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short circuits SENSOR ARRAY Instruction Manual

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SENSOR ARRAY
I N S T R U C T I O N M A N U A L

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Summary of Contents for short circuits SENSOR ARRAY

  • Page 1 SENSOR ARRAY I N S T R U C T I O N M A N U A L...
  • Page 2 The Sensor Array gives the Motherboard access to data about the surrounding environment. This data can be saved for later, or used to trigger other actions like outputting to a display, or triggering an alarm.
  • Page 3 Kit Contents 1 x DHT11 Sensor 1 x Micro SD Card Slot Sensor Array 1 x Microphone Light Dependant Resistor 1 x LM386 Amp 3.3V 1 x DIP8 Socket 100nF Ceramic Capacitors 47pF Ceramic Capacitor 10uF Electrolytic Capacitors 50V 10uF 1 x Printed Circuit Board 3.3V Regulator HT7533...
  • Page 4 Circuit - Symbols and Designations SCHEMATIC DESIGNATION Copper power trace Copper signal trace Copper trace on back of board Through hole solder pads Surface mount solder pads Resistor Ceramic capacitor Electrolytic Capacitor MOSFET Potentiometer LM386 Ampli er DHT11 Sensor Light Dependant Resistor (LDR) SHIELD DAT1 DAT0...
  • Page 5 Circuit - PCB Design Sensor Array 3.3V These labels are in the wrong order on v1 of the PCB. This image is correct. Ground (GND) Copper Area On Back of PCB...
  • Page 6 Circuit - Schematic Terminal Block IO 3.3V Voltage Regulator Micro SD Card Slot SHIELD HT7533 +3.3V DAT1 DAT0 DATA_OUT CLK_3v3 100nF 10uF 10uF 3.3V DATA_IN_3v3 DAT3/CD CS_3v3 DAT2 3.3V Logic Level Converters +3.3V +3.3V +3.3V 2N7000 2N7000 2N7000...
  • Page 7 Light Dependant Resistor (LDR) DH_DATA Microphone and Amplifier Circuit 10uF LM386 100nF Vout 10uF 47pF 10Ω 10uF DHT11 Sensor DH_DATA 100nF DHT11...
  • Page 8 Bill of Materials (BOM) Designation Value Name Footprint / Pitch Datasheet C1, C7, C10 100nF Ceramic Capacitor 2.54mm C2 - C6 10uF Electrolytic Capacitor 2.54mm 47pF Ceramic Capacitor 2.54mm 11 x 2 pos Screw Terminal 3.5mm Micro SD Micro SD Card Slot Q3-5 2N7000 N Channel MOSFET...
  • Page 9 Circuit - SD Card Slot & Circuit Micro SD Card Slot (J2) as datasheets often only mention these. SPI the 3.3V we need at a max current rating that uses 4 connections; a Chip Select, 2 data exceeds our requirements. SD Cards can be used to store informa- Logic Level Shifting (Q3-5, R4-9) lines, and a Clock Pulse.
  • Page 10 Circuit - Light Dependant Resistor (LDR) analog pin would read closer to 5V (as this Light Dependant Resistor resistor to form a voltage divider. The LDR is the path of least resistance) and show an we are using has a resistance range some- analogRead value of close to 1023.
  • Page 11 Circuit - Microphone & Amplifier Sound Sensor This microphone and accompanying amplifi- er circuit are used as a sound sensor rather than an audio recording device. We can use it to listen for a clap which can trigger another action. We can also use it to measure relative ambient/background noise levels.
  • Page 12 Assembly Instructions General Soldering tips Resistors 4. SOLDER 1. ALWAYS KEEP YOUR TIP CLEAN R1, R2, R4-10 Leaded solder is much easier to work with, To ensure the soldering iron can transfer which makes it easier to learn with. It can enough heat from it to your solder/compo- be hard to find in some countries, but can nent leg you must keep the tip clean and...
  • Page 13 Sensor Array 3.3V...
  • Page 14 Assembly Instructions sticky tack to hold the component in place Ceramic Capacitors DHT11 and solder the four pads around the sides. C1, C7, C10 Apply some flux to the pins to help prevent bridges. Now clean your tip and apply 100nF (0.1uF) 47pF (0.047nF) DHT11/DHT22...
  • Page 15 Sensor Array 3.3V...
  • Page 16 Assembly Instructions insert it into the holes. Don’t push it too tricky to hold in place, the caps are easy to far as the legs will spread too much and solder. Build up some sticky tack around crack the black casing. Stop when there’s the cap to hold it in place or use some tape.
  • Page 17 Sensor Array 3.3V...
  • Page 18 3.3V the process. Short Circuits Now we need to check for short circuits (the bad kind). If we have a short circuit some- where on the board and we connect it to power, or a Motherboard kit, we could dam- age something.
  • Page 19 fied for use with the Serial Plotter (LINK). Up- BACK load this s ketch, then open the Serial Plotter which is found in Tools on the task bar (or press Ctrl+Shift+L). This will show you a graph of the data over time. Play around with the LDR by covering it or shining a light on it.
  • Page 20 Coding Basics - DHT11 These code examples and explanations //Adding Libraries will test all of the Sensor Array’s functions and teach you the basics. We will cover the #include <Adafruit_Sensor.h> // includes Adafruit sensor library following: #include <DHT.h> // includes DHT library #include <DHT_U.h>...
  • Page 21 The downside to the DHT code is that it in- variable declaration at the start of the code. We set the baud rate to 9600, so find that terrupts other functions, so be aware of this The two variables are the sent to the Serial number in the drop down list on the monitor.
  • Page 22 Coding Basics - Microphone The Microphone also requires an analog pin. //Input Pin Variables However, the output of the microphone dif- fers from that of the LDR in that it is in the const int MIC = A0; form of a wave. Sound waves have peeks (higher voltage) and troughs (lower voltage).
  • Page 23 Coding Basics - SD Card To interface with the SD card, we need to //Include Libraries include some libraries, just like with the DHT sensor. By accessing “Manage Libraries...” #include <SPI.h> // Include the SPI communication library install the SD library (built-in by Arduino). #include <SD.h>...
  • Page 24 Remember to put a battery in the holder with the length, you can use it as a guide (BT1) of the Motherboard so the DS1307 Connect the SENSOR ARRAY up to the when cutting all the other wires. can remember the time. That’s if you intend MOTHERBOARD as shown in the diagram.
  • Page 25 You can switch outputs on the to better understand it. Then you can make enables you to add a digital display. This SENSOR ARRAY and DIGITISER as long as changes to suit your requirements. way you can see the current time, temp and you switch to an IO port that has the same humidity.
  • Page 26 Component Index Here you will find information about each component that this kit includes. We have included some of the different sizes and shapes you may find out in the wilderness, different uses for each component, and important data that can be found in datasheets to help you design circuits around them.
  • Page 27 Amplifier - LM386 Overview Internal Circuit Diagram The LM386 is a low voltage audio amplifier. The datasheet notes several features: • Can run off a battery BYPASS • Minimum external parts • Wide supply voltage range GAIN GAIN • Low power draw in standby •...
  • Page 28 Amplifier - LM386 Important Ratings Parameter Min. Typ. Max. Operating temperature 70°C Supply Voltage (V Input Voltage -0.4 0.4V Speaker Impedance 4Ω Quiescent Current (Vcc = 6V) Output Power (Vcc = 6V, R = 8Ω) 325mW Voltage Gain (Vcc = 6V, f = 1kHz) 46dB Pinout GAIN...
  • Page 29 Capacitor - Ceramic Overview Identification Quick Reference Capacitors are so named for their ability to tolerance Check store a certain capacity of electrical energy (J=5%) Polarity 104J (Capacitance), measured in farads (F). A certain amount of capacitance exists be- Positions first digit tween any two conductors that are in close multiplier...
  • Page 30 DC reads 0 then the dielectric layer has been the lower frequency noise, a higher value signal. (See the Sensor Array for a working compromised and the capacitor will need would be used (often a 1-10uF electrolytic example of this) replacing.
  • Page 31 Capacitor - Ceramic Low-Pass Filter cutoff Another form of filter that uses capacitors Input Output is an RC filter. The most common RC fil- ters are low-pass and high pass filters. As the name suggests, the low-pass filter lets low frequency signals pass but not high frequencies.
  • Page 32 Capacitor - Electrolytic Overview Troubleshooting Quick Reference Just like ceramic capacitors, electrolytic Electrolytic capacitors are notorious for Check caps are so named for their ability to store going bad. Not all are created equally Polarity a certain capacity of electrical energy however, and most recommend purchasing (Capacitance), measured in farads (F).
  • Page 33 Resistor Troubleshooting Overview Quick Reference If a resistor is bad you can usually tell. It Resistors do exactly that, they resist the Check likely went up in a puff of grey smoke. as flow of electrons through them. This resis- Polarity soon as you exceed the resistors power tance, measured in Ohms (Ω), is fixed and...
  • Page 34 Resistor Reading Resistor Values Surface Mount Surface mount resistors use a few coding systems. If you see just numbers, the re- sistor is probably using the E24 system. If it has a letter at the end then it is proba- bly E96.
  • Page 35 Resistor Through Hole Through hole resistors have 4 to 6 coloured bands which represent digits, a multiplier, tolerance and temperature coefficient. Use the following diagram to work out the re- sistors value. 4 Bands 22Ω ±1% 5 Bands 220Ω ±1% 6 Bands 220Ω...
  • Page 36 Resistor Ohm’s Law Ohms law is the most basic and useful piece of maths used in electronics. We try to keep things maths free, but this one is unavoidable. It describes the relationship between Resistance (R), Voltage (V), and Current (I). Ohm’s law states that the current through a conductor between two points is directly proportional to the voltage across the two...
  • Page 37 Resistor - Potentiometer Physical Construction Overview expect an open circuit between some of the pins. If there are any issues, swap the A potentiometer is a component that of- As stated previously, a potentiometer con- potentiometer out for another. fers variable resistance, determined by sists of a resistive track with a wiper that Quick Reference the position of the wiper on a resistive...
  • Page 38 As there is only a single some code. You could test it in circuit on data line, the code has to follow strict the Sensor Array, or on a breadboard with timing rules. The microcontroller has to the relevant pull-up resistor and bypass...
  • Page 39 Sensor - DHT11 Power Data Ground Connected to Terminal Block...
  • Page 40 Sensor - Light Dependant Resistor Overview Troubleshooting A Light Dependant Resistor (LDR) is a If an LDR fails it would fail like any other variable resistor that is controlled by the resistor. The component would heat up and amount of light hitting it. Otherwise know blacken.
  • Page 41 Sensor - Electret Microphone Overview Quick Reference An electret microphone (a type of condens- Check er mic) acts as a capacitor. It has two con- Polarity ductors separated by an insulating layer (air in this case). When sound waves hit the Positions first conductor (the membrane) it vibrates.
  • Page 42 SD Card Reader (Micro) Overview Quick Reference microcontrollers SS pin as an output or it won’t work. SD cards are a great way to store large Check amounts of data in a small space. Perfect Please note the first version of the Sensor Polarity for integrating into small electronic devices.
  • Page 43 SD Card Reader (Micro) 10 11 Chip Select Power Not Connected Ground Motherboard IO Serial Interface Card Detect...
  • Page 44 Transistor - MOSFET Overview Physical Construction Quick Reference Transistors are everywhere. There are bil- N-Channel MOSFET Check lions in each computer CPU. To learn more Source Gate Drain Polarity about BJT transistors, which were the stan- dard before MOSFETs came along, check Positions n-type n-type...
  • Page 45 Voltage Regulator - HT7533 Overview Quick Reference Voltage regulators come in two main types, Check the linear regulator and the switching regu- Polarity lator. The linear regulator uses a feedback loop to adjust the resistance in the circuit, Positions thus creating a stable output voltage. Switching regulators work by switching the Type active...
  • Page 46 If you recognise anything as your own, and think you deserve a mention, please feel free to contact admin@shortcircuits.cc and let Martyn know. © 2021 Short Circuits™ Some Rights Reserved What is allowed? All circuits and schematics can be freely shared and modified as open source...