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Elastic Networks BitStorm L3S-T User Manual

Includes the bitstorm l3s-x stack slave gigabit ethernet switch
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08-01082-01 Rev 1.5
Last Updated 9/15/00
BitStorm L3S-T
User's Manual
includes the BitStorm L3S-X
Stack Slave

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Summary of Contents for Elastic Networks BitStorm L3S-T

  • Page 1 BitStorm L3S-T User's Manual includes the BitStorm L3S-X Stack Slave 08-01082-01 Rev 1.5 Last Updated 9/15/00...

  • Page 2: Table Of Contents

    Installing the Gigabit Uplinks Building a Stack Installing the Stacking Interface Mounting in an Equipment Rack Powering On the Switch Setting Up the BitStorm L3S-T Management Console Setting the IP Address, Mask and Gateway Installing TFTP Suite2000Pro Upgrading Firmware Finishing the Installation...

  • Page 3: About This Manual

    BitStorm L3S-T Gigabit Ethernet Switch BitStorm L3S-X Gigabit Ethernet Switch This issue of the BitStorm L3S-T User's Manual replaces all earlier versions. BitStorm L3S Series Device Manager This manual includes instructions on how to monitor and configure the Switch using BitStorm L3S Series Device Manager, the Switch's built-in management software.

  • Page 4: Introduction

    Introduction BitStorm L3S-T Overview BitStorm L3S-X Overview Stacking Routing The Routing Information Protocol (RIP) Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) Virtual LANs (VLANs) Sample VLAN Applications Management Options...
  • Page 5 Powerful 96-port stack master The BitStorm L3S-T can stand alone or be a master controlling a three-unit stack with up to 96 Fast Ethernet and two Gigabit ports. This Switch can control any combination of up to three of these EN slave switches:...
  • Page 6 Internet Explorer, a command line interface or a text-based console program. Or, use HP OpenView or any other SNMP management system. Complete, fast, easy The BitStorm L3S-T offers all these benefits in a complete system package. This innovative Switch installs quickly and provides instant bandwidth relief—while simple management and automatic features reduce your operating costs.
  • Page 7 BitStorm L3S-T Quick Start Installation Guide BitStorm L3S-T Release Notes BitStorm L3S CD with: -- BitStorm L3S-T software -- BitStorm L3S-T User’s Guide -- Java Windows plug-in for browser-based management -- BitStorm L3S-T Management Information Bases (MIBs) -- TFTP Suite2000Pro software...
  • Page 8 Switch does not stand alone. It is used only as a slave to the BitStorm L3S-T. Up to three BitStorm L3S-X switches can be connected to the BitStorm L3S-T stack master using the Stacking Interface Module shipped with each slave switch.

  • Page 9: Stacking Bitstorm L3S Switches

    Stacking BitStorm L3S Switches As new networks are deployed and existing ones continue to grow aggressively, managers need cost-effective products that can adapt. Low cost, high-performance “stacked” switches that can be managed as a single entity are the most desirable solutions, especially for small to medium-sized enterprises. What is a “stackable”...
  • Page 10 switches is a simple matter of providing sufficient bandwidth for wire-speed packet transfers. How BitStorm L3S stacking eliminates blocking BitStorm L3S's high performance stacking architecture guarantees that packets are forwarded at wire speed to all ports on all switches in the stack without blocking any transmissions. BitStorm L3S does this using a dedicated high-speed interface connecting all ports directly to the central switching fabric.

  • Page 11: Routing

    Routing This Layer Three Gigabit Ethernet Switch is both a switch and a router. It operates at Layer 2 like traditional switches, forwarding and discarding packets based only on Media Access Control layer (MAC) addresses. Like traditional routers, it also operates at Layer 3, using network layer information to route packets to another router, switched network segment or end-station.
  • Page 12 network, so a router would be attached to one of the Switch’s ports and the router is set as the Switch’s default gateway. The Layer 2 switch propagates all packets to be routed to the router. The router compares the IP destination address in each packet it receives to the information in its routing table, then either drops the packet or forwards it to another router or network segment.
  • Page 13 The Routing Information Protocol (RIP) The Routing Information Protocol (RIP) is an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) used mainly on moderately-sized networks. RIP uses a vector-distance routing method that keeps a table of all known IP address destinations (the vector) and the number of hops to reach them (the distance). Configuring RIP To configure RIP settings using either the Command Line or Web version of the BitStorm L3S Series Device Manager, see:...
  • Page 14 becomes invalid if 180 seconds pass without that route being advertised again. RIP has certain features that provide stability in rapidly changing network conditions. Split horizon When RIP enabled interfaces are initialized, they build a routing table based on their directly connected interfaces.
  • Page 15 Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) is an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) developed to overcome some of RIP's limitations when it operates in more complex networks. Where RIP keeps a table of all known destinations and the number of hops to reach them, OSPF is a link-state routing method that keeps routing information only for the router's IP domain and its neighboring routers, not the entire network.
  • Page 16 autonomous system must be connected to the backbone. This backbone area allows summary information to be exchanged between Area Border Routers. When designing an OSPF network, you should start with Area 0. Stub Areas A stub area is an area that is only connected to one area, often this is the backbone area. Route information is not advertised into stub areas.
  • Page 17 Virtual LANs A virtual LAN (VLAN) is a logical way to segment a network without changing physical connections. In a VLAN, broadcast packets or packets with unknown destination addresses are forwarded only to ports that are VLAN members. Eliminate need for more routers Using VLANs, you can increase network segmentation without adding more hardware.
  • Page 18 Incoming The Switch classifies packets coming in on a port based on their VLAN identifier (VID)—or lack of one. If the packet has a VID, the Switch forwards the packet only to the ports for that VLAN. VLAN tagging If the packet does not have a VID, the Switch assigns one based on what it has learned. It inspects the packet and places it in a VLAN based on what it learns.
  • Page 19 Sample VLAN Applications Here are some examples of how different types of VLANs solve business and network traffic dilemmas. Users in the Engineering Department have highly sensitive material that needs to be protected. Solution: Create firewalls by placing each user into his or her own MAC-based VLAN. Traffic to that VLAN is intended only for that user.

  • Page 20: Management Options

    Management Options The Switch is shipped complete with its own SNMP management system called the BitStorm L3S Series Device Manager. This management system gives you different levels of control over all of the Switch's functions through three different user interfaces: a command line a text-based console a web browser...

  • Page 21: Installing The Bitstorm L3S-T Switch Selecting A Proper Location

    Installing the Gigabit Uplinks Building a Stack Installing the Stacking Interface Mounting in an Equipment Rack Powering On the Switch Setting Up the BitStorm L3S-T Management Console Setting the IP Address, Mask and Gateway Installing TFTP Suite2000Pro Upgrading Firmware Finishing the Installation...
  • Page 22 Selecting a Proper Location The Switch can be located in a wiring closet or equipment room, either mounted in a standard 19-inch equipment rack or left free-standing. In selecting a location, make sure that: you follow the proper cabling guidelines the Switch is accessible and cables can be connected easily cables are away from sources of electrical noise such as radios, transmitters, broadband amplifiers, power lines and fluorescent lighting fixtures...
  • Page 23 Cabling Guidelines Switches can be cabled together through any port following the maximum IEEE standard cabling distances outlined below. When connecting a switch to another switch or hub, use a crossover cable. All Fast Ethernet ports can be connected to workstations, hubs, servers or other switches. To operate at 100Mbps, workstations and servers must have a Fast Ethernet Network Interface Card (NIC) installed.
  • Page 24 Installing the Gigabit Uplinks The BitStorm L3S-T has two optional Gigabit uplink modules. The slots for both of these modules are located on the Switch's front panel shown here: Installation steps Unplug the Switch. Remove the blank plate covering the expansion slot by gently inserting the tip of a small, flathead screwdriver under the plate.
  • Page 25 Building a Stack The BitStorm L3S-T can stand alone or be a master controlling of stack of up to three L3S-X switches. When an EN switch is installed in a stack, you configure all ports on the L3S-X switches using the BitStorm L3S Series Device Manager on the BitStorm L3S-T.
  • Page 26 Power down the BitStorm L3S-T stack master and any existing BitStorm L3S-X switches connected to it. Unplug the BitStorm L3S-T's power cable. Place the BitStorm L3S-T right side up on a hard, flat surface with the rear facing you. Locate the three stacking interface slots on the rear panel.
  • Page 27 Mounting in an Equipment Rack The BitStorm L3S-T Switch and its slaves, the BitStorm L3S-X, fit in most standard 19-inch equipment racks. All come with hardware that must be attached before mounting. Important safety instructions Maximum operating temperature is 40 degrees Celsius.
  • Page 28 Powering On the Switch Testing the Switch Test the Switch by turning it on before connecting it to the network. Select the correct power cable Two types of power cables are shipped with the Switch to accommodate the world's different electrical systems. Select the cord for your locale and plug it into the power outlet on the Switch's rear panel.
  • Page 29 These settings are made using the BitStorm L3S-T's built-in BitStorm L3S Series Device Manager. You reach this software through a PC or terminal attached to the console port on the front of the BitStorm L3S-T Switch. Attaching a console to the BitStorm L3S-T Your management console can be a PC or terminal running VT100 terminal emulation software, such as Windows Hyperlink.
  • Page 30 Setting the Switch's IP Address, Mask and Gateway The Switch is shipped with the these defaults: IP address 192.168.111.1(255.255.255.0) 192.168.111.2 (255.255.255.0) Gateway address Important: IP information applies to all switches in the stack. The default gateway is used in both Layer 2 and Layer 3 configurations to resolve addresses not handled by RIP or attached devices.
  • Page 31 Installing TFTPSuite2000Pro TFTPSuite2000Pro is located on the CD shipped with the Switch. This software or any TFTP server software is required to upgrade the Switch's firmware. TFTPSuite2000Pro software can be loaded on any networked Windows PC with a CD ROM drive. Setup Place the BitStorm L3S CD in the computer's CD drive and install TFTPSuite2000Pro...
  • Page 32 L3S-T firmware using the Command Line below. To upgrade firmware on a BitStorm L3S-X: Make sure that the BitStorm L3S-T and all BitStorm L3S-Xs to be upgraded are fully operational and properly installed in a stack. Connect a management console to the BitStorm L3S-T console port. For instructions, see Setting Up the BitStorm L3S-T Management Console.
  • Page 33 To illustrate this upgrade procedure, we're using the filename slv_1_1.rec. Your filename will be slightly different. From the Console Program Main Menu, go to the Command Line Interface. Download slv_1_1.rec from your tftp server into the BitStorm L3S-T by typing: >tftp r [tftpserveripaddress] slv_1_1.rec /home/slave.rec tftpserveripaddress is the IP address of your TFTP server.
  • Page 34 Finishing the Installation To finish your installation: Configure ports using the management interface you prefer. Connect network cables. Install MIBs if you are using an SNMP management system other than the BitStorm L3S Series Device Manager. Set the system password. Configuring ports and connecting network cables You can configure ports and connect the network cables at any time after: setting the IP address, subnet mask and default gateway...
  • Page 35 > Initializing memory pools and file system....ok. Connect a management terminal to the > Initializing tasks.............ok. Switch's console port. > Init BitStorm L3S-T e0c1e2c3e4c5g6g7m18 HISR:32 LISR:125 tick:10ms ..ok. > Mounting /etc............ok. Restart the Switch using either Warm > Mounting /gui............ok.

  • Page 36: Managing The Switch Using Telnet

    Managing the Switch Using Telnet Configuring Routing OSPF Configuration Basics Configuring VLANs VLAN Tagging Configuring GVRP Quality of Service BitStorm L3S Series Device Manager - Command Line version BitStorm L3S Series Device Manager - Console version BitStorm L3S Series Device Manager - Web version...
  • Page 37 Using Telnet You can access the Console version of the BitStorm L3S Series Device Manager and manage the Switch using a Telnet device. Important: The Switch supports a maximum of three simultaneous Telnet sessions. A session times out after 15 minutes of inactivity. Making a Telnet connection: Make sure you have set the IP address, subnet mask and default gateway directly at the console port as described in the Switch's Quick Start Installation Guide.
  • Page 38 Configuring IP Routing The Switch delivers full Layer 3 IP wire-speed routing that is easy to configure. The basic steps are: create a routing interface assign an IP address to the interface implement a dynamic routing protocol, if desired Creating a routing interface You create a routing interface by placing one or more physical ports on the Switch into a port-based VLAN and then assigning an IP address to that VLAN.
  • Page 39 OSPF Configuration Basics The Switch supports either RIP or OSPF for unicast routing. Only one of these protocols may be enabled at a time. If you want to enable a different protocol, you must first disable the protocol currently running. RFC compliance The Switch's OSPF implementation complies with: OSPFv2 RFC1583...
  • Page 40 internal router (IR) - one with all of its routing interfaces in the same OSPF area area border router (ABR) - one with interfaces in more than one OSPF area. Every ABR listens and exchanges information with other ABRs. Link State Database - a database of all Link State Advertisements originated or received by this router. All routers within an area have exactly the same Link State Database.
  • Page 41 Configuring VLANs - Overview VLANs help you manage traffic and improve network performance. When you configure VLANs, the Switch forwards and filters packets more efficiently. It does so by reading VLAN information contained in the packet header and updating VLAN membership tables by what it learns. It can also insert VLAN information into the packet and transfer it to other switches on the network.
  • Page 42 create network-protocol based VLANs and enables protocol-based VLANs on the Switch confine traffic to LAN segments forming a path from the source to all VLAN members add priority or VLAN tags to all packets sets individual port tagging forwarded over the ports that are set for tagging act on all GVRP packets it receives, updating enables GVRP...
  • Page 43 For more information, also see: VLAN Tagging Configuring GVRP Quality of Service...
  • Page 44 VLAN Tagging Static port-based VLANs were originally the only way to segment a network without using routing. But, these port-based VLANs could only be implemented on a single switch or switches cabled together. Routing was required to transfer traffic between unconnected switches. As an alternative to routing, some vendors created proprietary schemes for sharing VLAN information across switches.
  • Page 45 in-depth technical discussion, please refer directly to these standards or any of the current popular technical handbooks on the subject.
  • Page 46 Configuring GVRP Maintaining consistent VLAN membership information across different switches in a company's network is essential for creating and maintaining a reliable VLAN structure. GARP To make it possible to manage and distribute VLAN membership information to different switches through the LAN, the IEEE defined the Generic Attribute Resolution Protocol (GARP), a dynamic protocol that is currently applied in two variations : GARP Multicast Registration Protocol (GMRP)
  • Page 47 Quality of Service (QoS) Quality of Service (QoS) is the ability of a device to reserve sufficient bandwidth for a particular transmission. QoS is important to companies with critical and bandwidth-intensive applications such as e-commerce web servers, multimedia applications, corporate accounting systems and voice over IP. Ethernet and QoS Ethernet networks deliver traffic on a "best effort"...
  • Page 48 be totally consumed by one priority or traffic class. In that case, you could reserve some portion of memory for the other values. However, adjusting queue sizes can have serious consequences and should not be done without careful consideration. How the Switch handles priority tagged packets The Switch forwards all packets across the switching fabric based on the priority tag it reads in all incoming packets.
  • Page 49 Changing the priority tag in an incoming packet By default, when tagged packets arrive, the Switch automatically accepts the priority value in each packet. You can override this value and set the Switch to change the priority tag on incoming packets. The Switch retags the packet with the new priority, transfers it across the fabric and forwards it onto other switches with the new priority value.
  • Page 50 Managing with the BitStorm L3S Series Device Manager Command Line version Using the Command Line Interface Command List General System Settings Configuring the Ports Port Statistics Configuring SNMP Settings Configuring VLANs Configuring VLAN Tagging Configuring GVRP Creating a Routing Interface Managing Route Table Entries Configuring RIP Configuring OSPF...
  • Page 51 Using the Command Line Interface Command Line version You can control all Switch functions using the Command Line interface. You login to the Command Line version of the BitStorm L3S Series Device Manager from a management console connected to the Switch's console port. For details, see Setting Up a Management Console.
  • Page 52 Command List Command Line This is a complete list of all commands available in the BitStorm L3S Series Device Manager. Entering commands Commands must be entered in lower case. Names used in commands can be either upper or lower case. Use quotation marks when entering your own names that include a space, such as when naming ports or VLANs.
  • Page 53 Example: >area 0.0.0.4 range 192.168.98.0/16 >[no] area authentication <area_id> adds or removes an OSPF area's password protection Example: >area authentication 0.0.0.1 >arp [-a | -d | -s] [ ip_address ] [mac_addr ] [vid] [ port_number] displays and manipulates ARP cache entries adds a host IP address and associates it with the MAC address, a VLAN ID and a port number.
  • Page 54 lists all commands used >history Example: >history >ip ospf <enable | disable> <ip_address> enables or disables an OSPF interface Example: >ip ospf enable 192.168.23.3 >ip ospf authentication-key <ip_address> <authKey> sets the password for an OSPF interface Example: >ip ospf authentication-key 192.168.23.3 diablo42 >ip ospf cost <ip_address>...
  • Page 55 sets the switch to advertise its static routes to other routers <ip_address> is the address of the other router When no is added, then the route will only be known locally Example: >redistribute static 192.168.3.23 Example: >no redistribute static 192.168.3.23 resets system, keeps current configuration >reset Example: >reset...
  • Page 56 Example: >router ospf Example: >no router ospf >set dhcp [off] sets whether the switch gets its IP address from a DHCP server. If it does, the IP address is used for the switch's default port-based VLAN only Example: >set dhcp >set garp timer [leaveall | leave | join] <port_number>...
  • Page 57 >set port [enable | disable] <port_number> enables or disables one or more ports by port number Example: >set port enable 12 Example: >set port disable 1,4-8,15 >set port duplex <port_number> [full | half] sets full duplex mode for specific ports Example: >set port duplex 12 full >set port flowcontrol <port_number>...
  • Page 58 specifies the amount of buffer memory the switch reserves in the outgoing queue for specified ports and traffic classes <port_list> one or more or a range of ports <class_list> one or more traffic classes, from 0 - 3 <percentage> 0 through 100. The default is 100. Example: >set qos egressqueuesize 2, 3 75% >...
  • Page 59 >set span [enable | disable] <port_number> enables or disables spanning tree on one or more ports Example: >set span disable 6 >set spantree [enable | disable] enables or disables spanning tree on the switch Example: >set spantree disable >set spantree fwddelay <delay> sets forwarding delay for spanning tree. Default is 15 seconds. <delay>...
  • Page 60 Example: >set time 2/5/00 17:30:15 Example: >set time17:30 Example: >set time 2/5/00 >set timezone <hours> sets the switch time relative to UTC Valid entries range from -23 to + 24 Example: >set timezone +8 >set vlan <fixed | forbidden | normal> <vid> <port_list> sets how the switch updates VLAN membership information for the GVRP protocol <fixed>...
  • Page 61 >show ip ospf [area | interface | routes] shows the current status of OSPF show ip ospf shows whether the protocol is enabled, its areas, interfaces and authentication [area] shows configuration and status information for OSPF areas [interface] shows configuration and status information for OSPF interfaces [routes] shows next hop for all routes Example: >show ip ospf area OSPF Areas...
  • Page 62 shows the setting of the acceptable frame type parameter for the specified port Example: >show port acceptable-types 3 >show port gvrp-status <port_number> shows whether GVRP is enabled on the specified port Example: >show port gvrp-status 3 >show port ingress-filtering <port_number> shows the setting of the ingress filtering parameter for the specified port Example: >show port ingress-filtering 3 >show port pvid <port_number>...
  • Page 63 > show qos numclasses <port_list> shows the number of available class queues for the specified incoming port. This value is read-only. Example: >show qos numclasses 1, 4-8 > show qos regenpriority <port_list> <priority_list> displays the priority regeneration table for the given list of ports and incoming priority Example: >show qos regenpriority 1-3 0-3 Port 1, Priority 0 is mapped to 0 Port 1, Priority 1 is mapped to 1...
  • Page 64 >show spantree displays spanning tree status and port status Example: >show spantree >show time displays the date, time and day of the week. Time is in 24-hour format. Example: >show time >show timezone displays the time zone offset from the UTC Example: >show timezone >show version displays the switch's hardware and software versions, system name, SNMP IP, mask and gateway.
  • Page 65 traces the route that an IP datagram follows from one host to another. It is helpful in debugging routes from the switch to a specified destination. Replies and information for each hop are displayed on the screen. Enter Control-C to stop the program. <ip_address>...

  • Page 66: Example: >Set Time 2/5/00 17:30:15 Example: >Set Time17:30 Example: >Set Time

    General System Settings Command Line This section explains how you can: name your Switch set its IP address, subnet mask and default gateway set up or change the system password set the Switch's internal clock view the Switch's hardware and software versions upgrade firmware >set password creates the system password Example: >set password...
  • Page 67 >show version displays the switch's hardware and software versions, system name, SNMP IP, mask and gateway. This information is helpful when troubleshooting or upgrading new software. Example: >show version Switch Name : SwitchA Up Time : 0:00:33 Contact : EN Technical Support Location : MAC Address : 0:a0:ae:60:2:0 Default Gateway : 192.168.111.2...
  • Page 68 Modelname switch ports are numbered from 27 and above based on the Stacking Interface slot they are connected to on the BitStorm L3S-T master. As you face the master's rear panel, the management software assigns port numbers starting with ports connected in the right slot, then the middle, and finally the left.
  • Page 69 Example: >set port negotiation 7 disable When auto-negotiation is enabled on a port, the Switch decides the port speed and duplex mode when that port establishes a link to another connection. Auto-negotiation must be enabled on both ends of the link.
  • Page 70 Port Statistics Command Line To see the traffic statistics for any switch port, type >show port statistics <port_number> Enter the number of the port whose statistics you want to see in the port_number field. You can only display statistics for one port at a time. The values accumulated since the Switch was last turned on or reset appear in these status fields.
  • Page 71 Configuring SNMP Settings Command Line You can configure the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) on your BitStorm L3S Switch to: Send traps, or error messages, to one or more management stations Define community names, or passwords, to limit access to the Switch Access MIB files SNMP traps You can monitor significant events on your network by having the Switch send error messages, called traps, to a...
  • Page 72 To set the trap destination for the specified IP address and optional mask: >set snmp trap <ip_address[/mask]> [<rcvr_community>] <rcvr_community> is the community name Example: >set snmp trap192.168.3.8/24 public To remove the SNMP trap for the specific address: >clear snmp trap <ip_address> Example: >clear snmp trap 192.168.3.8 To make a trap dynamic or permanent—by default, traps added from the command line are permanent and cannot be changed to dynamic:...
  • Page 73 >clear snmp community <community_name> Example: >clear snmp community support...

  • Page 74: Set Vlan [Name ] [802.1Q] [Vid]

    Configuring VLANs Command Line You can create port-based and protocol-based VLANs using the Command Line interface. Important Port-based VLANs segment your network by physical switch ports. They are also required for routing interfaces. Network protocol-based VLANs are an effective way to segment your network into broadcast domains according to the network protocols in use.
  • Page 75 Configuring VLAN Tagging Command Line version This section describes the commands to implement 802.1Q VLAN tagging. Important: Only enable 802.1Q tagging on ports directly connected to other 802.1Q enabled devices. If you connect tag-enabled ports to non-802.1Q devices, these devices may think these packets, which are slightly larger, are errors and drop them.
  • Page 76 received from other 802.1Q devices: >set vlan <fixed | forbidden | normal> <vid> <port_list> fixed: ports in the port_list are always members of this VLAN (vid) even if GVRP updates say they should not be forbidden: ports in the port_list are never members of this VLAN (vid) even if GVRP updates say they should be normal: the Switch updates this VLAN's (vid) port members dynamically based on GVRP messages Example: set vlan fixed 5, 25...

  • Page 77: Example: >Show Gvrp Status

    Configuring GVRP Command Line version This section describes the commands to implement the GVRP protocol. Important: GVRP Timers - The Switch issues GVRP PDUs to other 802.1Q devices to update VLAN membership information dynamically. These 802.1Q devices use this information to add and delete dynamic VLANs or add and delete ports to an existing VLAN.
  • Page 78 Creating a Routing Interface Command Line You create a routing interface by creating a port-based VLAN and giving it an IP address. Important: Creating a routing interface adds a static route to the Switch's routing table. A routing interface can include more than one port. A port can be a member of more than one routing interface.
  • Page 79 Managing Route Table Entries Command Line The routing table contains all routes known to the Switch. It includes: all static routes created when a routing interface is created all dynamic routes maintained through RIP or OSPF Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) The Address Resolution Protocol is a mechanism for finding a MAC address from an IP address.
  • Page 80 <gateway> is the destination's default gateway <metric> is the cost assigned to this route Example: >route change 192.168.211.2 192.168.2.2 metric 5 To see route table entries currently stored in hardware: >rc [<ip_address> | -a] -r Example: >rc 192.168.3.16 -r Example: >rc -a -r host IP is IP address -a is all -r include raw data in the display...
  • Page 81 Configuring RIP Command Line The Switch supports either RIP or OSPF for unicast routing. Only one of these protocols may be enabled at a time. Configuration steps To enable RIP and set its parameters, enter your choices using this command: >rip <ip_address | * >...
  • Page 82 Configuring OSPF Command Line This section describes the steps required to configure OSPF. For more detail, see OSPF Configuration Basics. Important: OSPF timers should be left at their recommended default settings. Changes to these timers can have serious consequences. If they are not set the same for each OSPF router on your network, the routers will not exchange information.
  • Page 83 >ip ospf hello-interval <ip_address> <seconds> assigns the OSPF hello time interval, which is the time in seconds that the switch waits before issuing another hello packet. This value must be the same in all neighboring routers. The default is 10 seconds. Example: >ip ospf hello-internal 192.168.23.5 20 >ip ospf priority <ip_address>...
  • Page 84 Example: >show ip ospf routes ROUTE MASK NEXT HOP 255.255.255.0 0.0.0.0 192.168.2.0 >show ip ospf database lists the contents of the Link State Database Example: >show ip ospf database LSA DATABASE OF AREA : 0.0.0.5 LSA Type Link ID ADV Router Age Seq#(hex) CheckSum LSA DATABASE OF AREA : 0.0.0.4 LSA Type Link ID ADV Router Age Seq#(hex) CheckSum Router 192.168.3.123 192.168.3.123 0 8000001B DBBF...
  • Page 85 >ip ospf authentication-key <ip_address> <authKey> The same authentication key applied to the interface is used for the area. To password protect an area, type this command: >area authentication <area_id> Example: ip ospf authentication-key 192.23.3.23 mypasswd ip ospf authentication-key 192.48.5.6 mypasswd area authentication 0.0.0.1 One of the benefits of OSPF areas is that groups of networks within areas can be shown, or summarized,...
  • Page 86 IP Filtering Command Line IP Filtering blocks traffic leaving the Switch based on a destination IP address. This is useful when you want to restrict certain users or subnets from gaining access to other locations such as certain websites or network segments.
  • Page 87 Quality of Service Command Line The Switch is already set to automatically read the 802.1p priority bits in incoming packets, map these priorities to default traffic classes and place priority-tagged packets in traffic class queues for priority servicing. Important: You only need to configure QoS settings if you want to change the Switch defaults. By default, the Switch is set to: read the priority value of all incoming packets and forward across the switching fabric in priority order...
  • Page 88 To set the size of the four traffic classes that the Switch creates for outbound packets: > set qos egressqueuesize <port_list> <class_list> <percentage> specifies the amount of buffer memory the switch reserves in the outgoing queue for specified ports and traffic classes <port_list>...
  • Page 89 Example: >set qos egressqueuesize 1-2 0-3 shows queue sizes for all classes for ports 1 through 2: Port 1, Priority 0 is using 100% Port 1, Priority 1 is using 100% Port 1, Priority 2 is using 100% Port 1, Priority 3 is using 100% Port 2, Priority 0 is using 90% Port 2, Priority 1 is using 90% Port 2, Priority 2 is using 90%...
  • Page 90 Example: >show qos trafficclass 1-3 0-3 Port 1, Priority is 0 is class 1 Port 1, Priority is 1 is class 0 Port 1, Priority is 2 is class 0 Port 1, Priority is 3 is class 1 Port 2, Priority is 0 is class 1 Port 2, Priority is 1 is class 0 Port 2, Priority is 2 is class 0 Port 2, Priority is 3 is class 1...
  • Page 91 Configuring the Spanning Tree Protocol Command Line The Switch implements the IEEE Spanning Tree Protocol to detect and preserve an active bridged local area network topology. Spanning Tree blocks certain ports to prevent bandwidth-sapping traffic loops while preserving fault tolerance by maintaining a redundant bridge path as backup. If the first bridge path should fail, the secondary bridge path takes over.
  • Page 92 <agingtime> can range from 6-40 seconds Set port cost by typing: >set spantree portcost <port_number> <cost> <cost> is a value from 1-65535. This cost value is added to the root path cost field in a configuration BPDU received on this port to determine the cost of the path to the root through this port. Set spanning tree port priority by entering: >set spantree portpri <port_number>...
  • Page 93 Restarting and Resetting the Switch, Factory Defaults Command Line Important: When you change the configuration, always allow a few seconds for the Switch to process the change. If you turn the Switch off immediately, you could lose the new settings. You must type: >reset after changing the Switch's IP address or subnet mask to have these changes take effect.
  • Page 94 Managing with the BitStorm L3S Series Device Manager Console version Logging into BitStorm L3S Series Device Manager BitStorm L3S Series Device Manager - Main Menu Navigating the Screens System Setup Resetting Factory Defaults Configuring the System Configuring the Ports Viewing Port Configuration Viewing Port Statistics Configuring SNMP Settings Configuring VLANs...
  • Page 95 Logging into the BitStorm L3S Series Device Manager Console Version You log into the BitStorm L3S-T's console program from a workstation, terminal or modem connected to the console port on the front panel of the Switch. Your management console must be running a VT100 emulation, such as Windows HyperTerminal.
  • Page 96 BitStorm L3S Series Device Manager Console version The Console version of the BitStorm L3S Series Device Manager can be used to: Configure the system, including password changes and the Spanning Tree Protocol Configure all ports Create port-based VLANs Configure IP routing Configure SNMP settings Reach the Command Line interface Reset the system...
  • Page 97 enable or disable ports set speed, flow control and full duplex mode View Port Configuration: onscreen table of all ports and settings configured in Set Port Configuration Port Statistics: see the statistics for each port on the Switch Set Trap Destinations: enter the IP addresses where SNMP traps are to be sent Set Device Community:...
  • Page 98 Navigating the Console Screens Use the up, down, left and right arrow keys or the Ctrl key and the highlighted menu character to select menu items. The currently selected item is highlighted, as shown here: Press Ctrl-S to select Save or Ctrl-E for Exit. Press Enter to select a displayed item or bring up another screen.
  • Page 99 System Setup Menu Console version Select System Setup from the Console Main Menu to: set up or change the system password download files to update firmware reset the Switch to its factory default settings...
  • Page 100 Reset Factory Defaults Reset Factory Defaults restores these original configuration settings made at the factory: System Factory Default Settings Function Default Setting 192.168.111.1 IP Address Subnet Mask 255.255.255.0 Default Gateway 192.168.111.2 Password None BOOTP/DHCP Spanning Tree Disabled IP Routing Disabled Disabled VLANs Fast Ethernet Ports Factory Default Settings...
  • Page 101 Configuring the System Console version Select System Configuration from the Console Main Menu to reach the System Configuration screen: In Switch Name, enter a unique name up to 32 alphanumeric characters to identify this Switch in your network, for example, "Backbone Bldg. 1" or "Accounting Switch X." Up Time shows how much time has passed since the Switch was turned on or rebooted.
  • Page 102 Modelname switch ports are numbered from 27 and above based on the Stacking Interface slot they are connected to on the BitStorm L3S-T master. As you face the master's rear panel, the management software assigns port numbers starting with ports connected in the right slot, then the middle, and finally the left.
  • Page 103 port and its connected node. Port Enable. To enable or disable the selected port or range of ports, make your selection in the Port Enable field. Disabled ports do not transmit any packets to connected segments, nor forward any received packets to the switching backplane.
  • Page 104 View Port Configuration Console version View Port Configuration is an an onscreen table of all ports and their current settings. Select View Port Configuration from the Console Main Menu to reach a screen similar to this: Select NEXT to reach a second screen showing additional ports. Select EXIT to leave this screen.
  • Page 105 Viewing Port Statistics Console version To view statistics for any switch port, select Port Statistics from the Console Main Menu. This screen appears In the Port Number field, enter the number of the port whose statistics you want to see. The values accumulated since the Switch was last turned on or reset appear in these status fields.
  • Page 106 Select Exit to leave this screen.
  • Page 107 Configuring SNMP Settings Console version You can configure the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) on your Switch to: send traps, or error messages, to one or more management stations define community names, or passwords, to limit access to the Switch Set trap destinations You can monitor significant events on your network by having the Switch send error messages, called traps, to a network management system or console.
  • Page 108 Enter the community name of the network management system. This name must be one of the same community names entered in the Set Device Community screen decribed below. Important: Before an SNMP management system can retrieve data from the Switch, it must supply at least one of the community names entered.
  • Page 109 Configuring VLANs by Port Console version You can create port-based VLANs to: contain traffic at Layer 2 by creating separate physical segments set one or more ports as routing interfaces When you configure routing, traffic can be routed between Layer 2 VLANs on this Switch as well as to other network routers.
  • Page 110 Creating a Routing Interface Console version To set up a routing interface, you assign an IP address to a port-based VLAN. Before setting up a routing interface, you must first create the VLAN. See Creating VLANs by Port. From the Console Main Menu, select Set IP Routing Interfaces. This screen appears: Enter the IP address, subnet mask and VID for each routing interface you wish to create.
  • Page 111 Configuring the Spanning Tree Protocol Console version The Switch implements the IEEE Spanning Tree Protocol to detect and preserve an active bridged local area network topology. Spanning tree blocks certain ports to prevent bandwidth-sapping traffic loops while preserving fault tolerance by maintaining a redundant bridge path as backup.
  • Page 112 Port State is a read-only field showing the operating state of the port when only one port was selected. The five possible states are Blocking, Listening, Learning, Forwarding, and Disabled. An asterisk (*) appears in this field if you selected a group of ports in different operating states. Enter a value from 0-255 in the Port Priority field.
  • Page 113 Restarting and Resetting the Switch Console version To restart or reset the Switch: Use Warm Start to put any changes you made into effect. If none were made, it keeps the current settings. Use Shutdown when you have to unplug the Switch. If you wish to erase all configuration settings, use found under Reset Factory Defaults...
  • Page 114 Managing with the BitStorm L3S Series Device Manager Web version Installing the Java Plug-In Logging into BitStorm L3S Series Device Manager BitStorm L3S Series Device Manager - Main Menu Identifying the Switch on your Network Configuring Ports Configuring GVRP Creating a Routing Interface Configuring RIP RIP Settings - Advanced Configuring OSPF...
  • Page 115 Installing the Java Plug-In Web version The Web version of the BitStorm L3S Series Device Manager requires a Java plug-in module to operate with Netscape Navigator or Internet Explorer for Windows and Windows NT. You will find this Java module on the BitStorm L3S CD shipped with your Switch.
  • Page 116 Logging into the BitStorm L3S Series Device Manager Web version Important: Make sure you have installed the Java plug-in module on your management station before attempting to login. To login into the Switch's web-based device management software: Enter the Switch's IP address in the address window of your web browser. This login screen appears: Enter admin in the User Name.
  • Page 117 BitStorm L3S Series Device Manager Web version The Web version of the BitStorm L3S Series Device Manager gives you control over the Switch through a web browser. Workstation requirements: A PC with a minimum of 64MB RAM, fully configured for the web browser Windows or Windows NT versions of either Netscape Navigator or Microsoft’s Internet Explorer Java plug-in Accessing BitStorm L3S Series Device Manager...
  • Page 118 Identifying the Switch on your Network Web version The System Configuration screen shows the information you need to identify this Switch on your network, its hardware and software version numbers and the amount of time it has been running. To help you identify this Switch further, you can also enter the Switch's: name physical location, such as "Second Flr SW closet".
  • Page 119 Configuring Ports Web version Select Ports, under Configuration on the Main Menu. The Port Configuration screen appears: Moving about the screen This screen is designed to make configuring ports a very quick and easy task. You can configure any setting for a single port, a group of ports or all ports at once.
  • Page 120 auto-negotiation must be enabled on both ends of the link. With auto-negotiation enabled, Duplex and Speed cannot be changed. Auto-negotiation cannot be changed on Gigabit uplinks, Ports 25 and 26. Select full or half in the Duplex field to set the port 's duplex mode. To make full duplex mode work properly, both ends of the link must be configured to full duplex mode.
  • Page 121 Configuring GVRP Web version To make it possible to manage and distribute VLAN membership information to different switches through the LAN, the IEEE defined the Generic Attribute Resolution Protocol (GARP), a dynamic protocol that is currently applied in two variations: GARP VLAN Registration Protocol (GVRP).
  • Page 122 Select Modify to display the GARP Port Configuration screen. Make a selection in Acceptable frame types to set how you want a specific port to handle incoming packets. All frames sets the port to accept packets with or without a VLAN tag.
  • Page 123 Creating a Routing Interface Web version Creating a routing interface adds a static route to the Switch's routing table. You create a routing interface by simply creating a port-based VLAN and giving it an IP address. Important: Routing interfaces and other types of VLANs already created appear with their VLAN Name, the VLAN Type and VID.
  • Page 124 To add a routing interface, select Add to display the screen shown below. Select either Create a new VLAN or Use an existing VLAN. If you selected Create a new VLAN, enter the VLAN name on the next screen. Select the ports to be included in the VLAN and enter the IP address and IP subnet mask for this interface.
  • Page 125 Configuring RIP Web version To configure RIP on a routing interface, select RIP from the Routing Interface screen. The RIP Configuration screen appears: To enable RIP, select on under Operaton Mode. Off disables RIP on this interface. Select the Protocol for outgoing packets. The options are Silent RIP—this interface only listens and updates its route entries based on the advertisements heard.
  • Page 126 RIP Settings - Advanced Web version Configuration steps To configure RIP's advanced settings on a particular interface, highlight RIP from the Routing Interface screen. The RIP Configuration screen appears: Select the Advanced tab and enable all of the options you wish by clicking in each box. Split horizon processing prevents routing loops and reduces bandwidth consumption.
  • Page 127 Configuring OSPF Web version You can only configure and change some OSPF settings using the Web version. For complete control over all OSPF settings use the Command Line version, see Configuring OSPF - Command Line. For more detail on the screens described below, see OSPF Configuration Basics.
  • Page 128 Configuring VLANs Web version Select VLANs, under Configuration on the Main Menu. This screen appears, displaying the Switch’s default port VLAN and any existing VLANs. The Add button is enabled as long as the maximum number of VLANs has not been reached. Name is any name you enter to describe and identify the VLAN.
  • Page 129 Configuring VLANs by Port Web version Port-based VLANs are suited to environments where users move and workstations do not. They are the most common and are simple to configure. A port can belong to more than one VLAN. Select VLANs, under Configuration on the Main Menu. Select Add to display the VLAN Types screen.
  • Page 130 Configuring VLANs by MAC Address Web version Select VLANs, under Configuration on the Main Menu. Select Add to display the Edit MAC Type VLAN screen: Enter a VLAN name. The Switch assigns the VID. Enter individual MAC addresses one at a time. All MAC addresses must be entered in the valid MAC format which is six hexadecimal bytes separated by dashes (aa-bb-cc-dd-ee-ff).
  • Page 131 Configuring VLANs by Network Protocol Web version You can create static protocol-based VLANs or have the Switch create them dynamically for these five protocol types: Appletalk DecNet DecLat Configuration steps To have the Switch automatically create dynamic protocol-based VLANs, under Configuration on the Main Menu, select VLANs, then Auto-Create to display this screen: Check the appropriate boxes to enable or disable the Switch's dynamic capability for the protocol types you desire.
  • Page 132 To set whether or not the Switch updates VLAN membership information based on GVRP messages received from other 802.1Q devices, click on individual ports until the appropriate color is displayed. fixed means ports are always members of this VLAN even if GVRP updates say they should not forbidden means ports are never members of this VLAN (vid) even if GVRP updates say they should be normal means the Switch updates this VLAN's (vid) port members dynamically based on GVRP...
  • Page 133 Configuring the Spanning Tree Protocol Web version The Switch implements the IEEE Spanning Tree Protocol to detect and preserve an active bridged local area network topology. Spanning tree blocks certain ports to prevent bandwidth-sapping traffic loops while preserving fault tolerance by maintaining a redundant bridge path as backup.
  • Page 134 400-3000, in 10ms units (4-30 seconds in 1/100-second increments). Spanning Tree Port Table The Spanning Tree Port Table shows the status of spanning on all ports on the Switch. You can modify certain parameters and enable or disable spanning tree on selected ports. Enter a value from 0-255 in the Port Priority field.
  • Page 135 Setting SNMP Traps Web version You can configure the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) on your BitStorm L3S Switch to: Send traps, or error messages, to one or more management stations Define community names, or passwords, to limit access to the Switch. Community names Community names cannot be defined in the Web version.
  • Page 136 can save a dynamically learned station by simply changing its attribute from dynamic to permanent. The IP address and subnet mask of all stations currently receiving traps are listed. To add other stations to the list, fill in the IP Address and IP Mask fields with the correct information. Toggle through the Attribute field.
  • Page 137 Quality of Service Web version The Switch is already set to automatically read the 802.1p priority bits in incoming packets, map these priorities to default traffic classes and place priority-tagged packets in traffic class queues for priority servicing. Important: You do not need to configure QoS, but you can change the Switch defaults if desired. By default, the Switch is set to: read the priority value of all incoming packets and forward packets across the switching fabric in priority order...
  • Page 138 Name. The Web version identifies traffic classes by the default names or those changed using the Command Line version. These names correspond to traffic class values 0-3.
  • Page 139 Monitoring Performance Web version Unit Analysis System Resources...
  • Page 140 Unit Analysis Unit Analysis displays standard SNMP MIB II Interfaces group information for each port on the Switch and Etherlike1 and Etherlike2 statistical information. Each group is shown on its own screen and is also compiled in the Statistical Chart, a single screen on which you can view all of these groups at once. Select Unit Analysis under Monitoring on the Main Menu to display this screen: For complete details on each option, see: Unit Analysis - Inbound...
  • Page 141 Unit Analysis - Inbound ifDesc - Interface Description: name that identifies an individual port ifInOctets - Interface Incoming Octets: number of octets received on the port, including framing characters ifInUncastPkts - Interface Incoming Unicast Packets: number of unicast packets received on the port IfInNUcastPkts - Interface Incoming Non-Unicast Packets: number of non-unicast (multicast and broadcast) packets received on the port ifInDiscards - Interface Incoming Discards: number of inbound packets discarded even though no...
  • Page 142 Unit Analysis - Outbound ifDesc - Interface Description: name that identifies an individual port ifOutOctets - Outbound Octets: number of octets transmitted on the port, including framing characters ifOutUncastPkts - Outbound Unicast Packets: number of unicast packets transmitted on the port IfOutNUcastPkts - Outbound Non-Unicast Packets: number of non-unicast (multicast and broadcast) packets transmitted on the port ifOutDiscards - Outbound Discards: number of outbound packets discarded even though no errors...
  • Page 143 Unit Analysis - EtherLike1 Statistics AlignmentErrors: received packets that are not an integral number of octets FCSErrors: received packets that do not pass the FCS check SingleCollision: successfully transmitted packets that experience exactly one collision MultipleCollision: successfully transmitted packets that experience more than one collision SQETestErrors: number of times that the SQE test error message is generated DeferredTrans - Deferred Transmissions: number of packets for which the first transmission attempt is delayed because the medium is busy...
  • Page 144 Unit Analysis - EtherLike2 Statistics ExcessiveCollisions: packets for which transmission fails due to excessive collisions IntMacTransErr - Internal MAC Receive Errors: packets not transmitted because of internal MAC transmit error CarrierSenseErr - Carrier Sense Errors: number of times that the carrier sense condition was lost or never asserted when attempting to transmit a packet FrameToolong - Frame Too Long: frames received that exceed maximum permitted packet size IntMacReceiveErrs - Internal MAC Receive Errors: packets not received because of internal MAC...
  • Page 145 Unit Analysis - Statistical Chart In the Statistical Chart, you can see a graph of the statistics of any category in any of the five groups in Unit Analysis: Inbound Outbound EtherLike Statistics1 Etherlike Statistics2 EtherLikeCollisions Select Statistical Chart from any tab on the Unit Analysis screen to display this screen: Select the statistical group by scrolling through the options in Select Interface.
  • Page 146 System Resources Web version To get status information on CPU and DRAM use and the status of flash memory in the Switch select System Resources under Monitoring on the Main Menu. This screen appears: These items are all explained below. To change the Switch's polling time from its default of every 5 seconds, click on Poll Timer 5 seconds and select a number from 1 to 60 seconds.
  • Page 147 Flash Size: Total Size: the total number of kilobytes in flash memory Boot Loader Size: kilobytes required by boot loader Boot Image Size: kilobytes required for boot image Free Space Size: kilobytes available in flash memory Non-Volatile Size: kilobytes reserved for non-volatile storage Flash Status: Last Erase Time: the last time flash was erased Last Boot Status: 1 = Good, 2 = Bad.
  • Page 148 Restarting and Resetting the Switch Web version To restart or reset the Switch: Use Warm Restart to put any configuration changes you made into effect. Use Factory Reset to delete all settings and restore them to the factory default settings. Factory Defaults for a list of these settings.

  • Page 149: Using Other Snmp Management Systems

    Using Other SNMP Management Systems If you are using any SNMP management system other than the BitStorm L3S Series Device Manager, you must install MIB files on your management workstation. These files can be found on the CD shipped with your switch.

  • Page 150: Rmon

    RMON Remote Monitoring (RMON) is a widely-adopted industry standard for retrieving network statistics from remote devices. RMON helps you detect changes in traffic and error patterns in critical areas of your network. Using RMON, you can set threshold levels and be notified when these levels are reached. RMON consists of: an RMON agent or remote "probe"...

  • Page 151: Appendix

    Appendix BitStorm L3S-T Technical Specifications BitStorm L3S-X Technical Specifications Notices Glossary...
  • Page 152 BitStorm L3S-T Technical Specifications Management Spanning Tree DHCP client RMONv1 - Groups 1,2,3,9 SNMPv1 including MIBII, Etherlike MIB, Bridge MIB and an enterprise MIB to control VLANs and Routing Password security Field upgradable firmware with TFTP Supports HTTP, HTML and Java...
  • Page 153 Fast Ethernet ports – 512K per 8 ports, allocated dynamically; Port Memory Gigabit ports – 512K per port, dedicated Store-and-forward Packet Forwarding CRC, runt, dribble, alignment, jabber Error Checking 24K total MAC addresses supported on 10/100 ports; another 8K Address Support supported on each Gigabit port Standards Compliance •...
  • Page 154 BitStorm L3S-X Technical Specifications Physical Specifications 24 10/100Base-TX with RJ-45 UTP connectors Ports Link/Activity, Speed 100 Front Panel Indicators 17.6” (44.5cm) x 1.75” (4.4cm) x 14” (35.6cm) Dimensions Rack mount with kits included Rack Mount Switching Specifications High-performance crosspoint switching fabric Architecture 512K per 8 ports, allocated dynamically Port Memory...
  • Page 155 Notices Copyright, 2000 Elastic Networks, Inc. (EN) All rights reserved. This document and all material contained within it are copyrighted. The document may not, in whole or part, be copied, photocopied, reproduced, translated, or reduced to any electronic medium or machine readable form except for the customer's own use with a purchased product without prior written consent from EN.
  • Page 156 scheinen. Das Gerät wird durch Ziehen des Netzsteckers ausgeschaltet. Das Gerät sollte deshalb in der Nähe der Steckdose installiert werden, und die Steckdose sollte leicht zugänglich sein. Federal Communications Commission Notice This product has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class A digital device, pursuant to Part 15 of the FCC Rules.
  • Page 157 Glossary The following are definitions for technical terms and acronyms used in the data communications industry and in this manual. Simply click on the initial of the word or term you are looking for. | K | | X | Y | Z Networking standard for twisted-pair cabling capable of carrying data at 10Mbps;...
  • Page 158 Application-Specific Integrated Circuit; a chip designed for a particular ASIC application. ASICs are commonly used in networking devices to maximize performance with minimum cost Address Resolution Protocol. A dynamic method of discovering the MAC address of a device on the network. A device sends an ARP request out with the IP address of the machine it is looking for.
  • Page 159 Bridge Protocol Data Units. Packets issued by switches to communicate BPDU information for the Spanning Tree Protocol A switch operating with Layer 2 information only; a MAC-layer device that Bridge connects two network segments together Message forwarded to all devices on a network Broadcast A term used to describe periods of high traffic flow Bursty...
  • Page 160 Dual-Attach Station; a type of node that offers two connections, with each connection going to another node or concentrator Data Link Layer Layer 2 A switching hub designed to support a single MAC address or client on each port Desktop Switch The IP or MAC address of the node that is to receive the packet.
  • Page 161 The communication mode in which a device simultaneously sends and receives Full-Duplex over the same wire, doubling the bandwidth. A full duplex 10Mbps connection operates at 20 Mbps. A full duplex 100Mpbs connection operates at 200Mpbs. Networking standard for transmitting data at 1000Mbps Gigabit Ethernet The communication mode in which a device that is capable of simultaneously Half-Duplex...
  • Page 162 A connection to the Switch directly through the RS232C port. Accessing the In-Band Switch through a terminal or workstation, or modem directly connected to the serial port. See out-of-band. A routing switch; a switch that uses Layer 3 information to maintain routing tables Intelligent Switch and perform routing functions.
  • Page 163 Policies that an administrator sets in the Switch's management system to limit or Learning Constraint override the Switch's ability to automatically learn addresses and update address tables Line Rate wire speed Packets that are sent and received on the Switch's ports; traffic that is not Local Traffic forwarded by a router.
  • Page 164 Open Shortest Path First. A routing protocol that maintains a map of all other OSPF routers and the networks to which they connect. Sends short messages asking whether a neighbor is alive and reachable. More efficient, scalable than vector-distance routing protocols that maintain table of all known destinations and number of hops to reach them.
  • Page 165 Reservation Protocol; an IEEE standard used to provide Quality of Service on RSVP Ethernet by reserving bandwidth before packet transfers to insure its availability An Ethernet packet that is invalid because it is too short, fewer than 64 bytes. Runt The Switch discards all runts.
  • Page 166 Switching feature where the receiving port receives the entire incoming packet Store-and-Forward and stores it in the buffers before forwarding it to the destination port; unlike cut-through switching, this method checks for runts and error packets and forwards only the good packets to the destination Device that filters and forwards packets between LAN segments Switch Main board inside a switch where the switching circuitry is located...
  • Page 167 VLAN Identifier; a number identifying a specific VLAN Virtual LAN; a logical, not physical, group of devices, defined by software. VLANs VLAN allow network administrators to resegment their networks without physically rearranging the devices or network connections. Wide-Area Network; a network that uses telecommunications technology to connect computers or networks over long distances The maximum speed that an electrical signal can travel;...

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