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NBN FLIR A6 Series User Manual

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FLIR A6xx series
nbn Austria GmbH

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Summary of Contents for NBN FLIR A6 Series

  • Page 1 User’s manual FLIR A6xx series nbn Austria GmbH...
  • Page 3 User’s manual FLIR A6xx series #T559950; r. AD/35720/35720; en-US...

  • Page 5: Table Of Contents

    Table of contents Legal disclaimer ................1 Legal disclaimer ............... 1 Usage statistics ................ 1 Changes to registry ..............1 U.S. Government Regulations............1 Copyright ................1 Quality assurance ..............2 Patents ................... 2 EULA Terms ................2 Safety information ................4 Notice to user ...................5 User-to-user forums ..............
  • Page 6 Table of contents Connectors, controls, and indicators ..........16 11.1 Explanation ................16 Example system overviews............... 17 12.1 FLIR A6xx series ..............17 12.1.1 Figure ................ 17 12.1.2 Explanation..............17 12.1.3 Figure ................ 18 12.1.4 Explanation..............18 12.1.5 Figure ................ 18 12.1.6 Explanation..............
  • Page 7 Table of contents Glossary ..................83 Thermographic measurement techniques .......... 86 23.1 Introduction ................86 23.2 Emissivity................86 23.2.1 Finding the emissivity of a sample ........86 23.3 Reflected apparent temperature..........89 23.4 Distance ................90 23.5 Relative humidity ..............90 23.6 Other parameters..............

  • Page 9: Legal Disclaimer

    Legal disclaimer 1.1 Legal disclaimer All products manufactured by FLIR Systems are warranted against defective materials and workmanship for a period of one (1) year from the delivery date of the original pur- chase, provided such products have been under normal storage, use and service, and in accordance with FLIR Systems instruction.

  • Page 10: Quality Assurance

    Legal disclaimer Names and marks appearing on the products herein are either registered trademarks or trademarks of FLIR Systems and/or its subsidiaries. All other trademarks, trade names or company names referenced herein are used for identification only and are the prop- erty of their respective owners.
  • Page 11 Legal disclaimer ◦ NO WARRANTIES FOR THE SOFTWARE. THE SOFTWARE is provided “AS IS” and with all faults. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO SATISFACTORY QUALITY, PER- FORMANCE, ACCURACY, AND EFFORT (INCLUDING LACK OF NEGLIGENCE) IS WITH YOU. ALSO, THERE IS NO WARRANTY AGAINST INTERFERENCE WITH YOUR ENJOYMENT OF THE SOFTWARE OR AGAINST INFRINGEMENT.

  • Page 12: Safety Information

    Safety information WARNING Make sure that you read all applicable MSDS (Material Safety Data Sheets) and warning labels on con- tainers before you use a liquid. The liquids can be dangerous. Injury to persons can occur. CAUTION Do not point the infrared camera (with or without the lens cover) at strong energy sources, for example, devices that cause laser radiation, or the sun.

  • Page 13: Notice To User

    Notice to user 3.1 User-to-user forums Exchange ideas, problems, and infrared solutions with fellow thermographers around the world in our user-to-user forums. To go to the forums, visit: http://www.infraredtraining.com/community/boards/ 3.2 Calibration We recommend that you send in the camera for calibration once a year. Contact your lo- cal sales office for instructions on where to send the camera.

  • Page 14: Customer Help

    Customer help 4.1 General For customer help, visit: http://support.flir.com 4.2 Submitting a question To submit a question to the customer help team, you must be a registered user. It only takes a few minutes to register online. If you only want to search the knowledgebase for existing questions and answers, you do not need to be a registered user.

  • Page 15: Downloads

    Customer help 4.3 Downloads On the customer help site you can also download the following, when applicable for the product: • Firmware updates for your infrared camera. • Program updates for your PC/Mac software. • Freeware and evaluation versions of PC/Mac software. •...

  • Page 16: Installation (Flir A6Xx Cameras)

    Installation (FLIR A6xx cameras) 5.1 General information 5.1.1 Explanation The following programs are included on the ThermoVision System Tools & Utilities appli- cation CD: • FLIR IP Config: A set-up and configuration program to detect and find FLIR automa- tion and science cameras on a network and automatically assign or manually set IP addresses.

  • Page 17: Installation

    Installation (FLIR A6xx cameras) 5.3 Installation 5.3.1 General Last-minute changes and other important information can be found in the read-me file on the CD-ROM. We recommend that you read this file before you install the programs. Note • If you experience problems during the installation, visit our Customer Help at http:// support.flir.com.

  • Page 18: Installation (Flir A6Xx Sc Cameras)

    Installation (FLIR A6xx sc cameras) The FLIR A6xx sc cameras are supported by the FLIR ResearchIR software. A download card for this software is included in the camera package. To install the software, follow the procedure in the user’s manual for FLIR ResearchIR. The user’s manual is available in the User documentation >...

  • Page 19: Quick Start Guide

    Quick start guide 7.1 Quick start guide, FLIR A6xx series Follow this procedure: 1. Connect the power and Ethernet cables to the camera. 2. Connect the power cable to a power supply. 3. Connect the camera to the network, using the Ethernet cable. 4.

  • Page 20: List Of Accessories And Services

    List of accessories and services IR lens, f=41.3 mm (15°) with case T197914 IR lens, f=24.6 mm (25°) with case T197922 IR lens, f=13.1 mm (45°) with case T197915 T198059 Close-up IR lens, 2.9× (50 µm) with case Close-up IR lens, 5.8× (100 µm) with case T198060 IR lens, f=6.5 mm (80°) with case T198065...

  • Page 21: Mechanical Installation

    Mechanical installation 9.1 Mounting interfaces The camera unit has been designed to allow it to be installed in any position. The hous- ing has three mounting interfaces—bottom, left, and right—each with the following threaded holes. • 2 × M4 metric threaded holes. •...
  • Page 22 Mechanical installation Example 2, cable strain relief with cable clamps. #T559950; r. AD/35720/35720; en-US...

  • Page 23: Mounting And Removing Lenses

    Mounting and removing lenses 10.1 Removing an infrared lens Note • Do not touch the lens surface when you remove an infrared lens. If this happens, clean the lens according to the instructions in section 20.2 Infrared lens, page 78. •...

  • Page 24: Connectors, Controls, And Indicators

    Connectors, controls, and indicators 11.1 Explanation 1. Network cable with an RJ45 connector for Ethernet connectivity and Power over Ethernet (PoE) (dependent on the camera model). Note Only CAT-6 Ethernet cables should be used with this camera. 2. Power cable for 12–24 V DC power in. Note The power connector on the camera is polarity protected.

  • Page 25: Example System Overviews

    Example system overviews 12.1 FLIR A6xx series 12.1.1 Figure 12.1.2 Explanation 1. Computer. 2. CAT-6 Ethernet cable with RJ45 connectors. 3. Industrial Ethernet switches with fiber-optic ports. 4. Fiber-optic cable. 5. FLIR A6xx cameras. 6. Industrial process to be monitored, e.g., items on a conveyor belt. #T559950;...

  • Page 26: Figure

    Example system overviews 12.1.3 Figure 12.1.4 Explanation 1. Computer. 2. CAT-6 Ethernet cable with RJ45 connectors. 3. Industrial Ethernet switch. 4. FLIR A6xx cameras. 5. Industrial process to be monitored, e.g., a gasifier. 12.1.5 Figure #T559950; r. AD/35720/35720; en-US...

  • Page 27: Explanation

    Example system overviews 12.1.6 Explanation 1. Computer. 2. CAT-6 Ethernet cable with RJ45 connectors. 3. Industrial Ethernet switches with fiber optic ports. 4. Fiber-optic cable. 5. Wireless access points. 6. CAT-6 Ethernet cable with RJ45 connectors—powering the camera using PoE (de- pendent on the camera model).

  • Page 28: Digital I/O Functionality

    Digital I/O functionality 13.1 FLIR A615 and A655sc • The state (high or low voltage) on an input pin is used to mark images for use by an application. • The state (high or low voltage) on an output pin is controlled by an application. See the section Technical data for details on voltages, etc.

  • Page 29: Technical Data

    Technical data 14.1 Online field-of-view calculator Please visit http://support.flir.com and click the photo of the camera series for field-of- view tables for all lens–camera combinations. 14.2 Note about technical data FLIR Systems reserves the right to change specifications at any time without prior notice. Please check http://support.flir.com for latest changes.

  • Page 30: Flir A615 15

    Technical data 14.4 FLIR A615 15° P/N: 55001-0101 Rev.: 35207 General description The FLIR A615 has features and functions that make it the natural choice for anyone who uses PC soft- ware to solve problems and needs 640 × 480 pixel resolution. Among its main features are GigE Vision and GenICam compliance, which makes it plug-and-play when used with software packages such as IMAQ Vision and Halcon.
  • Page 31 Technical data Measurement analysis Atmospheric transmission correction Automatic, based on inputs for distance, atmos- pheric temperature and relative humidity Optics transmission correction Automatic, based on signals from internal sensors Emissivity correction Variable from 0.01 to 1.0 Reflected apparent temperature correction Automatic, based on input of reflected temperature External optics/windows correction...
  • Page 32 Technical data Digital input/output Digital I/O, supply voltage 6–24 VDC, max. 200 mA Digital I/O, connector type 6-pole jackable screw terminal Power system External power operation 12/24 VDC, 24 W absolute max. External power, connector type 2-pole jackable screw terminal Voltage Allowed range 10–30 VDC Environmental data...
  • Page 33 Technical data • T198165; IR lens, f=88.9 mm (7°) with case and support for A6xx/A6xxsc • T197896; High temperature option +300°C to 2000°C (+572°F to 3632°F) • 1910400; Power cord EU • 1910401; Power cord US • 1910402; Power cord UK •...

  • Page 34: Flir A615 25

    Technical data 14.5 FLIR A615 25° P/N: 55001-0102 Rev.: 35207 General description The FLIR A615 has features and functions that make it the natural choice for anyone who uses PC soft- ware to solve problems and needs 640 × 480 pixel resolution. Among its main features are GigE Vision and GenICam compliance, which makes it plug-and-play when used with software packages such as IMAQ Vision and Halcon.
  • Page 35 Technical data Measurement analysis Atmospheric transmission correction Automatic, based on inputs for distance, atmos- pheric temperature and relative humidity Optics transmission correction Automatic, based on signals from internal sensors Emissivity correction Variable from 0.01 to 1.0 Reflected apparent temperature correction Automatic, based on input of reflected temperature External optics/windows correction...
  • Page 36 Technical data Digital input/output Digital I/O, supply voltage 6–24 VDC, max. 200 mA Digital I/O, connector type 6-pole jackable screw terminal Power system External power operation 12/24 VDC, 24 W absolute max. External power, connector type 2-pole jackable screw terminal Voltage Allowed range 10–30 VDC Environmental data...
  • Page 37 Technical data • T198059; Close-up IR lens, 2.9× (50 µm) with case • T198060; Close-up IR lens, 5.8× (100 µm) with case • T198065; IR lens, f=6.5 mm (80°) with case • T198165; IR lens, f=88.9 mm (7°) with case and support for A6xx/A6xxsc •...

  • Page 38: Flir A615 45

    Technical data 14.6 FLIR A615 45° P/N: 55001-0103 Rev.: 35207 General description The FLIR A615 has features and functions that make it the natural choice for anyone who uses PC soft- ware to solve problems and needs 640 × 480 pixel resolution. Among its main features are GigE Vision and GenICam compliance, which makes it plug-and-play when used with software packages such as IMAQ Vision and Halcon.
  • Page 39 Technical data Measurement analysis Atmospheric transmission correction Automatic, based on inputs for distance, atmos- pheric temperature and relative humidity Optics transmission correction Automatic, based on signals from internal sensors Emissivity correction Variable from 0.01 to 1.0 Reflected apparent temperature correction Automatic, based on input of reflected temperature External optics/windows correction...
  • Page 40 Technical data Digital input/output Digital I/O, supply voltage 6–24 VDC, max. 200 mA Digital I/O, connector type 6-pole jackable screw terminal Power system External power operation 12/24 VDC, 24 W absolute max. External power, connector type 2-pole jackable screw terminal Voltage Allowed range 10–30 VDC Environmental data...
  • Page 41 Technical data • T198165; IR lens, f=88.9 mm (7°) with case and support for A6xx/A6xxsc • T198066; Close-up IR lens, 1.5× (25 µm) with case • T197896; High temperature option +300°C to 2000°C (+572°F to 3632°F) • 1910400; Power cord EU •...

  • Page 42: Flir A615 7

    Technical data 14.7 FLIR A615 7° P/N: 55001-0104 Rev.: 35207 General description The FLIR A615 has features and functions that make it the natural choice for anyone who uses PC soft- ware to solve problems and needs 640 × 480 pixel resolution. Among its main features are GigE Vision and GenICam compliance, which makes it plug-and-play when used with software packages such as IMAQ Vision and Halcon.
  • Page 43 Technical data Measurement analysis Atmospheric transmission correction Automatic, based on inputs for distance, atmos- pheric temperature and relative humidity Optics transmission correction Automatic, based on signals from internal sensors Emissivity correction Variable from 0.01 to 1.0 Reflected apparent temperature correction Automatic, based on input of reflected temperature External optics/windows correction...
  • Page 44 Technical data Digital input/output Digital I/O, supply voltage 6–24 VDC, max. 200 mA Digital I/O, connector type 6-pole jackable screw terminal Power system External power operation 12/24 VDC, 24 W absolute max. External power, connector type 2-pole jackable screw terminal Voltage Allowed range 10–30 VDC Environmental data...
  • Page 45 Technical data • T198165; IR lens, f=88.9 mm (7°) with case and support for A6xx/A6xxsc • T197896; High temperature option +300°C to 2000°C (+572°F to 3632°F) • 1910400; Power cord EU • 1910401; Power cord US • 1910402; Power cord UK •...

  • Page 46: Flir A615 Windowing 80

    Technical data 14.8 FLIR A615 windowing 80° P/N: 55001-0105 Rev.: 35207 General description The FLIR A615 has features and functions that make it the natural choice for anyone who uses PC soft- ware to solve problems and needs 640 × 480 pixel resolution. Among its main features are GigE Vision and GenICam compliance, which makes it plug-and-play when used with software packages such as IMAQ Vision and Halcon.
  • Page 47 Technical data Measurement analysis Atmospheric transmission correction Automatic, based on inputs for distance, atmos- pheric temperature and relative humidity Optics transmission correction Automatic, based on signals from internal sensors Emissivity correction Variable from 0.01 to 1.0 Reflected apparent temperature correction Automatic, based on input of reflected temperature External optics/windows correction...
  • Page 48 Technical data Digital input/output Digital I/O, supply voltage 6–24 VDC, max. 200 mA Digital I/O, connector type 6-pole jackable screw terminal Power system External power operation 12/24 VDC, 24 W absolute max. External power, connector type 2-pole jackable screw terminal Voltage Allowed range 10–30 VDC Environmental data...
  • Page 49 Technical data • T197896; High temperature option +300°C to 2000°C (+572°F to 3632°F) • 1910400; Power cord EU • 1910401; Power cord US • 1910402; Power cord UK • T910922; Power supply, incl. multi plugs, for A3xx, A3xxsc, A6xx and A6xxsc •...

  • Page 50: Flir A655Sc 15

    Technical data 14.9 FLIR A655sc 15° P/N: 55001-0301 Rev.: 35207 General description The FLIR A655sc is an excellent choice for those working in R&D but don't need the highest frame rates but do require 640 × 480 pixel resolution. When using the camera in R&D, it is highly recommended to use the FLIR ResearchIR software from FLIR Systems.
  • Page 51 Technical data • Control and image USB, standard USB 2 HS USB, connector type • USB Mini-B USB, communication TCP/IP socket-based FLIR proprietary USB, image streaming 16-bit 640 × 480 pixels @ 25 Hz • Signal linear • Temperature linear •...
  • Page 52 Technical data Environmental data Humidity (operating and storage) IEC 60068-2-30/24 h 95% relative humidity +25°C to +40°C (+77°F to +104°F) • EN 61000-6-2:2001 (Immunity) • EN 61000-6-3:2001 (Emission) • FCC 47 CFR Part 15 Class B (Emission) Encapsulation IP 30 (IEC 60529) Shock 25 g (IEC 60068-2-27) Vibration...
  • Page 53 Technical data • T198584; FLIR Tools • T198583; FLIR Tools+ (download card incl. license key) • DSW-10000; FLIR IR Camera Player • T198697; FLIR ResearchIR Max + HSDR 4 (hardware sec. dev.) • T199014; FLIR ResearchIR Max + HSDR 4 (printed license key) •...

  • Page 54: Flir A655Sc 25

    Technical data 14.10 FLIR A655sc 25° P/N: 55001-0302 Rev.: 35207 General description The FLIR A655sc is an excellent choice for those working in R&D and require the highest frame rates and 640 × 480 pixel resolution. When using the camera in R&D, it is highly recommended to use the FLIR ResearchIR software from FLIR Systems.
  • Page 55 Technical data • Control and image USB, standard USB 2 HS USB, connector type • USB Mini-B USB, communication TCP/IP socket-based FLIR proprietary USB, image streaming 16-bit 640 × 480 pixels @ 25 Hz • Signal linear • Temperature linear •...
  • Page 56 Technical data Environmental data Humidity (operating and storage) IEC 60068-2-30/24 h 95% relative humidity +25°C to +40°C (+77°F to +104°F) • EN 61000-6-2:2001 (Immunity) • EN 61000-6-3:2001 (Emission) • FCC 47 CFR Part 15 Class B (Emission) Encapsulation IP 30 (IEC 60529) Shock 25 g (IEC 60068-2-27) Vibration...
  • Page 57 Technical data • T197871ACC; Hard transport case for A3xx/A6xx series • T197870ACC; Cardboard box for A3xx/A6xx series • T126889ACC; Filter holder for A6xx lenses • T198584; FLIR Tools • T198583; FLIR Tools+ (download card incl. license key) • DSW-10000; FLIR IR Camera Player •...

  • Page 58: Flir A655Sc 45

    Technical data 14.11 FLIR A655sc 45° P/N: 55001-0303 Rev.: 35207 General description The FLIR A655sc is an excellent choice for those working in R&D and require the highest frame rates and 640 × 480 pixel resolution. When using the camera in R&D, it is highly recommended to use the FLIR ResearchIR software from FLIR Systems.
  • Page 59 Technical data • Control and image USB, standard USB 2 HS USB, connector type • USB Mini-B USB, communication TCP/IP socket-based FLIR proprietary USB, image streaming 16-bit 640 × 480 pixels @ 25 Hz • Signal linear • Temperature linear •...
  • Page 60 Technical data Environmental data Humidity (operating and storage) IEC 60068-2-30/24 h 95% relative humidity +25°C to +40°C (+77°F to +104°F) • EN 61000-6-2:2001 (Immunity) • EN 61000-6-3:2001 (Emission) • FCC 47 CFR Part 15 Class B (Emission) Encapsulation IP 30 (IEC 60529) Shock 25 g (IEC 60068-2-27) Vibration...
  • Page 61 Technical data • T126889ACC; Filter holder for A6xx lenses • T198584; FLIR Tools • T198583; FLIR Tools+ (download card incl. license key) • DSW-10000; FLIR IR Camera Player • T198697; FLIR ResearchIR Max + HSDR 4 (hardware sec. dev.) • T199014; FLIR ResearchIR Max + HSDR 4 (printed license key) •...

  • Page 62: Flir A655Sc 7

    Technical data 14.12 FLIR A655sc 7° P/N: 55001-0304 Rev.: 35207 General description The FLIR A655sc is an excellent choice for those working in R&D and require the highest frame rates and 640 × 480 pixel resolution. When using the camera in R&D, it is highly recommended to use the FLIR ResearchIR software from FLIR Systems.
  • Page 63 Technical data • Control and image USB, standard USB 2 HS USB, connector type • USB Mini-B USB, communication TCP/IP socket-based FLIR proprietary USB, image streaming 16-bit 640 × 480 pixels @ 25 Hz • Signal linear • Temperature linear •...
  • Page 64 Technical data Environmental data Humidity (operating and storage) IEC 60068-2-30/24 h 95% relative humidity +25°C to +40°C (+77°F to +104°F) • EN 61000-6-2:2001 (Immunity) • EN 61000-6-3:2001 (Emission) • FCC 47 CFR Part 15 Class B (Emission) Encapsulation IP 30 (IEC 60529) Shock 25 g (IEC 60068-2-27) Vibration...
  • Page 65 Technical data • T198584; FLIR Tools • T198583; FLIR Tools+ (download card incl. license key) • DSW-10000; FLIR IR Camera Player • T198697; FLIR ResearchIR Max + HSDR 4 (hardware sec. dev.) • T199014; FLIR ResearchIR Max + HSDR 4 (printed license key) •...

  • Page 66: Flir A655Sc 80

    Technical data 14.13 FLIR A655sc 80° P/N: 55001-0305 Rev.: 35207 General description The FLIR A655sc is an excellent choice for those working in R&D and require the highest frame rates and 640 × 480 pixel resolution. When using the camera in R&D, it is highly recommended to use the FLIR ResearchIR software from FLIR Systems.
  • Page 67 Technical data • Control and image USB, standard USB 2 HS USB, connector type • USB Mini-B USB, communication TCP/IP socket-based FLIR proprietary USB, image streaming 16-bit 640 × 480 pixels @ 25 Hz • Signal linear • Temperature linear •...
  • Page 68 Technical data Environmental data Humidity (operating and storage) IEC 60068-2-30/24 h 95% relative humidity +25°C to +40°C (+77°F to +104°F) • EN 61000-6-2:2001 (Immunity) • EN 61000-6-3:2001 (Emission) • FCC 47 CFR Part 15 Class B (Emission) Encapsulation IP 30 (IEC 60529) Shock 25 g (IEC 60068-2-27) Vibration...
  • Page 69 Technical data • T198584; FLIR Tools • T198583; FLIR Tools+ (download card incl. license key) • DSW-10000; FLIR IR Camera Player • T198697; FLIR ResearchIR Max + HSDR 4 (hardware sec. dev.) • T199014; FLIR ResearchIR Max + HSDR 4 (printed license key) •...

  • Page 70: Pin Configurations And Schematics

    Pin configurations and schematics 15.1 Pin configuration for camera I/O connector Function Data IN 1 opto-isolated, 0–1.5 V = low, 3– 25 V = high IN 2 opto-isolated, 0–1.5 V = low, 3– 25 V = high OUT 1 opto-isolated, ON = supply (max.

  • Page 71: Mechanical Drawings

    Mechanical drawings #T559950; r. AD/35720/35720; en-US...

  • Page 81: Ce Declaration Of Conformity

    CE Declaration of conformity #T559950; r. AD/35720/35720; en-US...

  • Page 83: Network Troubleshooting

    Network troubleshooting Try one of the following if you experience network problems: • Reset the modem and unplug and replug the Ethernet cable at both ends. • Reboot the computer with the cables connected. • Swap your Ethernet cable with another cable that is either brand new or known to be in working condition.

  • Page 84: Digital I/O Connection Diagrams

    Digital I/O connection diagrams #T559950; r. AD/35720/35720; en-US...

  • Page 86: Cleaning The Camera

    Cleaning the camera 20.1 Camera housing, cables, and other items 20.1.1 Liquids Use one of these liquids: • Warm water • A weak detergent solution 20.1.2 Equipment A soft cloth 20.1.3 Procedure Follow this procedure: 1. Soak the cloth in the liquid. 2.

  • Page 87: Procedure

    Cleaning the camera Note • This section only applies to cameras where removing the lens exposes the infrared detector. • In some cases the dust cannot be removed by following this procedure: the infrared detector must be cleaned mechanically. This mechanical cleaning must be carried out by an authorized service partner.

  • Page 88: About Flir Systems

    About FLIR Systems FLIR Systems was established in 1978 to pioneer the development of high-performance infrared imaging systems, and is the world leader in the design, manufacture, and mar- keting of thermal imaging systems for a wide variety of commercial, industrial, and gov- ernment applications.

  • Page 89: More Than Just An Infrared Camera

    About FLIR Systems ones. The company has set milestones in product design and development such as the introduction of the first battery-operated portable camera for industrial inspections, and the first uncooled infrared camera, to mention just two innovations. Figure 21.2 1969: Thermovision Model 661. The Figure 21.3 2015: FLIR One, an accessory to camera weighed approximately 25 kg (55 lb.), the iPhone and Android mobile phones.
  • Page 90 About FLIR Systems no need to send your camera to the other side of the world or to talk to someone who does not speak your language. #T559950; r. AD/35720/35720; en-US...

  • Page 91: Glossary

    Glossary absorption The amount of radiation absorbed by an object relative to the re- (absorption ceived radiation. A number between 0 and 1. factor) atmosphere The gases between the object being measured and the camera, nor- mally air. autoadjust A function making a camera perform an internal image correction. autopalette The IR image is shown with an uneven spread of colors, displaying cold objects as well as hot ones at the same time.
  • Page 92 Glossary image correc- A way of compensating for sensitivity differences in various parts of tion (internal or live images and also of stabilizing the camera. external) infrared Non-visible radiation, having a wavelength from about 2–13 μm. infrared isotherm A function highlighting those parts of an image that fall above, below or between one or more temperature intervals.
  • Page 93 Glossary span The interval of the temperature scale, usually expressed as a signal value. spectral (radi- Amount of energy emitted from an object per unit of time, area and ant) emittance wavelength (W/m /μm) temperature A value which is the result of a subtraction between two temperature difference, or values.

  • Page 94: Thermographic Measurement Techniques

    Thermographic measurement techniques 23.1 Introduction An infrared camera measures and images the emitted infrared radiation from an object. The fact that radiation is a function of object surface temperature makes it possible for the camera to calculate and display this temperature. However, the radiation measured by the camera does not only depend on the tempera- ture of the object but is also a function of the emissivity.
  • Page 95 Thermographic measurement techniques 23.2.1.1.1 Method 1: Direct method Follow this procedure: 1. Look for possible reflection sources, considering that the incident angle = reflection angle (a = b). Figure 23.1 1 = Reflection source 2. If the reflection source is a spot source, modify the source by obstructing it using a piece if cardboard.
  • Page 96 Thermographic measurement techniques 3. Measure the radiation intensity (= apparent temperature) from the reflecting source using the following settings: • Emissivity: 1.0 • D You can measure the radiation intensity using one of the following two methods: Figure 23.3 1 = Reflection source Figure 23.4 1 = Reflection source Using a thermocouple to measure reflected apparent temperature is not recommended for two important reasons:...

  • Page 97: Reflected Apparent Temperature

    Thermographic measurement techniques 5. Measure the apparent temperature of the aluminum foil and write it down. Figure 23.5 Measuring the apparent temperature of the aluminum foil. 23.2.1.2 Step 2: Determining the emissivity Follow this procedure: 1. Select a place to put the sample. 2.

  • Page 98: Distance

    Thermographic measurement techniques 23.4 Distance The distance is the distance between the object and the front lens of the camera. This parameter is used to compensate for the following two facts: • That radiation from the target is absorbed by the atmosphere between the object and the camera.

  • Page 99: History Of Infrared Technology

    History of infrared technology Before the year 1800, the existence of the infrared portion of the electromagnetic spec- trum wasn't even suspected. The original significance of the infrared spectrum, or simply ‘the infrared’ as it is often called, as a form of heat radiation is perhaps less obvious to- day than it was at the time of its discovery by Herschel in 1800.
  • Page 100 History of infrared technology When Herschel revealed his discovery, he referred to this new portion of the electromag- netic spectrum as the ‘thermometrical spectrum’. The radiation itself he sometimes re- ferred to as ‘dark heat’, or simply ‘the invisible rays’. Ironically, and contrary to popular opinion, it wasn't Herschel who originated the term ‘infrared’.
  • Page 101 History of infrared technology Figure 24.4 Samuel P. Langley (1834–1906) The improvement of infrared-detector sensitivity progressed slowly. Another major break- through, made by Langley in 1880, was the invention of the bolometer. This consisted of a thin blackened strip of platinum connected in one arm of a Wheatstone bridge circuit upon which the infrared radiation was focused and to which a sensitive galvanometer re- sponded.

  • Page 102: Theory Of Thermography

    Theory of thermography 25.1 Introduction The subjects of infrared radiation and the related technique of thermography are still new to many who will use an infrared camera. In this section the theory behind thermography will be given. 25.2 The electromagnetic spectrum The electromagnetic spectrum is divided arbitrarily into a number of wavelength regions, called bands, distinguished by the methods used to produce and detect the radiation.

  • Page 103: Planck's Law

    Theory of thermography Figure 25.2 Gustav Robert Kirchhoff (1824–1887) The construction of a blackbody source is, in principle, very simple. The radiation charac- teristics of an aperture in an isotherm cavity made of an opaque absorbing material rep- resents almost exactly the properties of a blackbody. A practical application of the principle to the construction of a perfect absorber of radiation consists of a box that is light tight except for an aperture in one of the sides.

  • Page 104: Wien's Displacement Law

    Theory of thermography where: Blackbody spectral radiant emittance at wavelength λ. λb Velocity of light = 3 × 10 Planck’s constant = 6.6 × 10 Joule sec. Boltzmann’s constant = 1.4 × 10 Joule/K. Absolute temperature (K) of a blackbody. λ...

  • Page 105: Stefan-Boltzmann's Law

    Theory of thermography Figure 25.5 Wilhelm Wien (1864–1928) The sun (approx. 6 000 K) emits yellow light, peaking at about 0.5 μm in the middle of the visible light spectrum. At room temperature (300 K) the peak of radiant emittance lies at 9.7 μm, in the far infra- red, while at the temperature of liquid nitrogen (77 K) the maximum of the almost insignif- icant amount of radiant emittance occurs at 38 μm, in the extreme infrared wavelengths.

  • Page 106: Non-Blackbody Emitters

    Theory of thermography Figure 25.7 Josef Stefan (1835–1893), and Ludwig Boltzmann (1844–1906) Using the Stefan-Boltzmann formula to calculate the power radiated by the human body, at a temperature of 300 K and an external surface area of approx. 2 m , we obtain 1 kW.
  • Page 107 Theory of thermography • A selective radiator, for which ε varies with wavelength According to Kirchhoff’s law, for any material the spectral emissivity and spectral absorp- tance of a body are equal at any specified temperature and wavelength. That is: From this we obtain, for an opaque material (since α...

  • Page 108: Infrared Semi-Transparent Materials

    Theory of thermography 25.4 Infrared semi-transparent materials Consider now a non-metallic, semi-transparent body – let us say, in the form of a thick flat plate of plastic material. When the plate is heated, radiation generated within its volume must work its way toward the surfaces through the material in which it is partially ab- sorbed.

  • Page 109: The Measurement Formula

    The measurement formula As already mentioned, when viewing an object, the camera receives radiation not only from the object itself. It also collects radiation from the surroundings reflected via the ob- ject surface. Both these radiation contributions become attenuated to some extent by the atmosphere in the measurement path.
  • Page 110 The measurement formula 2. Reflected emission from ambient sources = (1 – ε)τW , where (1 – ε) is the reflec- refl tance of the object. The ambient sources have the temperature T refl It has here been assumed that the temperature T is the same for all emitting surfa- refl ces within the halfsphere seen from a point on the object surface.
  • Page 111 The measurement formula magnitudes of the three radiation terms. This will give indications about when it is impor- tant to use correct values of which parameters. The figures below illustrates the relative magnitudes of the three radiation contributions for three different object temperatures, two emittances, and two spectral ranges: SW and LW.
  • Page 112 The measurement formula Figure 26.3 Relative magnitudes of radiation sources under varying measurement conditions (LW cam- era). 1: Object temperature; 2: Emittance; Obj: Object radiation; Refl: Reflected radiation; Atm: atmos- phere radiation. Fixed parameters: τ = 0.88; T = 20°C (+68°F); T = 20°C (+68°F).

  • Page 113: Emissivity Tables

    Emissivity tables This section presents a compilation of emissivity data from the infrared literature and measurements made by FLIR Systems. 27.1 References 1. Mikaél A. Bramson: Infrared Radiation, A Handbook for Applications, Plenum press, N.Y. 2. William L. Wolfe, George J. Zissis: The Infrared Handbook, Office of Naval Research, Department of Navy, Washington, D.C.

  • Page 114: Aluminum As Received, 100 T

    Emissivity tables Table 27.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification; 3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued) Aluminum anodized, light 0.97 gray, dull Aluminum as received, plate 0.09 Aluminum as received, 0.09...
  • Page 115 Emissivity tables Table 27.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification; 3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued) Brass polished 0.03 Brass polished, highly 0.03 0.20 Brass rubbed with 80- grit emery Brass sheet, rolled...

  • Page 116: Polished

    Emissivity tables Table 27.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification; 3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued) Chipboard untreated 0.90 polished 0.10 Chromium Chromium polished 500–1000 0.28–0.38 Clay fired 0.91 Cloth...
  • Page 117 Emissivity tables Table 27.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification; 3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued) Gold polished, carefully 200–600 0.02–0.03 polished, highly 0.02 Gold Granite polished 0.849 Granite rough...

  • Page 118: Oxidized

    Emissivity tables Table 27.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification; 3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued) Iron and steel shiny, etched 0.16 Iron and steel wrought, carefully 40–250 0.28 polished...
  • Page 119 Emissivity tables Table 27.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification; 3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued) Lead unoxidized, 0.05 polished Lead red 0.93 Lead red, powder 0.93 Leather tanned 0.75–0.80...
  • Page 120 Emissivity tables Table 27.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification; 3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued) Nickel wire 200–1000 0.1–0.2 Nickel oxide 1000–1250 0.75–0.86 Nickel oxide 500–650 0.52–0.59 0.27 Oil, lubricating...
  • Page 121 Emissivity tables Table 27.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification; 3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued) Paper yellow 0.72 Plaster 0.86 Plaster plasterboard, 0.90 untreated Plaster rough coat 0.91 Plastic glass fibre lami-...
  • Page 122 Emissivity tables Table 27.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification; 3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued) Soil 0.92 0.95 Soil saturated with water alloy, 8% Ni, 18% 0.35 Stainless steel rolled...
  • Page 123 Emissivity tables Table 27.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification; 3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued) Water ice, smooth 0.97 Water ice, smooth –10 0.96 Water layer >0.1 mm 0–100 0.95–0.98 thick...
  • Page 124 A note on the technical production of this publication This publication was produced using XML — the eXtensible Markup Language. For more information about XML, please visit http://www.w3.org/XML/ A note on the typeface used in this publication This publication was typeset using Linotype Helvetica™ World. Helvetica™ was designed by Max Miedinger (1910–1980) LOEF (List Of Effective Files) T501090.xml;...
  • Page 126 Aufgrund laufender Weiterentwicklungen sind Änderungen der Spezifikationen vorbehalten. Alle Angaben vorbehaltlich Satz- und Druckfehler. nbn Austria GmbH Riesstraße 146, 8010 Graz Tel. +43 316 40 28 05 | Fax +43 316 40 25 06 nbn @ nbn. at | www. nbn. at...

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