1. Manuals
  2. Brands
  3. AMS-Flight Manuals
  4. Aircrafts
  5. Carat A
  6. Flight manual

AMS-Flight Carat A Flight Manual

Hide thumbs Also See for Carat A:
Table of Contents

Advertisement

Quick Links

Download this manual
FLIGHT MANUAL FOR THE POWERED GLIDER
Carat A
Model:
Carat A
CAA RS Type
TC-SVN-JL-01/02-CARAT-A
Certificate no.
SVN.CAA:
The pages marked with "CAA RS-approved" have been approved by the Civil Aviation
Authority, Republic of Slovenia and are further distinguished with a yellow or red bar in the
margin. The red bar is used to mark emergency procedures.
.....................................................
Civil Aviation Administration, Republic of Slovenia
..................................................
This powered glider is to be operated in compliance with information and limitations
contained herein.
Approval of translation has been done by best knowledge and judgment.
In any case the original text in German language is authoritative.
Status: November 2002
Report no. / Rev. no.: 0
AMS – flight d.o.o.
Kavčičeva 4
SI – 1000 Ljubljana
www.ams-flight.si
Serial number
Registration
(signature)
(authority)
(stamp)
(date of approval)
Document no. FM3

Advertisement

Table of Contents
loading
Need help?

Need help?

Do you have a question about the Carat A and is the answer not in the manual?

Questions and answers

Related Manuals for AMS-Flight Carat A

Summary of Contents for AMS-Flight Carat A

  • Page 1 AMS – flight d.o.o. Kavčičeva 4 SI – 1000 Ljubljana www.ams-flight.si FLIGHT MANUAL FOR THE POWERED GLIDER Carat A Model: Carat A Serial number CAA RS Type TC-SVN-JL-01/02-CARAT-A Registration Certificate no. SVN.CAA: The pages marked with “CAA RS-approved” have been approved by the Civil Aviation Authority, Republic of Slovenia and are further distinguished with a yellow or red bar in the margin.
  • Page 2 Flight Manual Carat A (intentionally left blank) Status: November 2002 Report no. / Rev. no.: 0...
  • Page 3 Flight Manual Carat A Validity and Organisation of the Manual 0.1 Deviations from the standard flight manual 0.2 Revision filing instructions 0.3 Record of effective pages 0.4 Table of contents Status: November 2002 Report no. / Rev. no.: 0...
  • Page 4 CAA RS-approved. The inspector confirms which his signature that the manual contains the following information and that it belongs to the aircraft named below. valid for: Carat A, serial number Item Rev. no. SB no.
  • Page 5 Flight Manual Carat A Revision filing instructions All revisions to this manual must be recorded in the table below, excepting current weight and balance data. Revisions to the approved sections must be endorsed by the CAA RS. New or amended text will be indicated by a black vertical line in the right-hand margin.
  • Page 6 Flight Manual Carat A Record of effective pages This record is only valid for the aircraft with the serial number as given on the title page. Chapter Page CAA RS- Reference Date of issue approved November 02 November 02 Juni 04...
  • Page 7 Flight Manual Carat A Chapter Page CAA RS- Reference Date of issue approved November 02 November 02 November 02 November 02 November 02 November 02 November 02 November 02 November 02 4.10 November 02 4.11 November 02 4.12 November 02 4.13...
  • Page 8 Flight Manual Carat A Chapter Page CAA RS- Reference Date of issue approved November 02 November 02 November 02 November 02 Chapter Page CAA RS- Reference Date of issue approved November 02 November 02 Status November 2002 Report no. / Rev. no.: 0...
  • Page 9 Flight Manual Carat A Table of contents Chapter CAA RS-approved 0. Validity and organisation of the manual 1. General 2. Operational limitations 3. Emergency procedures 4. Normal procedures 5. Performance partially 6. Mass and balance 7. Description of the powered glider and its systems 8.
  • Page 10 Flight Manual Carat A Chapter 0: Validity and Organisation of the Manual Deviations from the standard fight manual Revision filing instructions Record of effective pages Table of contents Chapter 1: General Introduction Certification basis Warnings, cautions and notes Description and technical data...

  • Page 11: Chapter 3: Emergency Procedures

    Flight Manual Carat A 2.10 Flight crew 2.11 Kinds of operation 2.12 Minimum equipment 2.13 Other limitations 2.14 Placards Chapter 3: Emergency Procedures Introduction Canopy jettison Bailing out Stall recovery Spin recovery Spiral dive recovery Engine failure Fire Other emergencies 3.9.1...

  • Page 12: Chapter 4: Normal Procedures

    Flight Manual Carat A 3.9.9 Loss of rudder control 3.9.10 Loss of air brake control 3.9.11 Carburettor icing 3.9.12 Electrical power system defects 3.9.13 Generator failure 3.9.14 Exceeding maximum oil temperature 3.9.15 Rpm overspeed 3.9.16 Loss of oil pressure Chapter 4: Normal Procedures...
  • Page 13 Flight Manual Carat A 4.5.8 Flight in rain 4.5.9 Aerobatics Chapter 5: Performance Introduction CAA RS-approved data 5.2.1 Airspeed indicator system calibration 5.2.2 Stall speeds 5.2.3 Take-off distances Non-approved additional data 5.3.1 Performance data for powered flight 5.3.2 Demonstrated crosswind component 5.3.3...

  • Page 14: Chapter 8: Handling, Service And Maintenance

    Flight Manual Carat A Pitot and static pressure system Airbrake system Baggage compartment Water ballast system 7.10 Powerplant 7.11 Fuel system 7.12 Electric system 7.13 Miscellaneous equipment (removable ballast, oxygen, emergency locator transmitter, etc.) Chapter 8: Handling, Service and Maintenance...

  • Page 15: Table Of Contents

    Flight Manual Carat A General 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Certification basis 1.3 Warnings, cautions and notes 1.4 Description and technical data 1.5 Three-view drawing Status: November 2002 Report no. / Rev. no.: 0...

  • Page 16: Introduction

    Certification basis The "Carat A" powered glider has been approved by the Civil Aviation Authority, Republic of Slovenia (CAA RS) in accordance with the airworthiness requirements for sailplanes and powered gliders JAR-22, Change 5, from 28 October 1995.

  • Page 17: Description And Technical Data

    Carat A Description and technical data The AMS "Carat A" is a single-seater, self-launching powered glider made from composite materials with a T-type empennage with fixed damping surfaces. The reliable engine with the new type of forward-folding propeller and the retractable landing gear ensure good soaring performance and very high cruising speeds.
  • Page 18 Flight Manual Carat A Landing gear: After engaging the 3-position switch, the robust, leaf-spring main landing gear is retracted electro-hydraulically. The fairings fit tightly and thus ensure aerodynamic performance. The landing gear can be extended manually in an emergency. Powerful disk brakes are operated simultaneously using a brake lever on the control stick where the lock for the parking brake is also located.
  • Page 19 Flight Manual Carat A Technical data Single-seater powered glider for soaring and fast cruising, composite material construction with a retractable landing gear and a folding propeller. Engine: Sauer S 1800 –1-ES1C, four-cylinder, four-stroke, air-cooled 45 (60) kW (PS) 45 (60)

  • Page 20: Three-View Drawing

    Flight Manual Carat A Three-view drawing Status November 2002 Report no. / Rev. no.: 0...

  • Page 21: Operational Limitations

    Flight Manual Carat A Operational Limitations Introduction Airspeed limitations Airspeed indicator markings Powerplant, fuel and oil Powerplant instrument markings Mass Centre of gravity Approved manoeuvres Manoeuvring load factors 2.10 Flight crew 2.11 Kinds of operation 2.12 Minimum equipment 2.13 Other limitations 2.14...

  • Page 22: Airspeed Limitations

    Flight Manual Carat A Introduction Chapter 2 includes operating limitations, instrument markings and basic placards necessary for the safe operation of the powered glider, its engine, standard systems and standard equipment. The limitations included in this chapter and in Chapter 9 have been approved by the CAA Airspeed limitations Airspeed limitations and their operational significance are shown below.

  • Page 23: Airspeed Indicator Markings

    Flight Manual Carat A Airspeed indicator markings Airspeed indicator markings and their colour code significance are shown below. (IAS) value or Marking range [km/h] Significance [kts] Normal operating range (Lower limit is 1.1 V 90 – 185 Green arc maximum mass and most forward c.g. position;...

  • Page 24: Powerplant Instrument Markings

    Flight Manual Carat A Fuel specification AVGAS 100 LL premium plus unleaded petrol EN 228 / DIN 51676 98 octane / 98 ROZ Fuel capacity Fuselage tank Total tank capacity 53 l (14 US gal) usable fuel 52 l (13,74 US gal)

  • Page 25: Approved Manoeuvres

    Note In the "Carat A" the pilot sits behind the centre of gravity for the complete aircraft. This results in rearward c.g. positions in the case of heavier pilots and forward c.g. positions if the pilot is light.

  • Page 26: Kinds Of Operation

    For strength reasons the mass of the instrument panel including instruments may not exceed 10 kg (22,05 lbs). 2.13 Other limitations The "Carat A" is not certified for aero-towing or winch-launching. No other limitations exist. Status November 2002 CAA RS-approved...
  • Page 27 • = 130 km/h (70 kts) extended Note Details of further placards and the locations of all the placards are given in the maintenance manual of the "Carat A". Status: November 2002 Report no. / Rev. no.: 0 CAA RS-approved...
  • Page 28 Flight Manual Carat A (intentionally left blank) Status November 2002 CAA RS-approved Report no. / Rev. no.: 01...
  • Page 29 Flight Manual Carat A Emergency Procedures Introduction Canopy jettison Bailing out Stall recovery Spin recovery Spiral dive recovery Engine failure Fire Other emergencies 3.9.1 Defects in the landing gear 3.9.2 Emergency extension of the landing gear 3.9.3 Landing with landing gear retracted 3.9.4...
  • Page 30 Flight Manual Carat A 3.9.15 Rpm overspeed 3.9.16 Loss of oil pressure Status November 2002 CAA RS-approved Report no. / Rev. no.: 0...

  • Page 31: Canopy Jettison

    3. If possible, roll out of the cockpit sideways. 4. Jump away. Stall recovery Before stalling, hefty tail buffeting will be experienced by the "Carat A", irrespective of c.g. position. Should buffeting occur, the following measures should be undertaken: 1. Elevator slightly forward in order to gain speed.

  • Page 32: Spin Recovery

    "Carat A" going into a spin in the other direction. Spiral dive recovery When attempting to spin with a forward or middle c.g. position, the "Carat A" can enter a spiral dive either immediately or after a few rotations. A spiral dive can also occur if the controls are released during turning flight.

  • Page 33: Engine Failure

    Flight Manual Carat A Warning If a spiral dive is not immediately terminated, the never exceed speed (V ) or the maximum permissible positive manoeuvring load factor can be exceeded. During recovery, the never exceed speed should not be exceeded.
  • Page 34 Flight Manual Carat A Note It is not possible to start the engine whether on the ground or in flight with a defect starter because the propeller blades are folded forward when the engine is off. In flight the propeller blades will not unfold themselves even at very high speeds.

  • Page 35: Other Emergencies

    Flight Manual Carat A 5. Wait for 10 seconds 6. Throttle IDLE 7. Ignition 8. Evacuate the aircraft 9. Extinguish the fire Fire in flight 1. Fuel cock SHUT 2. Master switch 3. Throttle FULL OPEN 4. Wait for 10 seconds 5.
  • Page 36 Flight Manual Carat A 3.9.2 Emergency extension of the landing gear If due to a defect in the electrical system or due to too low battery voltage the landing gear cannot be electrically extended, the landing gear hydraulics must be operated manually by means of a hand pump.
  • Page 37 3.9.7 Loss of elevator control If the elevator control of the "Carat A" has been so badly damaged that it does not respond to control stick movements, the aircraft can still be controlled about the pitch axis using the spring unit for elevator trim as it remains operative even if the connection between the control stick and the elevator rods is interrupted.
  • Page 38 If the air brakes block when they are partially or completely ex- tended, the aircraft should not be slipped. When slipping the "Carat A" with the air brakes extended, speed will increase considerably and elevator effectiveness does not suffice to retain low airspeeds.
  • Page 39 Flight Manual Carat A possible, descend to warmer air. Should the situation not improve, an emergency landing should be considered. Warning If a flight is carried out in conditions in which carburettor icing can be expected, the carburettor heating should be applied at regular intervals as a preventive measure and the rpm indicator monitored.
  • Page 40 Flight Manual Carat A 4. Make a glider landing 3.9.15 Rpm overspeed If the maximum permissible engine speed is exceeded, engine power must be reduced immediately. After landing, the engine must be checked thoroughly. 3.9.16 Loss of oil pressure If the minimum permissible oil pressure is not reached on the ground, the engine must be switched off immediately, the amount and quality of the oil checked and the oil system examined.

  • Page 41: Normal Procedures

    Flight Manual Carat A Normal Procedures Introduction Assembly procedures 4.2.1 Rigging and de-rigging 4.2.2 Filling the petrol tank Daily inspection Pre-flight check Normal procedures 4.5.1 Procedures for starting the engine, engine warm-up, engine runup and taxiing 4.5.2 Take-off and climb 4.5.3...

  • Page 42: Assembly Procedures

    Assembly procedures 4.2.1 Rigging and de-rigging The "Carat A" can be assembled by one person as follows: Open trailer and pull out the guide rails for the fuselage trolley completely. Lift fuselage behind the tail wheel about 10 cm (4in), pull out of the trailer to trolley stop and set the fuselage down on the tail wheel.
  • Page 43 Helping hands can replace the wing assembly trolleys. After removing the tapes, the "Carat A" is de-rigged as follows: Disconnect the total energy and pitot pressure tubing, screw in the horizontal tail assembly screw.
  • Page 44 Flight Manual Carat A 12. Push the fuselage to the guide rails and position it so that the wheels of the fuselage trolley are above the back end of the rails. 13. Wind up the guide rails until the landing gear no longer has ground contact and re- tract the landing gear.

  • Page 45: Daily Inspection

    Flight Manual Carat A Daily inspection A pre-flight inspection must be carried out after rigging and before the first flight of the day. This inspection takes the form of a walk-around and the following sequence should be adhered to: Check the propeller blades for damage.
  • Page 46 Flight Manual Carat A Check cockpit for foreign objects. Check elevator, aileron, rudder and air brake controls for freedom of movement, function and security. Do this by moving all controls to the limit while observing the relevant control surface. Hold control surfaces in position to check play.

  • Page 47: Pre-Flight Check

    Flight Manual Carat A Caution The aircraft should not be moved for sometime before draining the tank so that any water or other impurities cannot be mixed with the fuel. Check that the drain valve shuts properly. If it should leak, this could be a sign that there are impurities in the fuel.
  • Page 48 Flight Manual Carat A Normal procedures 4.5.1 Procedures for starting the engine, engine warm-up, engine runup and taxiing The following check list should be used to start the engine: • Apply wheel brake and put on the parking brake. •...
  • Page 49 Flight Manual Carat A If the engine does not start after applying the starter five times, then there is probably excess fuel in the combustion chambers. In this case, the following procedure may help: • CUT choke • Throttle to full power.
  • Page 50 Flight Manual Carat A 4.5.2 Take-off and climb Before take-off the checks must be carried out according to Chap. 4.4. The recommended take-off and climb procedures, which also apply for cross-wind conditions (such as for take-off and climb), are as follows: •...
  • Page 51 Slow flight and stalling characteristics Irrespective of configuration and c.g. position, the "Carat A" indicates the approach to stalling by empennage buffeting which results from elevator flow separation. Irrespective of configuration and c.g. position, the "Carat A" indicates the approach to stalling by empennage buffeting which results from elevator flow separation.
  • Page 52 Flight Manual Carat A • Cf. Chap. 5.3.1 for cruising speeds, fuel consumption values and ranges. Change in kind of flight operation Despite its excellent reliability, one should not depend solely on the propulsion unit. While operating the aircraft as a glider, one should apply the same safety strategy with respect to possible emergency landing sites as if no propulsion unit was available.
  • Page 53 Flight Manual Carat A • Set tachometer between 1500 and 2000 rpm. • Slowly reduce choke until the engine runs smoothly, then cut off choke completely. • Check that the voltage light has extinguished. • Electrical fuel pump OFF. •...
  • Page 54 Flight Manual Carat A Note The procedures described above are also appropriate for approaches in cross-wind conditions. In strong or gusty wind conditions, approach speed should be increased to 120 – 130 km/h. (65 – 70 kts) Caution It takes approx. 20 seconds for the landing gear to be fully extended from the fully retracted position.
  • Page 55 • Master switch OFF. 4.5.6 Flight with water ballast The "Carat A" does not have any water tanks so that flight with water ballast is not possible. 4.5.7 Flight at high altitudes It has been proven that the "Carat A" remains flutter-free up to a speed of 400 km/h...
  • Page 56 4.5.8 Flight in rain The stalling characteristics of the "Carat A" do not change and are the same as those under normal conditions. On approaching stalling speed, empennage buffeting is experienced and the "Carat A" then goes into a controllable level descending flight. At forward c.g.
  • Page 57 Flight Manual Carat A Performance Introduction CAA RS-approved data 5.2.1 Airspeed indicator system calibration 5.2.2 Stall speeds 5.2.3 Take-off distances Non-approved additional data 5.3.1 Performance data for powered flight 5.3.2 Demonstrated crosswind component 5.3.3 Flight polars 5.3.4 Noise values Status: November 2002 Report no.
  • Page 58 Static pressure pick-up takes the form of four bore-holes in a plane on the fuselage in front of the empennage. All speeds given in this manual are indicated speeds. Calibration curve: Calibration curve for the Carat A airspeed indicator IAS [km/h] IAS = Indicated airspeed CAS = Calibrated airspeed 1 km/h = 0.5396 kts...
  • Page 59 At sea-level and under international standard atmospheric (ISA) conditions with no wind, the ground roll of the CARAT A at a maximum take-off mass of 490 kg (1080.3 lbs) on a dry asphalt runway measures 250 m (820 ft) while the total distance required to clear a 50ft obstacle measures 456m (1496 ft).
  • Page 60 Flight Manual Carat A Take-off distances Take-off mass 490 kg level, dry concrete runway level, dry grass runway (1080 lbs) Pressure Total distance to Total distance to Ground roll Ground roll altitude clear 50 ft obstacle clear 50 ft obstacle [°C ] / [°F]...
  • Page 61 Flight Manual Carat A • snow slush, lying water + 30 % of the calculated value (grass or concrete runway) • rising runway gradient + 10 % of the calculated value for 1 % gradient Warning In rain or with wet wing surfaces, the ground roll and the total distance required to clear a 50 ft obstacle increase considerably.
  • Page 62 The following table presents range [tank full at take-off, 7 l reserve (equivalent to ½ h full power), flight at sea-level] and cruising speeds as well as the amount of fuel consumed for the "Carat A":. Cruising speed Fuel consumption...
  • Page 63 The best rate of climb is 2.9 m/s (570 ft/min) at sea-level at maximum take-off mass and maximum continuous power and based on ISA conditions. The ceiling of the "Carat A" is 5000 m (16400 ft) 5.3.2 Demonstrated crosswind component The maximum demonstrated crosswind component for taxiing, take-off and landing is 20 km/h (11 kts).
  • Page 64 The flight polars for the CARAT in the glider configuration at 470 kg (1036.2 lbs) and based on ISA conditions at sea-level are given below: Descent polars for the "Carat A", corrected to sea-level Air speed in km/h CAS 1 km/h = 0.5396 kts 1m/s = 197 ft/min Minimum rate of descent is 0.75 m/s (148 ft/min)

  • Page 65: Mass And Balance

    Flight Manual Carat A Mass and Balance Introduction Mass and balance record / Permitted payload range Status: November 2002 Report no. / Rev. no.: 0...
  • Page 66 This chapter contains the payload range within which the aircraft may be safely operated. Procedures for weighing the aircraft, the calculation method establishing the permitted payload range and a comprehensive list of all equipment available for the "Carat A" are given in the maintenance manual.
  • Page 67 If the pilot weighs less than the minimum permissible payload on the pilot’s seat, the necessary mass must be added using removable ballast. The centre of gravity range of the "Carat A" stretches from 260 mm (10,24 in) behind the reference datum to 400 mm (15,75 in) the reference datum.
  • Page 68 Flight Manual Carat A (intentionally left blank) Status November 2002 Report no. / Rev. no.: 0...
  • Page 69 Flight Manual Carat A Description of the Powered Glider and Its Systems Introduction Cockpit controls Instrument panel Landing gear system Seat and safety harness Pitot and static pressure system Airbrake system Baggage compartment Water ballast system 7.10 Powerplant 7.11 Fuel system 7.12...

  • Page 70: Cockpit Controls

    Where appropriate, Chapter 9 contains information about optional systems and equipment. Further information about components and systems is also contained in the maintenance manual. Cockpit controls This section deals with the cockpit controls of the "Carat A". Status November 2002 Report no. / Rev. no.: 0...
  • Page 71 Flight Manual Carat A Description of the individual controls in the diagram above: Control Colour Motion and effect Throttle black forward to increase power; backward to decrease power Choke black pull to operate pull back to unlock and extend: Air brakes...

  • Page 72: Instrument Panel

    Fuel / Volt green Head E-Variometer Slip ind. Transponder Radio Hour meter The components comprising the minimum equipment of the "Carat A" are shown by unbroken lines. The broken lines indicate optional equipment. Status November 2002 Report no. / Rev. no.: 0...

  • Page 73: Landing Gear System

    Flight Manual Carat A Landing gear system The main landing gear of the "Carat A" is extended and retracted hydraulically. Each landing gear leg has its own hydraulic cylinder. The two hydraulic cylinders are connected to the same hydraulic pump.
  • Page 74 Flight Manual Carat A Seat and safety harness The "Carat A" has a two-piece seat comprising the seat shell and the adjustable seat back. The seat shell is a GFRP component screwed to the fuselage. On the bottom of the shell there is a flap which opens to give access to the main bolt.

  • Page 75: Pitot And Static Pressure System

    Flight Manual Carat A Pitot and static pressure system Pitot pressure pick-up is at the top of the vertical tail fin. The pick-up for total-energy compensation is located below. Static pressure is acquired through four holes in one plane in the fuselage tube in front of the vertical tail fin.

  • Page 76: Airbrake System

    The maximum permissible total payload for both storage areas (baggage compartment and store) is 20 kg.( 44 ibs ) Water ballast system The "Carat A" does not have water ballast system. Status November 2002 Report no. / Rev. no.: 0...
  • Page 77 Flight Manual Carat A 7.10 Powerplant The "Carat A" is equipped with a Sauer engine, model S 1800-1-ES1C. It is an air-cooled, four-cylinder, four-stroke, opposed-piston engine with a 40 kW (54 PS) rating. The engine is supplied with fuel by an engine-driven fuel pump. An electric fuel pump supports the engine-driven one when necessary.

  • Page 78: Fuel System

    Flight Manual Carat A 7.11 Fuel system The fuel system comprises the fuselage tank in front of the cockpit, a strain filter, an engine-driven fuel pump, an electric fuel pump, the fuel cock, a fuel filter, a drain valve and the tank indicator in the cockpit.

  • Page 79: Electric System

    Flight Manual Carat A 7.12 Electric system The electric system set-up is given in the following wiring diagram Status: November 2002 7.11 Report no. / Rev. no.: 0...
  • Page 80 Control lamp, landing gear ext. Fuel pump 7.13 Miscellaneous equipment (removable ballast, oxygen, emergency locator transmitter etc.) The "Carat A" has no additional equipment which has not already been described in the above sections. 7.12 Status November 2002 Report no. / Rev. no.: 0...
  • Page 81 Flight Manual Carat A Handling, Service and Maintenance Introduction Inspection periods for the powered glider Alterations or repairs to the powered glider Ground handling / Road transport Cleaning and servicing Status: November 2002 Report no. / Rev.no.: 0...
  • Page 82 For servicing and maintenance work as well as small repairs, refer to the instructions in the "Carat A" maintenance manual. Status November 2002 Report no. / Rev. no.: 0...

  • Page 83: Ground Handling / Road Transport

    Towing backwards The vertical tail fin of the "Carat A" must be guided when towing backwards. It can be manually towed by a single person. Additional helpers should only push at the inside of the wing.
  • Page 84 Flight Manual Carat A Particular care must be taken when cleaning the Perspex canopy. An initial cleaning should be undertaken using water only and allowing the water to run down the canopy. The canopy should not be rubbed. A clean, slightly damp, soft chamois should be used to dry off the canopy.
  • Page 85 Flight Manual Carat A Supplements Introduction List of supplements inserted Supplements Status: November 2002 Report no.. / Rev. no.: 0...
  • Page 86 Flight Manual Carat A Introduction This chapter contains the appropriate supplements for any optional equipment or systems installed in the powered glider, for which this manual is valid, and which are not part of the standard equipment. The pilot is thus provided with the additional information and instructions necessary to safely and efficiently operate the aircraft.

Table of Contents