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Garmin. Garmin hereby grants permission to download a single copy of this manual and of any revision to this manual onto a hard drive or other electronic storage medium to be...
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INTRODUCTION ARNING: Terrain data is obtained from third party sources. Garmin is not able to independently Warnings and Cautions verify the accuracy of this data which should be used only as an aid for situational awareness. Ter- rain data must not be used as the sole basis for decisions or maneuvers to avoid terrain or obstacles.
Contents Introduction Table of Contents PART ONE: TRAFFIC INFORMATION SERVICE (TIS) INTERFACE Section 1: TIS Operation and Symbology ..................1 TIS Operation ............................1 TIS Limitations ............................2 TIS Symbology .............................4 Section 2: Control and Display .....................5 TIS Traffic Display Status and Pilot Response ..................5 Traffic Ground Track ...........................6 Traffic Warning Window ........................6 Traffic Page ............................6...
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INTRODUCTION Section 2: NEXRAD Overview .....................12 Table of Contents NEXRAD Description .........................12 NEXRAD Abnormalities ........................12 NEXRAD Limitations .........................12 NEXRAD Intensity ..........................13 Section 3: NEXRAD Operation ....................14 Requesting NEXRAD Data ........................14 Data Received Message (GDL 49 Only) ....................16 Displaying NEXRAD Data on the Weather Page .................16 Customizing NEXRAD Data on the Weather Page ................16 Displaying NEXRAD Data on the Map Page ..................17 Customizing NEXRAD Data on the Map Page ..................17...
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Introduction Section 5: Temperature, Dewpoints, and Winds .................24 Displaying Temperature/Dewpoints ....................24 Table of Contents Displaying Wind Data ........................24 Section 6: Troubleshooting ......................25 Monitoring the Data Link ........................25 GDL 49 Datalink Status ........................26 GDL 69/69A Datalink Status ......................27 PART THREE: TERRAIN INTERFACE Section 1: Introduction .......................29 Overview ............................29 Operating Criteria ..........................29...
TCAS uses an airborne interrogator with a half-second update rate, aircraft equipped with a Mode S Data Link such as the Garmin GTX 330 Transponder. TIS Traffic from a while TIS uses the terminal Mode S ground GTX 330 Transponder can then be displayed on a Garmin 400/500 Series unit.
TIS Operation and Symbology NOTE: This section on TIS Limitations is not comprehensive. Garmin recommends the user review the TIS Limitations section of the Aeronautical Information Manual, Section 1-3-5. TIS is NOT intended to be used as a collision avoidance system and does not relieve the pilot responsibility to “see and avoid”...
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TIS information is collected one radar scan prior to the scan during which the uplink occurs. Section 1 Therefore, the surveillance information is approximately 5 seconds old. In order to present the intrud- TIS Operation and Symbology ers in a “real time” position, the TIS ground station uses a “predictive algorithm” in its tracking software. This algorithm uses track history data to extrapolate intruders to their expected positions consistent with the time of display in the cockpit.
TIS Symbology Section 1 TIS traffic is displayed on the 400/500 Series unit according to TCAS symbology, graphically displayed TIS Operation and Symbology on a dedicated graphical page (Traffic Page; see below), and on the moving Map Page. A Traffic Advisory (TA) symbol appears as a solid yellow circle (or half circle on the outer range ring if the traffic is outside the range of the dedicated Traffic Page).
This state is indicated by the text ‘UNAVAILABLE’ (500 Series) and ‘UNAVAIL’ (400 Series). The pilot should be aware that ‘UNAVAIL’ could indicate a TIS coverage limitation due to a line-of-sight situation, a low altitude condition, or a result of flying directly over the radar site providing coverage (cone of silence).
Traffic Ground Track Section 2 Traffic ground track is indicated in the 400/500 display by a “target track vector”, a short line displayed Controls and Display in 45-degree increments, extending in the direction of target movement. Traffic Warning Window When the unit is on any page (other than the NAV Traffic Page) and a traffic threat is imminent, the Traffic Warning Window is displayed.
• TA only - Only traffic advisories are displayed on the Map Page. From the Map Page you can display traffic in a thumbnail format in any of the top three (400 Series) or four (500 Series) data fields on the right side of the Map Page.
Highlighting TIS Traffic Using Map Page Panning Section 2 Another Map Page feature is panning, which allows you to move the map beyond its current Controls and Display limits without adjusting the map scale. When you select the panning function — by pressing the small right knob —...
Section 3: TIS Operational Procedures Section 3 TIS Operational Procedures Introduction TIS warns the user with voice and visual traffic advisories whenever it predicts an intruder to be a threat (see sidebar). The user should not start evasive maneuvers using information from the 400/500 Intruder Aircraft display or on a traffic advisory only.
Manual Override Section 3 The user can manually switch between standby (STBY) and operating (OPER) mode of operation to TIS Operational Procedures manually override automatic operation. To place the display into operating mode from the standby mode (to display TIS traffic): 1.
Section 1: Introduction How it Works: The Garmin 400/500 Series units provides the display and control interface for the textual and graphi- GDL 49: cal weather data link. For the GDL 49, satellite up-linked textual and graphical weather data is received NEXRAD and METAR data is collected by the National on a request/reply basis.
Section 2: NEXRAD Overview Section 2 NEXRAD Overview NEXRAD Description WSR-88D weather surveillance radar or NEXRAD (NEXt generation RADar) is a Doppler radar system that has greatly improved the detection of meteorological events such as thunderstorms, tornadoes, and hurricanes. An extensive network of NEXRAD stations provides almost complete radar coverage of the continental United States, Alaska, and Hawaii.
NEXRAD Intensity Section 2 NEXRAD Overview Colors are used to identify the different NEXRAD echo intensities (reflectivity) measured in dBZ (decibels of Z). “Reflectivity” (designated by the letter Z) is the amount of transmitted power returned to the radar receiver. The dBZ values increase as returned signal strength increases. Precipitation intensity is displayed on the 400/500 Series units using colors represented by the dBz values listed in Table 2-1.
Radius — This field selects a request radius from 50 to 250 nautical miles from the selected position. Position — ‘Current Posn’-Position is current, ‘Look Ahead’-Position is look ahead position, and ‘From Data Link Page for GDL 69 (400 Series). Lat/Lon’-Position is Map Cursor position.
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NOTE: It is recommended that the pilot turn the Auto Request function ‘on’ by setting it to Section 3 ‘10 min’ updates. This setting provides best performance for the GDL 49. NEXRAD Operation There is no Auto Request function for GDL 69. Instead, weather data is updated automati- cally as it becomes available from XM.
Data Received Message (GDL 49 Only) Section 3 When the request has been answered, the message annunciator (MSG) will flash to alert you to one of the NEXRAD Operation following messages depending on the type of data received: • New NEXRAD Received •...
Section 3 Displaying NEXRAD Data on the Map Page NEXRAD Operation When NEXRAD data is received, it is displayed on the Map Page, in addition to the Weather Page and the default NAV Page. Customizing NEXRAD Data on the Map Page You can customize NEXRAD data on the Map Page by using the Page Menu.
Displaying NEXRAD Data on the Default NAV Page (500 Series Only) Section 3 When NEXRAD data is received, it is displayed on the default NAV Page, in addition to the Weather NEXRAD Operation Page and the Map Page. To select the Default NAV Page from the Data Link Page: 1.
Data Link Request Log Page (GDL 49 Only) Section 3 The Data Link Request Log Page is used to display the data that was requested. When a request is NEXRAD Operation received, a check mark is placed in the box. Sending Position Reports (GDL 49 Only) The Data Link allows for accurate location tracking of your aircraft by sending your position manu- ally or automatically to the EchoFlight web site (www.EchoFlight.com) for use by third-party EchoFlight...
Section 4: METAR Operation Section 4 METAR Operation Requesting Graphical METARS Graphical METAR Data can be requested from the Data Link Page, Map Page, or Airport Page. To request Graphical METARS from the Data Link Page: 1. Select the Data Link Page. 2.
4. Enter the type of METAR Data you desire and the desired radius (graphical requests only). Section 4 5. Select Manual Send? and press ENT. The request has been sent. METAR Operation Once received, Graphical METAR data is displayed on the NAV Weather Page. Displaying Graphical METARS on the NAV Weather Page To display Graphical METARS on the NAV Weather Page: 1.
Weather Legend Page Section 4 The symbology unique to Graphical METAR, Winds, and Temperature/Dew Point data is displayed on METAR Operation the Weather Legend Page. The Weather Legend Page is accessed from the Weather Page. To display the Weather Legend Page: 1.
Displaying Textual METARS Section 4 METAR Operation Once received, Textual METARS are displayed on the METARS Text Page. To select the METARS Text Page: 1. Select the Data Link Page. 2. Select ‘Textual Metar’. 3. Press ENT. The Textual METAR Page is displayed for the airport you selected. You can enter a different identifier on the Textual METAR Page.
Section 5: Temperature, Dewpoints, and Winds Section 5 Temperature, Dewpoints, and Winds Displaying Temperature/Dewpoints Temperature/Dewpoints are displayed on the NAV Weather Page. To display Temperature/Dewpoints on the NAV Weather Page: 1. Select the NAV Weather Page. 2. Press CRSR. The upper left hand corner data field flashes. 3.
Section 6: Troubleshooting Section 6 Troubleshooting Although it is the responsibility of the facility that installed the GDL 49 or GDL 69/69A to correct any hardware problems, you can perform some quick troubleshooting steps to find the possible cause of a failure.
GDL 49 Datalink Status Section 6 Troubleshooting • TX Queue — Shows the number of requests in the GDL 49’ s transmit queue waiting to be sent to the satellite. • RX Queue — Shows the number of responses in the GDL 49’ s receive queue waiting to be sent to the 400/500 Series.
GDL 69/69A Datalink Status Section 6 • Sat ID/Connectivity — This field shows the current activation status and signal strength of the XM Troubleshooting Satellite Radio weather service. The Sat ID/Connectivity field shows the following: Sat ID Field ‘--’ GDL 69/69A - 400/500 Series interface communications not yet established. ‘XM’...
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Series units to increase situational awareness and aid in reducing controlled flight into terrain (CFIT). TERRAIN functionality is a standard feature found in 400 Series units with main software version 5.01 or above, and in 500 Series units with main software version 6.01 or above, along with appropriate hardware upgrades.
The Garmin TERRAIN system utilizes terrain and obstacle databases that are referenced to Mean Sea Introduction Level (MSL). Using the GPS Position and GPS-MSL Altitude, Garmin TERRAIN portrays a 2D picture of the surrounding terrain and obstacles relative to the position and altitude of the aircraft. Furthermore, the GPS Position and GPS-MSL Altitude are used to calculate and ‘predict’...
When an instrument approach is loaded in the active flight plan, the PDA function can provide a Section 1 greater margin of safety by alerting for altitude deviations below minimum approach altitudes. Minimum Introduction altitudes are typically known for the segment prior to the final approach fix and for step-down fixes prior to the missed approach point.
Section 2: TERRAIN Operation Section 2 TERRAIN Operation Power Up During power-up of the 400/500 Series unit, the terrain/obstacle database versions are displayed along with a disclaimer (Figure 2-1). At the same time, the TERRAIN system self-test begins. A failure message is issued if the test fails (see page 41).
Menu Selection Inhibit Mode The Garmin TERRAIN system provides an ‘inhibit mode’. This mode is designed to deactivate PDA/FLTA visual alerts when they are deemed unnecessary by the pilot. Flying VFR into an area where unique terrain exists could cause the system to annunciate a nuisance alert. Pilots should use discretion when inhibiting the TERRAIN system and always remember to enable the system when appropriate.
Color Terrain/Obstacle Location Color Interpretation Terrain/Obstacle is within 100’ or The Garmin TERRAIN system uses black, yellow, and red to depict terrain information relative to above aircraft altitude. aircraft altitude (Figure 2-6 and Table 2-1). Yellow Terrain/Obstacle is within 1000’ of Potential Impact Point aircraft altitude.
The Garmin TERRAIN system uses terrain and obstacle information supplied by government sources. TERRAIN Operation The data undergoes verification by Garmin to confirm accuracy of the content, per TSO-C151b. How- ever, the information displayed should never be understood to be all-inclusive. Pilots must familiar- ize themselves with the appropriate sectional charts for safe flight.
Obstacle Database. Navigation Database As explained in the “Premature Descent Alerting (PDA)” section (page 40), the Garmin TERRAIN pre- mature descent alerting (PDA) algorithms utilize data contained in the Navigation Database. It is therefore important to also have the latest Navigation Database installed to ensure correct TERRAIN alerting.
Nearest Airport Criteria & Terrain Phase of Flight Section 2 Changes to the Nearest Airport Criteria Page (Figure 2-8) affect how the TERRAIN system performs. TERRAIN Operation The nearest airport list is used to derive the terrain destination airport when there is no loaded active flight plan or when deviating from the active flight plan (whenever the terrain algorithms go into estimation mode).
Section 3: TERRAIN Alerts Section 3 TERRAIN Alerts TERRAIN alerts are issued when flight conditions meet parameters that are set within the TERRAIN system software algorithms. When an alert is issued, visual annunciations are displayed. Annunciations appear in a dedicated field in the lower left corner of the display (Figure 3-1). TERRAIN Annunciation Field Pop-up Alerts On any page except the TERRAIN Page, when a terrain or obstacle alert is issured, a pop-up window is...
Forward Looking Terrain Avoidance Section 3 The Forward Looking Terrain Avoidance alert, or FLTA, is used by the TERRAIN system and is com- TERRAIN Alerts posed of two elements: • Reduced Required Terrain Clearance (RTC) Avoidance — Provides alerts when the aircraft flight path is above terrain, yet is projected to come within minimum clearance values outlined in Table 3-1.
Premature Descent Alerting (PDA) Section 3 The TERRAIN system issues a Premature Descent alert when the system detects that the aircraft is TERRAIN Alerts significantly below the normal approach path to a runway. There are three different scenarios to consider with PDA: PDA Severity Levels •No Approach Loaded—PDA alerting begins when the aircraft is within 15 nm of the destination...
TERRAIN Failure Alert Section 3 The TERRAIN system continually monitors several system-critical items, such as database validity, TERRAIN Alerts hardware status, and GPS status. Should the system detect a failure, a message is annunciated ‘TERRAIN has failed’ (Figure 3-5). ‘TERRAIN Not Available’ Alert The TERRAIN system requires a 3D GPS navigation solution along with specific vertical accuracy minimums.
Section 1: Introduction Overview Garmin’ s Terrain Awareness Warning System (TAWS) is an optional feature for the GPS 500 and GNS 530/530A to increase situational awareness and aid in reducing controlled flight into terrain (CFIT) (Figure 1-1). Garmin TAWS satisfies TSO-C151b Class B requirements for certification. Class B TAWS is required for all Part 91 aircraft operations with 6 or more passenger seats and for Part 135 turbine aircraft operations with 6 to 9 passenger seats (FAR Parts 91.223, 135.154).
Garmin TAWS utilizes terrain and obstacle databases that are referenced to Mean Sea Level (MSL). Introduction Using the GPS Position and GPS-MSL Altitude, Garmin TAWS portrays a 2D picture of the surrounding terrain and obstacles relative to the position and altitude of the aircraft. Furthermore, the GPS Position and GPS-MSL Altitude are used to calculate and ‘predict’...
PDA alerting is provided for both non-published visual approaches and published instrument Section 1 approaches to airports. When an instrument approach is loaded in the active flight plan, the PDA Introduction function can provide a greater margin of safety by alerting for altitude deviations below minimum approach altitudes.
Section 2: TAWS Operation Section 2 TAWS Operation Power Up During power-up of the 500 Series unit, the terrain/obstacle database versions are displayed along with a disclaimer to the pilot. At the same time, TAWS self-test begins. TAWS gives the following aural messages upon test completion: •...
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To display a 120˚ view: Section 2 1. Select the TAWS Page and press MENU. Select ‘View 120˚?’. TAWS Operation (Figure 2-2) 2. Press ENT. The TAWS Page displays the 120˚ view . To change to a 360˚ view, repeat step 1, select ‘View 360˚?’, and press ENT.
Inhibit Mode Section 2 TAWS provides an ‘inhibit mode’ (Figure 2-4). This mode is designed to deactivate PDA/FLTA aural TAWS Operation and visual alerts when they are deemed unnecessary by the aircrew. Flying VFR into an area where unique terrain exists could cause the system to annunciate a nuisance alert. Pilots should use discretion when inhibiting the TAWS system and always remember to enable the system when appropriate.
TAWS Manual Test Section 2 Garmin TAWS provides a manual test capability which verifies the proper operation of the aural and TAWS Operation visual annunciations of the system prior to a flight. To manually test the TAWS system: 1. Select the TAWS Page and press MENU.
TAWS Page. Note that obstacle symbols are shown on display zoom ranges up to 10 nm. Color Interpretation Garmin TAWS uses black, yellow, and red to depict terrain information relative to aircraft altitude Unlighted Obstacles (Figure 2-7). Each color is associated with an alert severity level and a suggested course of action. Color Lighted Obstacles <1000’...
Garmin TAWS uses terrain and obstacle information supplied by government sources. The data under- TAWS Operation goes verification by Garmin to confirm accuracy of the content, per TSO-C151b. However, the displayed information should never be understood as being all-inclusive. Pilots must familiarize themselves with the appropriate sectional charts for safe flight.
Obstacle Database. Navigation Database As explained in the “Premature Descent Alerting (PDA)” section (page 56), Garmin TAWS Premature Descent Alerting (PDA) algorithms utilize data contained in the navigation database. It is therefore impor- tant to also have the latest navigation database installed to ensure correct TAWS alerting.
Nearest Airport Criteria & TAWS Phase of Flight Section 2 Changes to the Nearest Airport Criteria Page (Figure 2-9) affects how TAWS performs. The nearest air- TAWS Operation port list is used to derive the TAWS destination airport when there is no loaded active flight plan or when off the active flight plan or when deviating from the active flight plan (whenever the TAWS algorithms go into estimation mode).
Section 3: TAWS Alerts Section 3 TAWS Alerts Alerts are issued when flight conditions meet parameters that are set within TAWS software algorithms. TAWS alerts typically employ either a CAUTION or a WARNING alert severity level, or both. When an alert is issued, visual annunciations are displayed.
Forward Looking Terrain Avoidance Section 3 The Forward Looking TERRAIN Avoidance alert, or FLTA, is used by TAWS and is composed of two TAWS Alerts elements: Reduced Required Terrain Clearance (RTC) Avoidance — Provides alerts when the aircraft flight path is above terrain, yet is projected to come within minimum clearance values outlined in Table 3-1.
Premature Descent Alerting (PDA) Section 3 Garmin TAWS issues a Premature Descent alert when the system detects that the aircraft is significantly TAWS Alerts below the normal approach path to a runway. There are three different scenarios to consider with PDA: •...
Excessive Descent Rate Alert (EDR) Section 3 The purpose of the Excessive Descent Rate alert is to provide suitable alerts when the aircraft is deter- TAWS Alerts mined to be closing (descending) upon terrain at an excessive speed. Figure 3-4 shows the parameters for the alert as defined by TSO-C151b.
Negative Climb Rate After Takeoff Alert (NCR) Section 3 The purpose of the Negative Climb Rate After Takeoff alert (also referred to as ‘Altitude Loss After TAWS Alerts Takeoff’) is to provide suitable alerts to the pilot when the system determines that the aircraft is losing altitude (closing upon terrain) after takeoff.
(Figure 3-7). The aural message ‘TAWS System Failure’ is issued along with the “TER FAIL” annunciation. TAWS Not Available Alert Garmin TAWS requires a 3D GPS navigation solution along with specific vertical accuracy minimums. Should the navigation solution become degraded, if the terrain/obstacle database is not available, or if Figure 3-7: ‘TERRAIN FAILED’ Display the aircraft is out of the database coverage area, the annunciation ‘TER N/A’...
The aural alert voice gender is configurable to be either male or female. Also, there are different alert TAWS Alerts text phrases available for several of the alerts, as summarized in Table 3-2. See your Garmin installer for further information on configuring the alert system.
Appendix A METAR Graphics The following age symbols are common to METARs, Winds, and Temperature/Dewpoint graphics.: Graphical METAR Symbology METAR, Winds, and Temperature/Dewpoints Age Graphics 0 — 10 11 — 20 21 — 30 31 — 60 61+ minutes Unknown minutes minutes minutes...
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Winds Appendix B Wind Vector — The wind vector indicates the direction of the surface wind to the nearest 30˚ incre- Graphical METAR Symbology ment (e.g. 30˚, 60˚, 90˚, 120˚, etc). Wind Speed — In general, the sum of the wind barbs is the sustained surface wind speed. Wind Speed (Blank) Unkown...
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Appendix B Temperature - Dew Points This symbol displays the difference between the reported temperature and dew point. Differences are Graphical METAR Symbology shown in degrees Fahrenheit. Temperature - Dew Point Ceiling Precipitation Visibility Data Age Temp - Dew Point Display Ranges (Blank) Unknown 11°+...
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