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Vorsis FM-2000 Technical Manual

Digital spectral processor
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FM - 2 000
D
S
P
IGITAL
PECTRAL
ROCESSOR
TECHNICAL MANUAL
(+,",
®
600 Industrial Drive, New Bern, North Carolina, USA 28562

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  • Page 1 FM - 2 000 IGITAL PECTRAL ROCESSOR TECHNICAL MANUAL (+,", ® 600 Industrial Drive, New Bern, North Carolina, USA 28562...
  • Page 2 FM-2000 Digital Spectral Processor Technical Manual - 1st Edition FM-2000 Digital Spectral Processor Technical Manual - 1st Edition FM-2000 Digital Spectral Processor Technical Manual - 1st Edition FM-2000 Digital Spectral Processor Technical Manual - 1st Edition FM-2000 Digital Spectral Processor Technical Manual - 1st Edition ©2008 Vorsis...
  • Page 3 Wheatstone could void the user's authority to operate this equipment. R R R R R M M M M M ! ! ! ! ! FM-2000 / May 2008 E A D E A D E A D E A D...
  • Page 4 AP-2000 and FM-2000: successors to the well-received AP-1000 introduced just two years earlier, the AP-2000 is targeted for stations needing the power of its dual 31-band FM and HD limiters, while the FM-2000 has all the features of the AP-2000 except the HD signal path.
  • Page 5 In 2005 he set a goal to design audio processors that could improve the sound of radio, not further destroy it. Today the Vorsis development team has grown to over a dozen experts in digital signal processing, professional audio, and product design, and is led by broadcast industry veteran and audio processing expert Jeff Keith.

  • Page 6: Table Of Contents

    Introduction ................... 1-2 Overview ..................1-4 Rack Mounting ................1-5 Installation Tips ......................1-5 Where to Install the FM-2000 ................... 1-6 Analog STL ......................1-6 Analog Phone Lines ..................... 1-6 Digital STL ......................1-6 EAS—United States Emergency Alert System ............ 1-7 Arbitron People Meter ...................
  • Page 7 C O N T E N T S Chapter 2 - Features and Presets Vorsis FM-2000 Quick Start Setup Guide ........2-2 Ten Steps to Success ..............2-3 Achieving Your Special On-Air Sound ........2-5 First a Few Words About Our Factory Presets ............2-5 What Sound Are You Trying to Achieve? ..............
  • Page 8 C O N T E N T S The FM-2000 and Internet Security Concerns ............3-9 About DHCP and FM-2000 ..................3-9 FM-2000 Ports and Network Protocols ..............3-9 Using the GUI ................3-10 Dynamic Displays Region ..................3-11 Frequency-Domain Graph ................3-11 FM-2000 Graphical Interface Operation ............
  • Page 9 Multiband Enable .................... 3-40 Multiband Drive ....................3-41 Lim/Clip (Limiter/Clipper) Drive ..............3-41 Multiband Knee ....................3-41 Vorsis Bass Management System (VBMS) ............ 3-42 VBMS Drive ....................3-42 VBMS Style ....................3-43 VBMS Output .................... 3-43 VBMS Frequency ..................3-43 Emphasis Selection ..................
  • Page 10 Notes on “Online” and “Offline” Working ............3-79 Accessing Menu Options ..................3-80 File Menu Items ....................3-80 Hardware Menu Items ..................3-80 FM-2000 Hardware Update ................3-81 VBN/LBN Updating Order Sequence ............. 3-85 Presets Menu Items .................... 3-85 page Contents – 5...
  • Page 11 C O N T E N T S Chapter 4 - Schematic and Load Sheet Drawings FM-2000 Signal Flow Diagram ............. 4-2 Audio Processor (FM-2000) Schematic ......................... 4-3 Load Sheet ........................ 4-8 Processor Switch Card (FMSW-2000) Schematic ......................... 4-9 Load Sheet ....................... 4-10 Appendix Parameters, Units and Ranges ...........
  • Page 12 Introduction ................1-2 Overview ..................1-4 Rack Mounting ................1-5 Installation Tips ....................... 1-5 Where to Install the FM-2000 ................. 1-6 Analog STL ......................1-6 Analog Phone Lines ................... 1-6 Digital STL ......................1-6 EAS—United States Emergency Alert System ..........1-7 Arbitron People Meter ..................

  • Page 13: Introduction

    General Information Introduction The Vorsis FM-2000 takes the power of the original AP-1000 and raises the bar to a whole new level! This second generation FM-2000 expands on technologies invented by the Vorsis design team, who approach audio processing with an attitude of “quality first.”...
  • Page 14 In 1977 its first audio mixing control console was introduced. Wheatstone returned to its audio processing roots in 2005 when it created the Vorsis line of signal processing products and introduced the AP3 Digital Signal Processor for radio.

  • Page 15: Overview

    Headphone monitoring is also possible for an audio source that is attached to the FM-2000 but not even on the air! The most salient feature of the FM-2000 is its FM 31-band processing section.

  • Page 16: Rack Mounting

    (5.25 inches / 13.335cm) of vertical space. The FM-2000 does not have top or bottom cover vent holes. Latent heat is vented out of the enclosure by natural convection through slots in the top of the rear panel.

  • Page 17: Where To Install The Fm-2000

    If you choose to locate the FM-2000 at the studio and use an STL to send the program material to the transmitter there are several issues that need to be addressed.

  • Page 18: Eas-United States Emergency Alert System

    “gain” due to processing. TIP: If using the FM-2000 at the studio be certain that the pre-emphasis and clippers in the stereo generator at the transmitter site are properly set up to complement the settings in the FM-2000.

  • Page 19: I/O Connections

    G E N E R A L I N F O R M A T I O N I/O Connections All audio input and output, control, Ethernet, and power supply connections are made via various connectors mounted on the FM-2000’s rear panel. Six XLR connectors are provided for analog and digital audio input and output con- nections.

  • Page 20: Audio Outputs

    Pin 1 BNC 1 HI - TX 1 OUT HI Pin 2 BNC 1 SH - TX 1 OUT SH Pin 1 BNC 2 HI - TX 2 OUT HI Pin 2 BNC 2 SH - TX 2 OUT SH page 1 – 9 FM-2000 / May 2008...

  • Page 21: Headphones

    USB Flash Drives, CDROM drives, or wireless devices. Connecting such devices to the USB port may not cause harm to the FM-2000 or to the connected device, but such devices are unsupported at this time and may produce unpredictable results.

  • Page 22: Typical Ethernet Cable

    White/Orange White/Green TXD - RXD - Orange Green RXD + TXD + White/Green White/Orange RJ-45 RJ-45 Plug Blue Blue Plug White/Blue White/Blue RXD - TXD - Green Orange White/Brown White/Brown Brown Brown page 1 – 11 FM-2000 / May 2008...
  • Page 23 Each of the GPI inputs is current limited by a 475 ohm resistance located inside the FM-2000’s GPI control circuitry. The LED device inside the optoisolators is rated at a maximum forward current of 50mA and a normal operating current of 5mA.
  • Page 24 9.1 kOhms User Presets The FM-2000 comes with a variety of factory presets and can hold a total of 80 in its onboard memory. You can design and save additional presets within the FM-2000’s onboard memory and can store an unlimited number of presets on the PC that is hosting the remote control GUI software.
  • Page 25 G E N E R A L I N F O R M A T I O N page 1 – 14 FM-2000 / May 2008...
  • Page 26 G E N E R A L I N F O R M A T I O N The FM-2000 provides four General Purpose Output (GPO) circuits that may be used in a variety of ways. Like the GPI circuits, the GPO utilizes optoisolators in order to provide high electrical isolation from the outside world.
  • Page 27 PIN 1 XLR FM RT SH - LINE FM RT OUT SH PIN 2 XLR FM RT HI - LINE FM RT OUT HI PIN 3 XLR FM RT LO - LINE FM RT OUT LO page 1 – 16 FM-2000 / May 2008...
  • Page 28 XLR FM-M PIN 1 XLR FM SH - AES FM OUT SH PIN 2 XLR FM HI - AES FM OUT HI PIN 3 XLR FM LO - AES FM OUT LO page 1 – 17 FM-2000 / May 2008...
  • Page 29 PIN 2 BNC 1 SH - TX 1 OUT SH - SHELL BNC - TX PIN 1 BNC 2 HI - TX 2 OUT HI - CENTER PIN PIN 2 BNC 2 SH - TX 2 OUT SH - SHELL page 1 – 18 FM-2000 / May 2008...

  • Page 30: General Purpose Interface (Gpi/Gpo)

    GPO 2 OUT RETURN GPI 4 IN (+) GPO 2 OUT SOURCE GPI 3 IN (+) GPO 1 OUT RETURN GPI 2 IN (+) GPO 1 OUT SOURCE GPI 1 IN (+) GPI COM (-) page 1 – 19 FM-2000 / May 2008...
  • Page 31 F E A T U R E S A N D P R E S E T S Features and Presets Chapter Contents Vorsis FM-2000 Quick Start Setup Guide ........2-2 Ten Steps to Success ..............2-3 Achieving Your Special On-Air Sound ........2-5 First a Few Words About Our Factory Presets ............

  • Page 32: Vorsis Fm-2000 Quick Start Setup Guide

    (252) 638-7000. The photo below shows the rear panel of the FM-2000 while the drawing below it more clearly shows the location of the various connectors associated with an installation: FM-2000 Rear Panel Connections page 2 –...

  • Page 33: Ten Steps To Success

    F E A T U R E S A N D P R E S E T S Ten Steps to Success 1. Install the FM-2000 in the equipment rack using at least two rack screws. If only two screws are used they must be installed in the bottom holes of the rack ears to prevent undue stress on the front panel and possible bending.
  • Page 34 XLR Pin #1 and XLR Pin #3. You’re now on the air! We ship every Vorsis Audio Processor with the Quick Start preset as the factory default (preset 10). This preset provides balanced competitiveness and provides a good starting point for a variety of program formats. We’ve adjusted it to have a rich and balanced sound and with reasonable loudness.

  • Page 35: Achieving Your Special On-Air Sound

    As you must imagine, this is certainly not a trivial number of presets! So… what we do at Vorsis to help you, the customer, mitigate this issue is spend a lot of time, literally thousands of collective hours, very carefully crafting our factory presets so that they will get you closer to your desired on air sound quicker than if you had to build even one of the presets from scratch.

  • Page 36: About Bass

    Of course! The majority of radio listeners don’t have the quality of monitoring equipment that is found at most radio stations. Therefore great care is advised when adjusting the FM-2000 to accentuate the extremes of the audio spectrum. Program energy at the frequency extremes is typically several dB below...

  • Page 37: What Is Your Long Term Goal

    “broadband” clipper schemes. The FM-2000 sets you free to be as loud as your market conditions demand. Be aware that too much clipping depth carries with it the risk of driving...

  • Page 38: Clean And Loud

    (within reason of course!), the dynamic behavior of the AGC/Compressor can create that familiar “smile curve” equalization and lend an overall sense of Hi-Fi to the sound without having to rely on using static equalization. page 2 – 8 FM-2000 / May 2008...

  • Page 39: Can I Generate That "Sixties" Compression Sound

    F E A T U R E S A N D P R E S E T S Can I Generate That “Sixties” Compression Sound? Of course! The FM-2000 can create virtually any desired on-air sound! The way to do this is to purposely drive the multiband section harder and then trade off the slower acting AGC against the faster time constants of the compres- sors.

  • Page 40: The Fm-2000 Factory Presets

    The FM-2000 Factory Presets The following is a generic description of the Factory Presets shipped with the Vorsis FM-2000 audio processors to point out the general differences between them. Each preset was named and tuned so that the dynamics control of the audio path through the five band AGC creates a desired foundation sound.

  • Page 41: Chr: Hot, Hotter, Medium

    BIG has a larger on-air presence loudness- wise, but still retains the subjective cleanliness of MEDIUM. page 2 – 11 FM-2000 / May 2008...

  • Page 42: Compressed: Light, Loud, Medium, Wide

    AGC, and moderate amounts of multiband limiting and clipping, with a small amount of final peak control accomplished by both the main clipper and composite processor. page 2 – 12 FM-2000 / May 2008...

  • Page 43: Dance: Edgy, Energy, Smooth, Wide

    SOFT is very similar to the Classical Light preset but with additional short term dynamics control dialed in. It relies on look-ahead limiting as the primary peak control mechanism and therefore will not be competitively loud in large markets. page 2 – 13 FM-2000 / May 2008...

  • Page 44: Hot Stuff

    Peak control is done by small amounts of multiband control running at somewhat slower time constants, with main peak control being done by the main clipper and a small amount of composite processing. page 2 – 14 FM-2000 / May 2008...

  • Page 45: Latin: Hot!, Medium, Mild

    AGC/compressors. Preliminary peak control is via the multiband limiters, with a small amount of final clipping permitted. Primary peak control is via moderate amounts of main clipper drive as well as a small amount of composite processing. page 2 – 15 FM-2000 / May 2008...

  • Page 46: Punchy

    A more “urgent” and authoritative feel is accomplished by using the look-ahead limiter driven moderately hard. Final peak control is by a main clipper with some additional composite processing. page 2 – 16 FM-2000 / May 2008...

  • Page 47: Urban: Heavy

    Future Vorsis Preset Updates From time to time there will be additional presets posted on the Vorsis website that were created by the Vorsis development team and/or submitted by our customers.
  • Page 48 Architecture of the FM-2000 GUI ..........3-5 Network Configuration .............. 3-5 Getting Started ................3-5 Connecting the FM-2000 and the GUI ........3-5 Using a LAN Connection ..................3-5 Configuring Remote GUI ..................3-7 Connecting Directly Without a LAN ................ 3-8 PC System Requirements ..................
  • Page 49 Selecting Crossover Frequencies ............3-37 AGC/Compressor Gain Reduction ............. 3-39 FM Limiter Menu ....................3-40 31 Band Limiter ................... 3-40 Multiband Enable ..................3-40 Multiband Drive .................... 3-41 Lim/Clip (Limiter/Clipper) Drive ..............3-41 page 3 – 2 FM-2000 / May 2008...
  • Page 50 V O R S I S F M - 2 0 0 0 G U I Multiband Knee ....................3-41 Vorsis Bass Management System (VBMS) ............ 3-42 VBMS Drive ....................3-42 VBMS Style ....................3-43 VBMS Output .................... 3-43 VBMS Frequency ..................3-43 Emphasis Selection ..................
  • Page 51 Notes on “Online” and “Offline” Working ............3-79 Accessing Menu Options ..................3-80 File Menu Items ....................3-80 Hardware Menu Items ..................3-80 FM-2000 Hardware Update ................3-81 VBN/LBN Updating Order Sequence ............. 3-85 Presets Menu Items .................... 3-85 page 3 – 4...

  • Page 52: Architecture Of The Fm-2000 Gui

    Architecture of the FM-2000 GUI (Graphical User Interface) The FM-2000 GUI allows you to adjust the processor as well as view in real time how it is reacting to the audio passing through it. The FM-2000 GUI has been very carefully designed to put parameters never more than two mouse clicks away.
  • Page 53 Please see your local friendly IT person if this is a bit confusing. Gateway – This is the gateway address that the FM-2000 will use to reach connections outside of its own internal network. If you are on a local segment of LAN or connected to the FM-2000 by a direct connection, the Gateway address is not usually necessary.

  • Page 54: Configuring Remote Gui

    FM-2000 for the changes to take effect, click “OK” and then interrupt power to the unit for approximately five seconds. Reapply power, and once the FM-2000 has rebooted and come back to life, the new IP address will be valid. Configuring Remote GUI Now that the FM-2000 has a valid network address the remote GUI must be configured so that it can find it on the network.

  • Page 55: Connecting Directly Without A Lan

    The GUI can be run on a portable computer connected to the FM-2000’s LAN by a wireless (802.11b as a minimum) device, as long as the FM-2000 itself “sees” a 100baseT network. This can be done by connecting the FM-2000 to a readily available Wireless Access Point and then connecting to the FM-2000 through this access point from a wireless interface on a laptop computer.

  • Page 56: Vpn

    The FM-2000 does not act as a “web device” or “web server,” nor does it support open ports to the Internet. Therefore there is no worry that someone could “hack” into the FM-2000 and use it as a pathway to the rest of the network to which it is connected.

  • Page 57: Using The Gui

    Using the GUI The GUI may be positioned on the host computer’s screen by left-clicking- and-holding the “Vorsis” logo, and dragging the GUI to the desired position. In true “Windows” fashion, the GUI may be minimized on the desktop (taken off the screen) and/or closed by way of the familiar controls at the extreme top right.

  • Page 58: Dynamic Displays Region

    The vertical axis scale changes according to its context; however the overall vertical range remains at 30dB with gradations every 3dB. FM-2000 Audio Spectrum Display A number of real-time dynamically varying spectra and other frequency- response-versus-time data may be observed simultaneously. A row of large...

  • Page 59: Fm-2000 Graphical Interface Operation

    Controls checkbox at the bottom of the Dynamic Displays area. We’ve worked very hard on the design of the Vorsis graphical user interface to make it intuitive, friendly, and easy to navigate and interpret. Each of the processing section’s screens has a graphical area where not only visual representations of...

  • Page 60: First, A Short Tutorial

    (left click and drag)… and move it up and down. See how the line pivots at the highlighted point but remains flat above or below it as you raise and lower the line? page 3 – 13 FM-2000 / May 2008...

  • Page 61: Bargraph Metering

    Left of Graph Right of Graph Left pair - Input Signal Levels Left pair - FM Output Levels (see page 3-60) Right pair - Selectable - see below Right pair - Unused page 3 – 14 FM-2000 / May 2008...

  • Page 62: Gain Reduction Meter

    Thanks to the extremely efficient DSP chips utilized in the FM-2000, we are able to offer the same exotic measurement capability in an audio processor. Thus what you see on our graphics displays is as precise as current technology permits.

  • Page 63: Audio

    When this box is checked and the Audio box is also checked, an oscillo- scope-like display of the audio waveform is displayed. Which waveform is being displayed at any instant is a function of the selection made under the “Audio” section explained above. page 3 – 16 FM-2000 / May 2008...

  • Page 64: Control Area Region

    A small green indicator at the left end of each button indicates if any signal processing within that block is active. Left-clicking a button opens the associated control panel to gain access to the controls for that block of signal-processing. page 3 – 17 FM-2000 / May 2008...

  • Page 65: Input Menu

    All controls can be adjusted with (1) the FM-2000 front panel track pad, (2) a USB mouse connected directly to the FM-2000 front panel, or (3) by the Windows-based remote GUI.

  • Page 66: Analog Gain

    The Auto Mono circuit has been designed to be unobtrusive in its action while removing such “junk.” Therefore it may typically be left enabled so that it has an opportunity to correct any material that may pass through the FM-2000 that requires the difference channel to be cleaned up.

  • Page 67: Phase Rotator

    Phase Rotator. The only thing that happens is that the signal’s phase relationships are rearranged to make the waveform energy more uniform in polarity. Human voice after “Phase Rotator” algorithm page 3 – 20 FM-2000 / May 2008...

  • Page 68: Hpf - High Pass Filter

    A good starting setting when using Stereo mode is 30Hz. Good starting settings when using Sum/Diff mode is 30 Hz for Sum and 180Hz for Diff. Both HPF controls operate over a range of 20Hz to 300Hz. page 3 – 21 FM-2000 / May 2008...

  • Page 69: Voicemaster

    V O R S I S F M - 2 0 0 0 G U I VoiceMaster The FM-2000’s exclusive VoiceMaster algorithm is quite unique in that it uses several different measurement schemes to make decisions about whether the input program material is voice. This assures successful voice detection with a minimum of “falsing.”...

  • Page 70: Enable

    “0” the Peak Ceiling control has been set. For instance, if the Peak Ceiling control has been set to “+1.0 dB,” then the voice peaks exiting the VoiceMaster limiter will drive the main clipper harder by exactly that “1.0dB.” page 3 – 23 FM-2000 / May 2008...

  • Page 71: Lim Atk (Attack)

    Adjusts the VoiceMaster AGC release time, with faster release times (smaller numbers) acting more aggressively on average voice energy. The control can be adjusted between 330 milliseconds and 3.00 seconds. A good starting value is between 500 and 700 milliseconds. page 3 – 24 FM-2000 / May 2008...

  • Page 72: Voicemaster Equalization

    FM Lim menu under the V-Mstr EQ tab. See the following graphic for where the controls are located. Below is a closer look at the equalization section of the graphical display. page 3 – 25 FM-2000 / May 2008...

  • Page 73: A Note Regarding Voicemaster Equalization

    Because the VoiceMaster’s “Peak Ceiling” control is located after equaliza- tion, it can be used to tame the following clipper’s behavior with live voice if more than a dB or so of VoiceMaster equalization has been dialed in. page 3 – 26 FM-2000 / May 2008...

  • Page 74: Parametric Equalizer Menu

    As the controls are manipulated, numerical representations of the control settings appear in the boxes below the band that is being adjusted. page 3 – 27 FM-2000 / May 2008...

  • Page 75: Enable

    This is the master Equalizer “In/Out” button. When it is illuminated, the equalizer section is “in,” even if no other section of the equalizer has been enabled by clicking the “LOW,” “MID 1,” “MID 2,” or “HIGH” buttons. page 3 – 28 FM-2000 / May 2008...

  • Page 76: Automatic Gain Control And Compressor Menus

    SST and AGC sections. Five Band AGC / Compressor Screen Unique to the FM-2000 (and AP-2000) model is a special algorithm called SST, which stands for Sweet Spot Technology. The SST incorporates control signals from...

  • Page 77: Drive

    “normal” to see makeup gain settings in the 20 to 30dB range. Note: The “Makeup Gain” control in the FM-2000 does not operate like a control having a similar name in another audio processor. That control would be better called “Fast Release”...

  • Page 78: The Eight Agc Operating Modes: 0 Through 7

    7. SST In, AGC In, Compressor In: This is the normal (and preferred!) operating mode of the AGC/Compressor section of the FM-2000. In this mode audio is conditioned by the SST to correct long-term level variations, the AGC corrects medium-term level variations, and the Compressor operates to control medium-short-term level inconsistencies.

  • Page 79: Sst Controls Overview

    SST causes more or less activity to occur within the five band AGC/Compressor. A good typical starting value for SST Ramp Rate is 3.000 seconds. The full control range is 500.0mS to 7.000 seconds. page 3 – 32 FM-2000 / May 2008...

  • Page 80: Window Size

    The usual setting of the Window Size control for the majority of program content will be between 4.5dB and 7.5dB. As indicated by the graphic, the full range of the control is 0dB to 12dB. page 3 – 33 FM-2000 / May 2008...

  • Page 81: Agc Controls Overview

    +/-6dB to be made to each band referenced to the main Gate Threshold setting. This allows precise Gate thresholds on a band by band basis as appropriate for the program format requirements. page 3 – 34 FM-2000 / May 2008...

  • Page 82: Gate Delay

    There is no right or wrong setting of the controls unless those settings cause undesired, unexpected, or unwanted behavior of the processor during low level program passages. page 3 – 35 FM-2000 / May 2008...

  • Page 83: Agc Backoff

    3 – 36 FM-2000 / May 2008...

  • Page 84: Crossover Frequencies

    6.17 kHz Talk 120 HZ 250 Hz 917 Hz 3.00 kHz Sports 120 HZ 281 Hz 817 Hz 2.52 kHz Super Low Band Low Band Low Mid Band High Mid Band High Band page 3 – 37 FM-2000 / May 2008...
  • Page 85 (or worse!) with other settings. Please feel free to experi- ment! NOTE: Although the AGC and Compressor always operates in sum and difference mode, the crossover frequency settings track both signal chains, assuring a stable stereo image at all times. page 3 – 38 FM-2000 / May 2008...

  • Page 86: Agc/Compressor Gain Reduction

    Note that a band’s mute status is not saved with a preset, meaning that if a band is in mute mode it is always in mute mode until manually removed from that mode. page 3 – 39 FM-2000 / May 2008...

  • Page 87: Fm Limiter Menu

    FM Limiter Screen 31-Band Limiter The FM-2000 contains the Vorsis exclusive 31 band FM final limiter algorithm with 31 bands of limiting in addition to 31 bands of distortion masked clipping. The multiband clippers are individually distortion masked and can perform up to 20dB of clipping before objectionable artifacts appear.

  • Page 88: Multiband Drive

    Hard – In this mode the limiter’s compression ratio is infinite and limiting begins precisely at the threshold setting with absolutely no increase in level above that threshold. Comparison of Hard and Soft Limiter Modes page 3 – 41 FM-2000 / May 2008...

  • Page 89: Vorsis Bass Management System (Vbms)

    V O R S I S F M - 2 0 0 0 G U I Vorsis Bass Management System (VBMS) The Vorsis Bass Management System processes extremely low program frequencies in an artistic and natural program - dependent manner without causing dynamic gain changes and undesirable intermodulation artifacts.

  • Page 90: Vbms Style

    In general, lower frequency settings produce a “heavier” sound, while higher settings result in less coloration while still favorably controlling bass energy excursions. This control should be adjusted to personal taste and program format. page 3 – 43 FM-2000 / May 2008...

  • Page 91: Emphasis Selection

    In fact, if both the audio and control signals were oversampled (as is commonly done) peaks would still be missed because their relative time alignment would be identical again! page 3 – 44 FM-2000 / May 2008...

  • Page 92: Fm Limiter Controls

    Conversely, fast release times increase signal density, and release times that are too fast result in increased intermodulation distortion which can “muddy” the sound. The overall range of the control is from 33 milliseconds to 330 milliseconds. page 3 – 45 FM-2000 / May 2008...

  • Page 93: Delayed Release

    Adjusts the precise peak audio signal level present at the FM Limiter of the FM-2000. The resulting peak output levels in dBFS are indicated by the front panel and remote GUI bargraph meters. This control can be set to OFF or adjusted over the range of -79.95dB to +12.00dB.

  • Page 94: Fm Diversity Delay

    “thickest” sounding of the three clipper styles. FM Diversity Delay The FM-2000 contains an internal digital delay to compensate for the corresponding delay in the HD Radio codec. The delay section is capable of providing up to ten seconds* of compensating delay in steps of 100 microseconds.

  • Page 95: Special 31-Band Operating Settings - Wide And Timbral

    DSP domain and we felt that it should be up to the end users to decide how they wish to utilize the coupling capabilities. See the 31-band APP note (AN2008-05) on the Vorsis website. page 3 – 48 FM-2000 / May 2008...

  • Page 96: 31-Band Limiter Dynamics Screens

    Each of the limiter thresholds can be adjusted separately or in groups according to the manner described in the earlier FM-2000 Graphical Interface Operation section. Lower numbers reduce the threshold, causing limiting to occur at lower audio levels.

  • Page 97: Multiband Mode

    Clip Only – In this mode the 31-band limiters and their associated Wide and Timbral modes are disabled, with all peak limiting in the 31-band section accomplished by the 31 distortion-masked multiband clippers. Clipper Threshold Adjustment Screen page 3 – 50 FM-2000 / May 2008...
  • Page 98 RMS loudness will be produced which could become fatiguing with certain types of music, depending on how other processor parameters prior to the 31-band section have been adjusted. page 3 – 51 FM-2000 / May 2008...

  • Page 99: Attack Time Screen

    Generally, lower frequencies require slower attack times and higher frequen- cies require faster attack times for a given amount of control. The attack times of each band may be individually or collectively modified using the GUI operating instructions provided earlier. page 3 – 52 FM-2000 / May 2008...

  • Page 100: Release Time Screen

    Release times should be adjusted to taste, keeping in mind that the slower the release time the more dynamic the sound but the more likely that audible “ducking” may be heard. page 3 – 53 FM-2000 / May 2008...

  • Page 101: Coupling Controls Screen

    But this option is readily available to us in the DSP domain and we felt that it should be up to the end users to decide how they wish to utilize the coupling capabilities. page 3 – 54 FM-2000 / May 2008...

  • Page 102: Final Equalization Screen

    On the other hand, equalization cuts can be made at will because they do not add energy. page 3 – 55 FM-2000 / May 2008...

  • Page 103: Voicemaster Equalization

    All four sections of the VoiceMaster equalizer are identical and each may be adjusted/moved to any part of the 20Hz to 20kHz frequency range (including overlapping them!). page 3 – 56 FM-2000 / May 2008...

  • Page 104: A Note Regarding Voicemaster Equalization

    Because the VoiceMaster’s “Peak Ceiling” control is located after equaliza- tion, it can be used to tame the following clipper’s behavior with live voice if more than a dB or so of VoiceMaster equalization has been dialed in. page 3 – 57 FM-2000 / May 2008...

  • Page 105: Stereo Encoder Menu

    STEREO ENCODER MENU Stereo Encoder Screen - FM Only The stereo encoder page contains the controls required to configure the FM-2000’s internal DSP-based precision stereo generator. Stereo Width Limiter The Stereo Encoder (Stereo Generator) contains a special algorithm called the Stereo Width Limiter.

  • Page 106: Lim/Clip (Limiter/Clipper) Drive

    “-3dB,” “-6dB,” and “Mono” settings within its stereo generator control menu. In that product, setting the control to -3dB causes a static 3dB reduction in stereo separation regardless of the incoming program material! The Vorsis approach is more intelligent in how it works; it does not decrease stereo separation on program material that does not need it.

  • Page 107: Multiplex Process

    V O R S I S F M - 2 0 0 0 G U I Multiplex Process The FM-2000 provides three separate ways to process the composite stereo waveform: Look Ahead Limiter – uses a 0.5 millisecond look ahead and extremely high sample rates to precisely control composite waveform peaks on a cycle by cycle basis.

  • Page 108: Stereo Encoder

    V O R S I S F M - 2 0 0 0 G U I Stereo Encoder The FM-2000 contains a mathematically perfect stereo encoder whose performance is limited only by the high speed output Digital to Analog converter (DAC) and its reconstruction filter. Stereo separation is typically 60dB between 20Hz and 15kHz.

  • Page 109: Pilot Phase

    Corrections to the 19kHz stereo pilot phase may be made in 0.5 degree steps up to +/- 22.5 degrees. The ability to vary the stereo pilot phase compared to that of the 38kHz subcarrier allows the FM-2000 to compen- sate for nonlinear time delays in the transmission system that would...

  • Page 110: System Menu

    System Settings Change With Preset Takes The following are considered to be FM-2000 “SYSTEM,” or global param- eters which are saved with presets but not restored when presets are “taken” unless the “System settings change with preset takes”...

  • Page 111: Headphone Source

    FM Limiter: Output of the FM limiter after the diversity delay. NOTE: The FM-2000 headphone routing selector allows you to monitor an unselected audio input without having to put it on the air. This can be very handy for confirming a source is present without actually switching to it! page 3 –...

  • Page 112: Headphone Control

    V O R S I S F M - 2 0 0 0 G U I Headphone Control On the right side of the front panel of the FM-2000 is a 1/4 inch female TRS jack for headphone use. The volume control for the headphone output is located on the far bottom right of both the front panel display and the remote GUI.

  • Page 113: Remote Login

    Until the login password can be verified the FM-2000 will not send any of its current settings to the remote GUI nor accept any changes from the connecting GUI.

  • Page 114: Gui Access

    The system allows you to grant access at certain levels of “permission” in order to control the privileges of those accessing the various features of the FM-2000. Privileges are granted by “access code,” not by user type. In fact, user types are created through the generation of access codes for those user types.
  • Page 115 16. When it appears this time, DO NOT ENTER A CODE, just click OK. The password box should close. 17. Now, try to open another screen or move a control. The password prompt should not reappear again. The FM-2000 is now unlocked. page 3 – 68 FM-2000 / May 2008...

  • Page 116: Indicators/Temperature Readout

    When it is red, the temperature has reached 50ºC or higher and is too high. Note: The FM-2000 contains one small fan to stir the air inside the FM-2000 chassis in order to maintain a more uniform temperature distribution. Normal ventilation of the FM-2000 chassis is by natural convection —...

  • Page 117: Events

    V O R S I S F M - 2 0 0 0 G U I Events The FM-2000 contains a comprehensive scheduling utility that allows presets to be automatically changed on desired dates and times. There is also a “Long Term Rotation” utility to allow one time preset changes to be scheduled for any time in the future.
  • Page 118 Long Term Rotation routine should be used. Adding a new event in the Long Term Rotation scheduler works in a similar manner. The Long Term Rotation entry window appears as follows: page 3 – 71 FM-2000 / May 2008...

  • Page 119: Set Time

    V O R S I S F M - 2 0 0 0 G U I Set Time Allows the system time of the FM-2000 onboard computer to be set or changed. The FM-2000 system time can be synchronized to external time servers (SNTP, or Simple Network Time Protocol) if desired.

  • Page 120: Side Bar Region

    Save A small “Windows” dialog box appears, which prompts for a name under which to save the present settings of the FM-2000. The preset will be saved into the next available empty slot. Alternatively, by nudging the preset number (“PRE #”) up or down, it is possible to save the present settings in place of an existing preset’s settings.

  • Page 121: Library

    Library A three-panel “Windows” box appears. The large panel on the left has two columns, being the preset number and the FM-2000 preset contents. The upper and lower right hand panels give access to the GUI’s presets library; the contents of folders in the upper panel are shown in the lower panel;...

  • Page 122: Locking Presets

    Edit option at the top of the Preset Library dialog box to reveal the Lock Preset/Unlock Preset options. Note that these are user-level lock options and therefore cannot be used to override the lock status of a factory-locked preset! page 3 – 75 FM-2000 / May 2008...

  • Page 123: Devices

    We call this feature QSave (for Quick Save). In the upper right side of the FM-2000 GUI you’ll find three buttons as shown below: QSave A and QSave B represent two temporary buffers that can hold all current FM-2000 processing settings as long as power is applied to the unit.
  • Page 124 • When you are pleased with one set of settings and need more buffers for further tweaking, you can use the A=B/B=A button to make the two buffers the same and have one of them to use to start comparing from again. page 3 – 77 FM-2000 / May 2008...

  • Page 125: Title Bar Region

    V O R S I S F M - 2 0 0 0 G U I Title Bar Region Along the top edge of the FM-2000 GUI screen (in line with the “Vorsis FM-2000” product label to the left, and the Windows “About”/”Mini- mize”/”Exit”...

  • Page 126: Presets

    “Preset” button — does one of two things, depending on whether the GUI is in “Online” or “Offline” mode: • “Online” - the double-clicked preset is immediately sent to the FM-2000 and becomes active. • “Offline” - the double-clicked preset brings that preset onto the main control and display screen for perusal / editing.

  • Page 127: Accessing Menu Options

    V O R S I S F M - 2 0 0 0 G U I Accessing Menu Options Right clicking anywhere on the Vorsis FM-2000 Control Panel will open a pop up menu tree with access to File, Hardware, and Presets choices. These choices lead to sub-menus and dialog boxes that may also be accessed by clicking on other dedicated buttons on the main Vorsis FM-2000 control panel.

  • Page 128: Fm-2000 Hardware Update

    The Software Update menu choice opens a dialog box and prompts the user to select a file to be uploaded to the FM-2000. Upon completion, you will be asked to restart the FM-2000 (cycle power).
  • Page 129 Check again that the versions match the documentation! Then click “Yes.” The following boxes will pop up as the download progress occurs: When the process has finished, you will be prompted to reboot the FM-2000 by the prompt below: When the FM-2000 reboots the new VBN code will be running on the motherboard.
  • Page 130 Notice that the IP Address field is blank. This must be filled in to agree with the IP address of your FM-2000 as it is currently configured. This information is available on the front panel of the unit itself. Use Right Click/ File/Settings on the front panel itself to locate this data Next, click on the “…”...
  • Page 131 While the download/update process is running the progress of the update will be shown. Refer to the screen shots on the next page for what this process should typically look like. page 3 – 84 FM-2000 / May 2008 FM-2000 / Sep 2008...

  • Page 132: Vbn/Lbn Updating Order Sequence

    The VBN and LBN updates, while separate update processes, may be completed in any order and/or at the same time before rebooting the FM-2000 to bring the updates into effect. For instance, you could perform the VBN update and then, when prompted to reboot, not reboot, and perform the LBN update instead, and THEN reboot after that process has completed.
  • Page 133 S C H E M A T I C D R A W I N G S I/O Schematic Drawings & Load Sheets Chapter Contents FM-2000 Signal Flow Diagram ............. 4-2 Audio Processor (FM-2000) Schematic ......................... 4-3 Load Sheet ........................ 4-8 Audio Processor Switch Card (FMSW-2000) Schematic .........................

  • Page 134: Fm-2000 Signal Flow Diagram

    FM-2000 General SIgnal Flow Parametric Equalizer PreEmphasis and and Insert Points Insert Points 4-BAND 50/75uS PARAMETRIC Preemphasis EQUALIZER WIDE/TIMBRAL MATH "Music" Path 4-BAND MATH SCA #1 SCA #2 LOOKAHEAD 31 BAND LIMITER PARAMETRIC INPUT INPUT VBMS LIMITER EQUALIZER COMPRESSOR COMPOSITE #1 OUT...
  • Page 135 MMBTA05 New Bern, NC 28562 68pF R341 CHECKED 19K_SCAINRTLO LCD_BRITE 49.9K SCA IN RT ISSUED SIZE FSCM NO. DWG. NO. 80S0047-1 19kHz OUT W# 700867 AP-1000G PCB 1 OF 13 SCALE SHEET page 4 - 3 FM-2000 / Oct 2008...
  • Page 136 4.99K 0.1uF 4.99K 0.1uF 4.99K 0.1uF 4.99K 0.1uF AQW210S AQW210S AQW210S AQW210S ISSUED SIZE FSCM NO. DWG. NO. 80S0047-5 GPI_COM GPI_COM GPI_COM GPI_COM W# 700867 AP-1000G PCB 5 OF 13 SCALE SHEET page 4 - 4 FM-2000 / Oct 2008...
  • Page 137 C171 C101 C112 New Bern, NC 28562 AGND CHECKED 330uF 0.1uF 0.1uF 0.1uF 0.1uF 0.1uF 0.1uF ISSUED SIZE FSCM NO. DWG. NO. 80S0047-6 W# 700867 AP-1000G PCB 6 OF 13 SCALE SHEET page 4 - 5 FM-2000 / Oct 2008...
  • Page 138 New Bern, NC 28562 AGND AGND CHECKED 330uF 0.1uF 0.1uF 0.1uF 0.1uF 0.1uF 0.1uF 0.1uF -16V ISSUED SIZE FSCM NO. DWG. NO. 80S0047-7 POLYSW 0.3A W# 700867 AP-1000G PCB 7 OF 13 SCALE SHEET page 4 - 6 FM-2000 / Oct 2008...
  • Page 139 - SA UR US - Sergey Averin - APPROVALS DATE ~V16N 600 Industrial Drive DRAWN SA/WWP 6-18-08 New Bern, NC 28562 CHECKED SIZE FSCM NO. DWG. NO. 80S0047-12 ISSUED W# 700867 AP-1000G PCB 12 OF 13 SCALE SHEET page 4 - 7 FM-2000 / Oct 2008...
  • Page 140 FM-2000 Audio Processor Load Shee page 4 – 8 FM-2000 / Oct 2008...
  • Page 141 - SA UR US - Sergey Averin - APPROVALS DATE DRAWN 8-25-08 600 Industrial Drive New Bern, NC 28562 CHECKED SIZE FSCM NO. DWG. NO. 80S0053 ISSUED W# 700875 SCALE APSW-1000A PCB SHEET 1 OF 1 page 4 - 9 FM-2000 / Oct 2008...

  • Page 142: Schematic

    S C H E M A T I C D R A W I N G S FMSW-2000 Audio Processor Switch Card Load Shee page 4 – 10 page 4 – 2 FM-2000 / May 2008 FM-2000 / Oct 2008...

  • Page 143: Appendix

    A P P E N D I X Appendix Contents Parameters, Units and Ranges ........... A-2 page A – 1 FM-2000 / May 2008...

  • Page 144: Parameters, Units And Ranges

    A P P E N D I X Parameters, Units and Ranges Approximately following the FM-2000’s signal path, these are the values and ranges appropriate to each type of processing. System Level Headroom: 20dB Nominal Operating Level: -20dBFS digital Analog Line Input...
  • Page 145 Compressor Release: 20mS – 1000mS (1Sec) Ratio: 1:1 – 20:1 AGC Threshold: -20.0dB to -79dBFS, plus off Gate Thresh Trim: +/- 6dB per band Gated Modes: Ooze/Freeze Gate Delay: 50mS to 500mS page A – 3 FM-2000 / May 2008...
  • Page 146 Lookahead Limiter Attack: 0.2ms – 100ms Lookahead Limiter Release: 33ms – 330ms Lookahead Limiter Delayed Release: 100ms – 1000ms (1Sec) FM Output Level: -79.95dB to +12.00dB, or OFF Limiter/Clipper Drive: +/-42dB in 0.05dB steps page A – 4 FM-2000 / May 2008...
  • Page 147 “environment.” Optionally, Input and Output settings may be stored and recalled with presets. Preset Encryption Presets are encrypted using the FM-2000 internal 32 bit serial number as the encryption key. page A – 5 FM-2000 / May 2008...
  • Page 148 The FM-2000 contains a five-port, auto-sensing 10/100BaseT Ethernet switch with three of the ports available on the outside of the unit for field use. Because the switch is auto-sensing it is not necessary to utilize a crossover cable when connecting a PC directly to the FM-2000. USB Interface The front panel contains a standard USB port that is intended to be used with a local mouse when the operator prefers a mouse over the front panel’s integral touchpad.

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