Figure 1.10. A Certificate Chain That Cannot Be Verified
1.4. Managing Certificates
Certificates are used in many applications, from encrypting email to accessing websites. There are
two major stages in the lifecycle of the certificate: the point when it is issued (issuance and enrollment)
and the period when the certificates are no longer valid (renewal or revocation). There are also ways
to manage the certificate during its cycle. Making information about the certificate available to other
applications is publishing the certificate and then backing up the key pairs so that the certificate can be
recovered if it is lost.
Section 1.4.1, "Issuing Certificates"
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Section 1.4.2, "Key Management"
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Section 1.4.3, "Renewing and Revoking Certificates"
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1.4.1. Issuing Certificates
The process for issuing a certificate depends on the CA that issues it and the purpose for which it will
be used. Issuing non-digital forms of identification varies in similar ways. The requirements to get a
Managing Certificates
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