Page 1 Antenna Trainer Scientech 2261 Product Tutorial Ver 1.1 Designed & Manufactured in India by- \An ISO 9001:2008 company Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 94, Electronic Complex, Pardesipura, Indore - 452 010 India, + 91-731 4211100, : info@scientech.bz , www.ScientechWorld.com...
Page 2: Table Of Contents
Scientech 2261 Antenna Trainer Scientech 2261 Table of Contents Safety Instructions Introduction Features Technical Specifications Trainer Description Basic Antenna Concept Radiation Mechanism and Evolution of Dipole Standing Wave Ratio Directional Coupler Antenna Matching Important Characteristics of Antenna Radiation Resistance Radiation Pattern...
Page 3: Experiment
Scientech 2261 · Experiment 6 Study of Simple Dipole l/4 antenna · Experiment 7 Study of Folded Dipole l/2 antenna · Experiment 8 Study of Simple Dipole (3l/2) antenna · Experiment 9 Study of Yagi-UDA 5 Element Simple dipole antenna ·...
Page 4: Experiment
Scientech 2261 · Experiment 25 Study of Helix Antenna · Experiment 26 To perform Polarisation Test · Experiment 27 Study of variation in the radiation strength at a given distance from the antenna · Experiment 28 Study of the Reciprocity theorem for antennas ·...
Page 5: Safety Instructions
Scientech 2261 Safety Instructions Read the following safety instructions carefully before operating the product. To avoid any personal injury or damage to the product, or any products connected to Do not operate the instrument if you suspect any damage within.
Page 6: Introduction
Scientech 2261 Introduction Scientech Antenna Trainer, Scientech 2261; is a student friendly trainer kit for studying characteristics of different antennas. The trainer is designed so that students can take the readings and plot the polar plots themselves, thus understanding the subject thoroughly.
Page 7: Features
Scientech 2261 Features · Self Contained Simple and Student Friendly Trainer. · Low Cost. · Hands on set-up for measuring and plotting radiation patterns of 20 different Antennas. · On board RF & Tone Generators. · Antenna Matching Stub. ·...
Page 8: Technical Specifications
Scientech 2261 Technical Specifications RF Generator 750 MHz approximately (on board adjustable with level display) Modulation Generator : 1 KHz approximately (On board with level adjust for modulation) Directional Coupler Forward & Reverse (On board selectable) Matching Stub Slide Stub Antenna Rotation 0-360 Degrees, Resolution 1 Degree Transmitting &...
Page 9: Trainer Description
Scientech 2261 Trainer Description The trainer consists of: · Main Unit · Transmitting Mast · Receiving Mast · RF Detector · Accessories Case containing Antennas (22 types) · Matching Stub · Other Accessories The main unit is designed for desk top use with screen print on front panel showing trainer mimic diagram.
Page 10 Scientech 2261 RF Generator It delivers a test signal to feed the antennas under test. The RF Generator operates at a frequency of 750 MHz approximately. The reason being reduced size for antennas. The higher is the frequency, the smaller is the size of the antennas and the size of the trainer as a whole.
Page 11 Scientech 2261 Signal Demodulator: Received RF modulated signal is demodulated by a diode detector and the demodulated signal is available at red and black sockets of the Detector to connect external measuring instruments (Oscilloscope). RF Detector...
Page 12 Scientech 2261 Transmitting mast : The transmitting mast consists of base and stand. The stand is attached to the base, and the transmitting antenna is connected on the top of the stand. RF OUT of the main unit is connected to the female BNC socket of the stand by using a BNC to BNC cable of 25”...
Page 13: Basic Antenna Concept
Scientech 2261 Antenna current sensor : This is used to measure the current in the antenna element. For details see manual Installation of Receiving Mast & RF Detector Basic Antenna Concept This section is a concise review of some important theory aspects concerned by the operation of this trainer.
Page 14 Scientech 2261 Short-circuit is a no-power-draining load (Ohm’s law), therefore the energy incident on short-circuit must go somewhere. The only way the energy may go from the short circuit is to come back along the line, or be reflected. To do this the short must evidently be capable to generate a voltage equalling in modulus and opposed in phase with the incident voltage.
Page 15: Radiation Mechanism And Evolution Of Dipole
Scientech 2261 Radiation Mechanism and Evolution of Dipole Consider the open-circuited transmission line of Figure 6. It is seen that the waves travelling forward and reverse combine to form a standing-wave pattern on the line, with a voltage anti- node at the open-circuited point, but not all the forward energy is reflected by the open circuit.
Page 16: Standing Wave Ratio
Scientech 2261 Evolution of Dipole The radiation efficiency of this system is improved even more when the two wires are bent so as to be in the same line as in Figure 6. The electric (and also the magnetic) field is now fully coupled to the surrounding space, instead of being confined between the two wires, and the maximum possible amount of radiation results.
Page 17: Directional Coupler
Scientech 2261 Directional Coupler To sense the direction of power travel, as well as the amount of power, is sensing device must have diodes as circuit elements. The directional coupler of Figure 9 consists of two line trunks placed alongside a main transmission line carrying energy from generator to antenna.
Page 18: Antenna Matching
Scientech 2261 The practical procedure to use the directional coupler to measure the SWR is the following. · Turn on the transmitter · Place the switch of the SWR meter on FORWARD and note the reading. You can also adjust the Level for full-scale display (e.g. you set it at 100 in the case of our trainer.
Page 19 Scientech 2261 An adjustable length matching stub can be adjusted to have a reactive impedance equal in modulus and opposed sign of a mismatched load, in order to cancel its reactive component and make it appear to the line as purely resistive.
Page 20: Important Characteristics Of Antenna
Scientech 2261 Important Characteristics of Antenna An antenna is chosen for a particular application according to its main physical and electrical characteristics. Further, an antenna must perform in a desired manner for the particular application. An antenna can be characterised by the following factors, not all are applicable to all types of antenna.
Page 21: Radiation Pattern
Scientech 2261 Radiation Pattern The antenna is a reciprocal device, means it radiates or receives electromagnetic energy in the same way. Thus, although the radiation pattern is identified with an antenna that is transmitting power, the same properties would apply to the antenna even, if it was receiving power.
Page 22: Beam Width And Gain Of Main Lobe
Scientech 2261 Beam width and Gain of main lobe The beam width of an antenna is commonly defined in two ways. The most well known definition is the -3dB or half-power beam width, but the 10dB beam width is also used, especially for antennas with very narrow beams. The -3dB or half-power beam width of an antenna is taken as the width in degrees at the points on either side of the main beam where the radiated level is 3dB lower than the maximum lobe value.
Page 23: Position And Magnitude Of Side Lobes
Scientech 2261 Position and Magnitude of Side Lobes The side level is usually quoted as the level below the bore sight gain. Strictly all peaks on either side of the main lobe are side lobes. However, in practice only the "near-in"...
Page 24: Aperture / Capture Area
Scientech 2261 Aperture / Capture Area In simple words aperture or capture area of antenna is the effective receiving area of the antenna and may be calculated from the power received and it's comparison with the power density of the signal being received.
Page 25: Experiments
Scientech 2261 Experiment 1 Objective: Arranging the setup and performing the functional checks of Antenna system Connection diagram: Set up Arrangements of Antenna Trainer Procedure: Main unit: · Place the main unit on the table and connect power cord. ·...
Page 26 Scientech 2261 Keep the base of Transmitting mast such that the ‘0’degree position of Goniometer should be directed towards the RF Detector and also align the marker of the mast with ‘0’ degree position. Install Detector Antenna on the Receiving mast. Keep its direction towards the Transmitting mast by rotating it in counter clockwise direction.
Page 27: Experiment 2
Scientech 2261 Experiment 2 Objective: To perform modulation and demodulation test Procedure: Get the setup ready as per the experiment 1. Ensure the following settings; · Transmitting mast marker is at ‘0’ degree position. · Both, transmitting and receiving antennas are facing each other in horizontal plane.
Page 28 Scientech 2261 Experiment 3 Objective: Plotting the Polar graph/ radiation pattern of an Antenna manually Procedure: Get the setup ready as per the experiment 1. Ensure the following settings; · Transmitting mast marker is at ‘0’ degree position. · Both, transmitting and receiving antennas are facing each other in horizontal plane.
Page 29 Scientech 2261 Polar Graph/ Radiation pattern Calculate Beam width, Front / Back ratio, Directive gain of antenna. To calculate the above from the graph, please refer next figure and proceed as follows.
Page 30 Scientech 2261 Beam width: Look for main lobe. Draw bore sight maxima line AA' Mark -3 dB from maximum on the bore sight line point B. Draw an arc of radius AB This arc will intersect main lobe at C & D. Measure angle CAD This angle is - 3 dB beam width. Similarly calculate -10 dB beam width.
Page 31 Scientech 2261 Plotting the Polar Graph for Normalized reading: One can also plot the polar graph against normalized readings of RF Detector. The procedure to convert the Micro Amp in to normalize reading is given as follows: Consider the maximum reading say N (When the RF Detector receives maximum radiations) as 0 dB.
Page 32 Now install the software ST2261M for plotting the polar graph/ radiation pattern the transmitting antenna under test on PC screen. For this, insert the CD supplied with Scientech 2261. Open the folder ‘Software’/ ‘Manual’ and run ST2261M .exe file to install the software.
Page 33 Scientech 2261 Software Window for Manual entry Now check the Mem I box by clicking in it. Now click on ‘Manual Entry’ tab, and a table will pop-up.
Page 34 Scientech 2261 Enter Angle steps 10 degree. 10. Click in µA block to enter the manually recorded readings starting from 0 degree position and press ‘Enter’. 11. Enter the readings till 360 degree position and at last ‘Save’ the file with appropriate name at certain location.
Page 35 Scientech 2261 Typical polar graph/ radiation pattern showing comparison of Folded dipole antenna and 3Element Folded dipole antenna...
Page 36 Scientech 2261 Experiment 5 Objective: Study of Simple Dipole (l/2) antenna Theory: A simple Dipole is the simplest form of antenna having 2 poles each of length (l/2). The nominal impedance of this antenna is 73W. The actual value departs from this due to construction constraints, such on non-zero diameter rods, presence of BNC connector body and the antenna mast.
Page 37 Scientech 2261 Procedure: Get the setup ready as per the experiment 1. Mount Simple dipole (l/2) on the top of the transmitting mast. Ensure the following settings; · Transmitting mast marker is at ‘0’ degree position. · Both, transmitting and receiving antennas are facing each other in horizontal plane.
Page 38 Scientech 2261 Typical polar graph/ radiation pattern - Simple dipole (l/2) antenna...
Page 39: Experiment 6
Scientech 2261 Experiment 6 Study of Simple Dipole l/4 antenna Objective: Theory: A simple Dipole is the simplest form of antenna having 2 poles each of length (l/4). The nominal impedance of this antenna is 73W. The actual value departs from this due to construction constraints, such on non-zero diameter rods, presence of BNC connector body and the antenna mast.
Page 40 Scientech 2261 Procedure: Get the setup ready as per the experiment 1. Mount Simple dipole (l/4) on the top of the transmitting mast. Ensure the following settings; · Transmitting mast marker is at ‘0’ degree position. · Both, transmitting and receiving antennas are facing each other in horizontal plane.
Page 41 Scientech 2261 Typical polar graph/ radiation pattern - Simple dipole (l/4) antenna Note: High gain antennas like Yagi – UDA antennas can be used in place of Detector antenna to study the characteristic of low power Antenna because in detector Antenna only a folded dipole element and reflector is present.
Page 42 Scientech 2261 Experiment 7 Study of Folded Dipole l/2 antenna Objective: Theory: Compared to a simple dipole this antenna has a substantially higher radiation resistance (nominally, approximately 300W) for the presence of the folded arm. See Figure 22. The actual impedance is derived from rod diameter and distance from centre shape of the end bends, the presence of the BNC connector &...
Page 43 Scientech 2261 Procedure: Get the setup ready as per the experiment 1. Mount Folded dipole (l/2) on the top of the transmitting mast. Ensure the following settings; · Transmitting mast marker is at ‘0’ degree position. · Both, transmitting and receiving antennas are facing each other in horizontal plane.
Page 44 Scientech 2261 Typical polar graph/ radiation pattern - Folded dipole (l/2) antenna...
Page 45 Scientech 2261 Experiment 8 Objective: Study of Simple Dipole (3l/2) antenna Theory: A simple Dipole is the simplest form of antenna having 2 poles each of length (3l/2). The nominal impedance of this antenna is 73W. The actual value departs from this due to construction constraints, such on non-zero diameter rods, presence of BNC connector body and the antenna mast.
Page 46 Scientech 2261 Procedure: Get the setup ready as per the experiment 1. Mount Simple dipole (3l/2) on the top of the transmitting mast. Ensure the following settings; · Transmitting mast marker is at ‘0’ degree position. · Both, transmitting and receiving antennas are facing each other in horizontal plane.
Page 47 Scientech 2261 Typical polar graph/ radiation pattern - Simple dipole (3l/2) antenna...
Page 48 Scientech 2261 Experiment 9 Objective: Study of Yagi-UDA 5 Element Simple dipole antenna Theory: The theoretical impedance of this antenna is 75W. This is a very important antenna for unidirectional transmission. Yagi-UDA Antenna with folded or non-folded dipoles are widely used antennas.
Page 49 Scientech 2261 Procedure: Get the setup ready as per the experiment 1. Mount Yagi-UDA 5 Element Simple dipole on the top of the transmitting mast. Ensure the following settings; · Transmitting mast marker is at ‘0’ degree position. · Both, transmitting and receiving antennas are facing each other in horizontal plane.
Page 50 Scientech 2261 Typical polar graph/ radiation pattern - Yagi-UDA 5 Element Simple dipole antenna...
Page 51 Scientech 2261 Experiment 10 Objective: Study of Yagi -UDA 3 Element Folded dipole antenna Theory: The theoretical impedance of this antenna is 75W. This is a very important antenna for unidirectional transmission. See next figure. Yagi-UDA Antenna with folded or non-folded dipoles are widely used antennas Behind the dipole they have a reflectors and in front they have directors 1-3-5-7-9, etc.
Page 52 Scientech 2261 Procedure: Get the setup ready as per the experiment 1. Mount Yagi -UDA 3 Element Folded dipole on the top of the transmitting mast. Ensure the following settings; · Transmitting mast marker is at ‘0’ degree position. ·...
Page 53 Scientech 2261 Typical polar graph/ radiation pattern - Yagi-UDA 3 Element Folded dipole antenna...
Page 54 Scientech 2261 Experiment 11 Objective: Study of Yagi-UDA 5 Element Folded dipole antenna Theory: The theoretical impedance of this antenna is 75W. This is a very important antenna for unidirectional transmission and widely used in TV reception. See Figure Yagi-UDA Antenna with folded or non-folded dipoles is widely used antennas.
Page 55 Scientech 2261 Procedure: Get the setup ready as per the experiment 1. Mount Yagi -UDA 5 Element Folded dipole on the top of the transmitting mast. Ensure the following settings; · Transmitting mast marker is at ‘0’ degree position. ·...
Page 56 Scientech 2261 Typical polar graph/ radiation pattern - Yagi-UDA 5 Element Folded dipole antenna...
Page 57 Scientech 2261 Experiment 12 Objective: Study of Yagi-UDA 7 Element Simple dipole antenna Theory: The theoretical impedance of this antenna is 75W. This is a very important antenna for unidirectional transmission. Yagi-UDA Antenna with folded or non-folded dipoles are widely used antennas.
Page 58 Scientech 2261 Procedure: Get the setup ready as per the experiment 1. Mount Yagi -UDA 7 Element Simple dipole on the top of the transmitting mast. To keep the antenna horizontally, attach a holding stand to it given in the tool box.
Page 59 Scientech 2261 Typical polar graph/ radiation pattern - Yagi-UDA 7 Element Simple dipole antenna...
Page 60 Scientech 2261 Experiment 13 Objective: Study of Hertz antenna Theory: Horizontal End Fed Antennas: Horizontal End Fed Antennas are the antennas which are fed by one end of the transmission line. The length of antenna varies as half wavelength of signal frequency or multiple thereof.
Page 61 Scientech 2261 Procedure: Get the setup ready as per the experiment 1. Mount Hertz antenna on the top of the transmitting mast. Ensure the following settings; · Transmitting mast marker is at ‘0’ degree position. · Both, transmitting and receiving antennas are facing each other in horizontal plane.
Page 62 Scientech 2261 Typical polar graph/ radiation pattern - Hertz antenna...
Page 63 Scientech 2261 Experiment 14 Objective: Study of Zeppelin antenna Theory: Horizontal End Fed Antennas: Horizontal End Fed Antennas are the antennas which are fed by one end of the transmission line. The length of antenna varies as half wavelength of signal frequency or multiple thereof.
Page 64 Scientech 2261 Procedure: Get the setup ready as per the experiment 1. Mount Zeppelin antenna on the top of the transmitting mast. Ensure the following settings; · Transmitting mast marker is at ‘0’ degree position. · Both, transmitting and receiving antennas are facing each other in horizontal plane.
Page 65 Scientech 2261 Typical polar graph/ radiation pattern - Zeppelin antenna...
Page 66 Scientech 2261 Experiment 15 Study of l/2 Phase Array (End fire) antenna Objective: Theory: Driven Arrays: Driven array is a family of half wave dipole antennas in which signal is applied to all the elements in parallel. This family included popular type of antennas such as...
Page 67 Scientech 2261 Procedure: Get the setup ready as per the experiment 1. Mount l/2 Phase Array antenna on the top of the transmitting mast. Ensure the following settings; · Transmitting mast marker is at ‘0’ degree position. · Both, transmitting and receiving antennas are facing each other in horizontal plane.
Page 68 Scientech 2261 Typical polar graph/ radiation pattern - l/2 Phase Array antenna...
Page 69 Scientech 2261 Experiment 16 Study of l/ 4 Phase Array (End fire) antenna Objective: Theory: Driven Arrays: Driven array is a family of half wave dipole antennas in which signal is applied to all the elements in parallel. This family included popular type of antennas such as...
Page 70 Scientech 2261 Procedure: Get the setup ready as per the experiment 1. Mount l/4 Phase Array antenna on the top of the transmitting mast. Ensure the following settings; · Transmitting mast marker is at ‘0’ degree position. · Both, transmitting and receiving antennas are facing each other in horizontal plane.
Page 71 Scientech 2261 Typical polar graph/ radiation pattern - l/4 Phase Array antenna...
Page 72 Scientech 2261 Experiment 17 Objective: Study of Combined Co-linear Array antenna Theory: Driven Arrays: Driven array is a family of half wave dipole antennas in which signal is applied to all the elements in parallel. This family included popular type of antennas such as...
Page 73 Scientech 2261 Procedure: Get the setup ready as per the experiment 1. Mount Combined Co-linear Array antenna on the top of the transmitting mast. Ensure the following settings; · Transmitting mast marker is at ‘0’ degree position. · Both, transmitting and receiving antennas are facing each other in horizontal plane.
Page 74 Scientech 2261 Typical polar graph/ radiation pattern - Combined Co-linear Array antenna...
Page 75 Scientech 2261 Experiment 18 Objective: Study of Broad Side Array antenna Theory: Driven Arrays: Driven array is a family of half wave dipole antennas in which signal is applied to all the elements in parallel. This family included popular type of antennas such as...
Page 76 Scientech 2261 Procedure: Get the setup ready as per the experiment 1. Mount Broad Side Array antenna on the top of the transmitting mast. To keep the antenna horizontally, attach a holding stand to it given in the tool box.
Page 77 Scientech 2261 Typical polar graph/ radiation pattern - Broad Side Array antenna...
Page 78 Scientech 2261 Experiment 19 Objective: Study of Log Periodic antenna Theory: Driven Arrays: Driven array is a family of half wave dipole antennas in which signal is applied to all the elements in parallel. This family included popular type of antennas such as...
Page 79 Scientech 2261 Procedure: Get the setup ready as per the experiment 1. Mount Log Periodic antenna on the top of the transmitting mast. Ensure the following settings; · Transmitting mast marker is at ‘0’ degree position. · Both, transmitting and receiving antennas are facing each other in horizontal plane.
Page 80 Scientech 2261 Typical polar graph/ radiation pattern - Log Periodic antenna...
Page 81 Scientech 2261 Experiment 20 Objective: Study of Cut Paraboloid Reflector Antenna Theory: The most widely used antenna for microwaves is the parabolic reflector antenna, which consists of a primary antenna such as a dipole situated at the focal point of a parabola reflector.
Page 82 Scientech 2261 Procedure: Get the setup ready as per the experiment 1. Mount Cut Paraboloid antenna without reflector on the top of the transmitting mast. Ensure the following settings; · Transmitting mast marker is at ‘0’ degree position. · Both, transmitting and receiving antennas are facing each other in horizontal plane.
Page 83 Scientech 2261 and the compare the changes in radiation pattern. Load first graph with ‘MemI’ and other with ‘Mem II’. Ensure to check both memories in the check boxes. 11. The polar graph with blue colour is the graph with reflector shows the effect of parabolic reflector.
Page 84 Scientech 2261 Experiment 21 Objective: Study of Loop Antenna Theory: This antenna consists of signal or multiple loop arrangements. The total loop perimeter is generally 1/2 wavelength long or multiple. In the basic configuration this antenna has very low impedance so that it is used only for reception for the reasons of matching efficiency.
Page 85 Scientech 2261 Procedure: Get the setup ready as per the experiment 1. Mount Loop antenna on the top of the transmitting mast using ‘L’ shape BNC adaptor. Ensure the following settings; · Transmitting mast marker is at ‘0’ degree position.
Page 86 Scientech 2261 Typical polar graph/ radiation pattern - Loop antenna Note: High gain antennas like Yagi – UDA antennas can be used in place of Detector antenna to study the characteristic of low power Antenna because in detector Antenna only a folded dipole element and reflector is present. So if we connect 3E folded...
Page 87 Scientech 2261 Experiment 22 Objective: Study of Rhombus antenna Theory: Rhombus antenna is also a loop of antenna and made in the rhombus form. See Figure 49 It is a non-resonant antenna capable of operating over very wide range because the characteristics do not change with frequency.
Page 88 Scientech 2261 Procedure: Get the setup ready as per the experiment 1. Mount Rhombus antenna on the top of the transmitting mast using ‘L’ shape BNC adaptor. Ensure the following settings; · Transmitting mast marker is at ‘0’ degree position.
Page 89 Scientech 2261 Typical polar graph/ radiation pattern - Rhombus antenna Note: High gain antennas like Yagi – UDA antennas can be used in place of Detector antenna to study the characteristic of low power Antenna because in detector Antenna only a folded dipole element and reflector is present. So if we connect 3E folded...
Page 90 Scientech 2261 Experiment 23 Objective: Study of Ground Plane antenna Theory: This antenna is also called Vertical end fed or Marconi antenna. This antenna consists of a piece of rod placed vertically at the end of feed line. The radiating element is l/4 wavelength long and the principle of operation is that the ground plane behaves in such a manner as to make the radiating length of the antenna double i.e.
Page 91 Scientech 2261 Procedure: Get the setup ready as per the experiment 1. Mount Ground Plane antenna without reflector and detector and with only feeding element on the top of the transmitting mast. Mount Detector antenna in vertical direction on the top of the receiving mast using ‘L’...
Page 92 Scientech 2261 and the compare the changes in radiation pattern. Load first graph with ‘MemI’ and other with ‘Mem II’. Ensure to check both memories in the check boxes. 12. The polar graph with blue colour is the graph shows the effect of detector and reflector elements.
Page 93 Scientech 2261 Experiment 24 Objective: Study of Slot antenna Theory: This antenna is constructed in the form of a l/2 long slot in a metal sheet and is fed at the middle of the slot on opposed sides. The behaviour of antenna is similar to dipole and the polarisation is vertical.
Page 94 Scientech 2261 Procedure: Get the setup ready as per the experiment 1. Mount Slot antenna on the top of the transmitting mast. Mount Detector antenna in vertical direction on the top of the receiving mast using ‘L’ shape BNC adaptor.
Page 95 Scientech 2261 Typical polar graph/ radiation pattern - Slot antenna...
Page 96 Scientech 2261 Experiment 25 Objective: Study of Helix Antenna Theory: A helix antenna is complex broadband VHF & UHF antenna used to provide circular polarisation characteristics. Normally, this antenna consists of loosely wound helix backed up by a ground plane which is, a screen made of chicken wire (PCB in our case) See in next figure.
Page 97 Scientech 2261 Procedure: Get the setup ready as per the experiment 1. Mount Helix antenna on the top of the transmitting mast. Ensure the following settings; · Transmitting mast marker is at ‘0’ degree position. · Both, transmitting and receiving antennas are facing each other in horizontal plane.
Page 98 Scientech 2261 Typical polar graph/ radiation pattern - Helix antenna As the Helix antenna is circularly polarized so the almost same radiation pattern can be obtained in the vertical plane. For this mount Detector antenna in vertical direction on the top of the receiving mast using ‘L’ shape BNC adaptor.
Page 99 Scientech 2261 Experiment 26 Objective: To perform Polarisation Test Procedure: Get the setup ready as per the experiment 1. Connect the ‘L’ shape BNC adaptor on the top of the receiving antenna mast and mount the Detector antenna in vertical plane. See next figure.
Page 100 Scientech 2261 Vertically Mounted Detector Antenna...
Page 101 Scientech 2261 Experiment 27 Objective: Study of variation in the radiation strength at a given distance from the antenna Theory: The detector antenna receives more radiations in the nearby field of transmitting antenna and the received power reduces gradually as the distance between the two increases.
Page 102 Scientech 2261 Experiment 28 Objective: Study of the Reciprocity theorem for antennas Procedure: Get the setup ready as per the experiment 1. Mount Yagi-UDA 5 Element Folded dipole antenna on the top of the transmitting mast. Ensure the following settings;...
Page 103 Scientech 2261 Experiment 29 Objective: Study of Matching Stub Theory: A matching stub is a piece of transmission line which is normally short circuited at the far end. Stub has an input admittance which a pure susceptance and it is used to tune the susceptance component of the line admittance.
Page 104 Scientech 2261 Setup Arrangement for Matching Stub...
Page 105 Scientech 2261 Experiment 30 Objective: SWR Measurement Theory: The SWR is the index of mismatch existing between the load and the feeding line. In the previous experiment, we have tried to match the line by matching stub and adjusting it for the minimum reverse reading at Directional coupler display at main unit.
Page 106 Scientech 2261 Experiment 31 Objective: Antenna current sensor Theory: This is used to measure the current in the antenna. This device consists of a sensing loop with rectifying diode and capacitor. When the sensor is placed in the neighbourhood of a radiating antenna element; a part of the varying magnetic flux will cross the sensing loop and develop along its voltage.
Page 107 Scientech 2261...
Page 108 Scientech 2261 Procedure: Get the setup ready as per the experiment 1. Mount Yagi-UDA 5 Element Simple dipole antenna on the top of the transmitting mast. Ensure the following settings; · Transmitting mast marker is at ‘0’ degree position. ·...
Page 109 Scientech 2261 µA to dBµA Conversion Chart µA dBµA µA dBµA 1.12 22.4 1.26 25.1 1.41 28.2 1.58. 31.6 1.78 35.5 39.8 2.24 44.7 2.51 50.1 2.82 56.2 3.16 63.1 3.55 70.8 3.98 79.4 4.47 89.1 6.01 5.62 6.31 7.08 7.94...
Page 110 The repair work will be carried out, provided the product is dispatched securely packed and insured. The transportation charges shall be borne by the customer. Hope you enjoyed the Scientech Experience.
Page 111 Scientech 2261 List of Accessories (Full Unit) Antennas ....................22 Nos. Simple Dipole l/2 ................1 No. Simple Dipole l/4 ................1 No. Simple Dipole 3l/2 ................ 1 No. Folded Dipole l/2 ................1 No. Yagi-UDA Folded Dipole (3E) ............1 No.
Page 112 Scientech 2261 BNC – BNC Cable 25” ............... 2 Nos. XII. BNC – BNC Cable 18” ............... 1 No. XIII. Aligner 932 ..................1 No. XIV. Polar Graphs (2 types) ...............(each) 25 Nos. Polar Graphs (for normalised reading) ..........25 Nos.
Page 113 Scientech 2261 List of Accessories (10 Antenna) Antennas ....................10 Nos. * Simple Dipole l/2 ................1 No. * Yagi-UDA Folded Dipole (3E) ............1 No. * Yagi-UDA Folded Dipole (5E) ............1 No. * Yagi-UDA Simple Dipole (5E) ............1 No.
Page 114 Scientech 2261 List of Accessories (Base Unit) Detector Antenna..................1 No. Current Probe ..................1 No. Transmitting Mast .................. 1 No. Receiving Mast..................1 No. RF Detector .................... 1 No. BNC – BNC Cable 25” ................2 Nos. BNC – BNC Cable 18” ................1 No.

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