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Charles S. Cleeland The Brief Pain Inventory ii User Manual

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The Brief Pain Inventory

User Guide
Charles S. Cleeland, PhD
Copyright and Terms of Use
The Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) copyright is held by
Dr. Charles S. Cleeland (1991). The copyright
applies to the BPI and all its derivatives in any
language.
The BPI may not be used or reproduced without
permission from Charles S. Cleeland, PhD, or his
designee. Fees for use may apply.
The BPI may not be modified or translated into
another language without the express written
consent of the copyright holder. Failure to
comply may result in legal action. Permission to
alter or translate the instrument may be obtained
by contacting Dr. Charles S. Cleeland either by
e-mail at
symptomresearch@mdanderson.org
by mail at:
Charles S. Cleeland, PhD
Professor and Chair, Department of
Symptom Research
The University of Texas M. D. Anderson
Cancer Center
1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Unit 1450
Houston, Texas 77030
Visit
www.mdanderson.org/departments/prg >
Assessment Tools > Brief Pain Inventory
information.
© 2009 Charles S. Cleeland
All rights reserved
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Summary of Contents for Charles S. Cleeland The Brief Pain Inventory ii

  • Page 1: The Brief Pain Inventory

    The Brief Pain Inventory User Guide Charles S. Cleeland, PhD Copyright and Terms of Use The Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) copyright is held by Dr. Charles S. Cleeland (1991). The copyright applies to the BPI and all its derivatives in any language.

  • Page 2: Table Of Contents

    Table of Contents Chapter 1... 1 Development of the Brief Pain Inventory ... 1 Background... 1 Developing a Measurement Model and Items 2 Test Construction Standards... 3 Measurement Conceptualization: Multiple Dimensions of Pain ... 3 Early Version: The Wisconsin Brief Pain Questionnaire...

  • Page 3: Chapter 1

    Chapter 1 Development of the Brief Pain Inventory The Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) has become one of the most widely used measurement tools for assessing clinical pain. The BPI allows patients to rate the severity of their pain and the degree to which their pain interferes with common dimensions of feeling and function.

  • Page 4: Test Construction Standards

    would be easily translated for non-English-speaking patients; and (e) would capture not only pain severity, but also the perception of how pain interfered with daily life. Test Construction Standards As a guide to scale construction, we used then-current psychometric standards found in the Standards for Educational and Psychological Tests published by the American Psychological Association, American Educational Research Association, and the National Council on Measurement in Education (1974).

  • Page 5: Early Version: The Wisconsin Brief Pain Questionnaire

    Early Version: The Wisconsin Brief Pain Questionnaire The first version of our pain measure was the Wisconsin Brief Pain Questionnaire (BPQ; Daut & Cleeland, 1982; Daut, Cleeland, & Flanery, 1983). In the initial phase of scale development, 667 patients with cancer and 32 patients with rheumatoid arthritis were administered a three-page questionnaire and interviewed about the basic parameters of their pain (Daut et al., 1982).

  • Page 6: Scoring The Brief Pain Inventory As An Outcome Measure

    in clinical and research applications. The short form is typically what is referred to when the BPI is cited in research, and it is the version we describe below. Most psychometric evaluations of the BPI have been performed on the short form. Scoring the Brief Pain Inventory as an Outcome Measure A recent consensus panel recommended that the two domains measured by the BPI—...
  • Page 7 from 80 centers were enrolled in the study (Cleeland et al., 1994). Factor analysis verified the two separate factors, pain severity and interference, found in the previous study. Internal stability (Cronbach alpha) was also examined in this study. Alphas showed good internal consistency, ranging from 0.80 to 0.87 for the four pain severity items and from 0.89 to 0.92 for the seven interference items.

  • Page 8: References

    Test-Retest Reliability and Alternate-Forms Reliability: the Hindi Translation Finally, one study combined an examination of both test-retest reliability and alternate-forms reliability (Saxena et al., 1999). In this study, 100 patients with cancer who spoke both English and Hindi completed both language versions of the BPI on different days in a counterbalanced design.
  • Page 9 clinical trials: IMMPACT recommendations. J Pain 9(2): 105-121, 2/2008. Food and Drug Administration. Guidelines for Industry (draft). Patient-Reported Outcome Measures: Use in Medical Product Development to Support Labeling Claims. 2006. Rockville MD, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Ref Type: Report Klepstad P, Loge JH, Borchgrevink PC, Mendoza TR, Cleeland CS, Kaasa S.

  • Page 10: Chapter 2

    Chapter 2 BPI References: Use of the BPI in Various Studies The Brief Pain Inventory has been used in more than 400 studies worldwide. Here we present BPI references categorized by type of study. Cancer Bone Pain ...16 Cancer Epidemiology ...20 Cancer Pain ...21 Depressive Disorders ...31 Fabry Disease...32...
  • Page 11 induced pain flare after palliative radiotherapy for bone metastases-a pilot study. Support Care Cancer 15(6): 643-647, 6/2007. Cleeland CS. The measurement of pain from metastatic bone disease: capturing the patient's experience. Clin Cancer Res 12(20 Pt 2): 6236s-6242s, 10/2006. Colella J, Scrofine S, Galli B, Knorr-Mulder C, Gejerman G, Scheuch J, Lanteri V, Siegel A, Levey S, Watson R, Block M, Sawczuk I.

  • Page 12: Cancer Epidemiology

    metastases in cancer patients]. Nippon Igaku Hoshasen Gakkai Zasshi 65(4): 399-410, 10/2005. 24. Pistevou-Gompaki K, Kouloulias VE, Varveris C, Mystakidou K, Georgakopoulos G, Eleftheriadis N, Gompakis N, Kouvaris J. Radiotherapy plus either transdermal fentanyl or paracetamol and codeine for painful bone metastases: a randomised study of pain relief and quality of life.

  • Page 13: Cancer Pain

    Holtan A, Aass N, Nordoy T, Haugen DF, Kaasa S, Mohr W, Kongsgaard UE. Prevalence of pain in hospitalised cancer patients in Norway: a national survey. Palliat Med 21(1): 7-13, 1/2007. 10. Kongsgaard UE, Holtan A, Aass N. Prevalence of cancer pain in outpatients at a Norwegian comprehensive cancer centre.
  • Page 14 Cooperative Oncology Group. Ann Oncol 16(6): 972-980, 6/2005. 11. Du Pen SL, Du Pen AR, Polissar N, Hansberry J, Kraybill BM, Stillman M, Panke J, Everly R, Syrjala K. Implementing guidelines for cancer pain management: results of a randomized controlled clinical trial. J Clin Oncol 17(1): 361- 370, 1/1999.
  • Page 15 28. Liang SY, Yates P, Edwards H, Tsay SL. Factors influencing opioid-taking self-efficacy and analgesic adherence in Taiwanese outpatients with cancer. Psychooncology, 3/2008. 29. Lin CC. Comparison of the effects of perceived self-efficacy on coping with chronic cancer pain and coping with chronic low back pain.
  • Page 16 morphine pre-treated and opioid naive patients with transdermal fentanyl. Int J Cancer 107(3): 486-492, 11/2003. 46. Mystakidou K, Parpa E, Katsouda E, Galanos A, Vlahos L. Influence of pain and quality of life on desire for hastened death in patients with advanced cancer. Int J Palliat Nurs 10(10): 476-483, 10/2004.
  • Page 17 population of men with prostate cancer. Br J Cancer 85(4): 497-503, 8/2001. 62. Sandblom G, Carlsson P, Sennfalt K, Varenhorst E. A population-based study of pain and quality of life during the year before death in men with prostate cancer. Br J Cancer 90(6): 1163-1168, 3/2004.

  • Page 18: Depressive Disorders

    Depressive Disorders Brannan SK, Mallinckrodt CH, Brown EB, Wohlreich MM, Watkin JG, Schatzberg AF. Duloxetine 60 mg once-daily in the treatment of painful physical symptoms in patients with major depressive disorder. J Psychiatr Res 39(1): 43-53, 1/2005. Brecht S, Courtecuisse C, Debieuvre C, Croenlein J, Desaiah D, Raskin J, Petit C, Dernyttenaere K.

  • Page 19: Fibromyalgia

    Schiffmann R, Kopp JB, Austin HA, III, Sabnis S, Moore DF, Weibel T, Balow JE, Brady RO. Enzyme replacement therapy in Fabry disease: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 285(21): 2743-2749, 6/2001. Fibromyalgia Armstrong DG, Chappell AS, Le TK, Kajdasz DK, Backonja M, D'Souza DN, Russell JM.

  • Page 20: Minority Studies

    Newshan G, Lefkowitz M. Transdermal fentanyl for chronic pain in AIDS: a pilot study. J Pain Symptom Manage 21(1): 69- 77, 1/2001. Simmonds MJ, Novy D, Sandoval R. The differential influence of pain and fatigue on physical performance and health status in ambulatory patients with human immunodeficiency virus.
  • Page 21 Chae J, Mascarenhas D, Yu DT, Kirsteins A, Elovic EP, Flanagan SR, Harvey RL, Zorowitz RD, Fang ZP. Poststroke shoulder pain: its relationship to motor impairment, activity limitation, and quality of life. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 88(3): 298-301, 3/2007. Dalpiaz AS, Dodds TA. Myofascial pain response to topical lidocaine patch therapy: case report.

  • Page 22: Neuropathic Pain

    28. Renzenbrink GJ, IJzerman MJ. Percutaneous neuromuscular electrical stimulation (P-NMES) for treating shoulder pain in chronic hemiplegia. Effects on shoulder pain and quality of life. Clin Rehabil 18(4): 359-365, 6/2004. 29. Sawatzky BJ, Slobogean GP, Reilly CW, Chambers CT, Hol AT. Prevalence of shoulder pain in adult- versus childhood-onset wheelchair users: a pilot study.

  • Page 23: Osteoarthritis And Other Joint Diseases

    valproate in patients with cancer-related neuropathic pain. J Pain Symptom Manage 21(3): 204-209, 3/2001. Katz NP, Gammaitoni AR, Davis MW, Dworkin RH. Lidocaine patch 5% reduces pain intensity and interference with quality of life in patients with postherpetic neuralgia: an effectiveness trial.
  • Page 24 Cowan DT, Wilson-Barnett J, Griffiths P, Vaughan DJ, Gondhia A, Allan LG. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over pilot study to assess the effects of long-term opioid drug consumption and subsequent abstinence in chronic noncancer pain patients receiving controlled-release morphine. Pain Med 6(2): 113-121, 3/2005. Galer BS, Sheldon E, Patel N, Codding C, Burch F, Gammaitoni AR.

  • Page 25: Psychosocial Studies

    findings from a pilot study. J Opioid Manag 3(3): 145-154, 5/2007. 22. Thie NM, Prasad NG, Major PW. Evaluation of glucosamine sulfate compared to ibuprofen for the treatment of temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis: a randomized double blind controlled 3 month clinical trial. J Rheumatol 28(6): 1347- 1355, 6/2001.
  • Page 26 Davison SN. Pain in hemodialysis patients: prevalence, cause, severity, and management. Am J Kidney Dis 42(6): 1239-1247, 12/2003. Dell DD, Weaver C, Kozempel J, Barsevick A. Recovery after transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap breast reconstruction surgery. Oncol Nurs Forum 35(2): 189-196, 3/2008.

  • Page 27: Validation Studies

    placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Epidemiol Biostat 5(6): 359- 365, 2000. 23. Tittle MB, McMillan SC, Hagan S. Validating the brief pain inventory for use with surgical patients with cancer. Oncol Nurs Forum 30(2): 325-330, 3/2003. 24. Van Tongeren RB, Hamming JF, Fibbe WE, Van W, V, Frerichs SJ, Stiggelbout AM, Van Bockel JH, Lindeman JH.
  • Page 28 acute oncology setting. Asia-Pacific Journal of Clinical Oncology 3(2): 89-94, 6/2007. 12. Cleeland CS, Ryan KM. Pain assessment: global use of the Brief Pain Inventory. Ann Acad Med Singapore 23(2): 129-138, 3/1994. 13. Cleeland CS. Pain assessment: the advantages of using pain scales in lysosomal storage diseases.
  • Page 29 Tools: Is the Content Appropriate for Use in Palliative Care? J Pain Symptom Manage 32(6): 567-580, 12/2006. 29. Janjan NA, Payne R, Gillis T, Podoloff D, Libshitz HI, Lenzi R, Theriault R, Martin C, Yasko A. Presenting symptoms in patients referred to a multidisciplinary clinic for bone metastases.
  • Page 30 the time trade-off. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 60(10): 1029-1033, 10/2007. 46. Radbruch L, Loick G, Kiencke P, Lindena G, Sabatowski R, Grond S, Lehmann KA, Cleeland CS. Validation of the German version of the Brief Pain Inventory. J Pain Symptom Manage 18(3): 180-187, 9/1999.

  • Page 31: Language Translations

    osteoarthritic pain. J Pain Symptom Manage 31(1): 48-57, 1/2006. 64. Wu EQ, Borton J, Said G, Le TK, Monz B, Rosilio M, Avoinet S. Estimated prevalence of peripheral neuropathy and associated pain in adults with diabetes in France. Curr Med Res Opin 23(9): 2035-2042, 9/2007.

  • Page 32: Methods Papers

    Uki J, Mendoza T, Cleeland CS, Nakamura Y, Takeda F. A brief cancer pain assessment tool in Japanese: the utility of the Japanese Brief Pain Inventory--BPI-J. J Pain Symptom Manage 16(6): 364-373, 12/1998. 10. Wang XS, Mendoza TR, Gao SZ, Cleeland CS. The Chinese version of the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI-C): its development and use in a study of cancer pain.
  • Page 33 16. Cleeland CS. Measurement and prevalence of pain in cancer. Semin Oncol Nurs 1(2): 87-92, 5/1985. 17. Cleeland CS. How to treat a "construct". J Pain Symptom Manage 1(3): 161-162, 1986. 18. Cleeland CS, Ladinsky JL, Serlin RC, Nugyen CT. Multidimensional measurement of cancer pain: comparisons of US and Vietnamese patients.
  • Page 34 BR, Stauffer JW, von ST, White RE, Witter J, Zavisic S. Interpreting the clinical importance of treatment outcomes in chronic pain clinical trials: IMMPACT recommendations. J Pain 9(2): 105-121, 2/2008. 35. Ewing G, Todd C, Rogers M, Barclay S, McCabe J, Martin A. Validation of a symptom measure suitable for use among palliative care patients in the community: CAMPAS-R.
  • Page 35 51. Li KK, Harris K, Hadi S, Chow E. What should be the optimal cut points for mild, moderate, and severe pain? Journal of Palliative Medicine 10(6): 1338-1346, 12/2007. 52. Li KK, Hadi S, Kirou-Mauro A, Chow E. When should we define the response rates in the treatment of bone metastases by palliative radiotherapy? Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol ) 20(1): 83- 89, 2/2008.
  • Page 36 69. Tan G, Jensen MP, Thornby JI, Shanti BF. Validation of the Brief Pain Inventory for chronic nonmalignant pain. J Pain 5(2): 133- 137, 3/2004. 70. Yun YH, Park YS, Lee ES, Bang SM, Heo DS, Park SY, You CH, West K.

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