steam line unions hold a heavy hammer squarely against one face and tap the opposite side with a light hammer. - Page 17 Blow off generator twice a week from left side. By closing valve before the steam has quite all escaped, the generator will refill itself with water. This is due to the fact that as the enclosed steam is condensed it forms a vacuum.
- Page 18 Do not shoot over the tip of a hill at full speed. Some one else may be doing the same thing in the opposite direction. The same applies to curves where you cannot see the road ahead. If your car is running well do not tinker, "tinkeritis" is a disease, the only cure for which is a few good-sized repair bills.
-
Page 19: Chart #1
CHAPTER VI CHART # 1 NEW REGULATION WITH FLOWMOTOR CONTROL Adjustment too high Thermostat Element Bent Binding in stuffing box Worn lap fit on fuel valve stem Fuel stem not screwed into piston rod sufficiently Flow motor Packing glands too tight Piston binding Weak, short or broken spring Vaporizer nozzle too large... - Page 20 CHART # 1 (continued) Crack in burner grate Turning on fuel too fast when cold When fire comes on Pilot too low. Dirty pilot No lagging on burner Too much air in mixing tube split vaporizer Red hot coils (overheating) slow gas leak Fire on continuously (wet steam) Vaporizer nozzle out of center...
-
Page 21: Items On Chart #1
Items on CHART #1 OVERHEATING Overheating is any condition by which the temperature of the steam, as it goes to the engine, is above normal; normal being 400 Centigrade. An extreme case is when the coils of the generator are heated to a red heat. There are a number of causes for too high a temperature, many of which are due to the carelessness of the man operating the car. -
Page 22: Water Regulator
WATER REGULATOR If the water regulator pin valve has insufficient lift, it will cause a back pressure through the water line. This back pressure will transmit a pulsation of the pumps to the flow motor piston, causing it to move up and down rapidly and feeding a slow amount of fuel without water, or at least hindering the flow motor from closing properly. -
Page 23: Lack Of Power But Dry Steam
been occasioned by putting on a twenty HP fuel valve on a thirty HP car, or by putting a small twenty HP nozzle on a thirty HP car. The twenty HP nozzles are hexagonal, the thirty and forty HP nozzles are square. A dirty vaporizer gives the same result as a choked supply. -
Page 24: Cracked Diaphragm
CRACKED DIAPHRAGM This is an item, which has been entirely eliminated by the use of more than one diaphragm. In the Naught Six car only one was used. At the present time each water regulator has four. If the diaphragm should crack, the steam escaping through would force the water supply back from the pumps causing them, of course, to cease supplying the generator. -
Page 25: When Fire Is Coming On
on the fuel again and proceed as before. We have divided the subject of "Backfiring" into two general classes. It may happen when the fire is just coming on, or it may happen when the fire is shutting off, or as under the heads of B and C on the chart, it may happen either way. -
Page 26: Howling
If the burner is not getting enough air it will act the same as though it were getting too much raw fuel, as mentioned above. Causes for lack of air are, nozzle being too large (sometimes drilled out in order to get more power), mixing tube shutter being closed too much, or the nozzle projecting into the mixing tube too far. -
Page 27: Fire Will Not Come On Without Racing Engine
on the water regulator pin, the back pressure will keep the flow motor from closing properly, causing the fire to burn slowly to a more or less degree. On the other hand, if the packing in the flow motor stuffing boxes on the fuel stem piston rod is too tight, the flow motor may in extreme cases refuse to close and the fuel will continue to feed, regardless of the action of the water regulator. -
Page 28: Chart #2
CHAPTER VII. CHART # 2 GENERAL SYMPTOMS Wet steam (see Chart #l) Pump suction hose choked Any water leak Faulty condenser pump Engine stuffing boxes leaking Fan not running Condensing system Mud on condenser tubes Engine valves scored Condenser fouled inside Broken piston rings Overflow valve spring weak Overflow valve loose... -
Page 29: Items On Chart #2 General Symptoms
Items on CHART #2 GENERAL SYMPTOMS The items enumerated in Chart Two are partially a reiteration of some of the items on Chart One. They are mostly general terms used for the purpose of identifying the symptoms developed by the car. The most of the items are treated more specifically under the same heading on some of the other charts. -
Page 30: Engine Valves Cut
ENGINE VALVES CUT Scored engine valves are very wasteful of steam, as it is passing through the engine constantly. This condition overloads the condenser, causing it to overflow and waste the water. BROKEN PISTON RINGS Broken piston rings are similar to cut engine valves, in that they are wasteful of steam. The rings are supposed to be steam-tight, and of course if they are broken the steam will blow through constantly, whether the piston is moving up or down. -
Page 31: Any Chokage Of Fuel Flow
ANY CHOKAGE OF FUEL FLOW This will give the same result as a dirty vaporizer. By the term chokage is meant any obstruction in the feed pipes or anything that prevents the fuel from flowing fast enough to take care of the water that is passing through the flow motor. -
Page 32: Pressure Drops Quickly When Car Speed Is Constant
false pressure, and the pumps may be pumping against a much higher generator pressure than is indicated by the steam gauge. A Car containing a generator in this condition does not possess very much reserve power. PRESSURE DROPS QUICKLY WHEN CAR SPEED IS CONSTANT. This is a very rare occurrence. -
Page 33: Chart #3
CHAPTER VIII. CHART # 3 MINOR ITEMS Graphite on screws Rough casting (porous) Clogged Pilot too high Flow motor Vaporizer Slow gas leak independent valve Pilot high. Vaporizer red hot Split Clogged while red hot Excessive air pressure Water in gasoline Gas mixture too light Goes Out Pilot turned too low... -
Page 34: Items On Chart #3 Minor Items
Items on CHART #3 MINOR ITEMS VAPORIZER When using any liquid fuel it must first be changed to a gaseous form in order to get the best results from the combustion. In this form it is most easily mixed with the air. The vaporizer in the White Car serves the purpose of changing the fuel from a liquid to a gaseous form. -
Page 35: Pilot Light Burns Red
PILOT LIGHT BURNS RED If the pilot light will not burn with a blue flame it might be caused by some of the screws leaking or the flush valve might not be closed tightly enough. On the old style pilot lights the little hole in the nozzle may become too large. -
Page 36: Fire
If the wheels or radius rods have too much motion due to wear it may cause vibration at certain speeds and again it may not. However, they should not be allowed to remain loose, as this condition increases the rapidity of the wear. -
Page 37: Chart #4
CHAPTER IX CHART # 4 ENGINE Leaky simpling valves Passover valve Flaw in cylinders HP poppet valve Compound Wet Steam Piston or slide valves cut Broken piston rings Engine loose on frame Loose flywheel Crankcase Either simple or Cylinders Lack of lubrication Compound Flywheel square Loose rear wheels... -
Page 38: Engine
Items on CHART #4 ENGINE There is no difference in the fundamental principles upon which the old and new style engines are designed. The greatest difference is in the mechanical construction. Two very important items in connection with the care and operation of any steam engine are, first, starting when cold;... -
Page 39: Engine Vibrates Either Simpled Or Compound
which might not be perceptible when new could in the course of time be enlarged by the passage of steam and later become more noticeable. Occasionally, the engine will not pull smoothly for a few minutes after starting until the steam has attained its superheat. -
Page 40: Engine Pounds
ENGINE POUNDS An engine pound is a decided knock or thump usually caused by a loose or worn part. Do not confuse the terms "vibration" and "pound." An engine can pound and still pull smoothly, or an engine can vibrate when all its moving parts are properly adjusted and well lubricated. -
Page 41: Engine Jerks When Changing From Simple To Compound
press down simpling pedal. If engine starts to move the throttle is leaking. Should the simpling pedal refuse to move be very careful about pressing it suddenly, as the engine will probably race. The best way to release the steam, which is imprisoned in the steam chest, is to give the pedal a few sharp kicks thus releasing the steam a little at a time. - Page 42 conditions the actual pressure in the steam chest is a great deal less than that in the generator. Only when the throttle is opened rapidly or when climbing a hill does the pressure within the steam chest even approach that of the generator.
-
Page 43: Chart #5
CHAPTER X CHART #5 "OLD REGULATION" From the time of building the first cars up to year of Naught Seven the regulation remained exactly the same in principle. This principle was entirely different from the one in use at the present time. The thermostat regulated the amount of fuel fed to the burner by closing off the supply when the temperature reached a predetermined degree. -
Page 44: Overheating
The steam pressure almost immediately rises above the bypass point, the water regulator bypasses the water supply, and the temperature rises again causing the thermostat to close the fuel valve. This is a full cycle and these cycles follow each other in routine at regular intervals when the car is working. This regulation maintains a constant temperature, but not a constant pressure. -
Page 45: Chart #6 Lubrication
CHART #6 LUBRICATION Pistons Constant supply of Cylinders Valves "Standard Steam motor oil" Stuffing boxes "White special steam oi1" "600W vacuum compounded" Engine Fan and fan shaft ----- Turn up grease cups daily Water pump block ----- Oil daily Oiler driving mechanism ----- Oil daily Crossheads... -
Page 46: Efficiency Report
(EFFICIENCY REPORT) STEAM PLANT OF THE WHITE MOTOR CAR By R. C. Carpenter, of Ithaca, N. Y. Member of the Society The steam plant of the White Motor Car is an example of what can be accomplished on a small scale in the use of steam of high pressure and with a high degree of superheat in the steam engine and is consequently of interest to the mechanical engineer irrespective of its special application for the propulsion of motor cars. -
Page 47: Strength
STRENGTH The construction of the boiler has been shown and described, from which it is seen that the diameter of each pressure element is small and consequently of great strength and not likely to be strained to any high percentage of its ultimate strength by any pressure which could be produced under ordinary conditions. -
Page 48: Tests Of The White Steam Plant
TESTS OF THE WHITE STEAM PLANT Prof. C. H. Benjamin, of the Case School of Applied Science, Cleveland, Ohio, made a very careful brake test of the steam plant of the White system of 1903 which used a 10 HP engine and found that when the engine was fully loaded it used only 12.6 lb. -
Page 49: The Boiler Test
THE BOILER TEST The average pressure of steam at the boiler during the various runs was 595 lb. The average degree of superheat at the boiler was 298 . The mean temperature of feed water was 78 . The average evaporation was l0.34 lb. of water for 1 lb. -
Page 50: Summary
test the engine was operated at 675 R.P.M., the friction HP determined in Prof. Benjamin's test was approximately 2, which, however, included that of an extra countershaft, which was not required in my test. Prof. Benjamin's tests show a consumption of water per brake horsepower pear hour varying from 12.6 to 19.9 and per indicated horsepower per hour an amount varying from 10.8 to 14 lb. -
Page 51: Miscellaneous
MISCELLANEOUS In the hill climbing carnival held in San Francisco (March 28,l909) a 20 HP Model "O" White Steamer made the fastest time of the day, Climbing the steep one mile grade in l.l2 2-5. This time was scored In a match race, as the committee paid the White the usual compliment of having the regular events "open for gasoline cars only"...